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The reflex is a basic and specific function of the central nervous system. All activity of the human body is carried out through reflexes. For example, the sensation of pain, limb movements, breathing, blinking, and other actions are essentially reflexes.

reflex arc

Each reflex has its own reflex arc, which consists of the following five parts:

  • a receptor located in tissues and organs and perceiving irritations of the external and internal environment;
  • a sensitive nerve fiber that transmits impulses generated by excitation of the receptor to the nerve center;
  • nerve center, which consists of sensory, intercalary, motor nerve cells located in the brain;
  • motor nerve fiber, which transmits the excitation of the nerve center to the working organ;
  • working body - muscles , glands, blood vessels, internal organs and others.

Types of reflexes

Depending on which part of the central nervous system is involved in the manifestation of the body's response to stimuli, two types of reflexes are distinguished: unconditioned and conditioned.

Unconditioned reflexes

The formation of unconditioned reflexes involves the lower parts of the central nervous system - the nerve centers of the spinal, oblong, middle, diencephalon. Unconditioned reflexes are innate, since their nerve pathways already exist in a newborn child. These reflexes serve to ensure important life processes in the human body. For example, chewing write (sucking the breast by a child), swallowing, digestion, excretion of feces and urine, breathing, blood circulation and others. Unconditioned reflexes are constant, that is, they do not change (do not disappear) during a person's life. Their number and appearance are almost the same in all people. These reflexes are inherited.

Conditioned reflexes

The centers of conditioned reflexes are located in the cerebral cortex of the cerebral hemispheres. At the birth of a child, these reflexes are absent, they are formed during a person's life. The neural pathways of conditioned reflexes are also absent at birth, they are subsequently formed as a result of upbringing, training and life experience.

The formation of conditioned reflexes

Conditioned reflexes are formed on the basis of unconditional ones. For the formation of a conditioned reflex, it is necessary that the unconditioned stimulus act first, followed by the conditioned stimulus. So, for example, to develop a salivary conditioned reflex in a dog, first turn on an electric light bulb or a bell as a conditioned one, then give it food as an unconditioned stimulus. When this experience is repeated several times, a temporary connection is formed between the centers of nutrition and vision or hearing in the brain. As a result, just turning on an electric light bulb or a bell will cause the dog to salivate (even in the absence of food), that is, a salivary conditioned reflex will appear in response to a flash of light or a bell (Fig. 70). In this case, the flash of an electric light bulb excites the visual center in the ordinal part of the brain. This excitation, through a temporary connection, causes excitation of the subcortical food center. It, in turn, causes excitation of the food center located in the medulla oblongata, and as a result of increased activity of the salivary glands through nerve fibers, salivation begins. The figure shows, first, under the action of light, the excitation of the subcortical visual center, its distribution through a temporary connection to the subcortical food center, and from it to the subcortical center in the medulla oblongata, and finally, its entry into the salivary glands, causing salivation. material from the site

Inhibition of conditioned reflexes

It is known that during the implementation of the resulting conditioned reflex, if some strong external stimulus suddenly affects a dog (or a person), then a strong excitation occurs in the nerve center of the brain. This excitation by induction inhibits the center of the conditioned reflex and the reflex temporarily stops. Thus, in the figure one can see how, under the influence of the light of an electric lamp, a conditioned reflex of salivation appears in a dog; as a result of an additional strong stimulus - a call, the auditory center is excited, the centers of conditioned reflexes are inhibited, and salivation stops.

Reflex I Reflex (lat. reflexus turned back, reflected)

reaction of the body that ensures the emergence, change or termination of the functional activity of organs, tissues or the whole organism, carried out with the participation of the central nervous system in response to the body's receptors.

The structural basis of reflex activity is. It consists of receptors (they perceive irritation and are part of an afferent neuron), afferent, or sensory, nerve fibers (transmit receptor impulses to the nervous system), a nerve center (the synthesis of afferent excitation also occurs in it), efferent, or motor, nerve fibers ( transmit from the nerve center to the executive apparatus), effectors or executive organs (, vessels, glands, etc.). The areas of a body including set of receptors which irritation causes certain R., are called reflexogenic zones. These zones are found in all organs and tissues of the body. For example, irritation of the surface of the cornea of ​​​​the eye causes R. blinking, the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx - R. sneezing. Examples of such zones of internal organs are aortic-carotid, including the aortic arches, and located at the branching point of the common carotid artery into external and internal. It consists of two formations - the carotid sinus and the carotid glomerulus, in which chemoreceptors are also located; of this zone are involved in the regulation of the level and activity of the respiratory center.

The reflex is the basic unit of nervous action. Under natural conditions, R. are not carried out in isolation, but are combined (integrated) into complex reflex acts that have a certain biological orientation. The biological significance of reflex mechanisms lies in the regulation of the work of organs and the coordination of their functional interaction in order to ensure the constancy of the internal environment of the body (see Neurohumoral regulation of functions, homeostasis), maintaining its integrity and the ability to adapt to constantly changing environmental conditions (see Higher nervous activity, Instinct, functional systems).

Reflexes are combined into different groups depending on the leading feature taken as the basis for their division. According to I.I. Pavlov, all reflexes are divided into congenital, or unconditioned (they are specific and relatively constant), and individually acquired, or conditional, R. (they are changeable and temporary and are developed in the process of interaction of the organism with the environment). The characteristic of R. on separate links of a reflex arch is quite widespread. According to the localization of receptors, R. are divided into extero-, intero-, and proprioceptive; according to the location of the central link, they are divided into spinal, bulbar, mesencephalic, cerebellar, diencephalic, and cortical; according to the localization of the efferent part - into somatic and vegetative; according to the evoked reaction - to swallowing, blinking, coughing, etc. In neurological practice most often use the scheme of R.'s division into superficial and deep. Superficial reflexes include R. from the mucous membranes and skin, while deep reflexes include tendon, subcutaneous, and articular reflexes. There are also so-called motor-visceral R., in which muscle contractions through the proprioceptive afferent system cause a change in one or another vegetative reaction, for example, the Dagnini-Ashnez oculomotor reflex, or the oculomotor R., caused by pressure on the subject, normally leads to a slowdown in the pulse at 8-10 bpm.

The degree of R.'s "maturity" and the stability of their manifestation depend on the person's age. In the early postnatal period, there is a rapid R. ready at birth, as well as the formation of new ones. Further coordination of the emerging R. and their sets is carried out due to the maturation of synaptic structures (see Synapse) and the mechanisms of central inhibition (Inhibition). As the body ages, irreversible structural changes occur in nerve cells, which are accompanied by a decrease in excitability, a decrease in the speed of excitation conduction; at the same time, inhibitory processes are weakened, the time for performing reflex acts increases.

The nature and intensity of the reflex reaction upon stimulation of the same reflex zone depend on the functional state of the organism and the intensity of the irritation. In clinical practice, a significant number of R., having a similar structure of the reflex arc, is being investigated. For each of them, a special research methodology has been developed (see Reflexes in neuropathology).

For R.'s analysis in health and disease (reflexometry), a set of techniques is used using specialized devices - reflexometers. has found wide application in various fields such as athletes, biomedical and psychological research, as well as in detailed clinical research and the diagnosis of occupational diseases.

Bibliography: Bekhtereva N.P. Healthy and large human brain, L., 1980; General nervous system, ed. P.G. Kostyuk, L., 1979; Pavlov I.P. Twenty years of experience in the objective study of the higher nervous activity (behavior) of animals. , M., 1973; Simonov N.V. person. Motivational-emotional aspects, M., 1975; Sherrington C.S. Integrative activity of the nervous system, . from English., L., 1969, bibliogr.

II Reflex(s) (reflexus; Latin “reflection”, from reflecto, reflexurn to turn, turn back)

the reaction of the body to irritation, carried out with the participation of the nervous system.

Reflex adductor(r. adductorius) - physiological periosteal P.: hips when tapping along the iliac crest, pubic symphysis, the inner surface of the knee or along the tibia.

Reflex adductor dorsal(r. adductorius dorsalis; .: McCarthy spinoadductor reflex, adductor reflex, Chlenova - McCarthy reflex) - P .: adduction of one or both hips of a sitting with legs apart examined when tapping on the spinous processes of the vertebrae; observed with damage to the pyramidal tract.

Reflexes allied(French allier to connect, connect) - P., mutually reinforcing each other.

Reflex anal(r. analis) - physiological P.: external sphincter of the anus with tingling or dashed irritation of the skin around it; called in the position of the subject on the side with the legs brought to the stomach.

Reflexes antagonistic(r. antagonistici) - P., one of which has an inhibitory effect on the other.

Auropalpebral reflex(r. auropalpebralis; lat. auris + palpebra eyelid; syn. R. cochleopalpebral) - physiological P.: closing of the eyelids upon sudden exposure to a sound stimulus.

Reflex auropupillary(r. auropupillaris; lat. auris ear + pupilla) - physiological P.: rapid constriction of the pupils, followed by their slow expansion upon sudden exposure to a sound stimulus.

Achilles reflex(r. Achillis) - physiological P.: plantar foot when struck with a hammer on the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon.

Ashner's reflex- see Oculocardial reflex.

Babkin's reflex- see Palmar-roto-head reflex.

Reflex unconditioned(syn. R. congenital) - congenital P., constantly arising in individuals of a given species and age with adequate stimulation of certain receptors.

Reflex abdominal(r. abdominalis) - the common name for physiological P., manifested by the contraction of any muscles of the anterior abdominal wall.

Upper abdominal reflex(r. abdominalis superior) - superficial R. b., in which irritation is applied along the costal arch.

Deep abdominal reflex(r. abdominalis profundus) - R. b., caused by a blow of the hammer on the iliac crest, on the pubis or on the costal arch.

Abdominal cutaneous reflex(r. abdominalis cutaneus) - see Abdominal superficial reflex.

Reflex abdominal lower(r. abdominalis inferior) - superficial R. b., in which irritation is applied to the inguinal ligament.

Reflex abdominal superficial(r. abdominalis superficialis; synonym R. abdominal skin) - R. b., caused by rapid dashed irritation of the skin of the abdomen in the direction from the periphery to the midline.

Medium abdominal reflex(r. abdominalis medius) - superficial R. b., in which irritation is applied to the skin of the abdominal wall at the level of the navel.

Bulbar reflexes(r. bulbares) - P., the reflex arc of which closes in the nuclei of the medulla oblongata (for example, pharyngeal, palatine, swallowing, sucking P.).

Bulbocavernous reflex(r. bulbocavernosus) - physiological R.: contraction of the bulbous-spongy muscle with slight squeezing of the glans penis with fingers.

Reflex vegetative(r. vegetativus) - the common name for P., which regulate the activity of glands, blood vessels, internal organs, smooth muscles, and also have various adaptive and trophic effects.

Reflex vegetosomatic(r. vegetosomaticus) - see Visceromotor reflex.

Vestibulospinal reflex(r. vestibulospinalis; syn.) - physiological P.: deviation of the torso and limbs to the side with irritation of the receptors of the vestibular analyzer.

Reflex vestibular tonic(r. vestibulotonicus) - R.: change in muscle tone on the side of irritation of the labyrinth receptors.

Reflex visceral(r. visceralis; syn.) - the common name of P., caused by irritation of the internal organs or manifested by a change in the function of any internal organs.

Reflex viscerovasomotor(r. viscerovasomotorius) - P.: change in the lumen of blood vessels when receptors of internal organs are irritated.

Reflex viscero-visceral(r. viscerovisceralis) - visceral P.: a change in the activity of an internal organ when receptors of another internal organ are irritated.

Reflex viscerodermal(r. viscerodermalis) - see Reflex viscerocutaneous.

Reflex viscerocutaneous(r. viscerocutaneus; synonym R. viscerodermal) - visceral R.: a change in the sensitivity of certain areas of the skin (Zakharyin-Ged zones) upon irritation of the receptors of the internal organ.

Reflex visceromotor(r. visceromotorius; synonym: R. vegetosomatic, R. viscerosomatic) - visceral P.: contraction of certain skeletal muscles during irritation of the receptors of the internal organ.

Reflex viscerosecretory(r. viscerosecretorius) - visceral P.: a change in the activity of certain glands of external or internal secretion when the receptors of the internal organ are irritated.

Reflex viscerosensory(r. viscerosensorius) - visceral P.: the occurrence of various sensations when stimulating the receptors of internal organs.

Reflex viscerosomatic(r. viscerosomaticus) - see Visceromotor reflex.

Reflex taste-lacy(r. gustolacrimalis) - unilateral profuse with irritation of taste buds; occurs on the side of the lesion of the facial nerve (in the region of the ganglion of the knee).

Reflex cardiovascular(r. cardiovascularis) - vegetative R.: a change in the lumen of the blood vessels when the receptors of a certain part of the heart are irritated.

Reflex cardio-cardiac(r. cardiocardialis) - vegetative P: a change in the activity of the heart or its departments with a change in pressure in the cavities of the heart (for example, a drop in pressure in the left ventricle causes reflex acceleration and increased contractions).

Reflex carpoulnar(r. carpoulnaris; Greek karpos wrist + anat. ulna ulna) - see Reflex.

Cough reflex(r. tussis) - physiological P.: arising from irritation of the respiratory tract receptors.

Reflex clinostatic(r. clinostaticus; Greek klinō tilt + statikos occupying a certain position) - somatovegetative R.: decrease in heart rate by 6-8 beats per 1 minute. when moving from a vertical to a horizontal position.

Reflex skin-visceral(r. cutaneovisceralis) - visceral P., which occurs when skin receptors are irritated.

Reflex skin-muscle(r. cutaneomuscularis) - a change in muscle tone or their contraction when skin receptors are irritated.

Reflex skin-cardiac(r. cutaneocardiacus) - skin-visceral P., manifested by a change in any parameters of cardiac activity (rhythm, stroke volume, etc.).

Reflex mucocutaneous(r. cutaneomucosus) - skin-visceral P., manifested by a change in the secretory and (or) absorption activity of the mucous membranes.

Skin reflex(r. cutaneus) - the common name for P., caused by irritation of skin receptors.

Reflex knee(r. genualis; synonym:, R. patellar, R. with the quadriceps femoris,) - physiological P.: extension of the lower leg when the hammer strikes the tendon of the quadriceps femoris under the patella.

Reflex knee pendulum(syn.: Rusetsky rocking knee reflex,) - rhythmic, gradually decreasing but in amplitude oscillatory movements of the lower leg when evoking knee P.; observed in cerebellar hypotension.

Reflex conjunctival(r. conjunctivalis) - physiological P.: closing of the eyelids with a light touch on the conjunctiva of the eyeball.

Reflex coordinated(r. coordinatus) - P., in the implementation of which various muscles, sometimes remote from each other, participate (for example, cough P., vomiting P.).

Reflex corneal(r. cornealis) - see Reflex corneal.

Reflex corneomandibular(r. corneomandibularis; anat. cornea + mandibula lower jaw; synonym: Zelder corneomandibular) blinking-chewing test, R. corneopterygoid) - pathological R.: friendly contraction of the circular muscle of the eye and the external pterygoid muscle, followed by movement of the lower in the opposite direction when touching the cornea or vigorously closing the eye; a sign of bilateral damage to the cortical-nuclear pathways.

Reflex corneopterygoid(anat. cornea cornea + pterygoideus pterygoid) - see Corneomandibular reflex.

1) physiological P.: turning the eyes towards the sound source; 2.) physiological R.: change in heart rate and respiration with intense sound stimulation.

Reflex cochleopalpebral(r. cochleopalpebralis; anat. cochlea snail + palpebra eyelid) - see Auropalpebral reflex.

Reflex cochleopupillary(r. cochleopupillaris; anat. cochlea cochlea + pupula pupil) - see Cochlear reflex.

Reflex cochleostapedial(anat. cochlea cochlea + musculus stapedius stapedius muscle) - physiological P.: contraction of the stapedial muscle with intense sound stimulation, manifested by a sensation of pain in the ear.

Reflex cremasteric(anat. musculus cremaster muscle that lifts the testicle; synonym cremaster reflex) - physiological P.: tightening of the testicle with dashed skin irritation of the upper inner surface.

Reflex cubital(r. cubitalis; anat. cubitalis ulnar) - see Ulnar reflex.

Cubito-pronator reflex(r. cubitopronatorius; anat. cubitus + musciilus pronator pronator) - see Ulnar reflex.

Reflex Kussmaul - Genzler- see Reflex search.

Reflex labyrinth(r. labyrinthicus) is the common name for tonic P., caused by irritation of the receptors of the vestibular apparatus.

Reflex palmo-roto-head(r. palmoorocephalicus; syn.) - physiological R. in children under the age of 3 months: opening the mouth sometimes with the head tilted forward with pressure on the palmar surface of the hand at the base of the thumb.

Reflex scapular(r. scapularis; syn. Steinhausbn scapuloperiosteal reflex) - physiological R. adduction of the scapula when tapping along its inner edge or with dashed skin irritation medially from the inner edge of the scapula.

Reflex scapular-brachial(r. scapulobrachialis; synonym Bekhterev's scapular-shoulder reflex) - physiological P.: bringing the shoulder and rotating it outward when hitting the inner edge of the scapula with a hammer.

Radiation reflex(r. radialis; synonym: R. head of the beam, R. carporadial, R. metacarpal-radial, R. radiopronator, R. styloradial) - physiological P .: and flexion of the forearm, sometimes fingers when the hammer strikes the styloid process of the radius bones.

Reflex mamilloareolar(r. mamilloareolaris; lat. mamula nipple + areola mammae) - physiological P.: contraction of the smooth muscle fibers of the peripapillary circle, manifested by its noticeable thickening when the surface of the nipple is irritated.

Reflex mandibular(r. mandibularis; syn. masseter-reflex) - physiological P.: contraction of the masticatory muscles when struck with a hammer directly on the chin or on a spatula placed on the lower ones with a half-open mouth.

Reflex medioplantar(r. medioplantaris; lat. medium middle + planta sole) - physiological P.: flexion of the foot when struck with a mallet in the middle of the sole.

Reflex blinking- protective P: contraction of the circular muscle of the eye, for example, with a sudden illumination of the eye or the appearance of an object in front of the eyes.

Reflex myostatic(nrk) - see Stretch reflex.

Reflex monosynaptic(r. monosynapticus; Greek monos one + Synapse) - P., the reflex arc of which does not include intercalary neurons.

Reflex motor-vascular(r. motovascularis) - somatovegetative P.: change in the lumen of blood vessels with irritation or contraction of skeletal muscles.

Reflex motor-visceral(r. motovisceralis) is the common name for somatovisceral R. in the form of a change in the activity of any internal organs during irritation or contraction of the skeletal muscles.

Motor-dermal reflex(r. motodermalis) - somatovegetative P.: change in skin functions, such as sweating with irritation or contraction of skeletal muscles.

Motor-gastric reflex(r. motogastricus) - motor-visceral P.; a change in the secretory and motor activity of the stomach with irritation or contraction of the skeletal muscles.

Motor-cardiac reflex(r. motocardiacus) - motor-visceral P.: change in the rhythm of heart contractions with irritation or contraction of skeletal muscles.

Reflex motor-renal(r. motorenalis) - motor-visceral P.: change in kidney function during irritation or contraction of skeletal muscles.

Reflex motor-respiratory(r. motorespiratorius) - motor-visceral R.: change in the frequency and depth of breathing with irritation or contraction of skeletal muscles.

Superciliary reflex(r. superciliaris; synonym McCarthy supraorbital reflex) - physiological P.: closing of the eyelids when tapping along the inner edge of the superciliary arch.

Supraorbital reflex McCarthy- see Superciliary reflex.

Reflex periosteum- see Reflex periosteal.

Nasopalpebral reflex(r. nasopalpebralis; lat. nasus nose + palpebra eyelid) - physiological P.: closing of the eyelids with a slight tapping on the back of the nose or pressure on it.

Reflex palatine-cardiac. (r. palatocardiacus) - vegetative R.: increased heart rate with pressure on the hard palate.

Reflex palatine(r. palatalis) - physiological P.: raising the soft palate and tongue with mechanical irritation of the soft palate.

Nasal reflex(r. nasomentalis; synonym:, Flatau reflex) - R. oral automatism: contraction of the muscles of the chin when hitting the back of the nose with a hammer.

Reflex situational- a change in the development of any conditional R. when the environment changes.

Reflex defensive(r. protectivus) - see Protective reflex.

Reflex oculocardial(r. oculocardiacus; lat. oculus eye + Greek kardia) - see Oculocardial reflex.

Reflex oculo-ocular(r. oculoocularis; lat. oculus eye) - vegetative P.: increased intraocular pressure in the intact eye with hypertension in the other eye, caused by exposure to any stimulus (pain, thermal, chemical, etc.).

Reflex optomotor fusion(Greek optikos referring to vision + lat. motor leading to; synonym: R. fusion, R. fusion) - motor R. in the form of friendly movements of the eyeballs that occur with simultaneous stimulation of functionally different (disparate) points of the retina of the right and left eyes and leading to the projection of the image of the stimulus object on the corresponding points of the retina; provides binocular vision.

Reflex of oral automatism- stretching of the lips or the appearance of sucking movements when some parts of the body are irritated, mainly the face; for children of the first year of life are physiological P., later manifestations of pseudo-bulbar paralysis.

Reflexes indicative- P., arising from a sudden change in the environment and accompanied by the activation of analyzers and the mobilization of energy resources.

Reflex orthostatic(r. orthostaticus) - physiological vegetative P.: increased heart rate by 8-12 beats per 1 min. when changing the position of the human body from horizontal to vertical, for example, when getting out of bed.

Reflex paradoxical(r. paradoxalis) - P., which is expressed by a perverted (often opposite) effect compared to the normally occurring R. (for example, contraction of the flexors during irritation of the extensor tendons and vice versa).

Reflexes are pathological- the common name of P., found in an adult with damage to the pyramidal tract (in young children, such R. are normal).

Reflex periosteal(r. periostalis; synonym R. periosteal) - physiological P.: contraction of certain muscles during mechanical irritation of the periosteum, for example, when struck with a mallet.

Reflex peripheral(r. periphericus) - vegetative P., carried out through the ganglia of the autonomic nervous system without direct participation of the central nervous system.

Reflex peroneofemoral(r. peroneofernofalis; anat. peroneus peroneal + lat. fetnur thigh) - see Reflex from the biceps femoris.

Saw-motor reflex(r. pilomotorius; lat. pilus hair + motor setting in motion; syn. R. hairy) - vegetative R.: contraction of the muscles that lift, with mechanical or thermal irritation of skin receptors; manifested by the appearance of goose bumps.

Food reflex(r. alimentarius) - the general name of vegetative R., manifested by a change in the functional state of the digestive organs under the action of a food stimulus.

Plantar reflex(r. plantaris; lat. planta sole) - see Reflex plantar.

Reflex pleuropulmonary(r. pleuropulmonalis; anat. pleura + pulmo, pulmonis lung) - visceral R.: spasm of the bronchial muscles and blood vessels of the lungs during irritation of the pleura receptors.

Reflex chin(r. mentalis; synonym: R. mental-mental) - R. oral automatism: contraction of the chin muscles when hitting the chin with a hammer.

Reflex plantar(r. plantaris; syn. R.) - physiological P.: plantar flexion of the toes with dashed irritation of the skin of its plantar surface at the outer edge.

Reflex postural- see Postural reflex.

Reflex search(syn.) - physiological R. in children under the age of 2 months: stretching the lips, deflecting the tongue and turning the head in the direction of skin irritation in the nasolabial fold.

Reflex polysynaptic(Greek poly many + Synapse) - P., the reflex arc of which has one or more intercalary neurons.

Reflex postural(r. posturalis; synonym: R. postural, R.) - the common name of P., ensuring the maintenance of a certain position in space of the whole body or part of it (for example, limbs).

Pressor reflex(r. pressorius; lat. presso to press, reap) - the common name of P., leading to an increase in blood pressure.

Reflex acquired- see Reflex conditional.

Reflex pronator(r. pronatorius; anat. musculus pronator pronator) - physiological P.: pronation of the hand and forearm when struck with a hammer on the round pronator in the region of the medial condyle of the humerus.

Reflex proprioceptive(r. proprioceptivus) - the common name for P., manifested by contraction of skeletal muscles during stimulation of proprioceptors.

Reflex vesicular- visceral P.: contraction of the gallbladder when the mucous membrane of the duodenum is irritated by some food irritants (for example, vegetable oils) or specially administered substances (for example, magnesium sulfate solution).

Pupillomotor reflex(r. pupillomotorius; anat. pupilla pupil + lat. motor setting in motion) - see Pupil reflex.

Reflex metacarpal-radial(r. meta-carporadialis) - see Radial reflex.

Reflex radiopronator(r. radiopronatorius; anat. radius radius + musculus pronator pronator) - see Radial reflex.

Reflex extensor-ulnar- see Reflex from the triceps muscle of the shoulder.

Cross extensor reflex(syn.) - extension of a bent leg with passive flexion of the other leg in the hip and knee joints; observed with spastic paraparesis of the lower extremities as a pathological protective P., as well as in the norm - in young children.

Stretch reflex(syn. R. myostatic - nrk) - the common name of P., manifested by contraction of the skeletal muscle in response to its passive or active stretching.

Reflex gag(r. vomificus) - physiological P.: the occurrence of vomiting or the urge to it with mechanical irritation of the receptors of the posterior pharyngeal wall.

Costal reflex(r. costalis; syn.) - physiological P.: unilateral contraction of the muscles of the upper part of the abdominal wall when struck with a hammer on the edge of the costal arch.

Reflexes are segmental(r. segmentarii) - P., the reflex arc of which closes at the level of one or more neighboring segments of the spinal cord, for example, tendon R.

Reflex carotid sinus(r. sinocaroticus; anat. sinus caroticus) - the common name of P., arising from irritation of receptors located in the carotid sinus.

Reflex scapuloperiosteal Steinhausen(anat. scapula + periosteum periosteum) - see Reflex scapular.

Reflex of the zygomatic(r. zygomaticus) - pathological P.: lower jaw towards hemiplegia when tapping along the zygomatic arch from the same side.

fusion reflex- see Reflex optomotor fusion.

Solar reflex(r. solaris; anat. obsolete plexus solaris solar plexus; synonym: R. epigastric,) - vegetative R.: slowing of the pulse and a decrease in blood pressure when pressing on the abdominal wall between the navel and the xiphoid process (area of ​​the celiac plexus).

Somatic reflex(r. somaticus) - the common name for P., manifested by a change in the tone of skeletal muscles or their contraction during any effects on the body.

Somatovegetative reflex(r. somatovegetativus) - P., arising from irritation of the receptors of the skin, mucous membranes and musculoskeletal system and carried out with the participation of the autonomic nervous system.

Somatovisceral reflex(r. somatovisceralis) - P., manifested by a change in the function of internal organs when receptors of the skin or musculoskeletal system are irritated.

Reflex sucking- Physiological R. in newborns: rhythmic movements of the lips, tongue and muscles of the walls of the oral cavity during irritation of the receptors of the mucous membrane of the lips or surrounding skin; provides the act of sucking.

Reflex vascular(r. vascularis) - vegetative P., manifested by a change in the tone of blood vessels.

Reflex of spinal automatism- see Protective reflex.

Spinal reflexes(r. spinales) - P., the reflex arc of which closes in the spinal cord without the participation of the overlying sections of the central nervous system.

Spinoadductor reflex McCarthy- see Reflex adductor dorsal.

Reflex static(r. staticus; Greek statikos occupying a certain position) - see Postural reflex.

Reflexes are statokinetic(r. statokinetici; Greek statos referring to a certain position + kinēsis movement) - P., ensuring the balance of the body during its active and passive movement in space.

Stem reflexes- P., the reflex arc of which closes in the nuclei of the brain stem.

Reflex styloradial(r. styloradialis; anat. processus styloideus radii of the radius) - see Radial reflex.

Tendon reflex(r. tendinis) - physiological P.: muscle contraction during mechanical stimulation, for example, when struck with a hammer.

Reflex telereceptive(r. telereceptivus) is the common name for physiological P. arising from stimulation of distant receptors (visual, auditory, olfactory).

Tibioadductor reflex(r. tibioadductorius; anat. tibia tibia + musculus adductor adductor muscle; syn. R. tibiofemoral) - physiological R.: hip adduction during tapping along the lower part of the tibia.

Reflex tibiofemoral(r. tibiofemoralis; anat. tibia tibia + femur thigh) - see Tibioadductor reflex.

Reflex Tom- see Pendulum knee reflex.

Reflex tonic(r. tonicus) - the common name of P., expressed by a change in muscle tone.

Reflex tonic palmar(r. tonicus palmaris) - flexion of the fingers of the supinated hand with an increase in the concavity of the palm with repeated stroke stimulation of the palm in the direction from the hypothenar to the base of the thumb; observed with damage to the premotor region of the frontal lobe of the brain on the opposite side.

Reflex tonic cervical(r. tonicus cervicalis) - postural P.: change in the tone of the muscles of the neck, trunk and limbs when the position of the head changes.

Reflex tonic cervical asymmetric(r. tonicus cervicalis asymmetricus) - an increase in the tone of the extensors of the limbs on the side to which it is turned, with a simultaneous increase in the tone of the flexors of the limbs on the other side; physiological postural R. in children under the age of 3 months, at a later age - a symptom of cerebral palsy.

Reflex tonic cervical symmetrical(r. tonicus cervicalis symmetricus) - increased tone of the flexors of the upper and extensors of the lower extremities when the head is tilted forward; physiological postural R. in children under the age of 3 months, at a later age - a symptom of cerebral palsy.

Reflex from the triceps muscle of the shoulder(r. musculi tricipitis brachii; synonym R. extensor-ulnar) - physiological P.: extension of the forearm when the hammer strikes the tendon of the triceps muscle.

Reflex trigeminopupillary(r. trigeminopupillaris; anat. nervus trigeminus trigeminal nerve + pupilla pupil) - see Pupillary trigeminal reflex.

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