08.05.2015
Are the roads good in Russia? Highly. You just need to know how to move on them. According to legend, Rus is the God of river rapids (until 1998). Later, in the same dictionary of Dahl's "Living Great Russian Language", he was called the monster of the Dnieper rapids. Why Dneprovsky? Are there many rapid rivers in Russia?
And then, there are very quiet rivers, along which it is a pleasure to walk. Not the same, of course, as on rapids on rafts. Try to move in the taiga, swampy and lacustrine, not along the rivers. You will immediately understand that cars here are an extra burden, and boats are the most necessary thing. Maintaining these roads is very cheap and profitable. The main thing is to do nothing and protect the forest, especially along the coast.
But what really has always been expensive in Russia is the roads. That's why they called it this way: the road is something that costs a lot. And why build them, so that guests from behind the cordon would be more pleasant? But after all, they have such a nature, once in the taiga, they will begin to demand crackers, chips, toast, a coffee machine and a bidet, surprisingly for squirrels. And they look at the Russians like they are monsters. However, we never object. It is not accepted by us.
Only now to build roads so that it would be easier for foreigners to conquer Russia - excuse me. The Russians built their ships in such a way that they could navigate both the seas and the rivers. The water guides us. Therefore, in ancient times, gray-haired, and now our paths are the same. But historians and politicians have a close interest in only one of them. In the Middle Ages it was known as the route "from the Varangians to the Greeks".
Humanities are indifferent to the path “from the Varangians to the Arabs” of the same time, not like “from the Varangians to the Greeks”. Significant path. It is interesting that who the Greeks are - they remember in the world, and who the Vikings are - decisively, they forgot. In general, we call mittens like that in the North. They are warmer than gloves. Neither the Arabs nor the Greeks, of course, wear the Vikings. But the Russians can take them off, put them on and make them. The journey "from the Varangians to the Greeks" began in the northern fortress of the Rus.
In the North we have many fortresses, modern and ancient. For example, Staraya Ladoga, on the Volkhov, next to Lake Ladoga. The fortress withstood more than one siege by the Swedish and allied troops of Western well-wishers (the first was in 1164), but remained undefeated. It was manipulated only through treaties, for vague political reasons. This time in the history of Russia is called so - troubled.
Fortress of military glory of Russians - Oreshek, at the source of the Neva. The grandson of Alexander Nevsky, Prince Yuri Danilovich founded it in 1323. During the Great Patriotic War, 350 fighters from the garrison of the fortress held back the Nazis for 500 days, protecting the Road of Life, until the blockade of Leningrad was lifted. The enemy could not cross the Neva. In 1702, Peter the Great renamed Oreshek into Shlisselburg or Shlyusenburg, the people corrected it - Shlyushin.
Serdobol in the North of Lake Ladoga - now Sortavala, out of respect for the Finns. The fortress on Solovki - only betrayal opened the way for unwanted guests there. Vyborg, built by Gostomysl, Novgorod prince of the pre-Rurik times. We will not remember Ust-Narova at the mouth of the wayward river Norova. Narva is now abroad. Why do Russians need cities? It seems that two are enough for them: the city and Novgorod.
We now have three Novgorodovs: Veliky, Nizhny and Scythian Naples - modern Simferopol, out of respect for the Greeks. Ah, the Old City, do you know where? You won't guess, in Oldenburg, in Lower Saxony, out of respect for the Germans. In the surviving medieval texts, the Byzantine emperor, Constantine Porphyrogenitus, insists, however, that the fortress from which the Russians began their journey to Constantinople was called Nevograd.
We have one beautiful city in the north, which the descendants cannot divide between Peter and Lenin. Neva would reconcile everyone, maybe? The most difficult thing on this path was to go through the rapids. And who was waiting for the Russians there? Incredibly, their ancestor, Rus, is the God of the river rapids, or the monster of the Dnieper rapids, if someone so likes it. Mysterious people.
COMPLETED: 10th grade student
MOU SOSH with. 1-Berezovka
Maryin Ivan
SUPERVISOR:
Kochetkova Natalia Nikolaevna,
Teacher of Russian language and literature
PETROVSK 2007
In Russia along the roads to all ends
In the last century bells sounded.
In the rain and blizzard, the troikas rushed,
Three people were brought...
From a folk song
In the village of Vyra, Gatchinsky District, Leningrad Region, there is the "Station Master's House" - the country's first museum of literary heroes, created according to the story "The Station Master" by A. S. Pushkin, archival documents and materials of the Central Museum of Communications. This is a monument to the past road life in Russia.
The museum opened in October 1972 in the preserved building of the Vyra post station. The history of the station began in 1800, when it was transferred from the neighboring village of Rozhdestvena for convenience. In Pushkin's time, the Belarusian postal route passed here, and Vyra was the third village from St. Petersburg. She served a run of 25 miles Gatchina - Vyra. Here travelers changed horses. All postal stations were then divided into four categories. Vyra was a village of the third category (55 horses, no hotel, tavern, all wooden buildings). The neighboring station in the Lizard, of the second category, had 60 horses, a hotel, and stone buildings. There were no stations of the first category on the route.
Gradually, postal stations were built up, overgrown with auxiliary services. By the forties of the last century, the Vyra station was already a whole complex of buildings: two stone buildings connected along the facade by a wall with a gate and a gate, two wooden stables, a smithy, a barn, a well bordered a paved courtyard, forming a closed square, which was connected to the tract by an access road .
Life was in full swing here: troikas drove in and out, coachmen bustled about, grooms led away lathered horses and brought out fresh ones. The caretaker in a uniform frock coat shouted at the slow ones, the passers-by brushed off their fur coats, hurrying into the warmth. The ringing of bells, the snoring of horses, the creaking of skids... How familiar was this picture to Russian people of the 19th century! Traveling through postal taverns, slow, with a long wait at the stations, turned into an event for Pushkin's contemporaries and, of course, was reflected in literature. The theme of the road can be found in the works of A. N. Radishchev and N. M. Karamzin, P. A. Vyazemsky and F. I. Glinka, A. S. Pushkin and M. Yu. Lermontov:
Here comes the daring trio
To Kazan by an expensive pillar,
And a bell, a gift from Valdai,
Buzzing sadly under the arc.
F. I. Glinka
The troika rushes, the troika jumps,
Dust curls from under the hooves;
The bell cries loudly
And laughs and squeals.
P. A. Vyazemsky
The bell rings, and the troika rushes,
Behind her, dust, winding a column;
The evening chime gradually lasts,
Dead silence all around!
N. Anordist
Here comes the postal troika
Along Mother Volga in winter,
The coachman, humming dejectedly, shakes his violent head.
Dust is spinning, curling
On the road between the fields
Whirlwind rushes and rushes
Three greyhound horses.
V. P. Chuevsky
Pushkin traveled a lot. About 34 thousand miles he drove along the roads of Russia. The poet loved to travel, and if in verse he complained about boredom and the depressing monotony of road views (“Wilderness and snow ... Towards me / Only striped miles / Caught alone ...”), then this was only a poetic complaint, literary grief, not related to the lively pleasure with which he set off on his journey. Pushkin was extremely easy-going, and he liked to ride alone - the coachman does not count. Light, sociable, he joyfully entrusted himself to a long road loneliness. He was not bored even with the well-known every turn, every bump, every booth, barrier, milestone, the Moscow tract. Thoughts, images are crowded, inexhaustible inner fullness transforms the environment, makes it a participant in intense mental work. He loved the road - it was good to think in the carriage, but he was also bored, languid, desperate ...
About this not only in the "Winter Road", but also in the "Road Complaints", and in the poem:
Silver in the field
The snow is wavy and pockmarked,
The moon is shining, the troika is rushing
On the pole road.
Sing: in the hours of road boredom,
On the road, in the dark of night
Sweet are my native sounds
The ringing song of the remote ...
He had a chance to visit hundreds of postal stations, to meet with many caretakers. At least 13 times he visited the Vyra station, which was connected by popular belief with the story "The Stationmaster".
The legend that it was here that the events described in Pushkin's story took place was partly caused by the poet himself. Hussar Minsky travels from Smolensk to St. Petersburg by the Belorussian highway, through Vyra. The station is located near St. Petersburg - the caretaker goes to look for his daughter on foot. The name of the stationmaster - Samson Vyrin - is derived from the name of the village and the postal station. It is known from archival documents that a superintendent and his daughter actually served at the Vyra station for many years. Was the prototype of Pushkin's Samson Vyrin a specific Vyra caretaker, or did the poet create a generalized image of 1649 "existing martyrs" of the fourteenth class, who then served the postal routes of vast Russia? ..
The story was written in 1830 in Boldino. It does not contain the name of the station, and the village is not named either. But, perhaps, the poet remembered in the Boldin silence the small village of Vyra, the cozy house of the postal station, its small-hearted inhabitants, whom they met more than once on the way to Mikhailovskoye, Pskov, Chisinau ...
The museum recreates the atmosphere typical for the postal stations of Pushkin's time. From the small passage, lit by a lantern with a candle, is the entrance to the "clean half" for those passing by, the interior of which reproduces the "humble, but tidy abode" of the stationmaster and his daughter.
An illustration of Pushkin's story is the decree "For those traveling at the post office", which reads: "Station guards who do not have class ranks are upholstered in a fence, use the 14th class at the highest will." According to the rules, travelers had to show the road inspector, according to which the horses were issued, observing the "Table of Ranks".
Pushkin in 1820 had the rank of 10th class - collegiate secretary - and could only get two horses.
In the red corner of the house-museum is the caretaker's desk. On it is a bronze candlestick, an inkwell with a goose quill, a book for recording travellers. Nearby is a book by A. S. Pushkin dated May 5, 1820, which says: “... the collegiate secretary A. Pushkin was sent for the needs of service to the chief trustee of the southern region of Russia, Lieutenant General Inzov ...”
The atmosphere of the "pure half" resurrects Pushkin's line in memory. It seems that now the owner of fifty will come in from the street, fresh and cheerful, in a long green frock coat, with three medals on faded ribbons and will say a familiar one: “Hey! Put the samovar on and go for the cream, ”and a blue-eyed beauty will come out from behind the partition ...
And here is that room “behind the partition” ... This is the light of a girl from the bourgeois class. Sofa, dowry chest, handicraft table with fingers, chest of drawers. Here is the dress that Dunya was sewing when Captain Minsky arrived, a toilette, a knitting box. On the chest of drawers is a portrait of Samson Vyrin and Minsky, next to it, on the wall - Dunya. “Oh, Dunya, Dunya! What a girl she was! It used to be that whoever passes by, everyone will praise, no one will condemn. She held on: what to cook, she had time for everything.
Literature
The stationmaster's house. - L., 1985.
Russian songs and romances. - M., 1989.
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COMPLETED: student of grade 10 MOA SOSH p. 1-Berezovka Maryin Ivan ADVISOR: Kochetkova Natalia Nikolaevna, teacher of Russian language and literature PETROVSK 2007 In Russia, bells sounded along the roads to all ends In the last century, bells sounded. In the rain and blizzard, the troikas rushed, The troikas were carrying people ... From a folk song In the village of Vyra, Gatchinsky district of the Leningrad Region, there is the "House of the Stationmaster" - the country's first museum of literary heroes, created based on the story of A. S. Pushkin "The Stationmaster", archival documents and materials of the Central Museum of Communications. This is a monument to the past
Sergei AzimovIn life there are a huge number of situations, things or people that do not suit us for a long time. For example: - Relationships that have long been a burden. - A job that is long overdue. - A business that brings only losses. But for unknown reasons, we cling to the side of a sinking ship in the hope that it may float someday, spending the remaining nerves, time, and money on this. Of course, if we take into account the attitudes - "patience and
How I got lost in the forest (composition-story) Early on Sunday morning, Roman and I decided to go for a walk in the forest, and at the same time pick up mushrooms. We took an electric train to Levkovka, passed through a plowed field and ended up in a pine forest. Although it is difficult to call it a completely pine forest, rather, it is a mixed forest, as birches, oaks, and mountain ash are found among pines. After walking a little, we saw a group of fly agarics in a clearing. Large mushroom with a bright orange cap
"... A red island floated across the ocean. A bay island floated in a blue sea ..." Only in a nightmare can one imagine this picture: a boundless expanse of water and on it - "a thousand horses!" They were transported in the hold of a ship with the proud name "Gloria", which in Russian means "glory". But a tragedy occurred: a mine pierced the bottom of the ship, and it happened "far, far from the earth." What did the people do? "They got into the boats, climbed into the boats, the horses swam just like that." At the beginning of the poem
Fairy-tale characters in this poem are taken from "grandmother's tales". What are these heroes? Prove that the poet kindly laughs at children's fears. The witch, the goblin, the snake are the heroes of fairy tales, which the kids remember in the night. The darkness is frightening, and the guys quickly and skillfully build a fire (“light”), the light from which helps them cope with their fears. We feel how the author kindly laughs at the heroes of the poem. In what fairy tales did you meet the heroes of the poem? Goblin, snake and witch -
Preliminary questions: What is common in the depiction of St. Petersburg by A. S. Pushkin and F. M. Dostoevsky? What is the difference? What is the peculiarity of the conflict “personality-state” in “The Bronze Horseman” by A. S. Pushkin and in “Crime and Punishment” by F. M. Dostoevsky? In what works of A.S. Pushkin did the theme of conscience become the most important? How is the problem of conscience solved in the novel "Crime and Punishment"? Compare the development of the theme of love from the work of A. S. Pushkin to the novel “Crime and Punishment” by F.
Today, in order to go into outer space, it is necessary to make a dangerous journey on a rocket. To be taken into space, you need good health, strong nerves and a lot of money. NASA researchers and LiftPort Inc. propose to simplify the launch of large objects into orbit, using a system they called the "Space Elevator". Here is how Dr. Bradley Edwards explains the concept of a space elevator in an NIAC report: "A space elevator is a ribbon, one end of which is attached to the Earth's surface and the other
Those of us who have had occasion to search with a metal detector in places where roads were once laid are well aware that this is not an easy task, it takes a lot of effort and time. I myself had to rewind more than a dozen kilometers, despite the presence of old maps and modern navigation aids, in the hope of somehow learning how to determine where the concentration of finds is, without trampling these very tens of kilometers. I'm not talking about inns, worship crosses, crossings, I'm talking about less obvious signs. For me personally, the conclusion turned out to be unambiguous - only with legs! And if significant, large roads, say, of the 19th century, can still be calculated with the necessary accuracy, then with older ones it is much more difficult.
It’s good when you manage to find a crossroads or possible watering places, otherwise it remains to turn on your own imagination, examining places supposedly convenient for halts, etc. Also, if it is possible to determine exactly where the road passed, I consider it necessary to search at a distance, at least a few meters from the road itself, and along both sides of it. I understand how much time and effort it will take, but the result gives.
But my article is not actually about ways to search along the old roads. The fact is that while doing my research, I became interested in the very history of the Russian road.
I hope that some of the collected information will be of interest to the readers of our site.
From ancient times, in Russia, rivers were used for transportation. Especially in winter, such a road was convenient and safe. In spring and autumn, movement was in few places possible, and in summer you can’t scatter everywhere, through swamps and thickets.
For example, when in 1014 Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich was preparing for a campaign against Novgorod, he ordered to "pull the path and build bridges." Bridges at that time, these were the gati in the swamps, etc. Branches were laid on the impenetrable mud, logs were laid. Even Russkaya Pravda indicated such a bridge duty. That's where the Russian word "pavement" comes from.
Northern Russia, the Moscow side, for example, was called the Deaf Forest, where you can’t find a way at all. A curious case is well known in history when two armies, Moscow and Vladimir, going to battle, with each other, simply missed each other and got lost. In the end, the battle didn't happen.
However, closer to the end of the Tatar-Mongolian yoke, things moved forward noticeably. The major centers of Russia were connected by roads under princely supervision. Although it must be admitted, in general, the road business was not in the best way. And already the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan 3 created the Yamskaya order, it was a mail service organized at a serious, state level. During the reign of Ivan 3, even foreign diplomats noted the high organization of the persecution. And we all know how Western diplomats "loved" to praise Russia and recognize our ancestors' ability to do something no worse, if not much better, than in the West.
Of course, we are especially interested in pits - postal stations and settlements of coachmen of that time. To calculate such a place is a huge success for any search engine.
Tsar Ivan the Terrible, having significantly increased the territory of the country, further developed the system of postal chase and roads, respectively.
After the Time of Troubles, unfortunately, the roads became much worse.
The time has come for Peter 1. It is difficult to list all the innovations introduced by the emperor. Here are just a few. The position of zemstvo commissars was introduced, responsible for the condition of roads, the obligatory burden on peasants to participate in the spring and autumn repair of roads, the appearance of the first milestones. Interestingly, when installing the pillars, young trees were planted between neighboring ones.
Under Alexander1, the roads were divided into categories: main communications (state); large messages; provincial ordinary postal messages; county postal and trade communications; rural and field. To cover the cost of their construction, a road tax was introduced from each revision soul plus a tax on merchants.
In 1847, a cross profile for state highways was even approved, providing for a layer of sand 10 inches thick on clay soils; in this road innovation, Russia was the first in the world.
From 1840 to 1860, many roads were built, then construction began to decline noticeably, and from 1867 it almost completely stopped.
Of course, I was not even interested in the history of the road business in the Soviet period. The topic is very broad. Thus, in a very concise and general form, I outlined the history of road construction in Russia.
In fact, there is a huge amount of quite accessible material on this issue. The topic will be extremely useful and exciting for people who are not indifferent to their history.
Studying the history of roads in Russia, I was lucky to meet an interesting person who has been fond of travel for decades. But not quite ordinary travel. He finds ancient roads and passes along them, regardless of whether the forest there is now dense or swamps. He also looks for villages and other settlements that have not existed for a long time, once settlements, as well as temples. But he doesn't dig, he just takes pictures. I hope this enthusiastic and knowledgeable person will not refuse to give an interview for the visitors of our site.
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“There are five hundred versts on the straight road,
Oh, she’s about a thousand.”
(Epic "Ilya Muromets and the Nightingale the Robber")
They say that all roads go from Moscow and start from the Kremlin. The ancient straight road is an exception to this rule. It began in the fortified Suzdal and made its way to the west - southwest in those days when Moscow did not yet exist. At first, she crossed fields and copses, and after the Koloksha River she walked along the northern edges of the dense forests that reached the Moscow River. These forests have partially survived to this day: in the Vladimir region, in the Noginsk district of the Moscow region, the Izmailovsky massif, Losiny Ostrov, Sokolniki.
The length of the road is about 220 miles. The road was the only possible way. She is a thousand years old. It appeared at the dawn of the settlement of northeastern Russia by the Slavs. They came here from the northwestern Novgorod lands. Historians (Karamzin, Solovyov, and others) claim that this happened in the 6th-9th centuries. The settlers moved by waterways. Overcoming rivers and portages, they reached the upper reaches of the Volga, along its tributaries they penetrated into the depths of impenetrable dense forests, where they found vast open spaces, fertile fields, the longed-for dream of the Slavic farmers.
Those places were called Zalessky. One of their settlements, on the shore of Lake Nero, was first mentioned in the annals of the 9th century - the city of Rostov. Further, to the southeast, in the fields of Zalessky, is the city of Suzdal. According to archaeological data, its fortifications date back to the 10th century.
These settlers, who developed new lands and hunting grounds around the cities, gradually paved the way from east to west, south of their original path. Archaeological maps show that in the interfluve of Moscow and Klyazma, among the burial grounds of local Vyatichi Slavs discovered there, there is also a burial ground of Slovenes who came from Suzdal. The cemetery is also marked in the middle part of the road. There are no Vyatichi burials in those places; they did not inhabit the lands east of the Klyazma. This proves the gradual development of land to the west of Suzdal.
On the same map, the border of contact between the western and Slavic tribes that came from the east is plotted. It is interesting that the eastern tribes brought with them a “okaying” dialect, while the Vyatichi dialect was “aking”. The difference in dialects has survived to our time. The border is a strip in which villages are located, chaotically mixed, but entirely “okay” or “okay”.
But let's get back to the road that reached the Moscow River. She went to where, perhaps, the Suzdal people had already been before, getting on the water; where the direct road and the waterway from Suzdal converged in one place. It was a dead end. Then there was the land occupied by the union of Slavic tribes, not subject to Kievan Rus. They occupied vast forest areas, which included the upper reaches of the rivers Oka, Moscow, Ugra, Don and their tributaries. All this was called the “Land of the Vyatichi”, and the forests were called “Bryn”. They were considered impassable. That is why the Kyiv princes called North-Eastern Russia Zalesskaya.
Vladimir Monomakh in his "Instruction" to children wrote that he went to Zalessky Rus "through the Vyatichi". Monomakh went through the Bryn forests directly, with battles, overcoming the resistance of the local "princes". It happened in 1101-102, when he arrived in the Zalessky land.
We believe that the prince knew about the existence of the road from Suzdal to the Moscow River and knew the place where it went. So it can be assumed that the road was already known in the XI century, but only thanks to Monomakh, at the very beginning of the XII century, it received an extension to Kyiv.
And by the beginning of the 12th century, Vladimir Monomakh had broken a road from Kyiv to the same places (between the Moscow and Klyazma rivers). It is known that the son of Monomakh, Yuri (nicknamed Dolgoruky), Prince of Suzdal, already freely used this route to Kyiv. The XII century is characterized by the fact that Yuri Vladimirovich, expanding and strengthening the Rostov-Suzdal inheritance, began to resettle many Slavs from the southwestern and western lands of Kievan Rus to his lands. The people willingly left to the northeast, fleeing from the raids of the steppes and from princely strife. Settlers received land, benefits and the right to found settlements. They not only widened the road, but also built many new settlements, cities and fortifications here.
In the 12th-13th centuries, the road turned into a busy economic, political and military artery of North-Eastern Russia. It was the first Russian internal road protected from raids by impenetrable forests and fortified cities.
In the winter of 1238, countless hordes of Batu penetrated the ice of frozen rivers into the heart of Zalesskaya Rus, ruining and subjugating it for many years. The road turned into a path along which the wealth of Russia flowed into the Horde.
In the meantime, oppressed Russia was gradually gathering strength. In the XIV century a special role was played by the “protector of the Russian land” Sergius, hegumen of Radonezh. On instructions and of his own free will, he proceeded to Russia, successfully settling the feuds of the specific princes and rallying them around the Grand Duke of Moscow. He foresaw the threat of a new invasion of the Horde. Do not forget the church affairs. Among the many monasteries he founded are the famous modern Trinity-Sergius Lavra, and two monasteries set right on the ancient road: Kirzhachsky and Stromynsky. It was he who gave the name to the road - Stromynskaya.
The Stromynsky Monastery was founded in 1380 by a vow and at the expense of Grand Duke Dimitri Ivanovich, the future Donskoy. That summer, the Horde Khan Mamai gathered a huge army and slowly moved to Russia, hoping to unite with the allies and repeat the defeat of sovereign and scattered principalities, as in the time of Batu. Demetrius managed to gather an army, was blessed by St. Sergius and vowed to build a monastery if he returned healthy. With that, he moved towards Mamai. He defeated the enemy utterly (“Mamaev’s Battle”), but he himself suffered heavy losses. In fulfillment of the vow, Dmitry Donskoy founded the Dormition Dubensky Monastery on Stromyn. And Sergius of Radonezh picked up the place and arranged the monastery.
Stromynka, as the people called her, first united the disparate specific principalities, and then allowed them to be united into a single state under the leadership of Moscow.
But Moscow needed other such roads to solve problems in the east. On the verge of the 15th-16th centuries, a direct route to Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan was built, called the Great Vladimirskaya Road, which also became historical, but the second one.
The Vladimirskaya road deprived Stromynka of its former significance, and it was neglected for almost three centuries. At the end of the 18th century, the cotton industry arose and rapidly developed in the city of Shuya, the village of Ivanovo and the surrounding area. The entire cargo turnover was taken by Stromynka and a branch from it in Yuryev Polsky. Revival continued for about a hundred years, until the Alexandrov-Ivanovo railway was built at the end of the 19th century.
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