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The essence of a systematic approach

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Article subject:	The essence of a systematic approach
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In modern scientific literature, a systematic approach is most often perceived as a direction in the methodology of scientific knowledge and social practice, which is based on the consideration of objects as systems.

The systematic approach focuses researchers on revealing the integrity of the object, identifying the diverse connections in it and bringing them together into a single theoretical picture.

The system approach is a form of application of the theory of knowledge and dialectics to the study of processes occurring in nature, society, and thinking. Its essence lies in the implementation of the requirements of the general theory of systems, according to which each object in the process of its study should be considered as a large and complex system and, at the same time, as an element of a more general system.

The essence of the system approach lies in the fact that relatively independent components are considered not in isolation, but in their interconnection, in development and movement. As one component of the system changes, others change as well. This makes it possible to identify integrative system properties and qualitative characteristics that are absent in the elements that make up the system.

Based on the approach, the principle of consistency has been developed. The principle of the system approach is to consider the elements of the system as interconnected and interacting to achieve the global goal of the system functioning. A feature of the system approach is the optimization of the functioning of not individual elements, but the entire system as a whole.

The system approach is based on a holistic vision of the objects or processes under study and seems to be the most universal method for studying and analyzing complex systems. Objects are considered as systems consisting of regularly structured and functionally organized elements. A systematic approach is the systematization and unification of objects or knowledge about them by establishing significant links between them. The system approach involves a consistent transition from the general to the particular, when the basis for consideration is a specific ultimate goal, for the achievement of which the given system is being formed. This approach means that each system is an integrated whole even when it consists of separate disparate subsystems.

Basic concepts of the system approach: ʼʼsystemʼʼ, ʼʼstructureʼʼ and ʼʼcomponentʼʼ.

ʼʼSystem - ϶ᴛᴏ a set of components that are in relationships and connections with each other, the interaction of which generates a new quality that is not inherent in these components separatelyʼʼ.

A component is understood as any objects connected with other objects in a complex complex.

The structure is interpreted as the order of registration of elements in the system, the principle of its structure; it reflects the shape of the arrangement of elements and the nature of the interaction of their sides and properties. The structure connects, transforms the elements, giving a certain commonality, causing the emergence of new qualities that are not inherent in any of them. An object is a system if it is to be broken down into interrelated and interacting components. These parts, in turn, have, as a rule, their own structure and, therefore, are presented as subsystems of the original, large system.

The components of the system form backbone links.

The main principles of the systems approach are:

Integrity, which allows considering the system at the same time as a whole and at the same time as a subsystem for higher levels.

Hierarchy of the structure, that is, the presence of a plurality (at least two) of elements located on the basis of the subordination of elements of a lower level to elements of a higher level.

Structuring, which allows you to analyze the elements of the system and their relationships within a specific organizational structure. As a rule, the process of functioning of the system is determined not so much by the properties of its individual elements, but by the properties of the structure itself.

Multiplicity, which allows using a variety of cybernetic, economic and mathematical models to describe individual elements and the system as a whole.

For example, the education system is perceived as a system that includes the following components: 1) federal state educational standards and federal state requirements, educational standards, educational programs of various types, levels and (or) directions; 2) organizations engaged in educational activities, teachers, students and parents (legal representatives) of underage students; 3) federal state bodies and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation exercising state administration in the field of education, and local governments exercising management in the field of education, advisory, advisory and other bodies created by them; 4) organizations that provide educational activities, assess the quality of education; 5) associations of legal entities, employers and their associations, public associations operating in the field of education.

In turn, each component of the education system acts as a system. For example, the system of organizations engaged in educational activities includes the following components: 1) preschool educational organizations 2) general educational organizations 3) professional educational organizations of higher education. educational organizations 4) educational organizations of higher education.

Educational organizations of higher education can also be considered as a system that includes the following components: institutes, academies, universities.

The presented hierarchy of systems included in the education system is located on the basis of the subordination of lower-level components to higher-level components; All components are closely interconnected, form a holistic unity.

The third level of methodology - concrete scientific - this is the methodology of a particular science, it is based on scientific approaches, concepts, theories, problems specific to scientific knowledge in a particular science, as a rule, these foundations are developed by scientists of this science (there are scientists of other sciences).

For pedagogy, this level of methodology is, first of all, pedagogical and psychological theories, concepts for particular didactics (methods of teaching individual subjects) - theories in the field of didactics, for research in the field of education methods - basic concepts, theories of education. This level of methodology in a particular scientific study is most often its theoretical basis for the study.

The specific scientific level of pedagogy methodology includes: personal, activity, ethno-pedagogical, axiological, anthropological approaches, etc.

Activity approach. It has been established that activity is the basis, means and factor of personality development. The activity approach involves consideration of the object under study within the framework of the system of its activities. It involves the inclusion of educators in various activities: teaching, work, communication, play.

The personal approach means orientation in the design and implementation of the pedagogical process to the individual as a goal, subject, result and the main criterion for its effectiveness. It urgently demands the recognition of the uniqueness of the individual, his intellectual and moral freedom, the right to respect. Within the framework of this approach, it is supposed to rely on the natural process of self-development of the inclinations and creative potential of the individual, and the creation of appropriate conditions for this.

The axiological (or value) approach means the implementation in research, in education of universal and national values.

The ethno-pedagogical approach involves the organization and implementation of research, the process of education and training based on the national traditions of the people, their culture, national-ethnic rituals, customs, habits. The national culture gives a specific flavor to the environment in which the child grows and develops, various educational institutions function.

Anthropological approach, which means the systematic use of data from all sciences about man as a subject of education and their consideration in the construction and implementation of the pedagogical process.

To carry out the transformation, it is extremely important for a person to change the ideal way of his actions, the plan of activity. In this regard, he uses a special tool - thinking, the degree of development of which determines the degree of well-being and freedom of a person. It is a conscious attitude to the world that allows a person to realize his function as a subject of activity, actively transforming the world and himself on the basis of the processes of mastering the universal culture and cultural creation, self-analysis of the results of activity.

This, in turn, requires the use of a dialogic approach, which follows from the fact that the essence of a person is much richer, more versatile and more complex than his activity. The dialogical approach is based on faith in the positive potential of a person, in his unlimited creative possibilities of constant development and self-improvement. It is important that the activity of the individual, his needs for self-improvement are not considered in isolation. Οʜᴎ develop only in the conditions of relationships with other people, built on the principle of dialogue. The dialogical approach in unity with the personal and activity approach constitute the essence of the methodology of humanistic pedagogy.

The implementation of the above methodological principles is carried out in conjunction with the cultural approach. Culture is usually understood as a specific way of human activity. Being a universal characteristic of activity, it, in turn, sets the social and humanistic program and predetermines the direction of this or that type of activity, its value typological features and results. Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, the assimilation of culture by a personality presupposes its assimilation of the ways of creative activity.

A person, a child lives and studies in a specific socio-cultural environment, belongs to a certain ethnic group. In this regard, the culturological approach is transformed into an ethnopedagogical one. In such a transformation, the unity of the universal, national and individual is manifested.

One of the resurgents is the anthropological approach, which means the systematic use of data from all the sciences of man as a subject of education and their consideration in the construction and implementation of the pedagogical process.

Tech level methodology make up the methodology and technique of research, ᴛ.ᴇ. a set of procedures that ensure the receipt of reliable experimental material and its primary processing, after which it can be included in the array of scientific knowledge. This level includes research methods.

Methods of pedagogical research - methods and techniques of cognition of the objective laws of education, upbringing and development.

Methods of pedagogical research are divided into groups:

1. Methods for studying pedagogical experience: observation, survey (conversation, interview, questionnaire), study of written, graphic and creative works of students, pedagogical documentation, testing, experiment, etc.

2. Theoretical methods of pedagogical research: induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, generalization, work with literature (compilation of bibliography; summarizing; note-taking; annotation; citation), etc.

3. Mathematical methods: registration, ranking, scaling, etc.

The essence of the systematic approach is the concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Essence of a systematic approach" 2017, 2018.

A significant place in modern science is occupied by a systematic method of research or (as they often say) a systematic approach.

The special development of a systematic approach began in the middle of the 20th century with the transition to the study and practical use of complex multicomponent systems.

A systematic approach is a direction of research methodology, which is based on the consideration of an object as an integral set of elements in the totality of relationships and connections between them, that is, consideration of an object as a system.

Speaking of a systematic approach, we can talk about some way of organizing our actions, one that covers any kind of activity, identifying patterns and relationships in order to use them more effectively. At the same time, a systematic approach is not so much a method of solving problems as a method of setting problems. As the saying goes, "The right question is half the answer." This is a qualitatively higher, rather than just objective, way of knowing.

Basic concepts of the system approach: "system", "element", "composition", "structure", "functions", "functioning" and "goal". We will open them for a complete understanding of the systems approach.

A system is an object whose functioning, necessary and sufficient to achieve its goal, is provided (under certain environmental conditions) by a combination of its constituent elements that are in expedient relationships with each other.

An element is an internal initial unit, a functional part of the system, whose own structure is not considered, but only its properties necessary for the construction and operation of the system are taken into account. The "elementary" nature of an element lies in the fact that it is the limit of division of a given system, since its internal structure is ignored in a given system, and it acts in it as such a phenomenon, which in philosophy is characterized as simple. Although in hierarchical systems, an element can also be considered as a system. And what distinguishes an element from a part is that the word "part" indicates only the internal belonging of something to an object, and "element" always denotes a functional unit. Every element is a part, but not every part is an element.

Composition - a complete (necessary and sufficient) set of elements of the system, taken outside its structure, that is, a set of elements.

Structure - the relationship between the elements in the system, necessary and sufficient for the system to achieve its goal.

Functions are ways to achieve the goal, based on the expedient properties of the system.

Functioning is the process of realizing the expedient properties of the system, which ensures its achievement of the goal.

A goal is what the system should achieve based on its performance. The goal may be a certain state of the system or another product of its functioning. The importance of the goal as a system-forming factor has already been noted. Let us emphasize it once again: an object acts as a system only in relation to its purpose. The goal, requiring certain functions for its achievement, determines through them the composition and structure of the system.

The focus of the systematic approach is not the study of the elements as such, but primarily the structure of the object and the place of the elements in it. In general, the main points of the systematic approach are as follows:

1. The study of the phenomenon of integrity and the establishment of the composition of the whole, its elements.

2. Study of the regularities of connecting elements into a system, i.e. object structure, which forms the core of the system approach.

3. In close connection with the study of the structure, it is necessary to study the functions of the system and its components, i.e. structural-functional analysis of the system.

4. Study of the genesis of the system, its boundaries and connections with other systems.

A detailed definition of a systematic approach also includes the obligatory study and practical use of its following aspects:

1. system-element or system-complex, consisting in identifying the elements that make up this system.

2. system-structural, which consists in clarifying the internal connections and dependencies between the elements of a given system and allowing you to get an idea of the internal organization (structure) of the object under study;

3. system-functional, involving the identification of functions for the performance of which the corresponding objects are created and exist;

4. system-target, meaning the need for a scientific definition of the objectives of the study, their mutual linking with each other;

5. system-resource, which consists in a thorough identification of the resources required to solve a particular problem;

6. system-integration, consisting in determining the totality of the qualitative properties of the system, ensuring its integrity and peculiarity;

7. system-communication, meaning the need to identify the external relations of a given object with others, that is, its relations with the environment;

8. system-historical, which allows to find out the conditions in the time of occurrence of the object under study, the stages it has passed, the current state, as well as possible development prospects.

Basic principles of a systematic approach:

Integrity, which allows considering the system at the same time as a whole and at the same time as a subsystem for higher levels.

Hierarchy of the structure, i.e. the presence of a plurality (at least two) of elements located on the basis of the subordination of elements of a lower level to elements of a higher level. The implementation of this principle is clearly visible in the example of any particular organization. As you know, any organization is an interaction of two subsystems: managing and managed. One is subordinate to the other.

Multiplicity, which allows using a variety of cybernetic, economic and mathematical models to describe individual elements and the system as a whole.

Systems approach

Systems approach- the direction of the methodology of scientific knowledge, which is based on the consideration of an object as a system: an integral complex of interrelated elements (I. V. Blauberg, V. N. Sadovsky, E. G. Yudin); sets of interacting objects (L. von Bertalanffy); sets of entities and relationships (A. D. Hall, R. I. Fagin, late Bertalanffy).

Basic principles of the systems approach

Integrity, which allows to consider the system simultaneously as a whole and at the same time as a subsystem for higher levels.
Hierarchy of the structure, that is, the presence of a set (at least two) of elements located on the basis of the subordination of elements of a lower level to elements of a higher level. The implementation of this principle is clearly visible in the example of any particular organization. As you know, any organization is an interaction of two subsystems: managing and managed. One is subordinate to the other.
Structuring, which allows you to analyze the elements of the system and their relationships within a specific organizational structure. As a rule, the process of functioning of the system is determined not so much by the properties of its individual elements, but by the properties of the structure itself.
Plurality, which allows using a variety of cybernetic, economic and mathematical models to describe individual elements and the system as a whole.
Consistency, the property of an object to have all the features of the system.

Basic definitions of the systems approach

The founders of the systematic approach are: L. von Bertalanffy, A. A. Bogdanov, G. Simon, P. Drucker, A. Chandler.

System - a set of interrelated elements that form integrity or unity.
Structure - a way of interaction of system elements through certain connections (a picture of connections and their stability).
Process - dynamic change of the system in time.
Function - the work of an element in the system.
State - the position of the system relative to its other positions.
The system effect is such a result of a special reorganization of the elements of the system, when the whole becomes more than a simple sum of parts.
Structural optimization is a targeted iterative process of obtaining a series of system effects in order to optimize the applied goal within the given constraints. Structural optimization is practically achieved using a special algorithm for the structural reorganization of system elements. A series of simulation models has been developed to demonstrate the phenomenon of structural optimization and for training.

Main assumptions of the systems approach

There are systems in the world
System description is true
Systems interact with each other, and, therefore, everything in this world is interconnected.
Therefore, the world is also a system

Aspects of the systems approach

A systematic approach is an approach in which any system (object) is considered as a set of interrelated elements (components) that has an output (goal), input (resources), communication with the external environment, feedback. This is the most difficult approach. The system approach is a form of application of the theory of knowledge and dialectics to the study of processes occurring in nature, society, and thinking. Its essence lies in the implementation of the requirements of the general theory of systems, according to which each object in the process of its study should be considered as a large and complex system and, at the same time, as an element of a more general system.

A detailed definition of a systematic approach also includes the obligatory study and practical use of the following eight of its aspects:

system-element or system-complex, consisting in identifying the elements that make up this system. In all social systems, one can find material components (means of production and consumer goods), processes (economic, social, political, spiritual, etc.) and ideas, scientifically conscious interests of people and their communities;
system-structural, which consists in clarifying the internal relationships and dependencies between the elements of a given system and allowing you to get an idea of \u200b\u200bthe internal organization (structure) of the system under study;
system-functional, involving the identification of functions for which the corresponding systems are created and exist;
system-target, meaning the need for a scientific definition of the goals and sub-goals of the system, their mutual coordination with each other;
system-resource, which consists in a thorough identification of the resources required for the functioning of the system, for the solution of a particular problem by the system;
system-integration, consisting in determining the totality of the qualitative properties of the system, ensuring its integrity and peculiarity;
system-communication, meaning the need to identify the external relations of a given system with others, that is, its relations with the environment;
system-historical, which allows to find out the conditions at the time of the emergence of the system under study, the stages it has passed, the current state, as well as possible development prospects.

Almost all modern sciences are built according to the systemic principle. An important aspect of the systematic approach is the development of a new principle of its use - the creation of a new, unified and more optimal approach (general methodology) to knowledge, to apply it to any cognizable material, with a guaranteed goal of obtaining a complete and holistic view of this material.

Literature

A. I. Rakitov "Philosophical Problems of Science: A Systemic Approach" Moscow: Thought, 1977. 270p.
V. N. Sadovsky "System approach and general systems theory: status, main problems and development prospects" Moscow: Nauka, 1980
System Research. Yearbook. Moscow: Nauka, 1969-1983.
Philosophical and methodological studies of technical sciences. - Questions of Philosophy, 1981, No. 10, p. 172-180.
I. V. Blauberg, V. N. Sadovsky, E. G. Yudin “System approach in modern science” - In the book: Problems of the methodology of system research. M.: Thought, 1970, p. 7-48.
I. V. Blauberg, V. N. Sadovsky, E. G. Yudin “Philosophical principle of consistency and systematic approach” - Vopr. Philosophy, 1978, No. 8, p. 39-52.
G. P. Shchedrovitsky "Principles and general scheme of the methodological organization of system-structural research and development" - M .: Nauka, 1981, p. 193-227.
V. A. Lektorsky, V. N. Sadovsky "On the principles of research of systems

(in connection with the "general theory of systems" by L. Bertalanffy)" - Vopr. philosophy, 1960, no. 8, p. 67-79.

Savelyev A. V. Ontological extension of the theory of functional systems // Journal of Problems of the Evolution of Open Systems, Kazakhstan, Almaty, 2005, No. 1(7), p. 86-94.
Savelyeva T. S., Savelyev A. V. Difficulties and limitations of the systems approach in brain science. Materials XI Intern. conference on neurocybernetics "Problems of neurocybernetics". Rostov-on-Don, 1995, p. 208-209.

Links

Agoshkova E.B., Akhlibininsky B.V. Evolution of the concept of a system // Questions of Philosophy. - 1998. - No. 7. - S. 170-179.
Sidorov S.V. Rules for the implementation of a systematic approach in the management of a developing school // Electronic journal “Knowledge. Understanding. Skill ». - 2010. - No. 2 - Pedagogy. Psychology.
Systems approach // Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
Joseph O'Connor The Art of Systems Thinking. - 2008.
Joseph O'Connor, Ian McDermott The Art of Systems Thinking: Essential Skills for Creativity and Problem Solving // "Alpina Publisher". - M ., 2011. - No. 978-5-9614-1589-6.

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Integrity, which allows considering the system at the same time as a whole and at the same time as a subsystem for higher levels.

Multiplicity, which allows using a variety of cybernetic, economic and mathematical models to describe individual elements and the system as a whole.

The systems approach is a component of the general theory of systems and also proceeds from the key concept - the system. The system as an integral set of interrelated elements is not reduced to a simple sum of the properties of its elements. The social sciences, including political science, study purposeful or teleological systems. Man, human society are goal-oriented systems, the main features of which are goal-setting, memory and information exchange based on the feedback principle. By the way, man-made artificial systems also use the principle of feedback and memory. David Easton applied general systems theory to policy analysis. It may be noted that in relation to political science Easton played the same role as Parsons in sociology. We list the main works of Easton: "Political System" (1953), "The Structure of Political Analysis" (1965), "System Analysis of Political Life" (1965).

According to Easton, politics is an authoritative-imperious distribution of values for the whole society. The political system can be defined as the totality of political interactions in society. The distribution of values in society is one of the functions necessary for the preservation of society. The main question for Easton is this: how does the political system maintain stability, what are the mechanisms for its self-preservation?

Easton proposes to consider the political system as a "black box", ignoring what happens inside it, since the systems approach is mainly interested in the relationship of the system with the environment.

The environment can be considered in two aspects: both intra-social and extra-social. The political system constantly maintains links with the environment - it is an "open" system. See diagram 2 (Sharan P. Comparative political science. Part I. M., 1993. - P. 185).

System(Greek) - these are objects that have integrity and consist of parts and elements interacting with each other and the environment to achieve a specific goal.

The application of a systematic approach increases the efficiency of organizing and managing complex systems, which include commercial activities.

The main features and principles of a systematic approach are considered in a number of works by both foreign scientists (J1. von Bertalanffy, R. Johnson, F. Kast, R. Rosenzweig, J. Gig), and domestic (A. Bogdanov, A. Berg, V. Afanasiev, M. Segrov, E. Minko).

The general theory of systems, created by A. A. Bogdanov (1873-1928) and continued by the Austrian scientist L. von Bertalanffy (1901-1972), highlights the main aspects, features and principles of the system approach, which make it possible to characterize an object as a system phenomenon.

The systems approach performs heuristic functions(Eureka - Greek. I open, I look for - a word expressing joy, satisfaction).

Its positive role is that:

· the concepts and principles of the systemic approach make it possible to identify more real opportunities than are noted in traditional methods;
In addition, to identify the most complete links and search for specific elements of integrity, a systematic approach allows you to find a new explanation compared to traditional methods;
· complex objects have many division options, and the types of connections between elements can be different. The systematic approach allows to determine the criterion for choosing an adequate variant of division, taking into account the unit of analysis.

With the advent of new scientific and applied problems, the insufficiency of traditional approaches for solving such new problems is revealed, the insufficiency of explanation methods is revealed, therefore the principles of the systematic approach help to approach the subject of study in a new way.

characteristic developmental features socio-economic systems are:

· integration of scientific knowledge, growth in the number of interdisciplinary problems;
· the complexity of the problems and the need to study them in the unity of technical, economic, social, psychological, managerial and other aspects;
complication of the problems and objects to be solved;
increase in the number of links between objects;
dynamism of changing situations;
the scarcity of resources;
· increasing the level of standardization and automation of elements of production and management processes;
· globalization of competition, production, cooperation, standardization, etc.;
Strengthening the role of the human factor in management, etc.

The listed features cause the inevitability of applying a systematic approach, since, in our opinion, only on its basis can the quality of management decisions be ensured.

Systems approach - it is a methodology for studying objects as systems.

The system is formed by two components:

· external environment, including entrance and exit systems, communication with the external environment and feedback;
· internal structure, i.e. a set of interrelated components that ensure the process of the influence of the subject of control on the object, the processing of the input of the system into its output and the achievement of the goals of the system.

Production system - this is the unity of the material and non-material components of the analyzed object, its external and internal relations, ensuring the rationality of information, production, management and other processes for processing the input of the system into its output and achieving the goals of the subject of management.

An object (workshop, enterprise, organization, etc.) that does not meet these conditions is called unsystematic, chaotic. In a market economy, the goal of production systems should be to ensure (increase) the competitiveness of products. The main terms and concepts of the systematic approach are given in Table. 2.1.

Table 2.1. Basic terms and concepts in the field of a systematic approach

Terms and concepts	The essence of the term and concept in relation to socio-economic systems
1. System	An integral complex of interconnected components, which has a special unity with the external environment and is a subsystem of a higher order system (global system). The unity of the system with the external environment determines its relationship with the operation of objective economic laws
2. System analysis	Analysis based on a comprehensive study of the properties of the system using scientific approaches to identify its strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats, the formation of a strategy for functioning and development
3. System structure	A set of system components that are in a certain order and combine local goals for the best achievement of the main (global) goal of the system. The number of system components and their connections should be minimal. but sufficient to achieve the main goal of the system
	The material substratum of the system, the totality of people, means of production and objects of labor
5. Connections (in the system and with the external environment)	Information and documentary flows in the system between its components for making and coordinating the implementation of management decisions. Information must be of the required volume and quality, in the right place and at the right time.
6. System input	Components entering the system (raw materials, materials, components, various types of energy, new equipment, personnel, documents, information, etc.)
7. System energy	People and tools, innovations, inside information. Management should be aimed at the rational use of energy
8. Substance of the system	Items of labor (everything that is processed in the system)
9. System exit	Goods (products, services, innovations, etc.) produced by the system in accordance with the plan
10. Purpose of the system	The final state of the system or its output, to which it tends due to its structural organization. (The goal, for example, of a production system might be to achieve the required mass of newly created value by producing competitive goods for consumers.)
11. External environment of the system	Components of the macro environment (country), the infrastructure of the region in which the system is located, and the micro environment of the system with which it has direct or indirect links. The input and output components of the system are not related to the external environment, they are related to the external environment.
12. Feedback
13. Method of acceptance managerial	The method of choosing methods for collecting and processing information, forms of motivation in combination with the decision-making method. Determines the speed and quality of decision making
14. Management organization	Finding the optimal combination of energy and matter of the system in space and time, adoption, documentation, control and coordination of the implementation of the decision
15. Correlator organizations management	Operator of information accumulation, control and regulation of the parameters of the system functioning. The more accurately the information reflects the structure of the system, the higher the level of its organization.
16. Information	Necessary reflected diversity (necessary - the degree of description of the system: reflected - reflecting its content, structure, connections and decision-making method)
17. Apparatus for comparison	An element of the system that provides control over its functioning within the established parameters. It serves as the basis for constructing a functioning program and determines the legitimacy of the action or process being performed and its economy
18. Relationships in the system	The relationship between the components of the system, due to the implementation of the main goal. Rational construction of the system memory as the ability to store information ensures minimal decision-making costs
19. System building	Determining the number of system components necessary for normal functioning to achieve its goals, structuring the components by hierarchy levels (analysis) and establishing links between them. The correctness of structuring is checked by synthesis or addition of components, starting from the lower level of the hierarchy
20. System operation	Organization of the interaction of energy and matter of the system to achieve planned goals, coordination, accounting and control, motivation and regulation of the interaction of system components
21. System development	The process of improving the system based on the study of the mechanism of competition, the laws of reproduction, the development of needs, saving time and other factors that ensure the survival of the system
22. System Activators	Operators or system positives (e.g. competitive advantage) to be maintained or enhanced
23. System deactivators	Operators or factors of negative impact on the system (for example, threats), resulting in its destruction
24. System behavior	The way the system interacts with the external environment and the ordering of links in the structure of the system to achieve its goals. The study of the mechanisms of action of objective economic laws, the application of scientific approaches to management and the study of the properties of the system is a prerequisite for its optimal or rational behavior
25. Contradictions in the system	Actions of system components with opposite purposes or functions. Decrease in overtalk contributes to the normal functioning of the system and its development
26. Intervention	The method of influence of the subject of management (of a higher level) on the object, the method of regulating production or management processes in case of significant deviations from management standards
27. System training	The process of accumulating knowledge and mastering the skills of making rational management decisions

The study of the essence of management should begin with the definition of its components and the relationship between them and the external environment, establishing the differences between the management of the functioning of the system under given conditions and the management of the development of the system.

The purpose of control in the first case is the elimination of internal and external disturbances without changing the output parameters of the system, and in the second case, the change in input and output parameters in accordance with changes in the external environment.

The regulation of the system ensures such its activity, in which the state of the output of the system is leveled according to a given norm. Consequently, the main task is reduced to establishing a given state of the functioning of the system, provided for by planning as a proactive control. The complexity of management depends primarily on the number of changes in the system and its environment. All changes have certain patterns or are random. The essence of management can be considered as a combination of the following concepts: management organization, management process and information.

It is possible to talk about the organization of management only when the goal and object of management are singled out. Therefore, the effectiveness of the organization of management largely depends on the clarity of the formulation of management objectives.

The main position of the system approach is that if an element belongs to the system or is contained in it. then it is always less than the system. systems approach behavioral

As a complex methodology of the process of cognition and analysis of systems, the systems approach is characterized by the following main features:

The object under study is evaluated as a whole, regardless of the considered point of view;
The solution of particular problems is subject to the solution of problems common to the entire system;
cognition of an object is not limited to the functioning mechanism, but expands to reveal the internal patterns of the object's development;
Elements of the system that are of secondary importance under certain conditions may turn out to be significant when circumstances change.

Main principles systemic approach:

· unity- the system is considered as a whole and as a set of parts;
· integrity-- elements can be of different directions, but they are compatible at the same time;
· dynamism - the ability of the system to change the state under the influence of directed or random factors;
· interdependence of system and environment, i.e. the system manifests its properties in the process of interaction with the environment;
· hierarchy - those. ranking of parts, each element of the system is considered as a subsystem, and the system itself is considered as an element of a more complex system;
· organization - putting in order the constituent parts and the links that unite them;
· multiplicity state and descriptions of the system - the construction of various models, each of which describes a certain state of the system;
· decomposition - the possibility of dividing an object into component parts, each of which has goals arising from the overall goal of the system.

A number of interrelated perspectives for considering a systematic approach determines its essence:

elemental, showing what elements the system consists of during its construction and study;
Structural, revealing the internal organization of the system, the nature of the connections and methods of interaction between the components;
functional, answering the question of what functions the system itself and its constituent components perform;
communication, revealing the relationship of this system with others both horizontally (cooperation) and vertically (subordination);
· integrative, showing the mechanisms, factors of conservation, improvement and development of the system;
historical, answering the question of how, how the system arose, what stages it went through in its development and what are the trends (prospects) of its development.

Lecture 2. Theoretical foundations of the systems approach

1. The essence of a systematic approach.

2. Basic concepts of a systematic approach.

3. Operating system (work system).

2. Control system. System control mechanism.

The concept of a system.

Currently, systems theory and a systematic approach to the analysis of various objects are becoming more widespread in the scientific discipline.

General systems theory is a scientific direction associated with the development of a set of philosophical, methodological, concrete scientific and applied problems of analysis and synthesis of complex systems of an arbitrary nature.

The basis for the emergence of the general theory of systems are analogies (isomorphism) of processes occurring in systems of various types. Strictly proven isomorphism for systems of different nature makes it possible to transfer knowledge from one sphere to another. The analogy of various processes and the organization of various objects have made it possible to create a set of scientific statements that are true to the analysis of various fields. Thus, all phenomena and objects of the objective world can be represented as systems. All systems (systems from psychology, medicine, economics, etc.) have common laws of development, organization and disorganization.

Thus, system analysis is a methodology, the study of objects by presenting them as systems and analyzing these systems. A systems approach in economics is a comprehensive study of the economy as a whole from the standpoint of systems theory.

Basic concepts of a systematic approach.

System(from the Greek σύστημα, “holistic”, “whole”, “composed”) - something organizational unity that can be opposed to the environment.

The term is used to refer to both specific real objects (for example, the economic system of Ukraine, the nervous system, the fuel system of a car), and to refer to abstract theoretical models (for example, a market economic system, science as a system of knowledge about something). Thus, we can say that:

1. Any object considered as a system acts in relation to other objects and surrounding, external conditions as something single and separate;

2. Systems form an organized integrity with their internal connections and relationships;

3. The system, as a scientific abstraction, is based on the objective existence of integral objects in the material world. However, it differs from the real object:

A distraction from many internal aspects and features of the object itself, which are insignificant from the point of view of the researcher.

4. For a correct understanding systems discovery process must be assumed to have object of observation, observer and purpose of observation. The presence of the observer and the purpose of observation leads to the fact that the real object becomes the source of detection of a number of systems. For example, the human body is the basis for identifying a number of systems - the nervous system, the digestive system, the skeletal system. Technology can be considered from an economic point of view or from a technological point of view.

Examples of systems - Banking system Ventilation system Intelligent system Information system Computer system Nervous system Operating system Optimal system

The basic concepts of the system approach are also "entry into the system", "exit from the system", "feedback", "external environment".

System input- components entering the system. Any information, energy, matter entering the system.

System output- components leaving the system. Any information, energy, substance leaving the system.

Feedback- this is how the output of the system affects the input of the system.

Wednesday (external environment)- for a given system - a set of all objects not included in the system, the change of properties of which affects the system.

The graphical model of the system is shown in Figure 1.

Enter exit

Feedback

Rice. 1. Graphic model of the system

To study systems, in turn, they take a number of other approaches that are a logical continuation of systems theory: functional, structural, dynamic approaches.

functional approach- an approach to the study of systems, in which they are not interested in “what is it?”, i.e. structure and structure, and “what does it do?”, i.e. study its functions and behavior.

Black box method- a method of functional study of systems, in which it is considered that the internal structure of the system, the interaction of its elements and internal states are closed to the observer. In this case, only the states of the inputs and outputs of the given system are observed and studied, i.e. the function that a particular system implements.

Basic concepts of the functional approach to the study of systems: input, output, black box, function

As the functional properties are studied, the researcher needs a deeper study of specific systems, and he moves from studying the function of the system to studying its structure.

Structural approach- an approach to study, in which the internal structure of the system, the internal hierarchical and functional relationship of the elements of the system is studied.

Structure(from lat. struktura - structure, arrangement, order) - a set of elements and stable relationships between them, ensuring its integrity and the preservation of basic properties under various internal and external influences. "Dismemberment" of the system can be carried out with different depths and different degrees of detail. Therefore, it is advisable to single out such concepts as "subsystem" and "element". Subsystem- a part of the system that has signs of integrity within the framework of this system and is able to perform relatively independent functions, having subgoals aimed at achieving the overall goal of the system.

The subsystem, in turn, can be considered as a system. Each system also consists of parts, which are called elements. System element- such part of the system, which in the conditions of this study seems to be indivisible, is not subject to further division into components.

At the same time, the system itself can be part of a larger system, which is called the supersystem. Subsystem- a system that is part of another system and is capable of performing relatively independent functions, having subgoals aimed at achieving the overall goal of the system.

All subsystems and elements of the system are interconnected to perform the overall function of the system.

Relationship between elements- means that the output of one of them is connected to the input of the other, and therefore changing the output states of the first one accordingly changes the input states of the second element. In turn, the output of the second element can be connected with the input of the first.

Basic concepts of the structural approach to the study of systems: element, structure, subsystem, supersystem, connection.

Of particular importance is the study of systems in dynamics, i.e. in its movement, development, system change. Therefore, static analysis of the system and dynamic analysis of the system are separated. Static analysis is simpler; it allows you to identify the primary foundations of the functioning and structure of the system. More complex is dynamic analysis, it allows you to study systems in motion in the process of dynamics.

Static analysis of a system is the study of systems outside the process of their changes, as if in a frozen state of balance of elements. Identification of the internal structure, basic elements and relationships between them.

Dynamic analysis of the system - the study of systems in the process of change, development, movement. Analysis of contradictions. Research patterns and development trends, identification of crises and development cycles.

Basic concepts of the dynamic approach: change, development, dynamics, cycle, evolution.

Tab. 1. Basic properties of systems *.

Portal for the student. Self-training

Why is a systematic approach needed? Communication channels

Basic definitions of the systems approach

Main assumptions of the systems approach

Aspects of the systems approach

see also

Literature

Links

See what the "Systemic Approach" is in other dictionaries:

Portal for the student. Self-training

Basic definitions of the systems approach

Main assumptions of the systems approach

Aspects of the systems approach

see also

Literature

Links

See what the "Systemic Approach" is in other dictionaries:

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