Using the technique MMPI(Minnesota Multidisciplinary Personality Inventory, MMIL modified by Berezin F.B. and etc., SMIL in the modification of Sobchik L.N.) in the models of building effective production activities has a number of significant advantages:

1. The questions presented in the methodology reflect the picture of the well-being of the subject (recipient), his habits, behavioral characteristics, his attitude to various life phenomena and values, the moral side of this attitude, the specifics of interpersonal relationships, the orientation of interests, the level of activity and mood, etc. .

Most of the statements are projective in nature and gradually reveal the reactions of the recipient in different situations, modeled by the statements of the methodology. Therefore, it can be argued that this method of studying personality occupies a certain intermediate position between a conscious subjective assessment and a projective study of unconscious personality tendencies, which significantly improves the quality of diagnostic material and expands the idea of ​​personality.

2. Although the MMPI methodology is built on the principle of a questionnaire, the evaluation of the data obtained as a result of the study is not based on a direct analysis of the recipient's answers, but on the data of the statistically confirmed discrete significance of each answer in comparison with the average normative data.

4. Personal traits and qualities determined by this technique effectively help to distinguish between behavioral tendencies that have formed on the basis of temperamental characteristics and manifested as behavioral features characteristic of the characteristics of the polarity of factors 16 PF.

4. The MMPI methodology is based on the study of personality traits and qualities, personal states that have the nature of stably manifesting behavioral characteristics. It turned out that these features, being initially identified in the behavioral complexes of individuals with clinical abnormalities, have one or another degree of severity in the stable behavior of healthy people.

In psychoanalytic practice, such a manifestation of behavioral characteristics is explained as the use in life of certain sets of primary and secondary unconscious defenses, formed as a result of some failures in the process of early development of the personality's mental structures.

With serious failures at a certain stage of development, a kind of "stuck" and "generalization" of the mental state occurs, which subsequently leads to neurotic, or more severe psychotic clinical deviations. The consequence of such a "stuck" will be a behavioral complex, referred to in clinical practice as " psychopathic», « hysterical», « manic-depressive», « schizophrenic" etc.

It is believed that a person in the process of development was not able at a certain stage to form optimal systems of interaction and its further development took place both through this underdevelopment and under its influence that distorts other stages.

Z. Freud called the causes of neurosis the structural features of the psyche and fate, as a system of a kind of complex distorting external influence on the psyche at a certain stage of development.

Depending on the characteristics of the mental structure, the stage of development and the nature of the impact, clinical behavioral features are already formed.

It turned out that even with healthy mental functioning, peculiar traces remain, similar to the nature of the formation of neuroses. Naturally, they differ in the strength of the impact and, most importantly, in the consequences for the form of life activity.

Characterological features can be explained as features formed on the basis of the structural components of the psyche, which survived certain external influences in the process of ontogenesis (environment, systems of parental and educational influence, emerging mechanisms of object interaction, etc.) and adopted the form of stable behavioral systems acceptable to the individual interactions.

Acceptability can be expressed as a certain development of neurotization of reactions inherent in the stages and forms of development, the violation of which in clinical forms leads to persistent and pronounced behavioral characteristics.

In clinical manifestations psychopathic behavior, the mechanism of personal interaction in the "child - parents" system is violated at the stage of formation of the leading mechanisms of socialization, and the level of this violation causes significant social maladjustment and lack of adequacy in the processes of object interactions.

While maintaining adequacy and normal functioning, the features of the formation of socialization systems can only be expressed as similar manifestations psychopathic personality type with tendencies dominance, manipulation in systems of social roles, aggressive demonstrative behavior and other features characteristic of the clinical manifestations of psychopathy.

In that case, the general psychopathic type character and the characterological tendencies and peculiarities themselves will manifest themselves very stably in behavior, although they may be masked in the systems of behavioral "mimicry" inherent in such characterological behavior.

Naturally, the level and forms of characterological inclinations and features are very variable, and the MMPI methodology is aimed at determining them.

Academic psychological schools tend to explain characterological typological differences as a complex combination of constitutional, individual and personal characteristics or traits, formed and developed under the influence of an environment or influence external to the individual, which have taken on a certain form and are stably manifested in various systems of life activity.

In our case, the nature of characterological differences is not so much important as its behavioral severity as a category of stability, development, forms of relationships and interactions, experienced states and other features that affect the efficiency of production activities, measured and quantified in this methodology.

MMPI rating scales

As in any methodology, the MMPI methodology has a number of rules, going beyond which turns the test results into unreliable.

MMPI methodology is the most protected from the attempts of recipients, for one reason or another, to deliberately distort the results (to present themselves in a different form).

The functions of the rating scales are, along with identifying the factorial significance of the recipient's answers in comparison with the average normative data (the procedure for converting "raw" scores into T-scores of factor scales), determining the level and nature of such distortions.

Evaluation scales or reliability scales, in addition to determining the reliability of the data obtained as a result of testing, determine the attitudes of recipients to the testing process, their attitude to the methodology, to the diagnostician, to the results of the process itself.

Scale "?" :

Selected by the recipient in the absence of certainty in the answer.

The presence in the methodology of 30 raw points, reflecting the answers of this kind, is considered normal.

From 40 to 60 raw points on this scale indicates the manifestation of alertness, above 70 raw points indicates the unreliability of the test data.

Uncertainty by scale "?" reflects the unwillingness or inability to delve into the essence of the issues of methodology. It may be the result of insufficient interest in the results of testing or manifest itself as a condescending attitude towards the diagnostician.

Such results can also be recorded when trying to formally participate in the procedure, when, for one reason or another, direct refusals to participate are unacceptable, and fixing reliable results is not included in the recipient's plans.

In such cases, retesting and analyzing responses together with the recipient most likely will not change the attitude towards the methodology.

There have been repeated attempts to exclude scale "?" from the MMPI methodology, especially in the procedures of forensic psychological examinations, when in order to answer the questions posed to the expert, it was necessary to determine the recipient's character traits.

And in this version of the methodology, in most cases, there was a refusal to test, but through an arbitrary choice of answers, and the absence scale "?" significantly distorted the test results.

During diagnostic procedures in production activities, the unreliability of data on scale "?" is an independent diagnostic factor for analyzing the reasons that prompted such an attitude towards the technique.

The identification of formal participation in the procedure and the reluctance of the recipient to delve into the essence of the issues is a landmark in the system of building relations between employees personnel services and the organization and is a good reason to review and revise these relationships.

Scale L:

Includes statements that reveal the tendency of the recipient to present themselves in the best possible light, demonstrating very strict adherence to social norms.

High performance in scale "L"(65 T and above), that is, more than 10 raw points, may indicate a deliberate desire to decorate oneself, to show oneself "in the best light", denying the presence in one's behavior of weaknesses inherent in any person.

In such cases, they try to hide the necessarily manifested abilities to get angry at least sometimes or at least a little, to be lazy, to neglect diligence, strictness of manners, truthfulness, accuracy in the smallest sizes and in the most forgivable situation.

At the same time, the personality profile turns out to be smoothed, underestimated or drowned.

The highest scores scale L affect the underestimation of the 4th, 6th, 7th and 8th scales. That is, components are isolated from behavior that are capable, to some extent, according to the recipient, to reduce the negative image components of the personality.

A similar picture of behavior can be demonstrated by individuals, professionally or for other reasons, who strictly follow the conventional norms of behavior.

Usually, hiding "children's pranks" is a consequence of conscious social control and attempts to follow professionally significant forms of behavior. Although this is a personal tendency, it hardly distorts the general structure of behavior.

It is worse if the system of behavioral norms takes root in the psyche before the processes of repression from the consciousness of the very facts of a single violation of these norms, even in early youth.

Such a form of behavior will be accompanied not only by careful personal adherence to these norms, but also by insistent demands for compliance with such norms by all around.

Such behavior in production activities can seriously complicate the working conditions for many employees, especially those who are directly subordinate to a manager with this form of behavior.

Raise scale L within 60-65 T is often found in people with a primitive mental warehouse with low adaptive capabilities.

Moderate increase scale L up to 60 T is noted in old age and is considered normal, as a reflection of age-related changes in the personality in the direction of strengthening the normative behavior.

In production activities, increase scale L can be observed in situations of motivational significance for the recipient of test results.

During professional selection, certification of employees or competitive promotion to a position, the desire to follow the norms and rules is considered by the recipient as preferable and may distort the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bpersonality. In order to exclude such an effect, it seems appropriate to draw the recipient's attention to the possibility of displaying such aspirations in the preliminary testing procedure.

Improving results for scale L from 70 to 80 T-points turn the personality profile into doubtful in terms of reliability, exceeding 80 T-points - into unreliable.

With high (doubtful) results of the scale and significant increases in the level of the profile for certain clinical scales, there are opportunities for interpreting the data, but more as additional material to the results obtained by other methods.

With proper preliminary briefing and observance of the rules for conducting the methodology, it is rarely possible, through a joint analysis of questions with the recipient and retesting, to obtain reliable results after unreliable primary ones. This does not mean inattention, as a factor distorting the test results, but about the stability of such behavioral features that this technique cannot cope with.

F scale:

High scores on this scale (T70 points and above) may cast doubt on the reliability of the test results.

The scale consists of statements regarding unusual thoughts, desires and sensations, overt psychotic symptoms.

The choice of such statements can be determined by inattention, negligence in the choice of answers, the desire to slander oneself, to stun the diagnostician with the originality of the personality, the desire to emphasize the defects of one's character, the tendency to dramatize the circumstances and one's attitude towards them, an attempt to depict another, fictional person, and not one's own characteristics.

Reduced performance during overwork or in a painful condition can also be reflected in high rates on this scale.

Some promotion may be the result of excessive diligence, self-criticism and frankness.

Personalities, to some extent disharmonic, in a state of discomfort, may have indicators at the level of 65-75T, which reflects emotional instability.

High performance scale F, accompanied by an increase in the profile on the 4th, 6th, 8th and 9th scales are found in persons prone to affective reactions, with low conformity.

Indicators above 70T, as a rule, reflect a high level of emotional tension or are a sign of personal disintegration, which can be associated with both severe stress and neuropsychiatric disorders of a non-psychogenic nature.

With a reliable result of the study, a relatively high level of profile on scale F can be observed in various types of non-conforming personalities, since such personalities will demonstrate reactions that are not characteristic of the normative group, and, accordingly, more often give answers that are taken into account on this scale.

Profile boost by scale F can occur in very young people during the period of personality formation in cases where the need for self-expression is realized through non-conformity in behavior and attitudes.

Severe anxiety and personal need for help also usually manifest themselves in a relatively high level of result on the described scale.

Moderate increase in scale F in the absence of psychopathological symptoms, it usually reflects internal tension, dissatisfaction with the situation, and poorly organized activity.

Essentially, any behavioral and characterological nature that generates high scores in scale F little combined with the possibilities of effective implementation of production activities.

In most cases, aggravation as a psychological need for sympathy and attention and the behavioral complex that accompanies it is considered as inappropriate for the effective implementation of activities.

However, it happens that such a behavioral system is characteristic of young people experiencing a state of some tension. basalneeds (16 PF - factor Q4). Often, behavioral reactions of this kind are situational, and when the voltage is reduced, they cease to distort behavior, it “normalizes”, which in fact will be reflected in the indicators. scale F and in a complex - on behavior as a whole. It is worth paying attention to this, especially in professional orientation events and in the selection of young professionals.

The tendency to follow conventional norms and the absence of internal tension is reflected by a low result in scale F.

K scale:

The scale consists of statements that make it possible to differentiate individuals who seek to mitigate or hide psychopathological phenomena, and individuals who are overly open.

In the original version of the MMPI test, this scale was originally intended only to study the degree of caution of the subjects in the testing situation and the tendency (in largely unconscious) to deny the existing unpleasant sensations, life difficulties and conflicts.

With the purpose of correcting this trend, the result obtained by scale K is added to five of the ten major clinical scales in a proportion corresponding to its influence on each of these scales.

However, K scale, in addition to its significance for assessing the reaction of the subject to the testing situation and correcting the results on a number of basic clinical scales, is of significant interest for assessing certain personality traits of the subject.

Individuals with high scores scale K(65T and above) usually shape their behavior depending on social approval and are concerned about their social status. They tend to deny any difficulties in interpersonal relationships or in controlling their own behavior, strive to comply with accepted norms and refrain from criticizing others if their behavior fits within the accepted norms.

Obviously non-conformal, deviating from traditions and customs, behavior that goes beyond the conventional framework often causes a pronounced negative reaction in them.

Due to the tendency to deny (largely at the perceptual level) information that indicates interpersonal difficulties and conflicts, these individuals may not have an adequate idea of ​​how they are perceived by others.

The main trends in such behavior are persistent personal ideas about the importance of following norms and rules in systems of social interaction.

Such persons are deeply convinced that the true criterion for compliance with a high professional status is the presence of a diploma and certificates of completion of courses in additional education systems, and not the level of development of abilities and knowledge and the ability to effectively apply them in their activities (hence the frequent desire to improve and expand education and “collect » diplomas of graduation from educational institutions).

In the system of interpersonal relations, according to them, all levels of interaction should be carried out exclusively within the framework of norms and rules.

One gets the impression that they have no shades in the systems of interactions. Any slight deviation is suppressed or taken as a personal insult, which often leads them to a certain group isolation.

This is greatly facilitated by an active position to condemn and suppress violations of norms and rules (to a greater extent, these tendencies are inherent in women).

In this case, we have an example of peculiar behavioral features built on a system of following the norms and rules of social interaction, often literally and peculiarly understood and staunchly independent of group influence.

Examples of such behavioral features are relatively rare, and their owners are perceived as bright, eccentric individuals almost always significantly isolated from the group and not experiencing discomfort from this state.

It would not make sense to focus on such features if there were not a similar in nature, but more widespread and disguised behavioral tendency, which is of decisive importance for the effective implementation of activities.

We are talking about a personal tendency of a kind of understanding and following the norms and rules, especially the forms and means of organizing and implementing activities. Persons of this type are especially punctual and scrupulous in matters of normalizing "external" behavior, they are distinguished by "softness" of manners and a kind of sophistication in clothing.

Their main features lie in the fact that in the system of goal formation and in the main issues of organization, at some moments there comes a significant shift and a complete orientation to the situation as “the way it should be” ignoring the “how it really is” .

Unlimited faith in the correct understanding and implementation of activities, the lack of self-criticism and the complete disregard and suppression of external influences always lead to disastrous consequences for activities.

So, behavioral features that are harmless at first glance - a more thorough normalization of behavior is transformed into a significant originality in the personal understanding of norms and rules, and, even further, into the originality of personal ideas about the correctness of the implementation of activities, which becomes a significant test for the latter.

This behavioral tendency may correlate well with the pole suspicion factor a L 16 PF, reflecting personal characteristics from a different angle of perception.

From this side, the leading behavioral qualities can be arrogance and lack of consideration for other people. Inattention to people can be based on various mental characteristics and have a wide range of manifestations.

In our case, it is specific and is not the result of personal ignorance or a desire to prove something, a manifestation of dominance or other similar tendencies. Simple non-perception, neglect without any significant emotional coloring.

trend " aggressive narcissist» Follow your desires and your understanding of situations. The tendency is “childish”, that is, formed in early ontogeny and thus built into the behavioral strategy, which does not allow one to rely on one's own experience and knowledge, and, moreover, on the opinions of other people.

Considering the foregoing, when identifying similar trends in the diagnostics of production activities, especially considering that they are practically not amenable to corrective influence, it is necessary to analyze and evaluate the nature that formed them very carefully.

With slight severity (moderate increase in profile by scale K) the described tendencies do not violate personal social adaptation, but even facilitate it, creating a sense of harmony with the environment and an approving assessment of the rules adopted in this environment.

In this regard, individuals with a moderate increase in the profile on scale K they give the impression of people who are prudent, benevolent, sociable, having a wide range of interests.

Extensive experience in interpersonal contacts and the absence of difficulties in their implementation form in people of this type a more or less high degree of enterprise and the ability to find the right line of conduct. Since such qualities improve social adaptation, a moderate increase in the profile of scale K can be considered as a prognostically favorable sign.

Individuals with a very low profile scale K are well aware of their difficulties, tend to exaggerate rather than underestimate the degree of interpersonal conflicts, the severity of their symptoms and the degree of personal inadequacy.

They do not hide their weaknesses, difficulties and psychopathological disorders. The tendency to be critical of oneself and others leads to skepticism.

Dissatisfaction and a tendency to exaggerate the significance of conflicts make them easily vulnerable and give rise to awkwardness in interpersonal relationships.

Index FK. (Welsh index):

Since the trends measured by the scales F and To, largely oppositely directed, the difference in the primary result obtained on these scales ( Welsh index) is essential for determining the attitude of the subject at the time of the study and judging the reliability of the result.

The average value of this index in MMPI methodology is 7 for men and 8 for women.

The intervals at which the result obtained can be considered reliable (if none of the rating scales exceed 70 T-points) are:

- for men from 18 before +4 ;

- for women from 23 before +7 .

If the difference FK ranges from +5 before +7 for men and from +8 before +10 for women, the result is questionable.

The greater the difference F-K, the more pronounced is the desire of the subject to emphasize the severity of his symptoms and life difficulties, to evoke sympathy and condolences.

High index level F-K may also indicate aggravation.

Index decline F-K reflects the desire to improve the impression of oneself, mitigate one's symptoms and emotionally intense problems or deny their presence.

Low level Welsh index may indicate dissimulation of existing psychopathological abnormalities.

MMPI Base Scales

General characteristics:

1st scale: (hypochondria or somatization of anxiety) overcontrol:

An increase within 70T is an indicator of tightness, overcontrol, increased orientation towards normativity as a stable personality trait, manifested by excessive attention to deviations from the normal functioning of one's body.

With disadaptation (i.e., with an increase in the indicator of this scale above 70·T), hypochondriacal traits are revealed.

Low values ​​(50T and below) have the opposite meaning, i.e. reflect the absence of the listed personality traits and conditions.

2nd scale: (anxiety and depressive tendencies) pessimism:

It reveals this quality along with dissatisfaction and a tendency to unrest.

The leading rise on the 2nd scale is characteristic of the hyposthenic type of response, and indicators above 70·T reveal a depressive state.

3rd scale: (hysteria or repression of factors that cause anxiety) emotivity:

Scale of "emotional lability".

With an increase in its indicators within the normative range, it reflects a high sensitivity to environmental influences and instability of the emotional state, aggravated at higher scores (above 70 T) up to hysterical, hysterical or hysteroform manifestations.

4th scale: (psychopathy or the realization of emotional tension in direct behavior) impulsiveness:

Within the range of up to 70T, it reflects the sthenic type of response.

Above 70 T - impulsive, poorly controlled behavior of psychopathic personalities of an excitable circle, as well as within the framework of a psychopathic syndrome of residual organic or endogenous origin.

Reflects the degree of conformity of gender-role behavior and the level of sexual adaptation.

6th scale: (paranoid or rigid affect):

Normally, it reflects a tendency to pedantry, rivalry and getting stuck on negative experiences.

High scores reveal affective saturation of experiences, hostility, and a tendency to paranoid reactions.

Applies the same as 4th scale to sthenic (with a significant increase to hypersthenic) type of response.

7th scale MMPI: (psychasthenia or fixation of anxiety and restrictive behavior) anxiety:

Reveals increased timidity, constitutionally determined anxiety, uncertainty, conformity, suspiciousness.

Values ​​above 70T reflect the problem of pronounced psychasthenic accentuation, the predominance of inhibited (hyposthenic) features, an anxiety state within the framework of neurotic or neurosis-like disorders.

8th scale: (schizoid or autistic) individualistic:

It can be increased in non-conformal people with pronounced independence of judgments and actions, non-standard thinking, which, with high rates, manifests itself as a peculiarity of interests, unpredictability of actions, an irrational approach to solving problems, a separation from reality.

9th scale: (hypomania or anxiety denial) of optimism:

Reveals the level of optimism and reflects the sthenic type of response.

Indicators located below 50T are alarming in terms of a decrease in life-loving tendencies and general activity.

0th scale: (social introversion or social contacts):

Reflects the level of sociability, social involvement of the individual.

Turning mainly to the world of subjective experiences (increase to 70 T) up to isolation and autism (above 70 T).

Appeal to the world of the real environment of an extroverted person (indicators below 50T) or an emotionally immature person with weakened self-control (if the indicators are below 40T).

1st scale: (hypochondria or somatization of anxiety) overcontrol:

The scale with the leading peak (60-69 T) in the profile, in which the rest of the scales are at the level of 45-54 T, reveals the motivational orientation of the individual to meet the normative criteria both in the social environment and in the sphere of the physiological functions of one's own body.

The main problem of this type of personality is suppression of spontaneity, self-realization restraint, control over aggressiveness, hypersocial orientation of interests, orientation to rules, instructions, inertia in decision-making, avoidance of serious responsibility for fear of not coping.

The style of thinking is inert, somewhat dogmatic based on existing generally accepted points of view, deprived of freedom, independence and looseness.

In interpersonal relationships - high moral exactingness both to oneself and to others. Avarice of emotional manifestations, caution, prudence.

The contradictory combination of restraint and irritability creates a mixed type of response, characteristic of persons with a psychosomatic nature of maladaptive behavior.

This combination is manifested by constant tension, and the hypersocial attitudes look like a “facade”, behind which hides obnoxiousness, irritation, and edifying intonations.

With excessive emotional tension, difficult maladaptation is manifested by an increased focus on deviations from the norm, both in terms of interpersonal relationships, where people of this type are annoyed by the irresponsibility and lack of morality of the actions of others, and in the sphere of well-being, where excessive attention to the work of internal organs can develop into hypochondria.

In the structure of neurotic disorders or within the neurosis-like pathology, high rates of 1st scale(above 70 T) reveal hypochondriacal symptoms.

Hypochondria aggravated and takes on the character of senestopathies with an accompanying peak in 8th scale.

Peak Combination 1st and 2nd scale more characteristic of aging men, while manifesting not only hypochondria, but such personal traits as dogmatism, hypocrisy are also enhanced, thinking becomes more inert, in interpersonal contacts caution, didacticity, and edification of tone are more pronounced.

1st MMPI scale in structure "neurotic triad" (1,2,3 scale) reveals a defense mechanism of the type of “escape to the disease”, while the disease (obvious or imaginary) is like a screen that masks the desire to shift responsibility for existing problems to others and is seen as the only socially acceptable way to justify one’s passivity.

Climbing up 1st scale accompanies, as a rule, the psychosomatic nature of the maladaptive response, and in the "toothed saw" profile, high values 1st scale can reveal the main component in the structure of the “ulcerative personality type” and often reflect gastroenterological problems, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum at the psychological level.

Expression of values 1st and 3rd scale is quite common, but more common in women.

Psychological properties 3rd scale largely obscure and absorb characteristics 1st if the scales are at the same level.

With indicators 1st scale MMPI prevailing over 3rd a passive attitude to the conflict, avoidance of solving problems, self-centeredness, masked by the declaration of hypersocial attitudes, are revealed.

In essence, this is a neurosis-forming factor of the lack of emotional warmth and attention in childhood under normal conditions and their increased demonstration during injuries and illnesses.

The peculiarities of the psyche and the specificity of the manifestations of the attention of others contribute to the formation and consolidation of the mechanism of manipulation through "care for the disease".

With personal immaturity, this mechanism is transferred into adulthood and is transformed to others, practically without changing and developing into a rigid, non-constructive behavioral style of reducing pronounced (neurotic) emotional tension by including (manipulating) others in a preoccupation with a “morbid” state.

In the behavior of persons of this type, the unconscious desire for the status of a patient is a kind of justification for insignificant activity and an attempt to strengthen social protections and a certain guarantee of attention from others in one complex.

Such behavior is significantly different from the behavior of individuals who formed most of the scale values ​​as a result of correction - joining the "raw" scores 0.5 of the indicator scale K.

In this case, concern about the physical condition and a peculiar attitude towards medicines, herbs, infusions and other traditional and non-traditional methods of treatment (with T up to 70 points) reflects a behavioral feature as a form focused on caring for health and not accompanied by complaints and attempts to attract the attention of others. .

Both of these types, each on the basis of their nature, demonstrate extraordinary knowledge of pharmacology (without being experts in this field), techniques and methods of treatment, methods of fasting, training methods for maintaining and improving health.

If for the "hypochondriac" type of knowledge of this kind is a kind of "professionalism" of being "ill", then for persons "correctionally dependent" they have a different, twofold property. Demonstrate a tendency to effectively and thoroughly be treated, comprehensively strengthening their health and reflect "love" and active participation in the treatment and strengthening of the health of others by recommending the most effective means and methods, necessarily tested on themselves.

Such a “love” for the treatment of others can form an assumption about a kind of compensation for the lack of attention from others and a certain similarity in this between both types of behavior. This is far from true. Persons of the "correctionally dependent" type of behavior, although they demonstrate "involvement" in the treatment of others, do it rather to implement their well-adapted and socially approved behavior. egocentrism than to attract attention and manipulate others. In this way they only realize the originality of their " greatness”, good nature and love for others through the provision of services to effectively improve their well-being.

An increase in the scale (above 50T), regardless of the nature that formed such an increase, is most often a prognostically unfavorable basis for the effective implementation of management activities.

Raising the scale in conjunction with weak the type of temperament in most cases reflects behavior accompanied by diligence, a tendency to comply with norms and rules, with low personal activity, significant perseverance, with no need for a wide range of social contacts.

This behavioral complex is fully consistent with those types of activities, the conditions for the implementation of which provide opportunities for the implementation of such features, and these features themselves contribute to productive activities.

Variations strong temperament type and more often mobile and inert combined with high performance 1st scale"hypochondriac type" are reflected by such features as aggressive manipulation of the environment, low production activity with increased social activity.

Such a combination in the conditions of production activity most often becomes an active source of interpersonal problems, is practically not corrected and is characterized by poor controllability.

With the "correction dependent" type hypochondriacal nature, specialists are often effective, especially in individual or personally isolated activities.

They are very persistent in achieving the goal, in their activities they often seek to find “their own” or express their personal originality. However, they often and for a long time are treated, they constantly attend preventive measures and procedures.

2nd scale: (anxiety and depressive tendencies) pessimism:

The leading peak on the 2nd scale, which does not go beyond the norm, reveals the predominance of a passive personal position.

The leading motivational focus is the avoidance of failure.

Persons of this type are characterized by a high level of awareness of existing problems through the prism of dissatisfaction and a pessimistic assessment of their prospects.

A tendency to think, inertia in decision-making, a pronounced depth of experience, an analytical mindset, skepticism, self-criticism, some self-doubt, one's capabilities.

They are capable of refusing to realize momentary needs for the sake of distant plans.

In order to avoid conflict with the social environment, egocentric tendencies are inhibited.

The neurosis-like effect with this type of behavior is concentrated in the affiliative area of ​​needs, which acts as a leader in the structure of behavior.

The needs for understanding, love, a friendly attitude towards oneself, due to the peculiarities of behavior, are not realized to the degree necessary for the individual and, in a certain way, further exacerbate these features.

This process is reflected in a certain way and correlates with the behavioral characteristics demonstrated by representatives schizoid character type , forming a pole timidity factor a H.

The communication imbalance, with the persisting internal activity of the desires for wide and deep social contacts and the lack of an external possibility of their implementation due to the dominant tendency to avoid failure, forms a coherent personal explanatory concept.

It is based on high personal standards when choosing objects of interaction, and failures are attributed to the unwillingness to “exchange for small things” in anticipation of deep and rich mutual feelings of love, respect, mutual understanding, etc.

The lack of positive experience of social interaction and the steady avoidance of failures in stressful situations leads to a tendency to stop reactions, that is, to blocking activity, or driven behavior, subservience to the leading personality.

The defense mechanisms are the rejection of self-realization and the strengthening of consciousness control.

Peak by 2nd scale MMPI reaching the level of 70 T, along with neurosis-forming situations that influenced the system of formation of interpersonal relations in early ontogenesis, can also reflect behavioral characteristics formed as a result of experiences of a sharp and significant disappointment for the individual after an experienced interpersonal failure or in connection with a disease, sharply disrupting the normal course of life and long-term plans.

Such a profile outlines a certain state, at least a depressive reaction within the framework of the adaptation syndrome.

However, this is only a quantitative aspect, revealing the features of not only a psychogenically provoked state, but also providing for the predisposition of a given individual to such reactions in a state of stress.

Depression is the most common and common reaction to distress in most people.

However, with a pronounced sthenic type of response, even in a situation of severe stress, for example, in situations of prolonged anxious expectation of the outcome of a situation significant for the individual, they can be demonstrated as protective, states of bravado, carelessness, self-sufficiency, etc. as the opposite of depression.

It turns out that the depressive type of reaction is not at all a universal and purely obligatory reaction to psychotrauma.

High scores on the 2nd MMPI scale can reveal in the recipient not only a low mood due to negative experiences, but also personality traits a tendency to acute experience of failures, to excitement, an increased sense of guilt with a self-critical attitude towards one's shortcomings, self-doubt.

These features are exacerbated in the profile with pronounced peaks along 2nd, 7th and 0th scales and a significant decrease in 9th. Such behavior is characteristic of people with an accentuation of the inhibited type, with anxious and suspicious features.

In the eternal conflict between egocentric and altruistic tendencies, representatives of this group give preference to the latter with the rejection of self-realization, thus balancing the balance between these contradictory tendencies and reducing the risk of conflict with the environment.

If the increase in 1st scale means an unconscious, repressed refusal from self-actualization, then an increase in 2nd reveals conscious self-control, when unfulfilled intentions, due to external circumstances or internal reasons, are reflected in a lowered mood as a result of a deficit or loss.

At the same time, individuals of this type can be quite active, following the leader as the most conformal and socially compliant group.

Moderate increase 2nd scale with the onset of adulthood is seen as a natural "acquired skepticism", a wiser attitude to life's problems, as opposed to the carelessness and optimism of youth, manifested by relatively lower rates of 2nd scale and high on 9th.

Simultaneous boost 2nd and 9th scale reflects a tendency to mood swings, a cyclothymic personality variant or cyclothymia, which can be reflected as a correlation with the pole cyclothymia factor A 16 PF.

Profile with peaks by 2nd and 4th scale and a significant decrease in 9th should be alarming in terms of increased suicidal risk, since, in addition to the characteristics 2nd scale, a decrease in the level of vitality and optimism is added, determined by 9th scale and increased impulsivity, reflected 4th scale.

Although, with such features, suicide attempts are more used as blackmailing others and, with such motivation, are rarely planned as the final way out of the situation, such a balancing act between manipulation and suicidal tendencies can lead to serious consequences.

In production activities, high performance 2nd scale contribute little to the effective implementation of management activities.

The communication imbalance does not prevent the effective implementation of activities in the forms that are not related to the mandatory manifestation of social activity.

Sometimes, individuals with such behavioral characteristics by their very presence can very effectively stabilize the group and even act as a kind of standard for business interaction.

Such workers are very effective in analytical and a number of creative activities without extensive social contacts, such as organizational and economic analysis, marketing, decoration and industrial design, and a number of other activities where a serious, thoughtful attitude to the work performed is especially important.

3rd scale: (hysteria or repression of factors that cause anxiety) emotivity:

The 3rd scale is called the scale " emotional lability».

An increase in the profile on this scale reveals the instability of emotions and a conflicting combination of multidirectional tendencies:

• a high level of personal claims is combined with the need for involvement in the interests of the group;
• selfishness, with altruistic declarations;
• aggressiveness, with the desire to please others.

Persons with lead 3rd scale they are distinguished by the predominance of the artistic type of perception, a certain demonstrativeness, the brightness of emotional manifestations with a certain superficiality of experiences, the instability of self-esteem, which is significantly influenced by an influential environment.

Their behavior is accompanied by a belief in the identity of their "I" to the declared ideals, some "childishness", immaturity of attitudes.

Easy adaptation to various social roles, artistry of postures, facial expressions and gestures attracts the attention of others, which serves as a stimulating factor for them, exciting and flattering their vanity.

Profile with presenter 3rd scale(70 T and above) reveals accentuation by hysterical type, in which the above features are pointed.

Signs of emotional immaturity are revealed, more characteristic of the female type of behavior with known infantilism, affectation, dependent tendencies.

Despite pronounced egocentrism and a tendency to feel sorry for themselves, such individuals strive to level the conflict and attach great importance to the status of a family person.

Individuals with high 3rd scale(above 75 T) is characterized by increased nervousness, tearfulness, excessive dramatization of ongoing events, a tendency to narrow consciousness up to fainting.

In situations of stress, people with high 3rd scale pronounced vegetative reactions are characteristic in the profile.

One of the versions of the formation hysteroid type behavior advocates neurosis-forming the situation of violation of the sex-role mechanism in the processes of the formation of the psyche at the early stages of ontogenesis.

In most cases neurosis-forming situation is formed in girls as a result of inadequate influence on the part of dominant and imperious mothers in response to the child's attempts and, according to his ideas, behave in accordance with such a role.

Excessive punishment in response to behavior that, according to the child, does not go beyond the limits of permitted rules, distorts the mechanism of gender-role behavior, and all later mechanisms of social adaptation are formed under the influence of this distortion.

Mental development "gets stuck" in a situation of misunderstanding the rules for choosing behavior strategies.

The child's psyche begins to carefully and in a certain way fix behavioral techniques and situations that are especially noted by others as significant manifestations of exclusivity and leading to admiration.

Over time, such techniques, transforming, will turn into “templates” and will be used in place and out of place in situations of adult life.

Essentially, hysteroid type behavior is a complex of two mental tendencies.

One trend is directed towards the search for socially approved and acceptable forms and methods of behavior that are not natural and normal for the psyche, because the natural ones were categorically suppressed and, therefore, are unconsciously perceived as forbidden.

Another trend is aimed at developing mechanisms for the realization of natural desires and needs within the framework of such forms, which is expressed as the use of established "templates" and forms a general strategy of behavior, as "artificial".

Over the personality in adulthood, "childish" authoritarian prohibitions and mechanisms of neurotic "stuck" to control behavior continue to put pressure.

Neurotic "stuck" easily "transfers" the source of the formation of such prohibitions to the spouse and forms a special attitude to marriage as a social state of the individual and to the behavioral aggressiveness inherent in this type of behavior.

The basic basis of the formation hysteroid type behaviors are mainly two temperamental types - weak, with the prevalence of excitation processes and strong, unbalanced type.

At weak type of temperament, behavioral characteristics under stress-forming factors are easily transformed into a system of using protective mechanisms of “withdrawal” into functional disorders.

The impossibility of meeting the "ideal" norms of behavior is explained as a functional limitation of life forms.

The attempt to defend oneself leads to such forms of merging of the desired state of malaise and its real symptoms that the latter reflect essentially real violations. An attempt to play the disease and conversion symptoms form a state in which the person who plays the disease himself begins to believe in its reality.

An important role in this mechanism is played by aggressiveness, in this form it takes the form of passive aggression and has manifestations in the form of attempts to create a significant sense of guilt among others for bringing such a severe physical ailment.

When forming a hysterical type of behavior based on strong, unbalanced type of temperament, conversion symptoms and the strategy of such behavior is not very realistic.

Increased basic personal activity does not contribute to passive withdrawal “into illness”, on the contrary, concentrating around the “core of neurosis”, it focuses on the social mechanisms of matching the ideal image of a “good girl” that everyone likes.

Attempts to behave in accordance with ideal ideas, significant personal activity and the need for strong innervation as an optimal condition for life, serious problems in the mechanisms for fulfilling needs force such individuals to use a special set of secondary unconscious mental defenses.

Such a complex includes the practice of free sexualized relationships, behavior with an emphasis on challenging social norms and rules, the desire to please everyone and use all available techniques and methods for this.

Such a complex is a kind of destructive desire by behavior and actions to provoke a neurosis-forming situation of distant childhood with an obsessive unconscious desire to experience it again and again.

A significant behavioral imbalance in this type of behavior is the mechanism of transferring the source of the “core of neurosis” to a new and unrelated object.

Not experiencing empathic dependence in the systems of personal interaction due to the unformedness of the empathic properties themselves, such persons skillfully play the whole gamut and depth of personal involvement in the interaction and convince themselves and experience the significance of their feelings.

The lack of empathy in these external manifestations of the desire for love and admiration from all those around turns these desires into “inexhaustible” from the inside, and any individual manifestation of love and admiration becomes equally valuable and significant for them. Because of this, any personal behavioral “negativity” is carefully controlled and only what is likely to please remains in the behavior.

When choosing an object and understanding that the relationship is strong enough, the transfer mechanism is activated. It seems that such a transfer of a neurosis-forming source to another object is the main one in the very unconscious motivation for building a serious relationship of interaction.

The psyche is trying to “make” the primary external source of limiting the mechanisms of satisfaction of needs and which has long become internal and own, external and “foreign”, transferring the properties of the primary source to a suitable object. As soon as this succeeds, the psyche begins to behave in relation to the object that replaces the primary source as to the very source of restrictions and begins to “fight” with it with all available means, limited in childhood. Hence such a behavioral complex and such a special set of psychological defenses.

From the point of view of an object that replaces the source of neurotic restrictions, the transformation of "ideal", well-controlled relationships into a system of neurotic interaction with a full set of behavioral attributes and destructive tendencies corresponding to such interaction is unexpected and incomprehensible and contributes to the preservation of relationships only until the object is convinced that what is required of him is what he cannot give by definition.

The desire to explain the nature of the formation of the neurotic mechanism and the principles of its activation and functioning follows from the general mental characteristics concentrated in the system of dependences of neurotic and normal types of behavior.

The neurotic severity of behavioral characteristics, equated in terms of clinical level (pronounced neurosis, the level of a borderline mental state and psychoses, as an extreme severity of behavioral maladjustment), is of little interest to non-specialists in the field of psychiatry and, even more so, has little to do with aspects of production activity.

However, the ability to maintain stable behavioral tendencies in normal behavior, mechanisms for the implementation of activity, elements of unconscious motivation, etc. as a kind of behavioral stable type, identical to the neurotic, but not so saturated and maladjusted, contributes to the study of neuroses as a kind of matrix of normal behavior.

The presence of such an ability to preserve and the “similarity” of normal behavior to neurotic behavior made it possible, on the basis of clinical deviations, to develop a number of diagnostic methods, including MMPI, and at the level of quantitative indicators to determine the degree of severity of behavioral characteristics as stable and typical in relation to neurotic ones.

Such a neurotic feature as primitively described in our case hysterical type, in normal behavior can be reflected as a stable type of behavior to a certain extent (depending on the severity on the scale) corresponding hysterical and preserving its inherent tendencies.

Any normal behavior is the result of a complex concentration of typical behavioral features that, with clinical abnormalities, have a bright, hypertrophied severity, but normally have only a tendency to manifest, or slightly correct behavior, giving it a unique character and personality traits.

A complex concentration of typical features is rarely found as equally pronounced. In a behavioral system, one or two types will necessarily prevail over the rest, giving it stability and features inherent in their nature and shaping behavior within the framework of these features.

Actually, the definition of these features and their use in systems for organizing effective activities is the main goal.

Various temperamental natures hysterical type of character and the use of “their own” types of unconscious psychological defenses does not exclude from the behavioral complex the types of defenses characteristic of another temperamental type. They are just less common and less readily used.

At weak temperament type and the main type of defense through “going into illness”, it is difficult to physically participate in extended interaction systems, but it is possible to perfectly apply “playing” role-playing skills for a narrow circle of viewers.

At strong, unbalanced temperamentally, passive clinical difficulties are unbearable due to the inability to realize activity and provide an optimal level of excitation of the nervous system, but fantasies about accidents and suicidal tendencies are preferable and applicable.

The latter, in an intricate way, combine the components of self-pity, attempts to correct the existing state of affairs, the pity of others and the availability of opportunities for the implementation of aggression.

Suicide games are most popular among mentally active people hysteroid type. In addition to manipulating others, which is carried out at the highest artistic level (because they themselves believe in the possibility of such a way out), they make it possible, due to the sensation and experience of the fear of death, to significantly reduce the level of personal anxiety and experience a kind of relief from this.

Combination in MMPI high 1st and 3rd scale with relatively low 2nd looks like roman V and is called the "conversion five". The properties inherent in the 3rd MMPI scale come to the fore, absorbing, to a large extent, the signs 1st scale. At the same time, the focus on social standards remains relevant, which only mask the egocentric tendencies of the individual.

With a high conversion five, the transformation of neurotic anxiety into functional somatic disorders, to a certain extent, serves as a way to gain a comfortable social position.

The combination of high performance in 3rd and 4th scale greatly enhances performance 3rd, increasing the likelihood of behavioral responses to hysterical type with a tendency to "self-inflate" in conflict situations and a pronounced desire for emotional involvement.

Behavioral features hysteroid type represent great opportunities for organizing effective production activities.

Stable, organized behavior, motivationally oriented towards a wide range of social contacts and effectively optimized and well-equipped for this with personal means, turns such specialists into unique ones, in activities focused on external factors of production activity.

Adapted behavior of specialists with hysterical type of character is a consequence of the ability to manage their activity and allows them to remain within the normative framework of the rules, leveling all the negative manifestations inherent in neurotic features.

However, a significant basic personal activity and a prevailing focus on social contacts to the detriment of the rationing and regulation of production activities require specialized management tools and certain operating conditions in which such specialists can be especially effective and efficient.

4th scale: (psychopathy or the realization of emotional tension in direct behavior) impulsivity:

As the leading one in the profile, located within the normative range, this scale reveals an active personal position, high search activity.

The structure of the motivational orientation is dominated by achievement goals, accompanied by confidence and speed in decision-making.

With objective indicators indicating the presence of a sufficiently high intelligence, persons with this characterological type can demonstrate an intuitive, heuristic style of thinking, which, without relying on accumulated experience and in haste in making decisions, can become speculative.

The behavioral complex may manifest impatience, propensity to risk, high level of claims, the stability of which has a pronounced dependence on momentary motives and external influences, on the success of the actions taken.

The behavior is uninhibited, accompanied by immediacy in the manifestation of feelings, in manners. Statements and actions often outstrip the systematic and consistent thoughtfulness of actions.

There may be a tendency to resist external pressure, a tendency to rely mainly on one's own opinion, and even more on one's own motives.

Behavior is colored by a pronounced lack of conformity, a desire for independence and independence. In a state of emotional capture - the predominance of emotions of anger or admiration, pride or contempt, i.e. pronounced emotions, polar in sign, while the control of the intellect does not always play a leading role.

In personally significant situations, conflict may appear.

In stress, an effective, sthenic type of behavior, decisiveness, and masculinity are manifested.

Persons of this type do not tolerate monotony, monotony makes them sleepy, and the stereotypical type of activity bores them.

One of the versions of the formation psychopathic type behavior is a persistent lack of attention, "warmth" of interaction and care in the early stages of ontogenesis.

In extreme manifestations, the inattention of parents (or persons replacing them) leads to the impossibility of forming the mechanism of reverse personal dependence, which plays an important role for the emerging psyche in future structures of social interaction.

In response to the unfulfilled socialized need for care and interaction, the psyche begins to develop and function in an autonomous, socially isolated mode. Such a development can lead to a structural basic relationship, as a relationship with missing personal socialized obligations.

More broadly and conditionally, this relationship can be defined as the absence conscience.

If we consider the concept conscience as a system of internal personal attitude to the consequences of actions and actions, then in our case such an attitude was not formed, there was no one to form it, and the psyche had to adapt to life without this important mental component in autonomous conditions.

Without conscience as an internal criterion for evaluating actions, the psyche develops, focusing on external criteria. "Good" and "bad" are beginning to be fixed by the consequences of external reactions. "Bad" becomes "bad" if it is noticed and reacted to. Everything that was not noticed and not reacted to (not punished) is “good”.

Naturally, such a system of gradation of consequences forms such behavioral features as cunning, dexterity, raises intuition danger, forms and develops aggressiveness as a preventive protection system and many other properties inherent psychopathic type of character.

The basic temperamental property for psychopathic type is strong, unbalanced type.

For weak the temperament type lacks “energy”, and the strong, balanced and mobile and inert types are quite stable in the manifestation of activity and need less attention during the periods of formation of socialized complexes of object interaction.

Temperamental features color behavior and give it a number of properties concentrated in the field of personal activity.

By itself, the psychophysiology of response is no different from the standard parameters of temperamental features, and it is the socialized components of the psyche that orient it accordingly.

In the process of life activity, three main tasks are constantly solved, around which the main personal orientation is formed.

First - implementation of personal activity and ensuring optimal innervation of the functioning of the psyche.

Second - ensuring the highest possible social status as a position that reflects the exclusivity of the individual.

Third - the desire for manipulation and control, and the actual manipulation as a reflection of the ability to do this without a significant focus on the result.

In the desire to manipulate others, the desire and ability to manage are concentrated as well as a reflection of exclusivity, and a kind of object transfer is realized, which is characteristic of all neurosis-forming complexes.

Similar behavioral tendencies correlate well and manifest themselves in the pole dominance factor a E and pole insight factor a N and reflect in behavioral originality the mechanism of fusion and realization of these three personal tasks.

High performance in 4th MMPI scale(above 70 T) reveal a hyperthymic (excitable) variant of accentuation, characterized by increased impulsivity. One of the features of this behavior is difficult self-control.

At the same time, against the background of good intellect, such individuals have the ability to take a non-standard approach to solving problems, to moments of creative insight. A person is not dominated by the dogmas of the traditional approach and the lack of reliance on experience is compensated by the mechanism of original creative perception and processing of relevant information.

A pronounced tendency to be creative in solving problems is especially characteristic of individuals with a high level of intelligence and a profile with peaks in 4th and 8th scale and low values ​​for 2nd or 9th.

With such behavioral features, the originality of thinking can be accompanied by the originality of personal experiences, impulsiveness of behavioral reactions and a general system of non-conformal behavior, which requires increased attention to determining the conformity of views and behavior in general with generally accepted norms.

high peak on 4th scale(above 75 T) reveals psychopathic traits of an excitable type, pronounced impulsiveness, conflict, enhancing the characteristics with concomitant increases on other scales of the sthenic register - 6th, 9th, and, giving the corresponding features of behavioral characteristics, high rates 3rd and 8th scale.

With a combination of high 4th and 2nd scale, the properties of the latter weaken the aggressiveness, non-conformity and impulsiveness of indicators 4th scale, as there is a higher level of consciousness control over behavior.

Two equally high peaks 2nd and 4th scale the profile reveals an internal conflict rooted in an initially contradictory type of response.

The behavioral structure combines multidirectional tendencies - high search activity and dynamism of excitation processes and pronounced inertia and mental instability.

In behavior, this is manifested by the presence of a contradictory combination of a high level of claims with self-doubt, high activity with rapid exhaustion, which is characteristic of the neurasthenic type of experiences.

Under adverse social conditions, such features can serve as a breeding ground for alcoholism, as well as for the development of some psychosomatic disorders.

Peaks by 4th and 6th MMPI scale reflect the explosive (explosive) type of response.

The height of peaks in the range of 70-75 T reflects the accentuation of this type, higher values ​​are characteristic of the profile of a psychopathic personality of an excitable type with a tendency to explosive aggressive reactions.

If the personal characteristics inherent in this profile and manifested by a pronounced sense of rivalry, leadership traits, aggressiveness and stubbornness are channeled into the mainstream of socially acceptable activities, then the owner of these properties can remain sufficiently adapted mainly due to the optimal social niche for him, within which such qualities and properties are preferred and acceptable.

In situations of authoritarian-imperative pressure, any form of opposition that hurts the self-esteem and prestige of the individual, aggressive reactions from others, persons with this type of profile easily lose the adaptive state mode and give an explosive reaction, the degree of controllability of which is determined by the indicators of scales reflecting inhibited traits.

In production activities, features of adaptive behavior psychopathic types of character can and find very effective types and methods of application.

The main problem when working with people of this type is the motivational-target system of group interaction.

Personal qualities and properties that form the orientation initially isolate such specialists from the systems of common goals for the group. However, if they are given the opportunity to independently form group goals and, at the same time, the success of their activity will be adequately reflected in their status position, then such conditions will significantly level out the behavioral features that are negative for the activity.

When building optimal interaction based on the correspondence of personal and group goals, while optimizing the conditions of activity and fulfilling a number of secondary and quite feasible conditions, it is possible to significantly increase the efficiency and effectiveness of activities by attracting employees with such behavioral characteristics.

5th scale: (severity of male or female character traits):

5, the MMPI scale is interpreted differently depending on the gender of the subject.

Increased rates for 5 scale in any profile means a deviation from the role behavior typical for this sex and the complication of sexual adaptation.

Otherwise, the interpretation is polar, depending on whether the female or male profile is to be deciphered.

In the profile men increase in 5 scale reveals passivity personal position (if other scales do not contradict this), humanistic orientation of interests sentimentality, sophistication of tastes, artistic and aesthetic their direction, the need for friendly, harmonious relationships, sensitivity, vulnerability.

In interpersonal relationships, a tendency to smooth out conflicts, contain aggressive or antisocial tendencies is revealed even in those profiles where increased 5th scale combined with equally elevated scales sthenic register 4th, 6th or 9th.

Quite often there is an increase 5th scale in the normative profile of adolescents and young men. Basically, this is a consequence of a certain non-differentiation of gender-role behavior and softness, unformed character.

This phenomenon can cause certain difficulties in the processes of professional selection. With maturity indicators 5th scale tend to decrease.

During the period of aging, the violation of sexual adaptation is reflected in an increase in the profile of 5th scale. Similar violations can be reflected in some chronic diseases, accompanied by a decrease in libido.

Profile with peaks by 5th and 8th scale and low values ​​for 4th, characterizes narcissistic type personalities with a penchant for demagogy, narcissism, aesthetic reasoning, mannerisms.

Such behavior is characteristic of "cold" individualists who are sensitive to the dissonance of their "I" with the environment and, because of this, have a weakness only for those who bow before them.

These behavioral features correlate well with personality traits reflected by the pole suspicion factor a L 16 PF and significantly specify the behavioral type.

In the profile reflecting the sthenic type of response, relatively low rates 5th scale(50 T and below) reveal a typically masculine style of gender-role behavior, rigidity of character, lack of sentimentality.

At women high scores on the 5th MMPI scale reflect traits masculinity, independence, desire for emancipation, independence in decision-making.

In the profile of the sthenic type, an increase 5th scale enhances traits of cruelty, and in the hypersthenic profile - antisocial tendencies.

With a simultaneous increase 5th and low 3rd scales the absence, usually inherent in women, is found coquettishness, softness in communication, diplomacy in interpersonal contacts. At the same time, masculine characteristics of behavior are quite clearly manifested.

Features of sex-role behavior of women with high (70 T and above) 5th scale in profile they acquire the features of a masculine style.

In behavior, tendencies of a pragmatic attitude towards social contacts with a lack of inclination for constancy and emotional attachment prevail.

These tendencies are intensified with a profile with peaks along 4th, 5th and 9th scale and low values ​​for 0th scale.

Low performance 5th scale in the female profile reflect the traditionally female style of gender-role behavior - the desire to be taken care of and find support in her husband, gentleness, sentimentality, love for children, commitment to family interests.

Combination of low scores 5th scale with elevated 3rd and 8th characteristic of women with a pronounced aesthetic orientation, with a rich imagination, emotionality and impressionability. Typically, this combination is accompanied by a tendency to quickly get used to different role positions and artistic images, manifested by rich plasticity of the body and expressive facial expressions and intonation.

For the tendencies determined by this factor, there is no unambiguous basic mental basis.

It can be assumed, that weak type of temperament can contribute to the formation of "smoothness" of male features in the male profile and variations strong temperament can contribute to the formation of "masculinity" in the female profile.

In this case, energetically active men of non-traditional gender orientation and active "traditional" women completely drop out of the behavioral system.

There are many reasons that deform gender-role behavior and they can concentrate both in the field of neurosis-forming factors of early ontogenesis and in the field of the formation of later socialized behavioral structures, for example, during the period of pubertal formation of gender identity, which immediately precedes and is the basis for inter-sex interaction.

For production activity, these reasons are the least significant of the totality of reasons that deviate behavior because they practically do not give freedom of maneuver in building effective models of production activity.

Any variations of deviations and male and female behavior do not provide tangible benefits in improving the efficiency of production activities.

Increased female "masculinity" is easily replaced by even average male "masculinity", and male "femininity" is caricaturely demonstrative and socially rejected by both sexes.

Production activity is more or less gender indifferent and, because of this, gender-role mismatch negatively affects the system of interpersonal relations and is a prognostically unfavorable sign.

6th scale: (paranoid or rigid affect):

The 6th MMPI scale with a single peak in the profile that does not go beyond the normal spread reflects stability of interests, perseverance in defending one's own opinion, stenic attitudes, activity of the position, which is intensified by the opposition of external forces.

Persons of this type tend to practicality, sober outlook on life, the desire to rely on one's own experience, a synthetic mindset with a pronounced desire for systemic constructions and specifics, for the exact sciences and areas of knowledge.

Persons with lead 6th scale in the profile show love for accuracy, fidelity to their principles, straightforwardness and perseverance in upholding them.

The ingenuity and rationality of the mindset can be combined with its lack of flexibility and the difficulty of switching in a suddenly changing situation.

They are impressed by accuracy and concreteness, they are annoyed by the amorphousness, the uncertainty of tasks, the carelessness and inaccuracy of the people around them.

In interpersonal contacts, it is manifested feeling of rivalry, competitiveness, striving for a prestigious role in the reference group.

High emotional capture by the dominant egoistic idea, the ability to "infect" others with one's enthusiasm and a pronounced tendency to systematic actions are the foundation for the formation of leadership traits, especially with good intelligence and high professionalism.

In short, people of this type affective, touchy, stubborn, hardworking, inventive, sincere and naive. They may be characterized by rigidity, malice and rigidity of thinking.

Rigidity of affect in persons of this type is mainly associated with selfish motives, and behavioral patterns are usually a response to the actions of others, perceived affectively as infringing on the personality, and already on this basis, the construction of rigid personal attitudes is carried out.

The formation of such attitudes often occurs on the basis of an erroneous perception or misinterpretation of situations of interpersonal interaction. Such situations are presented as internally logically justified and even based on real facts of attempts at personal infringement.

Rigid affect associated with selfish motives causes vindictiveness. Associated with it is a long-term experience of one's own success, and this experience includes pride in one's own value, increased self-love, and dissatisfaction with the lack or insufficiency of recognition from others.

Persons of this type are significantly preoccupied with their prestige and are distinguished by increased sensitivity to real or imaginary injustices.

The combination of sensitivity with a tendency to self-affirmation gives rise to suspicion, a critical, hostile or contemptuous attitude towards others, stubbornness, and often aggressiveness.

Persons of this type are ambitious and guided by the firm intention to be better and smarter than others, and in group activities they invariably strive for leadership.

They are incapable of mental “repression” and, therefore, in order to satisfy their ambition and “mental optimization” of life, they constantly need real achievements that confirm their prestige and significance.

Such a trend can form high motivation and high productivity in areas and activities, where the level of achievement is determined and depends on the level of motivation, perseverance and is quite normalized.

Even a modest increase 6th scale usually indicates affective rigidity, a tendency to suspicion, a tendency to consider the actions of others who seem incompetent or dishonest, especially in compliance with the rules and regulations of activity.

The basic basis of this type of behavior is the deepest, little studied and, therefore, not quite obvious and unambiguous in terms of its influence on the psyche, the system of object interaction, which is formed at very early stages of ontogenesis.

In the process of mental development, the mechanisms of subject interaction are formed. There is a peculiar process of studying subject properties and their intermediary significance between the personality and objects (parents).

The system of object interaction itself begins to develop and become more complex through objects in the form of toys, dishes, clothes, etc.

This process is very stable both due to the underdevelopment of socialized mental structures and due to the relatively low significance of objective functions for this process. However, peculiar deviations can occur in it, forming behavioral features.

They are expressed in a more substantive intermediary meaning for the psyche. That is, in normal functioning, the psyche, having passed the stage of intermediary objective development, passes into another stage, normally using objects exclusively from the standpoint of their functionality.

In our case, originality is expressed as a process of endowing objects with certain object properties, or, more precisely, as an incomplete separation of subject and object properties.

The object, being an exclusively functional intermediary in the process of object interaction, pulled over some of the object properties and itself turned into a kind of object.

Such a kind of "stuck" at the stage of subject interaction is always accompanied by three main behavioral properties, ranked according to the degree of formation.

The first is the unconscious desire to master an unlimited number of consumer goods and, as the highest stage, material (monetary) accumulation as an unconscious tendency of meaningless (unused) possession.

The second is a clear and special structural relationship to subject interaction.

This attitude is expressed in the unconscious desire for order, cleanliness, neatness, the development of cleaning rituals, the determination of a reasonable place for each item and strict adherence to the rules and procedures for its use, etc.

The third is the transfer and use of the rules of subject interaction in systems of socialized object interaction.

If the first two basic behavioral properties have relatively little influence on the overall structure of behavior and can be considered as a "hobby", then the third one is very significant and can serve as the basis for a wide behavioral diversity.

The third behavioral property corrects the manifestations of two important personal mental qualities - aggressiveness and volitional components.

Aggressiveness and will in the behavioral manifestations of the features of the mental structure are, to a certain extent, manifestations of the activity of rivalry as a state of interpersonal interaction and the very level of its effective manifestation.

In our case, the system of object interaction is objective and activity is realized indirectly through object interaction without penetrating into the systems of direct interpersonal interaction. Therefore, in persons of this type it is difficult to meet situations of manifestation of open interpersonal aggression and they rarely participate and try to avoid situations that require extreme manifestations of significant volitional properties.

Both activity and will are concentrated within the framework of the functional properties of interpersonal interaction. The interaction system itself is built and implemented on the principles of functional interaction. Therefore, the structural basis of interaction is rationing and regulation. Both the internal attitude and external manifestations reflect this normalization and form behavioral features.

It is not surprising that individuals of this type have great resistance to stressful situations. They are simply not affected by non-functional manifestations of interaction, they do not perceive and do not understand what they want from them outside the framework of norms and rules, but they perfectly navigate within the framework of the rules and actively and persistently (manifestation of will) participate in bringing justice when they are violated.

The ability to live by the rules for them is the only available system of interpersonal interaction. Violation of the rules confuses them and “forces” them to unconsciously “devalue” both the situations of such violations and the persons who form them.

The impossibility of avoiding such situations (official production interaction, social and domestic, forced group) provokes the maximum concentration of activity (aggression) and will to change such situations and bring them in line with the understood norms and rules.

The consequences of such a struggle at the level of clinical behavioral maladaptation form a wide range of behavioral properties, from compulsive neuroses to paranoid constructs of extensive modification.

Both clinical maladaptation and normal manifestations of behavioral characteristics are reflected in the structure of the personality profile.

The combination of peaks on 6th and 1st scales characteristic of persons in whom concern for the state of physical health develops on the basis of affective rigidity. At the same time, the number of unpleasant physical sensations is small, but the significance of somatic sensations and their influence on behavior are very high.

Peaks on the 6th and 2nd scales of the MMPI reflect the propensity for the emergence of affectively saturated delusional ideas in initially subdepressive individuals and the presence of a melancholy-spiteful construction.

With such features, difficulties in the system of interpersonal relations often appear, and suspicion and malice contribute to a violation of social adaptation.

The combination of peaks on 6th and 3rd scales. In this case, the desire to focus on external evaluation runs into ideas of hostility on the part of others.

As a result of a combination of these tendencies, suspicion and aggressiveness are suppressed during social interactions and even a positive attitude is declared both towards others and towards situations of interaction. However, sometimes, few but persistent somatic complaints are used to pressure others.

This phenomenon is especially pronounced when the peak is combined 6th scale and " conversion V» neurotic triad.

Peak Combination 6th and 4th scale reflects a propensity for antisocial behavior.

With such features, neglect of moral and ethical norms, customs and rules is characteristic.

The higher 6th MMPI scale towards 4th, the more often antisocial manifestations are replaced by persistent hostility towards others.

Such persons are characterized by gloom or dysphoric-malicious affect, a tendency to stubborn objections and outbursts of aggression.

Open manifestations of intolerance, hostility, suspicion and other characteristics reflected 6th scale will be more pronounced with decreasing values 5th scale for men and with their increase in women.

The specialization of such modifications is mainly determined by temperamental characteristics and situational factors.

Temperamental properties form the level of activity and "color" behavioral properties, situations provoke and trigger maladjustment mechanisms.

In our case, behavioral modifications of maladaptive forms and their diversity are the least interesting, since they are exclusively in the area of ​​psychiatric knowledge and are categorically unacceptable for any type of production activity.

Actually, the personal characteristics of well-adapted individuals of this type and the specifics of their formation and manifestation provide a huge amount of analytical material that does not contribute to the unambiguity of conclusions in model activity forecasts.

Persons of this behavioral type demonstrate a significant set of properties that are positive for activity.

The main ones are diligence and the desire to follow the rules and regulations, the prevailing trend of status growth.

Despite the fact that their trend of status growth is a consequence of a personal egoistic orientation, entirely focused on occupying a position that is comfortable from the position of the psyche in the system of normalized activity (pronounced careerism), it is quite often realized in high official appointments, especially in systems of administrative and economic orientation. facilitating bureaucratic mechanisms for organizing activities.

One gets the impression that such organizations are purposefully staffed with specialists and managers who, in their mental make-up, seek to further formalize and standardize, “dehumanize” the already formalized and standardized activity to the limit.

If for administrative and economic management activities the personal characteristics of the type under consideration may look positive, then for most types of production activities, especially management, they are hardly acceptable.

Specialists of this behavioral type can be very effective in areas of activity, the conditions for the implementation of which are normalized and regulated.

Applied economics and accounting, almost all types of "functional" industries - everything that requires punctuality, perseverance, scrupulousness in following norms and rules, attention to detail from a specialist and, moreover, does not require direct and intense personal interactions.

Especially the presence of the latter condition can greatly contribute to a significant "improvement" of the character.

The implementation of interaction on the principles of "objectivity" - through numbers, norms and rules, not only harmonizes external behavioral manifestations, but also internally contributes to good mental stabilization through an optimal understanding of the rules of activity.

Such stabilization to a certain extent contributes to the decline in status tendencies. A significant basis for achievement motivation disappears. It makes no sense to strive to change the status position in order to optimize the already stable and optimal (arranged as a system of interaction) position.

Naturally, this is possible only if internal personal and external, real status criteria coincide. This is facilitated by a high level of material reward, which makes it possible, by accumulating material (cash) funds, to realize the main unconscious tendency - the “hobby” of accumulation.

In order for a specialist of this behavioral type to function effectively in production activities, it is necessary to significantly stimulate him financially, limit direct personal interaction, normalize and regulate the conditions for carrying out activities, isolate him from making strategically decisive decisions, limit status trends, exclude him from situations of official competition, etc.

It can be seen from the foregoing that industrial activity for persons of this type can offer a very limited scope for the application of efforts.

Such a behavioral type would not need close attention if its representatives did not have a number of pronounced and superficially very promising features for activity.

Almost fanatical purposefulness, consistency and independence from group influence, strict adherence to norms and rules personally and demands from others, striving for status growth and personal recognition, professional improvement, impeccable appearance, etc. - a portrait of an almost ideal leader.

Failure to recognize this behavioral type and the involvement of such specialists in the implementation of activities without restrictions can lead to serious negative consequences both for the specialist and for the activity.

Individuals of this behavioral type are difficult to recognize. Leading Peak 6th MMPI scale often accompanied by a low-lying profile, reflecting a tendency to hide the depth of existing personality problems. This is due to the increased sense of caution and incredulity inherent in such individuals.

Profiles with a "recessed" profile should be especially alarming. 6th scale. Indicators below 50 T are implausible and are the result of hypercompensatory

attitudes of aggressive individuals, reflecting their excessive tendency to emphasize their peacekeeping relations.

7th scale: (psychasthenia or fixation of anxiety and restrictive behavior) anxiety:

7th scale refers to indicators of hyposthenic, inhibited type of mental response.

Profile boost reveals the predominance of a passive-passive position, self-doubt and in the stability of the situation, high sensitivity and susceptibility to environmental influences, increased sensitivity to danger.

The behavior of people of this type is dominated by the motivation to avoid failure, sensitivity, focus on congruent relationships with others, and dependence on the opinion of the majority.

This type of person is different a developed sense of responsibility, conscientiousness, commitment, modesty, increased anxiety in relation to minor everyday problems, anxiety for the fate of loved ones.

They have a peculiar empathy - a feeling of compassion and empathy, increased nuance of feelings, pronounced dependence on the object of affection.

Thinking is somewhat inert. The peculiarity of target control with elements of "fluctuating" attention is expressed in a tendency to double-check what has been done, an increased sense of duty.

noted pronounced intuitiveness, a tendency to doubt, reflexivity, critical self-observation with a tendency to low self-esteem.

Moderate increase in values 7th scale at men accompanied by behaviors such as shyness, sentimentality, peacefulness, pronounced individuality, often with a feeling of dissatisfaction.

At women - is more often a sign of a neurotic reaction and is expressed as increased sensitivity, conscientiousness, pickiness and pedantry in work, developed intuitiveness.

The general trend for men and women is indecisiveness with a lack of self-confidence.

The peak on the 7th MMPI scale is typical for individuals with pronounced anxious and suspicious features with a tendency to self-flagellation, "chewing" various problems and painful self-observation.

Often attention is focused on their bad habits, relationship difficulties and the manifestation of authority.

Persons of this type are very preoccupied with questions of morality and are the most anxious of representatives of all characterological types.

The mental feature of this type of behavior is the low ability to repress negative signals and increased attention to them. They strive to keep even unimportant facts in the spotlight, consider and anticipate even unlikely possibilities, and are in a state of constant anxiety.

Persons of this type are incapable of isolating the really important and essential in the totality of facts, of abstracting from insignificant details.

In activity, such behavior is expressed as a leading tendency to avoid failure and is formed by fear of the possibility of incurring danger by a wrong act or failing as a result of a mistake.

This fear underlies restrictive behavior, which manifests itself in the refusal of activities in cases where success is not guaranteed.

The tendency to avoid failure translates into a tendency to develop a system of rules that eliminates the need to make a decision in each individual case, which can come across as rigid, stubborn and formal. Such a system of rules is a kind of struggle with obsessive anxiety, internal mental tension and low noise immunity.

Situations with an unpredictable outcome, a rapid change of significant, disordered and unplanned factors are stressful for people of this type of behavior.

The basic basis for such behavioral characteristics is excessive parental severity or "rigidity" of attitude during the formation of "empathic socialization" in the developing mental structure.

The inadequacy of a single mother, expressed in relation to the child as an obstacle in building personal relationships and (or) a constant reminder by her presence of an experienced family failure, forces the child's psyche to adapt in a certain way.

For boys and girls, the consequences of this adaptation are different. It is likely that gender mental differences already at an early stage of ontogeny suggest that boys are less dependent on their mother as an object in the process of forming socialized behavioral structures.

Therefore, a “tough” attitude during the period of socialization, or rather, the consequences of such an impact are expressed in the male type of such behavior only as sentimentality and peacefulness and are accompanied by a large and peculiar “attachment” to the mother in adulthood, which in a peculiar way “colors” behavior and causes difficulties in relations with the other sex, but practically does not maladjust behavior in general and very rarely leads to neurotic deviations.

For girls, “empathic socialization” is an important and significant process of personal socialization formation, in which the mother is not only an object of gender identification, but also a “guide” in behavioral strategies.

A “hard” attitude in this process forms a model of an unattainable “ideal self”, which is constantly set as an example and attempts to match this model form systems of maladaptive behavior leading to neurotic deviations.

The features of this behavior is a low threshold of stress formation. This is also facilitated by temperamental features in the form weak type of the nervous system and an available strategy of unconscious defense against external "objective" pressure.

The totality of such features, although it forms behavioral modifications, but all their diversity is concentrated in defense techniques.

The combination of peaks on 7th and 1st scales indicates an easily arising concern about the state of one's physical health as a result of a high level of anxiety and the desire to avoid possible dangers.

Anxious fears about the state of one's physical health are often combined with more or less vague unpleasant physical sensations.

With a high tendency to form fixed obsessive fears, somatic sensations are relatively constant and few in number.

Typically, such a behavioral system is also reflected by increased values 2nd scale, and the level 9th depends on a pessimistic assessment of the situation and the level of personal activity.

Such a personality profile is usually accompanied by high values scale F and low scale K, which reflects the degree of "basic" anxiety and the unconscious need for help.

The combination of peaks on 2nd and 7th scales The MMPI usually indicates that low self-esteem and a pessimistic outlook depressive type(isolated peak 2nd scale) in this case are more pronounced and stable and are combined with constant internal tension, anxiety or fears.

High values 7th scale and a more or less pronounced decrease in performance 9th may reflect the personal gloomy coloring of life situations and future prospects, a sense of one's own insufficiency, which may be accompanied by a decrease in activity productivity, initiative and creates a general feeling of depression.

Peak Combination 7th and 2nd scale and increase the profile to 3rd MMPI scale may reflect a combination of anxiety and phobic disorders with a tendency to display one's condition vividly and colorfully, with a desire to arouse the protective attitude of others through emphasized helplessness.

Isolated peaks 7th and 3rd scale reflect a relatively rare and pronounced disharmonious behavioral type. It combines elements of polar personality structures - a tendency to punctuality, thoroughness, accuracy, a desire for solidity, some heaviness and underestimated social spontaneity, paradoxically combined with demonstrativeness, self-centeredness, the desire to be in the spotlight.

Such behavioral features are accompanied by frequent anxiety reactions, since while maintaining a high need for attention, recognition and general demonstrative behavior, persons of this type are much more critical than purely demonstrative personalities and react very painfully to noticeable negative signals.

The combination of high values ​​for 7th and 4th MMPI scale with relatively low rates 2nd scale reflect behavioral features of careful adherence to social norms and control of aggressive tendencies.

Such personal characteristics make it possible to hide open asocial tendencies and internal rejection of moral and ethical standards. However, aggressive tendencies are still realized through techniques and methods of causing feelings of anxiety and guilt among others.

Peak Combination 7th scale and an increase in the severity of male character traits (indicators 5th scale) reflect an increase in the tendency to rigid behavior.

With an increase in the severity of female traits, an increase in diverse fears and difficulties in making independent decisions is reflected.

Combination of high values 7th and 6th scale, especially with increasing values ​​and 2nd scale often indicates a tendency to delusional or delusional education with a high level of anxiety. Typically, such a structure of the profile indicates the relative ease of occurrence of pathological conditions.

In production activities, specialists of this behavioral type can be effective if their personal characteristics are taken into account.

Along with the negative qualities for activity - a mismatch of self-esteem with overestimated ideal personal ideas, a reduced threshold for stress formation and, as a result, blocking of activity or driven activity after the majority or the leader, general restrictive behavior and excessive intellectual processing, there are a number of positive qualities.

Easy tolerance of monotony, good motivation through incentives and measures to increase self-esteem, thoroughness in the implementation of norms and rules contribute to efficiency in a number of activities based on stable stereotypes of job operations.

The most common type of personality in which there is a significant increase in the profile 7th scale - psychasthenic.

This type of person is different self-doubt, indecisiveness, a tendency to carefully recheck their actions and work done, very obligatory and responsible, with a dependent position, guided by the opinion of the group, with a highly developed sense of duty and adherence to generally accepted norms, prone to altruistic manifestations, conformal, reacting with increased guilt and self-flagellation for the slightest failures and mistakes.

At all costs trying to avoid the conflict, which they experience extremely painfully, psychasthenics act at the limit of their capabilities in order to earn the approval of others, and most importantly - and most difficultly - their own approval.

With an excessively self-critical attitude towards themselves, they are characterized by an unconscious desire for an unattainable personal ideal. In this regard, they are in a state of constant tension and dissatisfaction, manifested in obsessions, excessive actions of a restrictive nature, rituals necessary for self-soothing.

Peculiarities psychasthenic responses are most common among normally adapted individuals and practically do not distort the system of socialized interaction.

Even clinical maladjustment relatively rarely goes beyond acceptable forms of interaction and is expressed only by a number of phobias (fear of heights, closed or open space, illness, etc.), or by abscessive and compulsive neuroses, which often present few difficulties for others. Therefore, maladapted forms psychasthenic types do not particularly hinder the implementation of production activities with the correct organization of its conditions, and a number of personal characteristics make it possible to carry it out very effectively.

A big plus of this type of behavior for activity is “group dependence”. The "painful" experience of conflict situations by the owners of this type turns them into a kind of "barrier" in the systems of intragroup interaction, which significantly contributes to the reduction of interpersonal tension and the establishment of productive systems of production interaction.

8th scale: (schizoid or autistic) individualistic:

8th scale - "individuality scale" at MMPI. Increased, in a profile with normative indicators on other scales, it reveals detached-contemplative personal position, analytical mindset.

With this personality type, the tendency to think prevails over feelings and active activity.

A holistic style of perception is being formed - the ability to recreate a holistic image based on minimal information.

With good intelligence, this type of personality is distinguished by creative orientation, originality of statements and judgments, as well as interests and hobbies.

There is a certain selectivity in contacts, well-known subjectivism in assessing people and phenomena of the surrounding life, independence of views, a certain attraction to abstraction, a high need to actualize one's individualism.

It is more difficult for personalities of this type to adapt to everyday forms of life, the prosaic aspects of everyday life. Their individuality is so pronounced that it is practically useless to predict their statements and behavior by comparing them with the usual stereotypes. Their rational worldly platform is not sufficiently formed, they are more guided by their subjectivism and intuition.

Even minor frustrations can lead to anxiety and the expression of negative emotions. At the same time, compensation for the state is achieved through autism and distancing, that is, through “leaving” for the “inner world” and maintaining a “mental distance” between oneself and the environment.

In clinically expressed cases, behavior can take on the form and features defined as schizoid syndrome.

The term " schizoid syndrome” is conventionally used to refer to that characteristic set of manifestations that includes emotional coldness and inadequacy of emotions, originality of perception and judgments, which is expressed in strange or unusual thoughts and actions, selectivity or formality of contacts.

For individuals with a peak profile on 8th scale characterized by an orientation mainly to internal criteria, a decrease in the ability to intuitively understand others, to play their roles, that is, the inability to put oneself in the place of one or another of the people around and, in connection with this, insufficient adequacy of emotional response.

For persons of this type, it becomes difficult, and in sharply pronounced cases, impossible to objectively evaluate themselves "from the outside" in the system of interpersonal interaction.

The behavior of such individuals may appear devoid of natural emotional coloring, idiosyncratic, eccentric or haughty. At the same time, they are characterized by dissatisfaction with the situation and vulnerability, which are weakened by autism, which acts as a psychological defense mechanism.

Even with a moderately pronounced profile peak on the 8th MMPI scale, the originality of perception and logic may be accompanied by difficulties in communicating with others.

These difficulties are manifested in both non-verbal and verbal contacts.

In non-verbal contacts, communication difficulties are associated with insufficiently adequate facial expressions or motor maladaptation.

In verbal contacts, difficulties are manifested in the fact that although the statements of this type of persons are logical and grammatically correct, they may give the impression of ambiguity or lack of clarity in others.

The tendency to vague and vague formulations is largely due to the fact that obtaining a clear idea of ​​a well-structured social situation, the intrusion of outlined social stimuli into the inner world of individuals of this type can act as a source of anxiety, tension, and long-term negative emotions.

Violation of social communication can lead to a lack of a clear idea of ​​​​how to behave in a given situation, what exactly others expect.

The peculiarity of thinking may be due, in particular, to the loss of the ability to control the clarity and acceptance of one's judgments as a result of the already noted violation of social communication. At the same time, many of these individuals show great ability to build communications in which symbols are used that obey an initially set rigid system of rules, for example, the rules for operating with mathematical symbols.

Difficulty in everyday contacts leads to even greater isolation, since situations requiring such contacts generate or increase a sense of internal tension.

Distance, alienation lead to even greater difficulties in a real assessment of the situation and the overall picture of the world and increase the feeling of alienation and misunderstanding, inability to become a full member of the group to which they formally belong.

The desire to eliminate one's isolation and inability to overcome communication difficulties gives rise to ambivalence in relations with people, associated with the expectation of attention from others and the fear of coldness on their part.

As a result, either excessive friendliness or unjustified hostility is manifested towards others, and excessively intense contacts can be replaced by sudden breaks.

The insufficiency and "originality" of social contacts causes concern about the significance of one's personality, serves as the basis for autistic fantasizing and the formation of affectively saturated ideas or groups of ideas.

A peculiar system of autistic perception significantly limits and filters external negative signals, distorting the systems of socialized interaction. One gets the impression of "empathic coldness" and a general inability to emotionally rich relationships.

However, there are events and relationships that can cause an emotional response. In such cases, unexpected for others and empathic sensitivity and personal vulnerability are manifested.

Personalities of this behavioral type can have a wide range of social contacts that are formal and lack adequate emotional content and proceed without sufficient consideration of the reactions of the environment.

The main feature of the considered behavioral type is the maladjustment of the foundations of socialized interaction.

If in all other cases, the basis of maladjustment behavior is the mechanisms of a kind of interaction with an object already formed and significant for the psyche (parents), then in this case, the most likely source of the formation of such behavior can be considered violations of a peculiar, deepest, primary, in some ways even up to personal process of interaction.

If we abstract to the level before object interaction (biological), it becomes clear that during this period it is the process of satisfying needs (food, warmth, care) that in a certain way forms the future system of object interaction.

Insufficient satisfaction of needs for the psyche (perhaps both conditions and personal relationships are important in this process) maladjust the psyche in the construction of systems of object interaction.

The only possible response of the emerging psyche to the insufficient satisfaction of the needs for interaction is their limitation - autism.

These restrictions are also transferred to the system of object interaction, confusing the very important object distinctive complex “friend or foe”.

Such object non-discrimination takes root in the process of mental development and forms the process of "withdrawal" into a personal "cocoon".

Such “freedom” from socialization contributes to the development of both systems of extra-object interaction (communication through symbols) and abstract (non-object) operation, not tied to systems of socialized needs and a peculiar attitude to stress-forming situations and many other behavioral peculiarities.

If the personality traits reflected in the peak of the profile on 8th scale combined with unpleasant physical sensations (often peculiar) and ideas related to the state of physical health, then there is an increase in the profile and on 1st scale.

In this case, if the profile peak at 8th MMPI scale significantly higher than the peak 1st and, especially, if at the same time there is an increase in the profile by 6th scale with a simultaneous low profile level on 3rd and 7th scales, then the formation of affectively saturated and difficult to correct concepts related to the state of physical health, overvalued and even delusional formations is likely.

With a slight excess of the profile peak by 8th scale this type of profile most often indicates a rigid stereotype of behavior focused on caring for physical well-being. Such care is used as a means to rationally explain alienation and isolation from others by the presence of somatically conditioned difficulties.

It should be noted that the more pronounced the peak on 8th scale, the more pretentious and unusual are the descriptions of somatic sensations.

If a feeling of insufficient connection with the environment, an unsatisfied need for contacts is expressed in an increase in anxiety or depression, the peak of the profile is at 8th scale combined with the peak 2nd.

At the same time, an ambivalent attitude towards others, along with the desire for contacts, gives rise to gloomy distrust, and a frequent increase in the profile on the 4th MMPI scale reflects socialization difficulties associated with an insufficient ability to perceive the customs, rules and norms that guide most of the people around them in their behavior .

At the same time, the peak of the profile is noted on the rating scales at scale F, associated mainly with low, conventionality. This profile configuration is quite typical for schizoid individuals who are concerned about their isolation and experiencing difficulties in social adaptation.

If demonstrative tendencies due to a high level of repression are manifested in individuals who feel alienated, not understood and not included in the social environment, then a combination of peaks on the 3rd and 8th MMPI scales is usually noted.

This profile testifies to a deep disharmony, since it reflects a paradoxical combination of focus on actual behavior, on external assessment, on the approval of others with a tendency to build one's behavior based on internal criteria, with difficulties in interpersonal communication.

Concerned about the place of their personality in society and its significance, these individuals often form their circle of acquaintances and contacts in such a way as to create a kind of environment in which their significance is unconditionally recognized.

Along with the construction of a unique environment, the question of their place in society and the significance of their personality, persons with the described type of profile can be resolved by identifying with some form of activity, the high significance of which they proclaim. At the same time, they prefer situations in which this identification, as well as competence in the chosen field of activity, cannot be questioned (individual activity, narrow specialization, etc.).

Such a combination, with a fairly pronounced rise in the profile, almost always indicates a disease state of one nature or another, or at least the ease of decompensation.

If, as a result of the difficulty of interpersonal relationships, social adaptation is disturbed, this is usually reflected in the personality profile by a combination of peaks on 8th and 4th scales.

In clinical cases, this combination, sometimes with an additional peak on 6th scale, occurs quite often.

Personalities with this type of profile are characterized not by aggressive antisocial behavior, but by antisocial acts committed as a result of misunderstandings, inability to adapt to certain conditions, inability to clearly understand the social norm and as a result of a peculiar approach to the situation.

The inability to properly organize and control their contacts and the originality of thinking can determine the connection of these individuals with deviant groups. This connection is one of the most common causes of their antisocial behavior.

This type of profile is typical for adolescents and young men with a pronounced tendency to treat others with distrust, to perceive them as a source of potential danger, or, in any case, as strangers.

A constant sense of threat can push them to a preemptive attack.

If such a stereotype of behavior persists into adulthood, it contributes to the growth of isolation and alienation and the strengthening of social adaptation disorders.

In cases where the violation of interpersonal relationships and increasing autism are accompanied by the formation of an affectively charged idea or group of ideas, the personality profile is characterized by a combination of peaks on 6th and 8th scales.

Pronounced rises in the profile on these scales, especially in the absence of rises on the scales neurotic triad, indicate a tendency to form difficult-to-correct concepts associated with the idea of ​​the presence of threatening or dangerous actions of others.

In these cases, a pronounced selectivity of perception is characteristic, in which information is predominantly perceived that reinforces an already formed concept.

If such a selection of information is so pronounced that it leads to the loss of contact with reality, and interpersonal relations are organized on the basis of uncorrectable concepts, then a person with the described type of profile replaces the real society with a pseudo-society, which is a set of his own projections. It appears in the clinic delusional syndromes.

If the tendency to focus on internal criteria and communication difficulties is combined with severe anxiety, then the personality profile may be characterized by an isolated and more or less uniform rise (“ plateau") on the 7th and 8th MMPI scale.

This type of profile reflects a sense of specialness or uniqueness of one's personality and anxiety about the lack of recognition of such a person by the environment.

Such feelings (not necessarily unconscious) lead to depressive tendencies, which may not be reflected by an increase in values. 2nd scale.

Depressive phenomena are often combined with irritability and anxiety or a feeling of increased fatigue and apathy.

This type is more common in adolescents. In adulthood, such manifestations are the result of a certain degree of infantilism.

Involvement of specialists in production activities schizoid type adapted behavior and their inclusion in group activities is accompanied by a number of organizational issues and generates consequences that initially require close attention.

The prevalence of "functionality" or "creativity" in the activity is a strategic issue and is formed by the goals of the activity and is adjusted by the conditions for its implementation.

faces schizoid type are " professional", inborn analysts, " specialists»mediated through symbols of interaction, as they are practically the only representatives of maladaptive behavior that use intellectualization as the leading unconscious psychological defense mechanism.

Operating with cause-and-effect relationships is not for them a job that reflects mediated personal needs, but in fact is the primary need for social functioning.

Initially disturbed mechanisms of personal-object interaction provoke and motivate them for a close study and analysis of interpersonal interaction systems, an analysis of motivations and needs, and a painstaking study of others.

Being outside these systems of interaction and excellent analytical capabilities allow them to understand interpersonal problems well, however, communication maladaptation and the peculiarity of interactions do not allow them to effectively implement these features.

The same mechanisms, that is, a certain personal isolation, provoke them to study and analyze global cause-and-effect relationships and aspects of world functioning, and it is quite possible that the same mechanisms underlie genius.

It turns out that the impossibility of optimal inclusion in the system of interpersonal interactions forms a number of abilities that lead to the “generation” of ideas, which the “generator” itself practically cannot use properly.

The use of such specialists in the form of creative analysts gives a huge effect and significantly pays off all the costs associated with the conditions for organizing their activities.

These conditions are relatively simple. Persons of this behavioral type need a free, creative style of activity not limited by formal and regime frameworks.

Any direction of their activities will cause opposition.

The most optimal option is partnership cooperation at the level of ideas, since any practical implementation with their participation can be so intricate, in which all ideological advantages are easily lost.

A special condition is the creation of "industrial isolation".

The tendency to create a "personal environment", high activity, egocentrism, bright individuality and intellectual development of such persons under conditions of free activity can be realized in the formation of employees " interest club”, which lies far beyond the production activities, which cannot contribute to its effectiveness.

Actually, the competent suppression of such attempts and the constant provision of materials for reflection and a “front” for applying efforts is a sufficient guide for such specialists who, having almost transcendent personal motivation, do not need more managerial interaction and control. And how to take advantage of the results of their work will depend on the abilities and capabilities of the leaders of the activity.

9th scale: (hypomania or anxiety denial) of optimism:

The leading peak on the 9th MMPI scale of a normatively appropriate profile reflects activity of a personal position, a high level of love of life, self-confidence, positive self-esteem, high motivation to achieve a certain originality.

Such activity and motivation is oriented to a greater extent on motor mobility and speech productivity, rather than on specific and practical goals.

Such behavioral features are often accompanied by a general high spirits.

In response to opposition, an angry reaction easily flares up and just as easily fades away.

Success causes a certain exaltation, an emotion of pride.

Everyday difficulties are perceived as easily overcome, otherwise the significance of an elusive state or position is easily depreciated.

In individuals of this behavioral type there is no inclination to seriously deepen into complex problems, carelessness prevails, a joyful perception of the whole world around and one's being, iridescence of hopes, confidence in the future, conviction in one's happiness.

Increased 9th MMPI scale reflects accentuation by hyperthymic or exalted type and reveals overestimated personal self-esteem, ease of decision-making, lack of particular intelligibility in contacts.

These features are accompanied unceremonious behavior, condescending attitude to their mistakes and shortcomings.

Easily occurring emotional outbursts end with a quick release. Often there is inconstancy in affections, excessive laughter, amorousness, in a word, characteristics that are completely natural for adolescence, but are significantly infantile for an adult.

In cases where the main way to eliminate frustrating stimuli is the denial of any difficulties, anxiety, one’s own and others’ guilt (impunitive reactions), then the personality profile is usually characterized by a peak in 9th scale.

The tendency to deny anxiety is usually expressed by the absence of spontaneous references to any difficulties that may cause it, by an expression of disregard for the difficulties that are mentioned from the outside, declared by optimism.

Individuals with moderate elevations in profile 9th scale characterized optimism, sociability, the ability to be highly active, ease in communication.

This type of person is characterized "emotional brightness", the ability to experience the pleasure of life, realistic, imaginative thinking and lack of adherence to a rigid scheme.

They easily become the "soul of society", adapt well to changes and even strive for them, do not experience difficulties if it is necessary to restructure their life stereotype.

In situations of stress, persons with leading 9th scale in profile, they show excessive, but always purposeful activity, while they can imitate a person who is authoritative for them.

The basis of such behavioral features is not the system of personal-object interaction that distorts mental development, but the socialized environment itself, which acts as a limiter of unconscious mental activity.

The energy of this behavioral type is the basic temperamental activity corresponding to strong, unbalanced type of nervous system.

In this case, the increased basic mental activity, which initially needs optimal external innervation, already at the early stages of development encounters problems that form behavioral originality.

Increased personal activity forms a search diversity, which leads in the process of interaction with the outside world to repeatedly experienced states of fear. Fear of the unknown external world and personal activity, intertwined, form a conglomerate of external activity, which is a reflection of unconscious personal aspirations to constantly experience new impressions.

Such a feature of mental development is transformed into adult behavioral tendencies, adapts in the process of development and takes its final form in behavioral features that have a wide range of manifestations, since there is no object restriction on the expression of activity.

To be more precise, with personal-object maladaptation, personal activity in a certain way concentrates on the mechanism of maladjustment and in a certain way constantly “revolves” around it. In our case, there is no such attachment, all the diversity of the external environment performs this function and diversifies the behavioral features and relatively rarely leads to maladjustment of the clinical level.

Increased self-esteem and high activity, reflected by an increase in the profile on 9th scale with a simultaneous decrease in the profile by 2nd and 7th scales can find their expression in the desire to lead others or to rise above others through competition.

In the first case, the peak 9th scale and a decrease in 2nd and 7th scale combined with an increase in profile by scale K, reflecting the desire to deny one's own weaknesses and emotional problems, the desire to comply with conventional norms and intolerance for the violation of these norms by others.

Persons of this type cannot stand uncertainty and hesitation, strive to be as informed as possible, willingly take on leadership, revealing great energy and organizational abilities.

Their leadership is usually perceived by others as a natural phenomenon, since they command respect for themselves due to energy, awareness and high performance.

For people of this type, situations in which their desire for leadership is blocked or there is no sufficient information, in their opinion, are sources of mental stress.

If with the same type of profile on the main scales there is a decrease in the profile by scale K, usually reflecting a tendency to critically evaluate others and be suspicious of their motives, then activity and high self-esteem are realized in the desire to rise above others through competition, demonstrate their strength and (or) emphasize the weakness of other people.

In men, this tendency can be realized by demonstrating the possibilities provided by physical superiority; in women, it can manifest itself in an effort to emphasize their external attractiveness.

Persons of this type experience a sense of threat if they find themselves in a situation where they cannot arouse envy and demonstrate their superiority, and especially if this requires them to express or acknowledge dependence.

If increased activity, high ambition, and self-esteem, reflected in an increase in profile by 9th scale are combined with the inability to achieve the desired position and realize actual aspirations, and the resulting anxiety is attributed to the somatic state, then the profile shows a simultaneous increase in the values ​​of and 1st scale.

Persons of this type usually consider themselves somatically ill and have a negative attitude towards attempts to interpret their complaints as the result of situational or emotional difficulties.

Their behavior is characterized either by tension and an active desire for somatic therapy, or by demonstrative optimism and the desire to emphasize their resilience in the face of severe illness. The latter option is especially likely if "neurotic triad" expressed "conversion V".

Profile boost by 9th scale may reflect a high level of urge and activity, formed by a pronounced sense of threat.

In this case, a paradoxical combination of profile rises by 2nd and 9th scales. Such a profile may reflect a combination of a sense of self-importance and high personal capabilities with anxiety about the recognition of these qualities by others.

Preoccupation with problems of this kind is typical for adolescents and young men in the period of personality formation, and in adulthood indicates the features of infantilism.

The combination of increased self-esteem, the ability to ignore difficulties, high but poorly organized activity with a high ability to repress negative signals, demonstrativeness, emotional immaturity and selfishness is reflected by high values 9th and 3rd scale.

Often this combination is characteristic of individuals of an artistic disposition, whose enthusiasm, capacity for prolonged effort and efficiency of activity increase in the presence of a large audience.

Peaks on 9th and 4th scales reflect the insufficient ability of the internal perception of social norms.

Persons with this type of profile experience a constant attraction to experiences, to an external exciting situation. If this desire is not satisfied, they easily develop a sense of boredom, which is discharged in dangerous, sometimes destructive actions that seem senseless and without foundation to an outside observer.

Their disregard for existing rules and customs, their protest against moral and ethical norms is actively implemented, often without any correction of their behavior in connection with a situation that poses a threat to themselves.

Persons of this type can commit offenses, and their social danger increases if the described line of behavior is carried out consistently and rigidly, which is usually accompanied by the appearance of a peak and on 6th scale.

The presence of additional peaks on 7th scale and scales "neurotic triads" reflects less likely antisocial behavior depending on the severity of these peaks. In this case, antisocial attitudes are realized in socially acceptable ways.

The combination of peaks on 9th and 6th MMPI scales indicates a certain sequence and purposefulness of organized behavior around a certain personal concept.

In this case, affective rigidity and a sense of hostility from others complicate the system of interpersonal interaction.

Persons of this type usually seek to assert their superiority and use others to achieve their goals, which they consider useful and necessary for everyone.

In clinical maladjustment, such features are accompanied by the appearance of overvalued or paranoid formations against the background of hypomanic affect.

High activity, a constant desire for action, combined with anxiety can be expressed in profile rises to 7th and 9th scales.

High activity makes it easy to commit certain, often insufficiently thought-out actions, and high anxiety leads to a subsequent careful analysis of one's actions, to constant doubts about the correctness of what has already been done.

Such persons easily feel guilt and regret in connection with the past situation, but this does not change their behavior in the future. Under extreme conditions, this can lead to chaotic behavior.

If autism, orientation to internal criteria, difficulties in interpersonal contacts are combined with increased activity, ease of switching attention and optimism, then in the profile this is usually reflected in an increase in indicators 8th and 9th scale.

A significant increase on these scales may indicate a lack of ability for consistent actions and logical constructions due to the fact that the results of such actions and conclusions are alarming.

The lack of fixation on anything, the rejection of clear formulas or the avoidance of complete formulations in this case has a defensive character.

The main problem for persons of the considered behavioral type is the constant "loading" of the psyche with the optimal level of innervation, a kind of realization of the search trend.

This trend is well realized in socialized systems of interaction, in changing the forms and places of activity.

The socialization of interaction provides communication, makes it possible to realize the desire for dominance, for example, through high competence in the areas of counseling, the desire to be in the public eye, etc.

When the forms and places of activity change, there is an avoidance of “satiation” with monotony, the desire for “novelty” and a kind of search aspiration for the “best option” of activity are realized.

Providing such conditions of activity in a complex guarantees the most productive and effective results of such specialists.

The best environment for their activities are conditions that require frequent switching of attention.

Constant and diverse mental "employment" is the most optimal for such specialists.

At the same time, situations associated with monotonous activity that requires thoroughness, painstaking, long-term fixation of attention are stressful for them and can cause mental adaptation disorders.

0th scale: social introversion or social contacts:

This scale, as well as the attitude to behavioral characteristics itself, based on the identification extroverted or introverted personal properties and qualities are more controversial than informative.

Attempts to identify stable behavioral characteristics in the characteristics of thinking, affectation and the degree of intensity of social contacts may be of some practical value as secondary reflected typological personality characteristics in the field of socialized interaction and cannot serve as a leading factor in determining the basic features that shape behavior.

0th scale due to its functionality, aimed at determining the nature of socialized interaction, it correlates well with both temperamental personality traits and a number of factors 16 PF, predictively enriching the process of modeling production activities.

Increased 0th scale reflects the hyposthenic type of response and reveals the passivity of the personal position and the greater appeal of interests to the world of inner experiences.

This behavioral response is different inertia in decision-making, secrecy, selectivity in contacts, the desire to avoid conflicts.

In a situation of stress - lethargy, avoiding contacts, running away from problems.

High performance 0th scale reflect not only isolation, taciturnity, but are often a sign of internal disharmony and a way of hiding from others the originality of their character, awkwardness in communication.

Sometimes such faces can give the impression of being quite sociable, but this is given to them at the cost of significant personal tension.

Difficulties in interpersonal interaction form isolation, lack of communication, the desire for activities not related to communication and anxiety reactions in cases where forced contacts are made regardless of the will of the subject.

Such features can be transformed into significant autism, which is characteristic schizoid type response.

Decreasing the profile level by 0th scale reflects the desire for interpersonal contacts and interest in people.

Persons with this type of profile are sociable, emotionally responsive, syn-tons, they have well-developed communication skills.

They willingly take on public duties, have a large number of interpersonal contacts in various fields and experience great satisfaction from the implementation of these contacts.

If the profile is 0th scale is sharply reduced, then this usually indicates the presence of such a large number of contacts that their implementation is inevitably accompanied by the transience and superficiality of communication.

Degree "social extraversion" represents a secondary characteristic of typical personality traits and can be concretized from them.

The most pronounced extraversion is determined by the spontaneity of behavior, that is, the ability to take active actions that are not caused by direct external stimuli - a quality that is highly correlated with both temperamental characteristics and characterological types.

The increase in the spontaneity of behavior in the implementation of interpersonal contacts reflects the growing need for social connections, in communicating with new people, the liveliness of the emotional response, the ability to endure the inevitable friction without reactions of anxiety and depression, that is, social extraversion is growing.

Such features, along with a profile reduction by 0th scale, are reflected by its increase by 9th and scale K, and often on 3rd scale.

Decreasing the profile level by 0th scale may be associated with a tendency to self-affirmation, increasing one's importance in the eyes of others, dominance. In this case, along with a decrease in the profile along 0th scale is usually noted to increase 6th.

The profile level is often elevated and 9th scale but, unlike the previously considered type, there are low rates for scale K.

Individuals with this type of profile are different independence, perseverance in achieving a goal, a tendency to lead others (especially subordinates) and are critical of the instructions received and the dominant authorities. The principles by which they are guided may be quite strong, but usually they are not conventionally determined, but are formed on the basis of personal experience.

With a decrease in social spontaneity, aspirations arise to prefer a narrow circle of close people to wide contacts. At the same time, difficulties arise in establishing new contacts with anxiety reactions during interpersonal friction, and in this regard, social introversion is growing.

This behavior, in addition to increasing the profile by 0th scale correspond to his rise to 2nd and 7th scales.

social extraversion It can also manifest itself as a desire to fulfill duties associated with the awareness of a sense of duty. In this case, there may be a “willing” acceptance of social responsibility associated with the implementation of broad contacts.

In view of the relatively low social spontaneity, such contacts will be given with difficulty and serve as a source of disturbing reactions or emotional tension.

Individuals with such characteristics can be difficult to communicate due to their inherent tendency to be guided in their behavior by a rigid code of norm and a tendency to moralize. At the same time, others can note their reliability.

social extraversion, due to such personal characteristics, in the personality profile is usually reflected by a decrease in values ​​by 0th scale and an increase in 7th.

If the desire for social contacts is not based on an internalized norm and a sense of duty, there is a departure from social contacts whenever this is not prompted by one's own need.

In this case, increasing the profile by 0th scale combined with a decrease in 7th.

If the increase social extraversion associated with an orientation towards external evaluation, with a constant need for support from the group, then a decrease in the profile by 0th scale usually combined with an increase in 3rd.

Decreased need for support from the group, increased autism leads to an increase in the profile by 0th scale, lowering it by 3rd and often an increase in 8th.

It should be noted that a pronounced increase in the profile on 0th scale may also indicate autism and about the peculiar approach to interpersonal relationships, characteristic of schizoid personalities, even in the absence of a peak on 8th scale.

Peak profile on 8th scale when lowering it to 0th also reflects the originality of the approach to interpersonal relationships, which in this case are expressed in extensive, but poorly organized and devoid of adequate emotional contact.

With profile peaks at 1st and 0th scales we can talk about the limitation of the sphere of communication in connection with the feeling of somatic distress.

Level reduction 0th scale at profile peak 1st usually indicates a combination of a tendency to present somatic complaints with a pessimistic assessment of the prospects and the need to familiarize with such an assessment the widest possible range of people.

Profile level 0th scale when peaking it on 2nd generally reflects the severity "call reactions" and seeking help.

Profile drop 0th scale reflects the severity of anxiety disorders, the increase - actually depressive tendencies.

Peak Combination 4th and 0th scale indicates a limited range of social contacts and a decrease in the likelihood of antisocial behavior, more real with a decrease in indicators 0th scale.

0th scale, indirectly reflecting the behavioral features of the system of socialized interaction, is more of an auxiliary value for the processes of modeling production activities.

© Sergey Krutov, 2008
© Published with the kind permission of the author

The MMPI test is rightfully one of the most famous and popular tests in the world, it has its own unique history of creation. Among professional psychologists there are both his devoted admirers and fierce opponents.

MMPI - Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) was created in America in the early forties of the last century by two psychologists - researchers: Stark Hathaway and John McKintley. The primary purpose of creating this test was the professional selection of pilots during the Second World War (it was necessary to separate the norm from the pathology). Since then, a lot of time has passed, the first version of the questionnaire is outdated, and in 1989 it was replaced by another, modified version of MMPI - 2.

Around the 1960s, in the USSR, our domestic psychologists began to adapt this test. They have done a great job in this direction. Currently, the most popular variants of the MMPI test are:

The MMPI test, produced by a well-known company for the manufacture of psychological tools, the methodological guide for which was developed by Igor Leonidovich Solomin - Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Applied Psychology, St. Petersburg State University of Communications.

A modification of the MMPI test is the SMIL test (Standardized Multivariate Personality Research Method). This option was developed by a Russian psychologist, Doctor of Psychology Lyudmila Nikolaevna Sobchik.

The classic version of the test in America is still used, first of all, in the clinic in order to separate the psychological norm from the pathology. In our country, the main purpose of using the MMPI test (SMIL): an in-depth study of the psychological characteristics of the individual.

In particular, the technique is able to detect:

Traits,

Leading needs,

motivational focus,

defense mechanisms,

Ability to adapt and possible type of maladaptation,

Leadership ability,

Features of perception,

Emotional condition,

stress level,

The presence of mental disorders

Suicidal tendencies

Predisposition to alcoholism

Professionally important qualities, etc.

Impressive?

The scope of the technique is very wide, it is:

Healthcare

Forensic psychological examination

Psychological counseling

Selection and evaluation of personnel, study of the personnel reserve

correctional facilities

Education system

employment services

Business area

Sphere of power structures

How is the testing procedure going? The psychologist gets to know the client, finds out his state of health and clearly gives instructions. After that, the test-taker begins to answer questions (and there are a lot of them - about 567 in the full version or 399 in the abbreviated version). If a “manual” version of the test is used, then a special answer form is filled out, if a computer one, the answers are automatically entered into a special program for calculating the results. This takes an hour on average.

Next, a professional psychologist who has been trained in this technique starts work. After the mechanical calculation of the data, a graph is built, called the “personality profile”. It is a broken line marked on the grid, which has conditional values.

Do you think that we are already coming to an end? Not! From now on, the work has just begun!

The first three scales on the profile are additional scales, with the help of which the psychologist sees the client’s attitude to the testing procedure, the degree of his truthfulness, frankness, the desire to embellish his strengths and conceal weaknesses, and, sometimes, on the contrary, the desire to say too much about himself (as if wanting to stun the psychologist), etc. These scales are also called control scales - they give an idea of ​​the reliability of the results obtained and determine whether it makes sense to continue working with the interpretation of the main profile.

The main ten scales of the personality profile open the door to the world of the client's personality for the psychologist. And every time it's a new unique world! And this is where only the professionalism of a specialist is able to “draw a complete picture”, see not only the client’s problems (or mental deviations), but also find a way for him to compensate, find his niche for him, where he could reveal himself as a person and be effective. .

Interpreting a personality profile is serious business, even for a professional. Full concentration on work is required, time is required. The psychologist takes on great responsibility when interpreting the results, because often not only the status and personal well-being of the client, but also his fate, and sometimes life can depend on the conclusion ...

It is one thing when a specialist sees some deviations from the norm that can be compensated, and another when there is a clear threat of suicide (for example, against the background of a general stressful state). In such cases, the main thing is to have time to prevent, and this is a huge hard work of a psychologist, but it's worth it!

I also want to focus on the following point. I'll give you an example. In the personnel department of one enterprise there was a full-time psychologist. A high-level official sent a "patient" in order to establish "whether everything is in order with his head, otherwise he is some kind of strange, etc." The psychologist offered to immediately contact the appropriate specialist - a psychiatrist (if you really need a diagnosis), but the leader refused.

The psychologist warned that it was not in her competence to make psychiatric diagnoses, but she would carry out diagnostics (in order to identify the causes of possible maladaptation). And so the client passed all the tests, and as a result, no “deviations” were identified. To clarify the diagnosis, the psychologist once again recommended contacting a psychiatrist, but the customer manager was not satisfied with this option. And the "normativity" of the patient did not suit either!

At this time, seeing that they intentionally want to make a “crazy” out of a person, the psychologist seeks professional help from a colleague - a clinical psychologist of the highest category, who has extensive experience in the clinic. Having discussed a complex case in detail, the clinical psychologist does not find even the slightest deviations in the patient's psyche.

And then, by a coincidence, a new leader (mid-level) gets hired into the service - and, as ordered, also has a higher psychological education. But that, as they say, is not all! This "psychologist" proudly claims to be a medical psychologist. The official (test customer) is dissatisfied with the work of the "stubborn" specialist - and hopefully turns to the newcomer ...

As a result, the medical psychologist, after spending about five minutes on the patient's profile (and at the same time asking the staff specialist questions about the names of the scales), made a lengthy conclusion that in the near future the patient may develop no less than schizophrenia! And she recommended him to undergo treatment in a sanatorium (don't even ask me why?). And she made her diagnosis in absentia, never seeing the “victim”. The customer is satisfied - the curtain!

In conclusion, I would like to emphasize once again for everyone that the MMPI test is a powerful weapon of psychodiagnostics, but in the capable hands of a professional it will save and help, and in the hands of an arrogant half-educated person it will harm or even destroy. Please note that the use of the MMPI test by non-specialists can cause significant damage to the personality and quality of life of the person being tested. Trust only professionals!

Evaluation scales (scales L, F and K) were introduced into the original version of the MMPI test in order to study the attitude of the subject to testing and to judge the reliability of the results of the study. However, subsequent study revealed that these scales also have significant psychological correlates.

MMPI rating scales

Scale L

The norm is 3-4 raw points.

8 or more - do not consider!

5-7 - the tendency to embellish oneself.

1-3 - exhibitionism, inclined to present their defects.

The statements included in the L scale were selected in order to identify the subject's tendency to present himself in the best possible light, demonstrating strict adherence to social norms.

The scale consists of 15 statements that relate to socially approved, but unimportant attitudes and norms of everyday behavior, due to their low significance, are actually ignored by the vast majority of people.

An increase in the result on the L scale indicates the desire of the subject to appear in a favorable light. This desire can bedue to situational, associated with the limited horizons of the subject or caused by the presence of pathology.

Keep in mind that some people tend to punctually follow the established standard, always observing any, even the most insignificant rules of no significant value. In these cases, an increase in the result on the L scale reflects the indicated features of the character! Belonging to a professional group, which, due to its specifics, requires an extremely high standard of behavior and punctual adherence to conventional norms, also contributes to an increase in the result on the L scale. other professional groups.

Since the statements that make up the L scale are used in their direct meaning, they may not reveal a tendency to look in a favorable light if it occurs in individuals with a sufficiently high intelligence and extensive life experience. If the results on the L scale are from 70 to 80 T-points, the resulting profile is doubtful, and if the result is over 80 T-points, it is unreliable. High results on the L scale are usually accompanied by a decrease in the level of the profile on the main clinical scales. If, despite the high result on the L scale, significant increases in the level of the profile are found on certain clinical scales, they can be taken into account in the totality of data available to the researcher.

F scale

The higher the F, the greater the distortion (not) intentionally, (not) consciously. A significant increase in the profile on this scale indicates an accidental or intentional distortion of the study results.

The scale consists of 64 statements, which were extremely rarely regarded as “true” by persons included in the normative group of healthy subjects, according to which the method of multilateral personality research was standardized. At the same time, these statements rarely differentiated the normative group from the groups of patients for which the main test scales were validated.

The statements included in the F scale concern, in particular, unusual thoughts, desires and sensations, overt psychotic symptoms, and such, the existence of which is almost never recognized by the studied patients.

If the profile on the F scale exceeds 70 T-points, the result is doubtful, but can be taken into account when confirmed by other, including clinical, data. If the result on the F scale exceeds 80 T-points, the result of the study should be considered unreliable. This result may be due to technical errors made during the study.

In those cases where the possibility of error is excluded, the unreliability of the result is due to the installation of the subject or his condition. In set behavior, the subject may lay out cards without any connection with their meaning (if he seeks to avoid investigation) or accept as true statements concerning unusual or clearly psychotic phenomena (if he seeks to aggravate or simulate psychopathological symptoms).

An unreliable result associated with the patient's condition may be observed in an acute psychotic state (disturbance of consciousness, delirium, etc.) that distorts the perception of statements or the reaction to them.

A similar distortion can be observed in cases of severe psychotic disorders leading to a defect.

A doubtful or unreliable result can be obtained in anxious individuals in cases where an urgent need for help prompts them to give accountable answers to most of the statements. In these cases, simultaneously with an increase in the result on the F scale, the entire profile is significantly increased, but the shape of the profile is not distorted and the possibility of its interpretation remains. Finally, changes in the subject's attention can lead to an unreliable result, as a result of which he makes mistakes or cannot understand the meaning of the statement. When receiving an unreliable result, in some cases it is possible to increase the reliability of the study using retesting. At the same time, it is more expedient to resubmit only those statements for which the considered answers were received. If the result of retesting is unreliable, you can try to establish the reason for the distortion of the result by discussing his answers with the subject. In order to avoid disruption of contact with the subject, it is necessary to obtain his consent to such a discussion.

With a reliable result of the study, a relatively high profile level on the F scale (deviation from the average by 1.5-2 s) can be observed in various types of non-conforming personalities, since such personalities will show reactions that are not characteristic of the normative group, and, accordingly, give answers more often, taken into account on the F scale. Violation of conformity may be associated with the peculiarity of perception and logic, characteristic of persons of a schizoid warehouse, autistic and experiencing difficulties in interpersonal contacts, as well as with psychopathic features in persons prone to disordered (“bohemian”) behavior or characterized by pronounced feeling of protest against conventional norms.

An increase in the profile on the F scale can be observed in very young people during the period of personality formation in cases where the need for self-expression is realized through non-conformity in behavior and attitudes. Severe anxiety and need for help also usually manifests itself in a relatively high level of the result on the described scale.

A moderate increase on the F scale (deviation from the average by 1.0-1.517) in the absence of psychopathological symptoms usually reflects internal tension, dissatisfaction with the situation, and poorly organized activity. The tendency to follow conventional norms and the absence of internal tension cause a low result on the F scale.

In clinically undoubted cases of the disease, an increase in the profile on the F scale correlates with the severity of psychopathological symptoms.

K scale

Norm 50-70 B. Below 50 B - “I am for myself”, exhibitionism. Self-disclosure is incommensurable to the situation. 50-70 - “I am for my family”, open commensurate with the situation. Above 70 B - "I am desired." The subject is closed, inclined to hide behind the opinion of the majority.

The scale consists of 30 statements that make it possible to differentiate individuals who seek to mitigate or hide psychopathological phenomena, and individuals who are overly open. In the original version of the MMPI test, this scale was originally intended only to study the degree of caution of the subjects in the testing situation and the tendency (largely unconscious) to deny the presence of unpleasant sensations, life difficulties and conflicts. In order to correct motion sickness tendencies, the result obtained on the K scale is added to five of the ten main clinical scales in a proportion corresponding to its influence) on each of these scales.

To the greatest extent, this trend affects the results obtained on the 7th and 8th scales, in connection with which the primary result on the K. scale is added to the primary result obtained on these scales. To a lesser extent, it affects the results obtained on scales 1 and 4, therefore, when correcting, 0.5 is added to the primary result obtained on the first scale, and 0.4 of the primary result on the K scale is added to the result obtained on the fourth.

To the least extent, this trend affects the result obtained on the 9th scale; when correcting, 0.2 of the primary result on the K scale is added to the primary result on this scale.

The results obtained on the remaining scales do not show regular changes depending on the result on the K scale and therefore are not corrected in the described manner. However, the K scale, in addition to its significance for assessing the reaction of the subject to the testing situation and correcting the results on a number of basic clinical scales, is also of significant interest for assessing certain personality traits of the subject.

Persons with high scores on the K scale usually determine their behavior depending on social approval and are concerned about their social status. They tend to deny any difficulties in interpersonal relationships or in controlling their own behavior, strive to comply with accepted norms and refrain from criticizing others to the extent that the behavior of others fits within the accepted norm.

Clearly non-conformal, deviant; From traditions and customs, the behavior of other people that goes beyond the conventional framework causes a pronounced negative reaction in persons who give high scores on the K scale. Due to the tendency to deny (largely already at the perceptual level) information that indicates difficulties and conflicts, these individuals may not have an adequate idea of ​​​​how others perceive them.

In clinical cases, a pronounced desire to achieve a favorable attitude towards oneself can be combined with anxiety and insecurity. With a slight severity (moderate increase in the profile on the K scale), the described tendencies do not violate the adaptation of the individual, but even facilitate it, causing a sense of harmony with the environment and an approving assessment of the rules adopted in this environment. In this regard, persons with a moderate increase in the profile on the K scale give the impression of prudent, benevolent, sociable, having a wide range of interests. A great deal of experience in interpersonal contacts and the denial of difficulties determine in persons of this type a more or less high level of enterprise and the ability to find the right line of conduct. Since such qualities improve social adaptation, a moderate increase in the profile on the K scale can be considered as a prognostically favorable sign.

Persons with a very low profile on the K scale are well aware of their difficulties, tend to exaggerate rather than underestimate the degree of interpersonal conflicts, the severity of their symptoms, and the degree of personal inadequacy. They do not hide their weaknesses, difficulties and psychopathological disorders. The tendency to be critical of oneself and others leads to skepticism. Dissatisfaction and a tendency to exaggerate the significance of conflicts make them easily vulnerable and give rise to awkwardness in interpersonal relationships.

Index F-K. (by raw scores) Mandatory for the conclusion.The main indicator of reliability.

Husband. -18 +4

Female -23 +7

Since the trends measured by the F and K scales are largely opposite in direction, the difference in the primary result obtained on these scales is essential for determining the subject's attitude at the time of the study and judging the reliability of the result obtained.

The average value of this index in the method of multilateral personality research is -7 for men and -8 for women.

Intervals at which the result obtained can be considered reliable (if none of the rating scales exceeds 70 T-points), constitute

for men from -18 to +4,

for women from -23 to +7.

If the F-K difference delivers +5 to +7 for men and +8 to +10 for women, then the result seems doubtful, but when confirmed by clinical data, it can be taken into account, provided that none of the rating scales exceeds 80 T-scores.

The greater the difference F - K, the more pronounced the desire of the subject to emphasize the severity of his symptoms and life's difficulties, to evoke sympathy and condolences.

A high F-K index may also indicate aggravation.

A decrease in the F-K index reflects the desire to improve one's impression of oneself, to alleviate one's symptoms and emotionally charged problems or to deny their existence.

A low level of this index may indicate dissimulation of existing psychopathological abnormalities.

Scales of the neurotic triad

The scales located in the left half of the profile - the first, second and third, in the literature on the MMPI test, are often combined with the term “neurotic triad”, since an increase in the profile on these scales is usually observed in neurotic disorders. Neurotic reactions are associated with the insufficiency of the individual's physical and mental resources for the implementation of motivated behavior in a particular situation. The blockade of motivated behavior aimed at meeting actual needs, which underlies neurotic phenomena, is usually denoted by the term “frustration”. In the formation of neurotic disorders, the greatest pathogenic significance is not the real obstacles that prevent the satisfaction of an urgent need, but the impossibility of implementing motivated behavior due to the presence of comparable in strength, but differently directed needs. In this case, maladaptive behavior associated with the difficulty of choosing one of the simultaneously existing and competing programs is an expression of an intrapsychic conflict.

The rise of the profile on neurotic scales can be due to any of three possible types of conflict: the need to choose between two equally desirable possibilities; the inevitability of a choice between two equally undesirable possibilities, or the necessity of a gift between achieving the desired at the cost of unwanted experiences and giving up what is desired in order to avoid. these experiences. However, the nature of the profile is determined not by the type of conflict, but by the degree of participation in the formation of the command of the mechanisms of intrapsychic adaptation and the nature of these mechanisms, which ultimately determine the clinical picture of neurosis.

The profile on the scales of the neurotic triad and the severity of its rise on the 7th scale quite accurately reflect the nature of the neurotic syndromes. At the same time, it is also important to take into account the ratio of the results obtained on these scales and on other scales of the profile.

It should be noted that the term “neurotic triad” reflects only the high value of these scales for the study of neurotic types of reactions, but in no way excludes an increase in the profile on these scales in combination with other profile scales) in other forms of pathology.

If the peaks of the profile do not go beyond the boundaries of normal fluctuations, they characterize certain forms of normal mental reactions.

The first MMPI scale.

Somatization of anxiety The 1st scale in a modified version was called the "neurotic overcontrol" scale. The former name is the "hypochondria" scale.

At high rates - above 70T - this scale reveals a painful focus on one's well-being, and at a moderate increase - enhanced self-control in a hypersocial personality, characterized by a rather high ambition, which conflicts with an increased need to comply with generally accepted standards and the stereotype of socially acceptable forms of existence.

In combination with elevated 2nd and 3rd scales, the 1st scale is included in the so-called neurotic triad, which is characteristic of neurotic and neurosis-like disorders.

A lone peak on the 1st scale with low rates of depression and anxiety with an increased 8th (individuality scale, in the old version - schizophrenia) occurs in the hypochondriacal form of schizophrenia. A rise in the profile on the first scale occurs if the subject relates anxiety to the state of his physical health, and reflects the severity of the hypochondriacal tendency:

The scale contains 33 statements related to the main somatic functions. The statements are formulated for the most part indefinitely, vaguely, which makes it possible to reveal the individual reaction of the subject, the emotional significance of his somatic sensations for the subject, and increased attention to the state of his physical health. These statements are not related to any one function and a certain system of the body, but relate to general well-being, performance, complaints about the violation of the somatic functions of digestion, cardiac activity, etc.), pain and unusual sensations. For example, statements such as: “Most of the time you would feel general weakness”, “You often have pains in your heart and chest” (typical answer is “true”) or “In recent years you have been feeling mostly good” (typical answer is “false”). ”). Since the expressions “most of the time”, “often”, “mostly” used in such statements are vague, the reaction of the subject reflects the significance of the mentioned sensations for him, the intensity of the desire to draw the attention of the researcher to them, and the general assessment of his state of health. Adding to the result obtained when presenting statements included in the first scale, 0.5 of the initial result obtained on the K. scale, allows us to correct the subject’s unwillingness to complain about an obvious somatic pathology for him or the subject’s insufficient awareness of the significance of his somatic sensations for him.

Worry about the state of one's physical health, which occurs against the background of a high level of anxiety and is expressed by an increase in the profile on the first scale, is usually based on sensations that reflect anxiety-related cardiovascular disorders (for example, palpitations, compression in the heart area, pain in this area). ), gastrointestinal symptoms, muscle and joint pain. Anxiety is somatized in this way, it acquires concreteness, a system of its interpretation is created, since the feeling of threat is transferred from interpersonal relationships to ongoing processes. in one's own body, in particular, to unpleasant physical sensations, reflecting changes in vegetative-humoral regulation associated with anxiety. At the same time, there is a decrease in the level of anxiety, a feeling of an indefinite threat. Initially, increased attention to oneself, which causes such a transference, is combined with an insufficient ability to control one's emotions.

Even with relatively small rises in the profile on the first scale, there is a tendency to complain, and with pronounced peaks, constant concern about one's physical condition, pessimism and disbelief in success, especially with regard to medical care. One's own somatic state turns into an object of careful study, during which special terminology can be created to denote certain sensations. Even if initially preoccupation with one's physical condition is associated with a real-life somatic pathology, the further development of the condition in individuals with a pronounced peak on the first scale is characterized by the same long, thorough self-observation and the formation of an explanatory concept of their disease. Attention preoccupation with one's own somatic processes leads to a high resistance of behavior in relation to external influences, which others usually describe as intractability and stubbornness. These qualities, the presence of their own concept of the disease and skepticism regarding the effectiveness of medical interventions are very. complicate therapy, especially psychotherapy. Hypochondriacal tendencies, which determine the dominant rise on the first scale in the profile of the methodology for a multilateral study of personality, are heterogeneous. This type of profile can be observed in two groups of subjects.

Most often, the appearance of a rise in the profile on the first scale is observed in anxious individuals, especially in the presence of constitutional features that determine the relative ease of occurrence and severity of the vegetative component of anxious reactions. In these cases, the appearance of a profile peak at first the scale is usually preceded by a leading profile second scale. The severity of the peak on the first scale reflects not only the significance of certain somatic sensations for the subject, but also the emergence of a tendency to the emergence of new sensations, often plastically spreading and changing. There is a senestopathic mode of sensations. The basis of the patient's idea of ​​the disease is the need to explain the ever-increasing number of sensations and the overvalued attitude that arises on this basis to one's somatic state ("hypochondria of explanation").

An increase in the profile on the first scale can also be observed, although less frequently than in anxious subjects, in rigid personalities, characterized by increased stability of affectively saturated experiences and the emergence of hard-to-correct concepts on this basis. In these cases, often even a slight (especially recurring) malaise as a result of the affective saturation of the experience becomes a source of long-term ideational processing. The leading role in such conditions is played not by senestopathic sensations, but by their interpretations. Once a rigid concept has arisen, it does not require constant sensory reinforcement for its existence. The profile map on other scales makes it possible to differentiate these types of personality, but in both cases, the increase in the profile on the first scale can increase as a result of the “rocking” described by K., Leonhard - an alternate presentation of a favorable and unfavorable outcome of the situation, a change in confidence in the presence of physical suffering, dangerous or even incurable, the hope that there is no such disease.

It should be noted that in the history of persons with a pronounced profile peak on the first scale, there are often situations that contribute to such swinging, mainly repeated medical examinations with conflicting medical conclusions. In these cases, the intensification of the hypochondriacal tendency gives rise to new sensations, which, intensifying the initial anxiety, serve as an object of analysis and the basis for a further increase in fears associated with the possibility of a serious illness. Such an increase in fear can also arise as a result of iatrogenies, careless statements by doctors or medical personnel that create or increase a sense of threat.

Thus, an increase in the profile on the first scale reflects the somatization of anxiety, which is carried out not directly, as is the case with demonstrative personalities, but through the intrapsychic processing of vegetative manifestations associated with anxiety.

An increase in the profile on the first scale can sometimes also occur in people who widely declare the possibility of developing or having dangerous or incurable diseases (cancer, leukemia, etc.), without going to doctors and without making any attempts at examination and treatment. In these cases, the reduction in the level of anxiety is achieved, in fact, not due to somatization, but due to the observance of a certain ritual, which should prevent a possible threat.

To characterize personality traits, the ratio of the results obtained on the first scale and on scale K. If a significant (or even large) part of the primary result, which determines the profile peak on the first scale, is obtained not due to this scale itself, but due to correction (i.e., adding 0.5 of the primary result obtained on the K. scale), then we can talk about the presence of increased concern for the state of one's physical health, combined with unwillingness to complain about somatic pathology. In the event that the peak of the profile on the first scale is formed mainly due to correction and does not go beyond 70 points or slightly exceeds these limits, there may be not so much concern about health as such, but the organization of behavior focused on caring for it (special mode , diet, etc.).

Persons with low level On the first scale, they are not concerned about the state of their health, they are more active and energetic, and, other things being equal, they more successfully resolve their difficulties using more adaptive forms of behavior.

The group, according to which the validity of the scale was determined, consisted of patients whose psychopathological symptoms were determined by the phenomena of senestopathic hypochondria, overvalued ideas of the disease, or obsessive doubts about their somatic health. The average profile of the method of multilateral personality research in hypochondriacal syndrome was characterized by the most pronounced increase in the profile on the first scale, less pronounced on the second and third scales, and the second rise in the right side of the profile, mainly on the seventh scale, reflecting psychasthenic tendencies. Differences in psychopathological symptoms also cause different profile options. The profile of patients with senestopathic hypochondria was closest to the average profile of the entire group. The presence of theatricality of behavior, usually combined with emotional immaturity and egocentrism, corresponded to a higher than in the average profile, lift on the third, obsessive hypochondriacal doubt - on the seventh scale and with severe depressive symptoms lifting the profile to the second scale was almost as pronounced as on the first.

Second scale.

Anxiety and depressive tendencies. 2nd scale - the scale of "pessimism". Its old name is the "depression" scale. At high rates, it really reflects the extreme degree of pessimism - depression, but with a moderate increase, the term "pessimism" is more convenient when describing the characterological features of a normal person or an accentuated personality.

The main motivational orientation of a person with a leading peak on the 2nd scale is the avoidance of failure. Persons of this type are characterized by a high level of awareness of existing problems through the prism of dissatisfaction and a pessimistic assessment of their prospects, a tendency to think, inertia in decision-making, a pronounced depth of experience, an analytical mindset, a verbal type of thinking, some self-doubt. Personalities whose profiles are accentuated on the 2nd scale are "melancholic" according to Gannushkin, "braked" according to Leonhard and Lichko, "sad" according to Dikaya, "sensitive-introverted" according to ITO.

The affiliative need, that is, the need for understanding, love, a benevolent attitude towards oneself, is one of the leading ones, never fully sated and at the same time, first of all, frustrated, which largely determines the zone of psycho-traumatic impact. The protective mechanism is the rejection of self-realization and increased control of consciousness.

An increase on the 2nd scale in the absence of complaints characteristic of depression occurs within the framework of larvated (hidden, "smiling") depression. High rates for the 2nd with concomitant double peak on the 7th and 8th The scales reveal a psychasthenic personality type with indicators of 65-75T, and with higher scores, the profile reflects an anxiety-depressive syndrome and signs of chronic socio-psychological maladaptation. A high peak on the 2nd scale - 90T and above - is characteristic of severe clinical depression. At the same time, the accompanying increase 7th scale above 8th can be more likely to be attributed to a psychogenic disorder close to a reactive state. If the 8th prevails over the 7th and is close to the scores of the 2nd scale, then an endogenous process should be suspected. In this case, the results of experimental psychological research aimed at identifying disorders in the mental sphere will play a decisive role.

High scores on the 2nd scale with low 9th(scale of "optimism") and accompanying pique on the 4th(the scale of "impulsivity") should alert the doctor or psychologist regarding the patient's possible suicidal intentions (!).

The dynamics of the SMIL profile during therapy, and especially psychotherapy, mainly affects the indicators of the 2nd scale. Consideration of clinical test scales is advisable to start with the second scale, since it reflects the severity of anxiety to the greatest extent. Anxiety, arising as a subjective reflection of disturbed psycho-vegetative (neuro-vegetative, neuro-humoral balance), serves as the most intimate mechanism of mental stress and underlies most of the psychopathological manifestations.

The 60 statements that make up the second scale relate to such phenomena as internal tension, uncertainty, anxiety, lowered mood, low self-esteem, and pessimistic assessment of the prospects. This enumeration makes clear a pronounced increase in the profile on the scale under consideration, both with anxiety and depression. For example, persons who detect these phenomena are characterized by the answer “true” to the statements: “You definitely lack self-confidence”; “You often have gloomy thoughts”, and the answer is “false” to the statements: “Compared to most people, you are quite capable and quick-witted”; “You believe that in the future people will live much better than they do now”; “When the weather is good, your mood improves.” The nature of the profile is usually calledIt helps to differentiate the predominance of anxiety or depression.

An isolated and moderate increase in the level of the profile on the second scale and the absence of a simultaneous down nine usually indicate more anxiety than depression. Clinically, anxiety is manifested by a feeling of an indefinite threat, the nature and (or) time of occurrence of which cannot be predicted, diffuse fears and anxious expectation.

However, anxiety itself is a central, but not the only element in the group of disorders, the study of which made it possible to formulate ideas about the phenomena of the anxiety series, and the occurrence of each of which causes an increase in the profile on the second scale. The least pronounced disorder of this series is a feeling of internal tension, readiness for the emergence of some unexpected phenomenon, which, however, is not yet assessed as threatening. An increase in the feeling of internal tension often leads to difficulty in isolating a signal from the background, i.e., in differentiating significant and insignificant stimuli (hyperesthesia phenomena). Clinically, this is expressed by the appearance of an unpleasant emotional connotation of previously indifferent stimuli. "A further increase in the severity of anxiety disorders leads to the emergence of anxiety proper (free floating anxiety, indefinite anxiety), which is usually replaced by fear, that is, a feeling of no longer an indefinite, but a specific threat), and in even more pronounced cases - a feeling of the inevitability of an impending disaster.

The extreme manifestation of anxiety is anxiety-fearful excitement, in which it is usually not possible to conduct a psychodiagnostic study. Accordingly, the alarming series, in order of increasing severity, includes the following phenomena: a feeling of internal tension - hyperesthetic reactions - anxiety itself - fear, a feeling of the inevitability of an impending catastrophe - anxious and timid excitement. Each of the disorders in this series leads to raising profile On the second scale. The change in the disorders included in this series is manifested mainly in the degree of increase in the profile on this scale, which, due to its mobility, can serve as a very accurate indicator of the severity of the feeling of discomfort and threat.

An isolated profile peak on the second scale, which arose as a reflection of anxiety, is usually not permanent; repeated testing reveals either the disappearance of this peak, or rises are also noted on other profile scales. This may be due to the fact that pronounced disturbances in mental and physical homeostasis, which characterize the phenomena of anxiety, cause the activation of mechanisms that ensure its minimization or elimination. Since anxiety arises in connection with the violation of the existing unity of needs and the stereotype of behavior aimed at satisfying these needs, its elimination can occur, firstly, if the environment changes, and, secondly, if the individual's attitude to the unchanging environment changes (reorientation). In the first case, i.e., in the case when anxiety is eliminated with the help of effective behavior that ensures the cessation of frustration due to a change in the environment (heteroplastic adaptation), the peak of the profile on the second scale also disappears. In the second case, when anxiety is eliminated by turning on the mechanisms of intrapsychic adaptation, then, depending on the nature of these mechanisms, the shape of the profile will change as the indicators on other scales change. Initially, this usually maintains the initial rise in the profile and on the second scale, which subsequently disappears if the anxiety is effectively eliminated. The peak of the profile on the second scale, however, persists if anxiety is eliminated as depression increases. At the physiological level, the elimination of anxiety as depression deepens can be considered as the elimination of generalized activation and pronounced disturbances of homeostasis due to the inclusion of ancient mechanisms of autonomic regulation that reduce the level of autonomic fluctuations by a general decrease in activity in conditions of insufficient differentiated autonomic regulation.

The study of the biochemical mechanism of this phenomenon made it possible to detect, in particular, the activation by glucocorticoids, the level of which increases with anxiety, of the enzyme tryptophan lyrrolase, in connection with which the exchange of tryptophan is directed along the kynurenine pathway. This reduces the level of synthesis of serotonin, the lack of which plays a pathogenetic role in the development of depression. The study of the dynamics of the exchange of catecholamines during the change of anxiety states by depressive states (devoid of an anxiety component) made it possible to establish that, as depression develops, the increase in the synthesis of catecholamines (especially norepinephrine) and the slowdown of their metabolism, characteristic of the period of anxiety, are replaced by a slowdown in synthesis and an acceleration of metabolism. Thus, the study of the humoral correlates of anxiety also indicates a decrease in the intensity of anxiety as depression increases.

Since the depressive syndrome is accompanied by a decrease in the level of impulses, depression at the psychological level can be considered, in particular, as the eliminationfrustration that caused anxiety by lowering the level of urges by devaluing the original need. When anxiety changes into depression, the profile is usually down by nine scale, and the increase in the profile on the second scale and the depth of the decrease on the ninth one are the greater, the more pronounced the loss of interests, the feeling of indifference, the difficulties of interpersonal relationships, the lack of motivation for activity, the suppression of drives. In classic non-anxious depressions, the depth of profile decline on the ninth scale relative to the average level of the profile usually corresponds to the magnitude of its increase on the second, however, very low T-scores on the ninth scale suggest depression even in cases where the peak on the second scale is relatively low In this case, we are talking mainly about anhedonic depression.

Individuals who are characterized mainly by an increase on this scale are usually perceived by others as pessimistic, withdrawn, silent, shy, or overly serious. They may appear withdrawn and avoid contact. However, in reality, these people are characterized by a constant need for deep and lasting contact with others (i.e., a pronounced symbiotic tendency). They easily begin to identify themselves with other people and certain aspects of their being. If this identification is broken due to changes in the system of established relationships, such changes can be perceived as a catastrophe and lead to deep depression, while such a reaction does not seem adequate to an objective observer. The very threat of breaking symbiotic bonds can cause anxiety in such individuals, further increasing the rise of the profile on the second scale. Their seclusion and isolation may reflect a desire to avoid disappointment. In fact, they feel the need to attract and retain the attention of others, value their assessment, strive to acquire and maintain their closeness of connection with the severity of such a tendency! situations that require an aggressive reaction directed outward cause them anxiety. They are characterized by reactions accompanied by feelings of guilt, self-directed anger, autoaggression (intrapunitive reactions). As an extreme degree of intrapunitive reaction, suicidal tendencies may occur. It should be noted that suicidal tendencies can also be considered as a form of symbiotic behavior, since in most cases they express a “call” reaction, a desire to get attention from others. From the point of view of diagnosing suicidal tendencies, the second scale is of particular interest in cases of “smiling” depression. Studies of the staging of suicidal tendencies, which revealed a period of “ominous calm” immediately preceding a suicide attempt, suggest that objective method data, reflecting the true severity of depressive tendencies, can play a significant role in suicide prevention during this period.

The peak of the profile on the second scale may be constant, invariably found on repeated tests. In these cases, depending on the level of the profile on ninth scale, we are talking about chronically anxious individuals or individuals with subdepressive temperament (constitutionally depressive according to P. B. Gannushkin). In other cases, the peak appears only in individual studies, either without association with external factors (cyclothymic mood swings) or due to external circumstances.

Decrease in profile for a second scale is usually characteristic of individuals with a low level of anxiety, active, sociable, experiencing a sense of their own! significance. strength, vigor and vitality.

The validity of the second scale was confirmed by a study of patients with various forms of depressive syndrome. This group included both patients with classical depression, characterized by a decrease in mood, ideational and motor inhibition of the bone, and patients with anxious, asthenic and apathetic depression. At the same time, the term “asthenic depression” refers to depressive states in which the symptoms are determined by a feeling of physical weakness in the absence of objective signs of asthenia, and the term “apathetic depression” is a state in which complaints about the loss of interest in everything around, favorite activities and loved ones dominate without a hint of painful desensitization. Decreased mood in these forms of depression is not subjectively recognized or is attributed to those described. complaints and feelings. The average profile of depressed patients as a whole was characterized by a maximum increase in the second field and a moderate increase in the first field. Second climb profile in these patients was very pronounced, etc.practically the same for seventh and eighth scales discussed below.

Profile sharply dropped to nine scale (hypomania scale) and went up to zero(scale of social introversion). It was also possible to identify variants of the depressive profile associated with the features of the clinical picture. In classical depression with ideational and motor retardation, there was a more pronounced decrease on the ninth scale and an increase on the zero scale; in anxiety depression, such a decrease on the ninth scale and an increase on the zero scale were not expressed and their level was usually in line with the average height of the individual profile, asthenic depression was characterized by a more pronounced increase on the first scale and a relatively greater height of the second rise in the profile. The value of the rise or fall of the profile on the second scale varies significantly depending on the other characteristics of the profile, on the combination of results on other clinical and evaluation scales. The interpretation of these combinations will be considered as the corresponding scales are described. MMPI. Combination of rise on the first and second scales If there is a pronounced increase in the profile on the first scale while it peaks on the second, then a decrease in mood, difficulties in social contacts are accompanied by irritability and anxiety about one's health. In somatic complaints, a sense of threat and lack of attention from others, an unsatisfied symbiotic tendency is refracted. The significance of these complaints is underscored by the relationship to vital functions (cardiac sensations, shortness of breath, headache, loss of appetite and sleep). Complaints of gastrointestinal disorders are less common. Concern for the state of one's physical health usually begins to dominate the clinical picture if, while maintaining an increase in the profile on the second scale, its peak is noted on the first.

Third scale MMPI.

Repression of factors that cause anxiety 3rd scale - the scale of "emotional lability", in the old version - the scale of "hysteria".

At measured increases of the 3rd scale reflect the variability of mood, flexibility of attitudes, easy getting used to different social roles, demonstrativeness and a tendency to dramatize the situation of an artistic person seeking recognition, choosing public types of professional employment (artists, lawyers, public figures). Vegetative-emotional instability and a tendency to conversion disorders are reflected in the profile by high (70T and above) points of the 3rd scale.

The profile of the hysterical personality is manifested simultaneously with high rates 1st and 3rd scale by increasing the 4th(impulsiveness), 6th(rigidity) and 8 th (individualistic) SMIL scales with low 2nd.

High performance at the same time 3rd and 4th scales are typical for the profile of a psychopathic personality with behavioral reactions of a hysterical plan, but also occur with a hysteroform or psychopathic debut of a schizophrenic process.

In combination with elevated 7th scale ("anxiety" scale), the peak on the 3rd scale is typical for neurotic disorders with fixed fears. The term “repression” was used even before Freud, and its use is not limited to the framework of psychoanalysis, but is a statement of the fact that any idea that exists in the mind of a person can be removed (displaced) from consciousness for a more or less long time. This feature, which is especially characteristic of hysterical psychopaths, is noted, in particular, by L. B. Gannushkin, who says that some things are “completely ignored by hysterical psychopaths, leave absolutely no trace in the psyche”, due to which hysterics are “emancipated from facts”. If the elimination of anxiety is achieved mainly by repressing the factors that cause it from consciousness, then the profile obtained using the method of multilateral personality research is usually determined by an increase in third a scale that reflects a tendency towards demonstrative, and in clinically pronounced cases, hysterical behavior, characteristic of persons with a high ability to repress.

The group, according to which the scale was validated, included patients whose condition was characterized by the presence of conversion hysterical stigmas, egocentrism, demonstrative behavior, the desire to deny the difficulties of social adaptation and emphasize the severity of their somatic condition. The described condition in the averaged profile, along with the maximum increase on the third scale, corresponded to a moderate increase on the scales one and four. In the right part of the profile, a second rise was noted, however, it was less pronounced than in the previously described neurotic syndromes. Variants of this profile are due to a small or, on the contrary, a sharp severity of somatic stigmas and varying severity of the syndrome. As noted by other authors, for neurotic profiles, the absence of a second rise indicates a lesser severity of the condition.

The 60 statements included in the third scale are formulated in a somewhat vague form, leaving ample room for individual interpretation. These statements can be divided into two main groups. The first group includes statements that reflect the subject's tendency to present somatic complaints, the second - statements that reveal a tendency to deny emotional difficulties and tension in interpersonal contacts. The first group includes, for example, statements: “Often you have a feeling as if your head is tied with a bandage or a hoop”, “You happened to faint” (a typical answer is “true”), to the second - “Often you cannot understand why you were in a bad mood and annoyed the day before”, “Sometimes you want to swear” (a typical answer is “wrong”).

Thus, a significant increase in the profile for third scale suggests a combination of the desire to emphasize somatic disadvantage with a tendency to deny difficulties in social adaptation. Such a constellation is characteristic of persons with more or less pronounced hysterical phenomena. With moderate severity of the described mechanism, it can contribute to successful adaptation, facilitate interpersonal contacts, entry into a new social environment and activities that require extensive and relatively short contacts with different people, due to the fact that repression reduces or eliminates the impact on the subject of possible negative environmental signals, providing thus a high degree of freedom of conduct. A high ability to repress, which allows one to effectively eliminate anxiety, at the same time makes it difficult to form a sufficiently stable behavior, since there is a repression from consciousness of perceptions and ideas that are essential for effective interaction with others, but that do not correspond to the impulses that arise at the moment and the desired situation. With a high degree of this ability, everything that does not correspond to the current situation and role is forced out of consciousness, in connection with which there is a constant emergence of new roles, tasks and assessments. People of this type do not have a sufficiently developed inner world. Their experiences are focused on the external observer. If the described features reach clinical severity, there may be a loss of the ability to form stable attitudes and build behavior based on previous experience. This leads to the need to build behavior in each individual case using the “trial and error” method, based on the satisfaction of the desires that appear at the moment. At the same time, forms of behavior that in the past made it possible to achieve the satisfaction of desires and needs, to enjoy, can be reproduced according to the “cliché” type, regardless of their adequacy to changed conditions.

Personalities of the described type are characterized by an inability to refuse to satisfy an actual need in order to receive a delayed, but more complete satisfaction. A high level of repression allows one to ignore negative signals from others, to maintain high self-esteem and causes self-admiration, the desire to “play oneself” in accordance with the role accepted at the moment. Ignoring negative signals from the environment can lead to arrogant behavior without a proper assessment of the impression made on others. Even with small profile peaks on the third scale, there is, although lesspronounced, insufficiency of a critical assessment of the situation and one's behavior. As a rule, individuals with a profile peak on the third scale tend to be in the spotlight, seek recognition and support, and achieve this, albeit indirectly.slow but persistent action. They are prone to fantasizing, which sometimes unrecognizably transforms the real situation for them. With a tendency to fantasize and lose a sense of the real situation, one never loses a sense of the reality of one’s own feelings and desires, which determine behavior. Despite the diversity of roles, the egocentric orientation is always preserved, which ultimately leads to immaturity and poverty of behavior (“monotonous diversity”). Interpersonal contacts are also carried out at an immature and superficial level.Group activity, which requires planning and long-term drawing of a single line, is usually difficult for persons whose profile is determined by such a peak.The impossibility of a long and orderly effort is in some cases justified by various kinds of declarative statements.

At the same time, activities that require wide, varied and relatively short-term contacts, the ability to adapt to different people, to look favorably in their eyes, the ability to get used to the role, they succeed well. Somatic symptoms are used as a means of resolving conflict situations, reducing tension, as a way to avoid responsibility or reduce it, as a means of putting pressure on others. This tendency manifests itself mainly in a state of stress, while under normal circumstances, external observation may not reveal any personal inadequacy. The possibility of identifying during periods of stable compensation of predisposition to the occurrence of somatic hysterical symptoms increases the value of the result obtained on the third scale.

Decompensating situations are usually situations of increased demands and loads, as well as violations of relationships that, by virtue of necessity, must be maintained, in particular, violations of marital relations. In these situations, gross conversion symptoms may occur, which is explained by the displacement of the corresponding functions (hysterical aphonia, ataxia, etc.) and usually does not cause great difficulties in diagnosis. ” and are dramatized, or in behavioral “copies” of previously transferred (or observed by the patient) somatic suffering in the absence of their objective symptoms.

Regardless of the nature of the symptomatology that occurs in decompensations in individuals with a profile determined by a peak on the third scale, its occurrence is associated with satisfactionneeds for attention and support, in admiring their suffering and resilience, with the desire to resolve the conflict situation in a socially acceptable way. Usually, during the period of decompensation, there is a significant increase in the profile peak on the described scale.

However, occasionally there are profiles in which there is no peak on the third scale. despite the presence in the clinic of a gross conversion symptom (usually a monosymptom). Such a profile picture indicates the effective elimination of anxiety by means of conversion (in connection with which the second scale is also omitted in these cases). It occurs almost exclusively with the prolonged existence of a somatic hysterical symptom. Subjects with a leading profile peak on the third scale have a characteristic orientation to the external the environment makes the development of psychosis, which involves the construction of one's own unreal world, unlikely.

Attitude towards therapy in individuals with a peak on the third scale is initially positive due to a pronounced need for attention, and also due to the fact that the role of the patient requires a declaration of cooperation with the doctor and the desire for recovery. However, in the future, the persistent intervention of the doctor causes them a feeling of protest. They begin to make unrealistic demands, complaining about the failure of therapeutic measures or even the deterioration of their condition as a result of these measures, claiming that they are not understood, treated badly, etc. The achievement of therapeutic success is always accompanied by a decrease in the profile on the described scale; in cases where clinical improvement is not accompanied by a corresponding transformation of the profile, recurrence of symptoms can be expected.

Persons with very low scores on the third on the scale are usually prone to introversion, skepticism and lack of spontaneity in social contacts.

Combinations with previously considered scales.

Of great importance is the ratio of profile levels on the third scale and the K scale. The higher the profile on the K. scale when it peaks on the third scale (especially if declining profile on scale F), the more subtle are the manifestations of demonstrativeness and the less common are gross conversion symptoms. Apparently, the tendency to deny uncertainty, difficulties and any forms of trouble, reflected in the increase in the profile on the K scale, limits the most striking external manifestations of demonstrativeness, immaturity and egocentrism. In these cases, there is a desire to emphasize harmony in relations with others, even at the expense of abandoning previously accepted attitudes and criteria. For persons giving a profile of this type (in the absence of an increase in the profile on the eighth scale), conformity and the desire to strictly follow conventional norms, increased identification with their social status, and an increased desire for a positive assessment from others are characteristic. The tendency to assert harmony in interpersonal relationships and the orientation towards support from others lead to the fact that situations that require clear independent decisions, a sharp, frank rebuff against others or the use of power are situations of stress for such individuals, which they try to avoid. The tendency to declare optimism, regardless of the real situation, is also typical.

In connection with the described features in clinical cases, persons of this type rarely agree to recognize the connection between the symptoms that have arisen and emotional stress, they are reluctant to agree to contacts with a psychiatrist, and even more so to hospitalization in psychiatric institutions.

Peak on the third the scale is often combined with a lift on the first. At the same time, the profile level on second scale is lower than on the first and third, and the profile on the first three scales takes the form Roman numeral V in connection with this, this profile variant in the literature on the original MMPI variant was called conversion V. This type of profile reflects the elimination of anxiety, a decrease in the profile on the second scale) due to somatization (an increase in the profile on the first scale) and its displacement with the formation of demonstrative behavior ( increase profile is not the third scale). Reactions of this type make it possible to interpret life's difficulties, the inability to justify the expectations of others, inconsistency with one's own level of claims, etc., from the point of view of socially acceptable and seeming rational to the subject himself. These reactions can be carried out, firstly, due to the appearance of somatic symptoms, which makes it possible to rationally explain the difficulty and, secondly, due to the occurrence of non-psychotic psychopathological symptoms, which are expressed in complaints of fatigue, irritability, inability to concentrate, etc. Somatic complaints, as well as those of persons whose profile is defined by a peak on the first scale, may be accompanied by the appearance of senestopathic sensations, which in these cases often refer to the skin and skeletal muscles, and not only to the internal organs. Pessimism, clearly expressed in individuals with an isolated profile peak on the first scale, decreases as the profile rises in the third. It should be noted that similar types of profile are often observed in somatic diseases, in the genesis of which personal characteristics and situations of emotional stress play an important role (peptic ulcer, transient forms of arterial hypertension, migraine, etc.) and, apparently, reflect these states are psychosomatic correlations. With a moderate severity of the described features and a sufficiently high intelligence, there is a good adaptation to the environment with self-confidence, high social adaptability, extroversion. This possibility is the greater, the finer the demonstrative component of behavior, i.e., the higher the indicator of results on the K scale and the lower on the F scale. The level of adaptation achieved will be reflected in the degree of profile reduction on the second, as well as the seventh scales. If such a decrease is pronounced, the subjects usually tend to give the impression of people with a great sense of responsibility and altruistic inclinations, and really willingly organize their behavior in accordance with the role of a person who helps others.

Combination promotions on the third and second scales indicates a pronounced disharmony and is rarely found in healthy people. It reflects the simultaneous existence of demonstrative and anxious tendencies, in which the repression inherent in demonstrative personalities is never quite complete, since a high level of anxiety causes increased attention to any negative signals, to any events that can be perceived as frustrating, threatening or indicating the likelihood of a threat in the future. On the other hand, the construction of restrictive behavior, which allows narrowing the range of anxiety-causing stimuli and situations, is hindered by a tendency to demonstrative behavior with the search for recognition, the desire to expand contacts, to be in the spotlight.

If along with p an increase in the second and third scales have a pronounced down nine, then we are talking about the same disharmonious combination of depressive and demonstrative tendencies, in which the intrapsychic conflict is due to the contradiction between egocentrism, characteristic of a demonstrative personality (with an orientation to one's own desires and needs) and a pronounced symbiotic tendency, characteristic of a subdepressive personality and accompanied by a decrease in the value of one's own needs . Persons with this type of profile are characterized by a decrease in mood, which, depending on the ratio of the profile height on the second and third scales and some other profile characteristics (in particular, the profile height on the seventh and ninth scales), either dominates (which in clinically pronounced cases suggests actually depressive symptoms), either stained with anxiety disorders, or expressed in feelings of weakness and apathy. The behavior of patients with the described variant of the profile is focused on sympathy, attention and support from others (as well as when combining an increase in the profile on the second scale with its increase on the first). However, in this case, this goal is achieved not so much by emphasizing somatic complaints, but by the affective presentation of non-psychotic psychopathological disorders (decreased mood, memory, fatigue, etc.). The indicated symptomatology can be used as a means of providing increased attention and support, as well as a means of pressure on others, which is realized to a greater extent, the higher the profile on the third scale and the closer the contact with persons who are under pressure. In this regard, adaptation in the immediate environment, in particular, within the family, may be difficult. psychasthenic psychopathy, it should be noted that this term here refers to a form of psychopathic disorders in which the central element of the clinical picture is painful doubts perceived by patients not as imposed from outside, but as part of their own personality.

Fourth MMPI scale.

Realization of emotional tension in direct behavior

4th scale - the scale of "impulsivity" instead of the former name - the scale of "psychopathy".

With a standard spread (within 60 - 75T), it reveals an active personal position, pronounced resistance to environmental influences, high search activity; in the structure of the motivational orientation - the predominance of achievement motivation, confidence and speed in decision-making. Persons with an increased profile of the 4th scale are characterized by impatience, a tendency to take risks, an unstable, overestimated level of claims, and a pronounced dependence of behavior on momentary motives and needs. The statements and actions of persons of this type often outstrip the thoughtfulness of actions. Noticeable expressed desire to indulge their own weaknesses, lack of conformity, the desire for independence.

A protective mechanism is the exclusion from the consciousness of information that is unpleasant or lowers the self-esteem of the individual; in contrast to the 3rd scale, repression is more often and more clearly accompanied by reactions at the behavioral level - critical statements, protest reactions and aggressiveness. This scale reveals psychopathic tendencies at high rates (above 75T) within an excitable, emotionally immature personality.

Combined with high 6th it enhances explosiveness and aggressiveness, while increasing 3rd scales - emphasizes hysteroid traits, and with increased 8th high rates of the 4th are characteristic of expansive schizoids with pronounced uncorrectable individualism. It is always high in people prone to impulsive statements and actions, while personality changes in the direction of increasing impulsivity can be caused by alcoholism, drug addiction, organic damage to the central nervous system or a schizophrenic process, especially if the debut occurs in adolescence.

Thus, impulsivity is an indispensable feature of individuals with a high 4th scale, regardless of the trigger of painful disorders, and indicates weakened self-control and non-conformity of attitudes.

Two equally high peaks 2 and 4 reveal an internal conflict rooted in an initially contradictory type of response in which impulsivity and a high level of aspirations come into conflict with a tendency to curb spontaneity and increase self-control. Such a predisposition can serve as a breeding ground for alcoholism or drug addiction, as well as for the development of psychosomatic disorders. This profile pattern to some extent reflects the "type A" features described by Jenkinson, who believes that this emotional-personality pattern is the basis for the development of cardiovascular failure and early myocardial infarction.

Low scores 4th the scales indicate a decrease in achievement motivation, a lack of spontaneity and immediacy of behavior.

In the clinic of mental illness, a high (above 90T) 4th scale is present in an unreliable, highly located, "floating" profile, along with a high 9- and with manic, hebephrenic and heboid syndromes, as well as with a psychopathic picture of the disease. A significant increase in the 4th scale (above 75T) may be a sign of increasing social disadaptation at the onset of schizophrenia. Quite often, clinicians mistake the confusion and anxiety associated with the loss of self-identification and criticality for neurotic anxiety. Timely psychodiagnostic research can save psychiatrists from such a mistake.

4th scale - "impulsiveness". As a leader in the profile, located within the normative range, it reveals an active personal position, high search activity, in the structure of the motivational orientation - the predominance of achievement motivation, confidence and speed in decision-making.

The motive for achieving success here is closely connected with the will to realize strong desires, which are not always subject to the control of the mind. The less mature a person is in front of us, the less the norms of behavior inculcated by upbringing dominate over a person, the greater the risk of spontaneous activity aimed at the realization of momentary impulses, contrary to common sense and the interests of the surrounding society.

With objective indicators indicating the presence of a sufficiently high intelligence, this emotional pattern reveals an intuitive, heuristic style of thinking. However, with undeveloped or low intelligence, a high 4th scale is characteristic of people who are emotionally immature, hastily make decisions and act spontaneously, without relying on accumulated experience, thinking can acquire a speculative (not reasoned, not confirmed by facts) character. Therefore, the final conclusions on this factor can only be made on the basis of a combination of different signs and taking into account the level of intelligence.

The people of this circle are characterized by impatience, a tendency to take risks, an unstable, often overestimated level of claims, the level of which has a pronounced dependence on momentary motives and external influences, on success and failure. The behavior is uninhibited, immediacy in the manifestation of feelings, in speech production and in manners. Statements and actions often outstrip the systematic and consistent thoughtfulness of actions. A tendency to resist external pressure, a tendency to rely mainly on one's own opinion, and even more on momentary impulses. A markedly expressed desire to follow the lead of one's own primitive desires, indulgence in one's weaknesses.

Lack of conformity, desire for independence. In a state of emotional capture - the predominance of emotions of anger or admiration, pride or contempt, i.e. pronounced emotions, polar in sign, while the control of the intellect does not always play a leading role. In personally significant situations, quickly fading flashes of conflict may appear.

Interest in activities with pronounced activity (from a young age - physical, over the years - social or anti-social), love for high speeds, and in this regard - for moving technology, the desire to choose a job that allows you to avoid submission, and also find application for dominant features character. Dominance in this context does not necessarily mean leadership ability. Here we are talking mainly about low subordination and emphasized independence, in contrast to leadership, which involves a tendency to organizational functions, the ability to infect others with your ideas and lead them along, integrating their actions in accordance with your plans (see the interpretation of the 6th scale combined with 4).

In stress, people with the prevailing 4th scale show an effective, sthenic type of behavior, determination, and masculinity. Persons of this type do not tolerate monotony, monotony makes them sleepy, and the stereotypical type of activity bores them. Imperative methods of influence in relation to these people and an authoritarian tone can encounter noticeable opposition, especially if the leader trying to manipulate the individual does not have the proper authority and does not arouse in this person emotions of respect, admiration or fear.

A protective mechanism is the exclusion from the consciousness of information that is unpleasant or lowers the self-esteem of the individual; in contrast to the 3rd scale, repression is more often and more clearly accompanied by reactions at the behavioral level with critical statements, protest reactions and aggressiveness, which greatly reduces the likelihood of a psychosomatic variant of maladaptation. The mechanism of containment of negative emotions under the strong influence of "ration", that is, under the control of consciousness, the role of which is enhanced in socially significant situations, leads people of this circle to psychosomatic disorders, mainly related to the cardiovascular activity of the body. This type of response is usually reflected in the profile as a rise on the 2nd scale with a high 4th.

A profile in which moderately elevated 4th and 6th-th scale, is typical for a person of a rational realistic type, who is hindered in the implementation of intentions by increased impulsiveness and nonconformity.

If the peak on the 4th scale is combined with elevated 3rd, then this is rather an irrational realistic person, whose pragmatism is higher than with an isolated peak on the 3rd scale, but low learning experience reduces the effectiveness of the efforts expended.

High scores on the 4th scale (above 70T) reveal a hyperthymic (excitable) variant of accentuation, characterized by increased impulsivity. The properties listed above, which are revealed by an increased 4th scale in a normal profile, are grotesquely pointed here and are manifested by difficult self-control. Against the background of good intellect, such individuals have the ability to take an unconventional approach to solving problems, to moments of creative insight, especially when normative dogmas and various kinds of restrictions do not dominate a person. Insufficient reliance on experience is compensated by pronounced intuitiveness and speed of reactions. A pronounced tendency towards a creative approach as emotional and personal conditions that are realized with a sufficiently high intellect occurs especially often with a profile like "489 - / 0 or 48" 2 - / 17. However, non-conformity is manifested not only in the peculiarities of thinking, but also in the style of experience, in a tendency to impulsive behavioral reactions, so the interpretation of such a profile should be carried out with extreme caution. The degree of conformity of the views and behavior of the subject to generally accepted norms, his hierarchy of values, moral level depend to a large extent on the social environment and the success of the educational measures taken in relation to this person. Therefore, based only on the data of the SMIL methodology, we cannot categorically state which way the non-conformity of this person is realized. It can manifest itself as radicalism and innovation if we have a person who is meaningful, erudite, but at the same time striving to overcome the generally accepted routine views on a particular phenomenon. Psychophysiologist K.K. Monakhov once expressed the following idea: “In science, at the first moment, any innovation is perceived as hooliganism. Therefore, any discoverer, about to express any new idea for the first time, feels as if he is going to misbehave. This is very true. The profile of such individuals most often differs in a fairly high (up to 80 T) 4th scale in combination with an increased 8th. At the same time, a primitive needy immature person with unjustifiably high ambitions, an individual who has nothing interesting behind his soul, a lazy person, unable (or unwilling) to comprehend at least the basics of a general education course, trying to attract the attention of others through negative manifestations, violates the generally accepted style of behavior and neglects the moral foundations of his environment. And then his behavior is no longer in quotation marks, but actually looks like a hooligan. The profile of people in this circle contains high indicators not only 4th, but also 9th scale at low 2nd and 7th.

A high peak on the 4th scale (above 75 T) reveals psychopathic traits of an excitable type, pronounced impulsiveness, conflict. High scores on the 4th scale reinforce the characteristics of concomitant increases on other scales of the sthenic register - 6th, 9th and give the features of a behavioral pattern (emphasized independence, conflict) to indicators 3rd and 8-th scale.

With a combination of high 4th with increased (or high) 2nd scale indicators of the 2nd weaken the aggressiveness, non-conformity and impulsiveness of the 4th scale, as there is a higher level of consciousness control over behavior.

Two equally high peaks 2 and 4 reveal an internal conflict rooted in an initially contradictory type of response, which combines multidirectional trends - high search activity and dynamism of excitation processes (4th) and pronounced inertia and instability (2nd). Psychologically, this is manifested by the presence of a contradictory combination of a high level of claims with self-doubt, high activity with rapid exhaustion, which is characteristic of the neurasthenic pattern of maladaptation. Under adverse social conditions, such a predisposition can serve as a breeding ground for alcoholism or drug addiction, as well as for the development of certain psychosomatic disorders. This profile drawing to some extent reflects the "type A" features described by Jenkinson, who believes that this emotional-personal pattern is the basis for the development of cardiovascular failure and a predisposition for early myocardial infarction.

Combination 4th scale from 6th at high rates, it reveals an explosive (irascible) type of response. The height of the peaks in the range of 70-75 T reflects the accentuation of the character according to the explosive type. Higher rates are characteristic of the profile of the psychopathic personality of the excitable circle with a tendency to impulsive aggressive reactions. If the personal characteristics inherent in this profile and manifested by a pronounced sense of rivalry, leadership traits, aggressiveness and stubbornness are channeled (directed) into the mainstream of socially acceptable activities (for example, sports), then the carrier of these properties can remain sufficiently adapted mainly due to the optimal for him social niche. In a situation of authoritarian-imperative pressure and other forms of opposition that hurt the self-esteem and prestige of the individual, as well as aggressive reactions from others, people with this type of profile easily go beyond the adapted state and give an explosive (explosive) reaction, the degree of controllability of which is determined by indicators scales reflecting inhibitory traits (2nd, 7th and 0th scales).

Low scores 4th the scales indicate a decrease in achievement motivation, a lack of spontaneity, immediacy of behavior, good self-control, unexpressed ambition, a lack of leadership traits and a desire for independence, adherence to generally accepted norms of behavior, and conformity. In everyday life, they often say about such people: "Without a twist." If such a decline in the profile on the 4th scale reflects a temporary decrease in the personality's opposition to the environment, then this may be due to the fact that this individual found himself in a situation where his "self" is blocked. For example, a person who has just received a new appointment experiences some self-doubt (an incompetence complex) and temporarily changes the strategy of behavior aimed at achieving the goal to a “trench”, wait-and-see policy. In the clinic of mental illness, a high (above 90 T) 4th scale is present in an unreliable, highly located floating profile, along with high 9th with manic, hebephrenic and heboid syndrome, as well as with a psychopathic picture of the disease. A significant increase in the 4th scale (above 75 T) may be a sign of increasing social disadaptation at the onset of schizophrenia. Quite often, clinicians mistake the confusion and anxiety associated with the loss of self-identification and criticality for neurotic anxiety. A timely psychodiagnostic study could well save psychiatrists from such a mistake, showing in time the inadequacy of the personality changed by the onset of the disease and the inappropriateness of assessing the state as a neurotic breakdown. A sharp discrepancy between the indicators of the SMIL profile, which reflects the internal picture of the patient's condition, and the impressions lying on the surface in such cases is pathognomonic, that is, characteristic of a gross mental pathology. That is why it is not recommended to use this technique in acute mental disorders, with uncriticality and reduced intelligence in patients who are unable to adequately describe their experiences and features of the state. This once again confirms the fact that the SMIL test is more of a personal method than a clinical one. In addition, psychodiagnostic studies using the SMIL test confirm the correctness of a holistic personality concept in which the leading individual typological tendencies act as a prognostic significant factor that pre-determines the path of disadaptation (locus minoris rezistencia) and the formation of a leading clinical syndrome. This was clearly manifested in the study of severe forms of psychogenic disorders. Traditionally, reactive states that develop in situations that are objectively difficult for the individual were considered by psychiatrists as part of reactive depressions. The author of this guide discovered reactive states that arose in response to the threat of capital punishment (execution) against them after the crime they had committed. However, the reactive state manifested itself as exaltation, bravado, self-righteousness with active opposition to environmental influences, without a shadow of repentance and regrets. According to the psychodiagnostic study, this condition manifested itself as a continuation of the basic leading tendencies of the hyperthymic, impulsive, aggressive, extrovert personality. This state was designated as a hyperthymic, exalted type of reactive state. Later, psychiatrists came to this on their own (B.V. Shostakovich, Ya.E. Svirinovsky, Z.S. Gusakova, N. K. Kharitonova), who gave this nosological group the name “pseudo-manic reactive states. A further joint study made it possible to come to the following conclusion: within the framework of reactive states provoked by a powerful and objectively severe psychotrauma, in addition to the majority of patients who exhibit typical depressive symptoms, from 7 to 11% of individuals with other, “pseudo-manic” symptoms are detected. The premorbid hyperthymic features inherent in these individuals, like grass through asphalt, break through and form the basis of clinical manifestations despite the extremely difficult situation and the absence of any prospects to justify the optimistic attitude.

We will return to the role of the 4th scale in the profile in the process of getting acquainted with the interpretation of other scales. It should be borne in mind that its increase always significantly enhances the sthenic and non-conformal tendencies inherent in other scales. In general, individuals whose 4th scale determines the leading trend are able not only to actively realize their own destiny, but also to influence the fate of other people. However, this property is strongly dependent on how mature and independent of the momentary mood is the goal-setting of the individual. The passionate desire for self-realization in emotionally immature and intellectually undeveloped people of this type is so dissociated from real possibilities that sometimes it leaves these individuals no other path to self-affirmation than antisocial, starting with a “struggle” with their own parents and school, ending with serious illegal acts. With a sufficiently high intelligence, such people are able to achieve more than any other typological options. These are those independent-minded individuals who are able to dare, encroaching on established dogmas and old traditions - whether in the field of knowledge or in social foundations. The “rebellious spirit” can only be destructive (if in the foreground is the desire to deny the usefulness of the existing order and the protrusion of one’s “I” at any cost), but it can also be creative if it is a mature person, a qualified specialist, an intelligent politician.

Type “4” is a hostage of its hard-to-control spontaneity of feelings - whether it be love, art, scientific or political activity. This tendency inevitably attracts a person, like an uncontrollable horse - a rider, either to the heights of triumph, or to the abyss of fall. (Vladimir Vysotsky involuntarily comes to mind: “A little slower, horses! A little slower!”). At times, the passion of nature, which is not subject to reason, draws a person to the brink of the abyss, and he is unable to oppose anything to this passion. It often happens that it is precisely such passionate personalities who turn out to be the creators of history, dragging the crowd along with the light of their own flaming heart. This heroism is by no means always romantic; it can also be a manifestation of a person's egocentric intoxication with his special role. In their personal lives, they can appear both as noble romantic knights and as addicted anemones. They are characterized by an eternal search for novelty, they are unlikely to sin with altruism, but they also take credit for this as a manifestation of sincerity and the absence of hypocrisy. Most often they have remarriages, repeatedly change jobs, like to drink, scold the authorities, conflict with superiors, remain childish until old age, are not always practical, often inconsistent, but sometimes charming. On this “ground” with equal success, a personality pattern can be formed as a genius, hero, innovator, revolutionary, as well as a hooligan, anti-hero, extremist, but in any case - something far from the average, philistine type of personality. The need to be proud of oneself and gain the admiration of others is an urgent need for individuals of this type, otherwise emotions are transformed into anger, contempt and protest. If the life credo of the individual-personal type “2” is based on the philosophical basis of Hegel (self-denial, fatalism, the dominance of the ideal over reality), then the philosophical basis of type “4” is Nietzschean (resistance to fate, the dominant of the human will). The types of profile considered above reflected either the presence of anxiety disorders or the nature of intrapsychic adaptation, which makes it possible to weaken or eliminate these disorders. In both cases, the actualized needs, the blockade of which serves as a source of mental stress, do not find a direct outlet in behavior. The mechanisms of intrapsychic adaptation ensure, in one form or another, the preservation of the integration of behavior. Needs are realized in behavior not directly, but taking into account attitudes (reflecting a more or less stable set of opinions, interests and goals), relationships and social roles of the individual. If the blockade of the actualized need and the emotional stress associated with it are directly reflected in the subject's behavior, bypassing the system of attitudes, relationships and social roles, without taking into account the social and ethical norms, then in the profile of the methodology for a multilateral study of personality this is usually reflected by the appearance of a peak on the fourth scale . The fourth scale includes 50 statements, which are mainly related to dissatisfaction with life, belonging to a certain group or one's position in this group, a sense of one's inadequacy and experiencing injustice and misunderstanding on the part of others. These are the statements “You are unhappy with the way your life has turned out”; “You would have achieved much more if people were not opposed to you”; “You have the impression that no one understands you-”; “In your family, relations are less warm and friendly than in others” (a typical answer is “true”). Individuals with an isolated and pronounced increase in profile on the fourth scale are usually regarded by psychiatric clinicians as psychopaths prone to antisocial acts. Such persons, under favorable conditions, in the intervals between decompensations, may not show psychopathic traits and asociality for long periods of time. Therefore, the scale is valuable for predicting antisocial psychopathic behavior. Individuals whose profile is determined by the peak on the fourth scale are characterized by disregard for accepted social norms, moral and ethical values, established rules of conduct and customs. Depending on the level of activity, this neglect manifests itself in angry and aggressive reactions or is expressed more or less passively. The protest against accepted norms may be limited to the family and the immediate non-family environment, but it may also acquire a generalized character. The inability to organize behavior in accordance with stable opinions, interests and goals makes the behavior of the described individuals poorly predictable. Apparently, their inability to plan future actions and neglect of the consequences of their actions are apparently connected with the same circumstance. The lack of ability to benefit from experience leads them to repeated conflicts with others. The inability to plan one's behavior in individuals whose profile is defined by a peak on the fourth scale is not associated with a level of intelligence, which can be quite high. Often, increased self-esteem makes it possible to rationalize antisocial behavior by declaring that people of their level are not binding on the rest of the rules. The direct realization of emerging urges and the lack of forecasting lead to a lack of anxiety and fear of potential punishment. Situational difficulties that do not lead to severe consequences also do not cause anxiety or depression. Real punishment, if it is significant enough (in particular, deprivation of liberty), can cause depressive or aggressive reactions, provoked not by the situation as a whole, but by the very fact of punishment. In interpersonal relationships (even the most intimate ones), persons of the described type are distinguished by superficial and unstable contacts. They rarely have deep feelings of affection. They can be pleasant in short-term communication, but with a long acquaintance, the unreliability of these personalities, their tendency to dysphoria, is usually revealed. In pathological cases, antisocial tendencies can manifest themselves in unreasonable aggressiveness, deceit, sexual incontinence, the realization of antisocial drives (alcoholism, drug addiction). Conducted by one of the authors (F. B. Berezin) together with employees of the PNI of the Prosecutor's Office (A. R. Ratinov, G. Kh. Efremova) studies of persons with pronounced antisocial behavior, whose profile is determined by a peak on the fourth scale, showed that these persons, when committing antisocial acts, they often care little about obtaining significant benefits and do not take into account the possibility of exposure and the consequences of such acts that are dangerous for themselves. At the same time, after the disclosure of their asocial actions, such individuals may experience reactions of depression, anxiety, and periods of psychopathic arousal. If the profile peak on the fourth scale is found in young people, it may decrease or disappear with age.

Psychotherapeutic and corrective measures are usually not very effective due to the already noted inability of the described personalities to benefit from their own negative experience and the difficulty in forming a therapeutically useful feeling of internal connection with the persons implementing these measures. A pronounced decrease in the profile on the fourth scale is typical for conventional individuals who show a high level of identification with their social status, a tendency to maintain constant attitudes, interests and goals. Combination with previously considered scales. If the peak of the profile on the fourth scale is combined with rises on the scales located to the left of the fourth, then antisocial tendencies are masked or manifested in socially acceptable ways. The combination of the profile peak on the fourth scale with the peak on the scale considered below has a similar meaning. seventh scale. This transformation of antisocial manifestations takes place if hostility and protest against the existing norm are carried out indirectly, if the need for support and positive assessment from others limits the manifestation of heteroaggressive tendencies, if antisocial manifestations concern only the immediate environment, and, finally, if there is a socially acceptable rationalization and the narrow focus of hostility and protest. In all these cases, the peak on the fourth scale will be combined with profile rises on one, two, and sometimes all three scales of the neurotic triad. In the case of a combination of profile peaks at h fourth and first On the scales, concern about the state of one's physical health will “obscure” asocial manifestations to the greater extent, the higher the peak on the first scale in relation to the peak on the fourth. At the same time, somatic complaints are used to put pressure on others, in particular doctors, relatives, employees, in order to gain advantages and rationally explain dissatisfaction with their place in the group, feelings of injustice, isolation, etc. In this regard, clearly antisocial behavior with this type of profile is rare, and somatic complaints are highly persistent and resistant to therapeutic effects. In some cases, the peak on the first scale is not constantly detected, but appears as a result of the somatization of anxiety that arose as a result of the exposure of the asocial actions of the subject, but even in these cases, during the period of time when, along with the peak on the fourth scale, the peak on the first is determined, asocial tendencies are revealed in the indirect form described above. The combination of peaks on the second and fourth scales, which exists constantly, indicates difficulties in social adaptation and reflects a tendency to anxiety associated with the inability of the subjects to build their behavior in accordance with accepted norms and their tendency in this regard to self-reproach, self-accusation, self-abasement when these norms are violated. . In cases where the usually absent peak on the second scale appears in connection with the troubles caused by impaired social adaptation and antisocial behavior, reactions of self-reproach and self-blame arise only on a specific occasion. A decrease in the profile on the second scale with a profile peak on the fourth is prognostically unfavorable, as it indicates the absence of anxiety in connection with the antisocial trend and, accordingly, the lack of motivation aimed at changing this trend. The combination of rises on the third and fourth scales is typical for emotionally immature individuals, whose characteristic demonstrativeness and the desire to focus on external assessment prevent direct antisocial behavior, allow you to control antisocial impulses to a greater extent, the greater the social distance between the individual and people who are part of his social circle. . The intensity of this control, by which people with this type of profile may even appear to be conformist, increases in parallel with the increase in the profile on the third scale in relation to its level on the fourth. Since hostility, protest, inability and unwillingness to take into account the interests of others are manifested in these cases in a degree inversely proportional to social distance, they are found mainly in relations with close people (in particular, with family members, close relatives, sometimes acquiring the character of a narrowly focused (“canalized ”) hostility towards one of them. Usually this hostility is rationalized, which allows individuals with a similar type of profile to maintain external conformity. An indirect manifestation of asocial tendencies may be a tendency to communicate with asocial individuals. 4 scale of IMPULSITY, as the leading one in the profile, located within the normative range, it reveals an active personal position, high search activity, in the structure of the motivational orientation - the predominance of achievement motivation, confidence and speed of decision-making. The motive for achieving success here is closely connected with the will to realize desires, which are not always subject to the control of reason. Fifth scale MMPI. The severity of male and female character traits The 5th scale - the scale of "masculinity-femininity" - is interpreted differently depending on the gender of the subject. Increased scores on the 5th scale in any profile indicate a deviation from the role behavior typical for the given sex and the complication of sexual interpersonal adaptation. Otherwise, the interpretation is polar in nature, depending on whether the female or male profile is to be deciphered: for men, an increased 5th scale is a sign of femininity, for women - masculinity. The "raw" indicators of the 5th scale on the women's profile sheet are counted (unlike other scales) from top to bottom. A lone peak on the 5th scale, both in men and women, with a linear, that is, normal, profile, without noticeable increases in other scales, is often found in peculiar people, incomprehensible to the environment, and indicates the difficulties of interpersonal communication, which apply not only to persons of the opposite sex. Perhaps it is unconscious bisexuality or hidden, repressed homosexuality. Relatively high rates on the 5th scale with even higher peaks on the 8th and 1st in the clinic are found in people with a painful focus on the sexual sphere.

Ministry of General and Vocational Education

Russian Federation

Omsk State Pedagogical University

Test materials

to the course Psychodiagnostics

Printed by decision

Editorial and publishing

Council of the Omsk State

Pedagogical University

I.A. Vishnyakov, V.V. Usoltseva. Test materials for the course Psychodiagnostics. - Omsk: OmGPU Publishing House, 1998. - 134 p.

This manual is intended for students studying in the specialty "Psychology". It contains instructions, texts of questions and tasks, keys and principles for processing tests used in the study of the discipline "Psychodiagnostics". These materials will be useful to all practicing psychologists.

Reviewer: candidate of psychol. PhD, Associate Professor F.Z. Kabirov

ISBN 5-8268-0233-2

 Omsk State Pedagogical University, 1998

From the compilers

These materials contain a set of tests used in a comprehensive psychodiagnostic study of the personality of an adult. This kit includes personality tests, tests to determine individual social characteristics of a person, tests for studying emotional characteristics, communication characteristics and psycho-functional states.

For each specific technique, instructions are given, the text of questions, keys or principles for processing. If necessary, a form for the answers of the subject is given. There are no detailed interpretations in this pamphlet, as its purpose is different: to provide a set of test materials for the student. Well, detailed interpretations and interpretations of various test results can be found in the relevant psychodiagnostic literature.

The authors address users of these materials with a reminder: the test known to the subject does not work, he is dying for the professional community of psychologists. Therefore, be careful with this book. Make sure it doesn't fall into the wrong hands.

Methodology of multilateral personality research

(MMPI test (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory), adapted by F.B. Berezin and M.P. Miroshnikov. Option 377 questions).

The manual contains instructions, the text of the questions and the key to the text. For comments on the processing and analysis of the results, see the book: Berezin F.B., Miroshnikov M.P., Sokolova E.D. methodology of multilateral research of personality (structure, basics of interpretation, some areas of application). M., "Folium", 1994.

1. Instruction

This brochure contains statements about your health and character. An answer sheet is attached to the brochure.

1. Write your last name and other information about yourself on the top line of your answer sheet.

2. Read each statement and decide if it is TRUE for you.

3. The number on the answer sheet corresponds to the approval number. If you decide that this statement is TRUE, then cross out the left box next to the corresponding number on the answer sheet with an oblique cross (this box is located in the column marked with the letter "B". If the statement in relation to you is WRONG, cross out the box located on the right with an oblique cross from the corresponding number (this box is located in the column marked with the letter "H".

4. Carefully read and mark all the statements on the answer sheet, without skipping a single one. It may be difficult for you to relate some statements to yourself, then try to make the best possible choice. Read and mark all statements on the answer sheet. 5. If the statement in relation to you is both true and false, then choose the solution in accordance with what happens more often.

6. If the statement in relation to you is true and false at different periods of your life, choose the solution as it is correct at the present time.

7. When in doubt, remember that any statement that you cannot regard as true in relation to yourself should be considered incorrect.

8. You should not be afraid of making mistakes in choosing, since each statement is true or false only in relation to you and in accordance with your own opinion.

9. If you cannot make a decision on your own, then try to keep such statements as few as possible. Do not forget to skip the number of this statement on the answer sheet.

10. When deciphering the results of the study, the content of the statements is not taken into account. All further processing is done by the number that each statement has, so you can be completely honest.