A bit of history:
The boat "St. Gabriel" served in the Pacific Ocean for 27 years, until 1755. In the documents of that time it was called differently: "Saint Gabriel", "Gabriel" and even "Gabriel" or "Gabriel". Many discoveries and glorious historical events are associated with them. Such, for example, as the navigation of the first European vessel beyond the Arctic Circle in the Chukchi Sea in 1728, the discovery of Alaska in 1732, participation in the survey of the southwestern coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, the Shantar Islands in 1730, participation in the suppression of the Itelmen uprising and the foundation of a new Nizhne-Kamchatsky prison, the first visit by Russians to Japan in 1739, the exploration of Avacha Bay and the founding in 1740 of one of the oldest cities in the Russian Far East - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
Buying information from the manufacturer:
vendor code MK0301
Dimensions: length 350 mm, width 150 mm, height 300 mm
Internet price: 3960 rub.(I would like to note that the price is very competitive given the excellent quality of the contents of the set)
Laser-applied malka on frames.
Special housing design that compensates for the deformation of materials.
Step-by-step photo instructions, drawings and recommendations for assembling the model
Laser cutting of each board of a covering and details. Double cladding. The level of difficulty declared by the manufacturer: 2 on a five-point system.
It's time to open the box.
First of all, attention is drawn to the abundance of printed materials, which the manufacturer has prepared to help the modeler. Here is the list:
1. Assembly instructions
2. Photo assembly instructions
3. Specification
4. Layouts of parts on plates
5. Drawings (patterns) of sails
6. Drawings
7. Rigging table
8. Schemes of knitting of the main rigging elements
Detailed and most importantly in Russian, the instruction not only reflects the assembly steps step by step, but also gives a lot of useful tips.
The details of the power structure are placed on 4 sheets of plywood 1.6 and 3 mm thick.
For the manufacture of other elements of the hull and spars, the following types of wood were used: walnut, mahogany, pear, linden, boxwood, anegri tree, fan line.
The kit also includes
pumps - 2 pieces measuring 4x17 mm. 12 parts each, wood and brass etched
Windlass assembly 6.4x6 2mm. - counted 50 parts
Semi-gallery oars 90mm - 8 pcs.
Metal parts are placed on 4 brass etched plates.
For sails, cotton fabric is offered, although its size provides for only one attempt to sew worthy sails.
For rigging polyester threads with a diameter of 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.8
Set of fabric flags.
Anchors by Artesania Latina
That's like all. If you are interested in learning more about the contents of the box, I advise you to purchase.
Happy assembly!!!
Carnation "Saint Julian"
Moscow townsman Ivan Nikiforov, although he did not have his own funds to organize fishing expeditions for beaver fur to the Aleutian Islands, was destined to write a very important page in the annals of the main events in the conquest of the Great Ocean: he built the first fishing boat "Saint Julian" in Kamchatka.
Before him, fisheries went out on shitikas, which, as we say, were “sewn” with rods, whalebone or belts, and Nikiforov built a “carnation”, that is, a vessel on nails, with wooden fasteners. The nailers were larger and more reliable, and not thirty industrialists, but twice as many went out to sea on them ...
Nikiforov had golden hands, but there were no golden chervonets, and therefore he was forced to hand over St. Julian" for rent to Nikifor Trapeznikov.
On September 2, 1758, the first fishing boat in the history of Kamchatka went to the open sea. Sailor on "St. Juliana" was Yarensky townsman Stepan Glotov.
Fox Islands
Nizhnekamchatsk, 1762.
“Last September 2, 758, ... we entered ... from the Nizhnekamchatka mouth into the open Pacific Sea on a sea voyage to explore new islands and peoples, safely escorted by this ship Evo Glotov. Precisely at the time of that nautical voyage that had begun, from the beginning autumn weather, on the ninth day, it drifted to the small island of Copper lying near the called Commander Island (k), where, by the grace of God, the bailiff, wintered and contented themselves, firstly, with food, preparing this is for a future voyage to search for distant unknown islands. And then they industrialized beavers, queens and koshlak 83 and blue foxes 1263, which are all covered in clothes and blankets. And later, when sailing from the Kamchatka Estuary, after the ship was thrown out to this Mednaya Island, from the autumn unrest prescribed cruel in the sea, the former two anchors were torn off and carried away to the sea, for which they and other companions by common consent, to save the ship and people, so that in time of the intentional search for islands in the sea not to perish untimely, they took from the Commander Island a broken packet boat of the former Kamchatka expedition of lying iron in a strip and in fact, as if in buots and hooks, weighing 15 pounds and forged, through considerable labor, two anchors, which even now ship, the fact that both of them had one paw during the unrest was torn off. And when wintering on the Medny Island and fishing for food for sea cows, seals and sea lions, preparing dried meat, in the summer of August 759, from the 1st of August, packs entered the sea voyage to search for and end the intended path. And from that August, on the 1st, they sailed, without touching, to the well-known sea Aleutian Islands between north and east, and in that voyage, with favorable weather, they continued even until September 1st. And including, by the gift of the Lord and by the high happiness of her imperial majesty, they arrived on a safe journey on an island lying in the northeast side and, seeing the ship a convenient place to settle, stuck between a stone lying by noon of that island on soft sand without any on the shore of the ship damage. And that island is called by the name of the local peoples Umnak, which they revere over the second near island, the main and first. (These were the largest islands of the Aleutian ridge - Umnak and Unalashka).
“... On these two islands there are animals: sea beavers, black-brown, brown, gray foxes, krestovki and red of various kinds.”
(And that is why they later called this group of islands the Fox Islands. The fishing was successful - 1389 beavers and 1648 foxes in the amount of more than 130 thousand rubles).
“And from that departure of the Maya from August 26 to the 31st of that 762 year back to the Nizhnekamchatka mouth, being on the way, they had great deficiencies in water and food, so that the last shoes were boiled from their feet and for food used ... "
But what is the result of this voyage, according to one study alone: “Glotov’s voyage is one of the most remarkable voyages of that time towards America. Glotov penetrated farther than all other sailors to the east, walked along the entire Aleutian ridge, made remarkable discoveries, described open lands, organized the compilation of maps, while maintaining peaceful relations with the local population. (Zubikova Z.N. Aleutian Islands. - M., 1948. - P. 24).
Bay Bechevinskaya
While Stepan Glotov was renovating the Nikiforov-Trapeznikov carnation, in Okhotsk, the Irkutsk merchant Ivan Bechevin decided to build a boat "even more densely than Iulian." But while the carpenters got along with the new boat - eleven fathoms (23 meters) along the keel, while the Okhotsk priests illuminated it and called it "Saint Gabriel", Ivan Bechevin himself was tortured on the rack by the notorious auditor in Siberia Krylov, extorting money hidden by the merchant for secret distilling business and tavern fees.
"St. Gabriel, ready to sail, was waiting for the command, settling at the mouth of the Belogolovaya River. Instead of the master's will, an official decree came: "Take the ship to the treasury and send it to fisheries for three years."
Sailor on "St. Gabriel" was appointed Gavriil Pushkarev. What is known about him? Very little. Ordinary member of the Second Kamchatka Expedition. Unsuccessful conqueror (together with Dmitry Paikov) at St. Vladimir" Steller's Lands in 17S8 and 1759. Here, it seems, is all.
It's a pity. I would like to know more in order to understand more. Indeed, in the words of Z. N. Zubkova (p. 27), “the vessel “Gabriel” and its navigation have their own special history. The voyage of the "Gabriel" is connected with the strengthening ... of the direction in the activities of merchants (industrialists) ... who set themselves the goal of conquering the islands by armed force.
The first, as we remember, in this "activity" were the crew members of the Shitik Mikhail Nevodchikov. We also remember how fate punished them for this.
Let's now follow St. Gabriel."
On August 24, 1760, the boat landed on the shore of one of the bays of Attu Island (the Near Aleutian Islands, discovered at one time by Nevodchikov), but did not stay there and went on. September 25 arrived at Atkha (Andreyanovsky Islands). Here Pushkarev met with his old acquaintances - members of the crew of the boat "St. Vladimir. Dmitry Paikov was about to leave the inhospitable island: on the eve of the Aleuts, for unknown reasons, twelve people were killed in his place. Parish "St. Gabriel" changed the sailor's plans. It was decided to organize a "warehouse company". This meant that half of the people from St. Vladimir" switched to "St. Gabriel, and vice versa. Each vessel subsequently conducted an independent fishery, and the production was divided equally.
In 1761 the ships went east. "St. Vladimir" reached Kodiak Island, where the Russians had not yet been. "St. Gabriel "came first to Umnak, but, having met here with Glotov, he went further, crossed the Isanot Strait and landed on the inveterate coast of America - Alaska, which he mistook for a large island. Russian industrialists have not yet been here either.
But neither in Kodiak nor in Alaska did the industrialists succeed. I quote Z. N. Zubkova: “Friendly relations with the inhabitants in January 1762 were replaced by hostile ones, and again, due to the old cause of violence against women, the party of industrialists, headed by Pushkarev himself. As a result, eight industrialists were killed and as many wounded. In revenge, the industrialists killed seven Aleutian hostages (amanats). This was the first time hostages had been killed. As a result of armed clashes, the "Gabriel" weighed anchor and on May 26, 1762 set off on a return voyage. Going back to Umnak, Pushkarev captured at least 20 Aleuts, most of them girls. With this cargo, "St. Gabriel" to Kamchatka, but on September 25 it crashed in one of the bays of the Shipunsky Peninsula, which is still called Bechevinskaya.
Pushkarev himself survived. Dmitry Paikov also fled from Kodiak. And therefore, everyone who followed them could not count on a good reception from the natives.
Kodiak
Glotov did not have time to put “St. Julian”, as Solikamsk merchant Ivan Lapin and Lalsky Vasily Popov entrust him with their “Andreyan and Natalia”.
And again the sea, although the ordeal had just ended, many months of turbulence, hunger, scurvy, physical fatigue, longing for his native land, from which he had been torn off for several years ... But the discoverer's passion overcame, and Stepan Gavriilovich led Andreyan and Natalia. Like the first time, he passed all the hitherto known islands of the Aleutian ridge and went far ahead. And if the first time he did not quite reach the coast, to Alaska, then this time he passed by and landed on the island of Kodiak.
The natives met the Russians with hostility: they bombarded them with arrows. I had to scare them off with rifle fire. They retreated, but soon on the "Andreyan and Natalia", pulled ashore, they found sulfur and dry grass - the islanders were preparing to burn the ship. Seeing that they also failed, they again attacked the industrialists - more than two hundred people rushed into the attack, hiding behind bullets with wooden shields. The attack was repulsed, but a month later, under the cover of even thicker shields, the islanders again tried to strike.
In general, it was not in Glotov's rules to establish relations with local residents with the help of weapons, especially since he had the richest experience in dealing with the warlike tribes of Umnak and Unalashki, where he earned the love and respect of the natives.
He began to look for the same way in establishing contacts with the inhabitants of Kodiak. By spring, a brisk trade began between them.
Glotov returned to Kamchatka in 1766 with a large amount of furs.
Secret expedition
At the very end of his life, the great Mikhailo Lomonosov did everything in his power to prepare a gigantic enterprise.
A month before his death (April 15, 1765), he signed "an exemplary instruction to naval commanding officers setting off to find a way to the east by the Northern Ocean." He drew a line on the map of the globe that crossed the meridians at the same angle - the loxodrome. She led to the island of Umnak. This curve outlined the most direct path for the ships: having chosen it, it was no longer necessary to change course (Markov S. Circle of the Earth. - M., 1978. - P. 509).
And here, at Umnak Island, just discovered by Stepan Glotov, ships of two expeditions were to meet: V. Ya. Chichagova, who intended to pass to the island by the Northern Sea Route from Arkhangelsk through the Bering Strait, and route Okhotsk - Nizhnekamchatsk - Umnak.
Chichagov failed to break through the ice of the Icy Sea.
But even greater trials befell the members of Krenitsyn's expedition.
The reason for its organization, as follows from official documents, was the discoveries of Stepan Glotov and the map of that fishing expedition, compiled by Stepan Gavriilovich's comrades - the Cossack Ponomarev and the merchant Shishkin, which entered the Admiralty College. In the capital, it becomes clear that the period of discovery of new islands in the North Pacific Ocean by “simple and unlearned” people is time to end and begin a new stage of development.
It must be categorically noted that the Admiralty Board was mistaken in not recognizing the state, sovereign benefit for the fishing activities of their compatriots in the East. The primary basis for such activities of many of them was precisely this: the survey, description and development of unknown islands as new Russian possessions, and not gratuitous profit.
It was this goal, which was set in the capital twenty years after the first fishing voyages of the Russians, that fascinated Emelyan Basov and became the cause of his personal tragedy, Andrey Tolstykh, Mikhail Nevodchikov and even Gavriil Pushkarev, although they were so different.
But nevertheless, in the Admiralty Board, and even more so in the government, they thought quite differently.
“Judging by the decree of May 4, 1764 on the organization of the expedition, the government understood that the discoveries of seafarers-industrialists were largely the result of the Bering expedition, that these discoveries are the fruits of the labor used and the considerable dependency of the past Kamchatka expedition. It was perfectly logical to equip a new expedition, similar to Bering's expedition. Therefore, the decree proposes to the Admiralty College “to send immediately, according to its own reasoning, how many officers and navigators are needed, entrusting a command over them to a senior, whose knowledge in marine science and diligence to it would be known” (Zubkova Z. N. Aleutian Islands. - M ., 1948. - P.36).
Yes, otherwise it turned out that the “simple and unlearned” Russian sailors saved the honor of the expeditions, the costs of which many times exceeded the results - either the complete failure of the First, or the dubbing of what had already been done in 1732 by the surveyor Mikhail Gvozdev and the navigator Ivan.
And it was not Bering or Gvozdev who built this Asia-America bridge at all. It was not they who drove the first nails, so expensive on the outskirts of the desert, into him. Only not their personal example could inspire the rest.
Bering was powerless to raise the Russian people with his personal example. Such expenses as he incurred were ruinous. Yes, and what to argue - it is enough to compare the results of the new expedition with the deeds of those who went to the islands "at their own peril and risk." And then there will be no need to argue.
Captain Pyotr Kuzmich Krenitsyn was appointed commander of the Secret Expedition. Assistant - Lieutenant Mikhail Levashov.
In 1765 they arrived in Okhotsk and started building ships. Four sea vessels were at the disposal of the expedition: the brigantine "Saint Catherine", the gookor "Saint Paul", the galliot "Saint Paul" and the boat "Saint Gabriel".
In addition, Krenitsyn had at his disposal ... 192 people; Because of the time, a huge sum was spent on equipment - over 100 thousand rubles. (Ibid., p. 37).
So what? Not a single ship reached Kamchatka intact.
Krenitsyn rode on a brigantine. On October 10, 1766, the flotilla left Okhotsk and three days later the ships got lost in the Sea of Okhotsk, and each reached Kamchatka on its own. Almost immediately at St. Ekaterina "a leak opened, but they coped with it and two weeks later they approached the mouth of the Bolshaya. Here we got into a storm, and the brigantine was thrown ashore 25 versts from Bolshaya at the mouth of the Utka River.
"St. Pavel "Levashov was thrown ashore 7 miles from the mouth of the Bolshaya. Boat "St. Gabriel" - at the very mouth.
Galliot "St. Pavel "was carried away to the Pacific Ocean, to the south, and smashed into chips on the kekurs of the Seventh Kuril Island. Only 13 of the 43 crew members survived.
We left Bolsheretsk in the summer of the next year on the gookor “St. Pavel" and both "St. Gabriel". We only reached Nizhnekamchatsk: the boat was not suitable for further navigation. We wintered in Nizhnekamchatsk, preparing galliots “St. Ekaterina".
Krenitsyn no longer relied on his own strength and took with him on the expedition "simple and unlearned" pioneers. Among other industrialists, Stepan Glotov went with him. With Levashov - Gavriil Pushkarev.
On May 1, 1768, the Secret Expedition of Krenitsyn-Levashov finally set off to the east. On board the St. Catherine" was 72 people. On board the St. Paul" - 68.
In August, the ships were in the Isanota Strait and surveyed the American coast, landed in Alaska.
On September 18, Krenitsyn started St. Catherine" to one of the bays of Unimak Island, where he spent the winter. Levashov met winter on Unalashka.
The Aleuts received the Russian people with hostility, they were belligerent - five years ago, here, on the Fox Islands, the crews of four Russian fishing vessels (about one hundred and seventy people) had already died. Therefore, it was necessary to constantly keep guards, to be on the alert, to survey the islands and Alaska in large, well-armed groups, so as not to become a victim of the Aleutian and Indian warriors, who constantly looked for prey in the Russian camp and now and then showered sailors and industrialists with clouds of arrows.
It was hard with food.
“Malnutrition soon turned into a hunger strike,” we read from Sergei Markov. - The scurvy has begun. Whale meat is not good for Russian people. Sailors claim that whales even opened wounds. But Levashov's people had to eat the meat of a whale thrown dead on the shore of the bay.
The winterers lived on the ship and in the yurt. Once such a wind came from the sea that the roof of the yurt rose. Its inhabitants were so frozen that they lost their minds.
Mikhail Levashov, sitting in the cramped cabin of the ship, at the lamp with whale oil, wrote notes.
“About the inhabitants of that island”, “Description of the island of Unalashka”, “On the hunting of Russian people on the island of Unalashka for various kinds of foxes” - these were the names of these scientific works begun by a Russian man in the Western Hemisphere. They provided a lot of information about the life of the Aleuts, about their clothes, dwellings, swift kayaks, about the Aleut "gaiety", when the Aleuts dance to the sound of tambourines covered with whale skin.
Let us add that many of these notes by Levashov have not been published to this day and are unlikely to have been read during the author's lifetime.
Even greater difficulties were experienced by the crew members of the St. Catherine." And this despite the fact that among the assistants to the captain was Glotov, and other industrial people who knew how to get along with the locals before, to find a common friendly language.
But frightened by the stories of the Aleutian rebellion of 176-1763 on the Fox Islands (including Unimak), Krenitsyn seems to have lost his reason.
Scurvy was rampant in the Russian camp. People were starving. It is hard to believe this - after all, a whole herd of reindeer of the sailor Smetanin went to corned beef for the expedition - apparently, they ate everything clean during two winter delays in Kamchatka.
By the spring of 1769, from the crew of St. Catherine's, only half survived - 36 people, of which only twelve were able to stand on their feet. On May 5, Stepan Gavriilovich Glotov died. The glorious sailor was not even forty years old.
Krenitsyn and the survivors were doomed to death - they did not have the strength to equip the ship or push it into the water. And they would have died if not for the Unalashka Aleuts. Levashov nevertheless became friends with one of the leaders - in the recent past, a friend of Stepan Glotov, and asked him to look for him on the Krenitsyn Islands. And it was here that Gavriil Pushkarev, the unfortunate pilot from the St. Paul, the conqueror of Alaska and the personal enemy of many Umnaks, was given a lesson in the highest morality by those whom he considered savages unworthy of his pity and respect. A lesson in fidelity to the given word and the strength of friendship: an Aleut detachment went out to sea on a hundred canoes, fighting its way through the maritime possessions of warlike neighbors. Only two made it to Krenitsyn. The leader handed over the package to Krenitsyn and immediately went back with a reply letter, despite the new dangers, to inform Levashov of the joyful (for the crew of St. Catherine) news.
Thanks to the brave Aleutians, two Russian ships, and the St. Ekaterina" escaped a tragic fate.
But nevertheless, the price of this expedition was too high to find its disinterested followers.
And the fishing wave ran on the seasoned American coast with new and new force.
Good afternoon, dear colleagues. I bring to your attention the model of the first Russian research vessel Bota “St. Gabriel"History reference:
"Boat "St. Gabriel" served in the Pacific Ocean for 27 years, until 1755. In the documents of that time he was called differently: "Saint Gabriel", "Gabriel" and even "Gabriel" or "Gavril". Many discoveries and glorious historical events are associated with them Such as, for example, the voyage of the first European vessel beyond the Arctic Circle in the Chukchi Sea in 1728, the discovery of Alaska in 1732, participation in the survey of the southwestern coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, the Shantar Islands in 1730, participation in the suppression of the uprising Itelmens and the founding of a new Nizhne-Kamchatsky prison, the first visit by Russians to Japan in 1739, the exploration of Avacha Bay and the founding in 1740 of one of the oldest cities in the Russian Far East - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky
The creation of "Saint Gabriel" was destined by Peter I
“... in the very month when the fate of the Almighty determined the end of the life of Peter the Great, [...] his still tireless spirit worked for the benefit and glory of the Fatherland, for he composed and wrote with his own hand the order of the Kamchatka expedition. [...] To the general-admiral called to himself [F.M. Apraksin], handing the instruction, said the following: "I remembered these days what I thought about for a long time and that other things prevented me from doing it, that is, about the road through the Arctic Sea to China and India" (A.K. Nartov)
The 43-year-old captain Vitus Jonansen Bering was appointed head of the expedition, and his assistants were lieutenants Martyn Petrovich Shpanberg and Alexei Ilyich Chirikov.
(Peter I personally knew Bering, who was in good standing for his excellent knowledge of maritime affairs, diligence and honesty, more than once during the long war with Sweden carried out special assignments for Peter I, and later was appointed commander of the then largest warship in the Russian fleet - 90 -cannon battleship "Lesnoye".)
The navigator was determined midshipman Peter Chaplin, who was already promoted to midshipman during the expedition.
The expedition also included “boat and boat work of Fyodor Fedotov’s son Kozlov’s student ... send 4 carpenters with him with their tools that would be younger ...” a machtmakor student, a carpenter’s foreman, three carpenters, two gunners, two sailboats and blacksmith
Kozlov's detachment was to become the ancestor of the shipbuilders of Kamchatka. They had to independently, not counting on the help of the Admiralty Board, create a shipyard on the distant shores of the Pacific Ocean and build “one or two deck boats” on it.
On January 24, 1725, the expedition members left St. Petersburg.
The government ordered the Siberian governor, Prince M.V. Dolgoruky, to provide all possible assistance and assistance to the expedition in all cities and prisons along its route. In Yeniseisk and Irkutsk, sixty "good carpenters" were assigned to the expedition.
In January 1727 the expedition reached Okhotsk. Even before Bering's arrival in Okhotsk, here in 1725 a ship was laid down for the expedition, which was launched in June 1727 and named "Fortuna".
On August 22, 1727, the expedition left Okhotsk on the "Fortune" and the old boat "Vostok", built in 1716. On September 4, they arrived in Bolsheretsky prison, where it was decided to spend the winter. From here, the property of the expedition was sent to the Nizhnekamchatsky prison along the rivers Bolshaya, Bystraya and Kamchatka, and in winter - on dogs.
By the spring of 1728, all the goods were transported to Nizhnekamchatsk.
Meanwhile, Fyodor Kozlov, sent forward in the valley of the Kamchatka River near the tract Ushki, chose a place for the first shipyard in Kamchatka. By the time the main forces of the expedition arrived at the place, the shipyard was ready, a bending production and a forge were deployed. Also, the preparation of parts for the hull set was basically completed.
It should be noted here that all the equipment, parts and materials not only for future ships, but also for the shipyard itself were delivered to Kamchatka from St. Petersburg.
The receipt of property (“in strict accordance with the staff and of the best quality”) in the Admiralty warehouses of St. Petersburg was led by Lieutenant A. Chirikov, with the active participation of F. Kozlov.
On April 4, 1728, a solemn ceremony of laying the boat was held on the banks of the Kamchatka River: and then Mr. Captain favored everyone with enough wine ”(P. Chaplin)
It would be useful to remind once again that the type of vessel and the requirements for it were determined by Peter I: a small draft, so that shallow waters do not become an insurmountable obstacle for the expedition; high maneuverability, allowing you to maneuver confidently; good seaworthiness; relatively small dimensions, but at the same time sufficient carrying capacity is an important requirement for an expedition ship.
In addition, as mentioned above, the boat had to be equipped and equipped in strict accordance with the existing regulations - so that in the event of a meeting with foreign ships, it would look like an exemplary vessel and adequately represent the Russian Navy.
The boat was built in strict accordance with the drawing developed by the St. Petersburg Admiralty according to the drawings of the best warships.
The architecture of the boat corresponded to the regulations of that time for ships of this class: three compartments - a cockpit for the crew, a hold for cargo, officers' cabins and a hook chamber.
The vessel had a length along the keel of 18.3, a width along the midship frame - 6.1 and a draft of 2.3 m.
On June 9, that is, two months after the laying, the boat was launched without a deck and baptized in honor of the holy archangel Gabriel, whose day was celebrated.
Fedor Kozlov's team did an excellent job. Despite the fact that the building was built in the shortest possible time, this did not affect its quality at all. Moreover, looking ahead, we can say with confidence that for almost thirty years of operation of the ship in the harsh conditions of the northern latitudes, it has demonstrated excellent seaworthiness and has never let the sailors down.
Completion of "St. Gabriel" was carried out already on the water at the mouth of the river. Fedor Kozlov urgently completed the construction of the ship. Work was carried out non-stop throughout the daylight hours. We finished decking, furnishing cabins and crew quarters, storerooms and enclosures. On the deck, two hatches were made into the bow compartment and hold, descending to the officer's cabins.
Spars and rigging were installed so that the sailing rig allowed five sails to be carried.
The vessel had two manual pumps for pumping water from the hold. The sides were provided with shvertsy (wooden shields in the form of fins, the upper end of which was fixed on the axis, which made it possible to lift them out of the water. They were used to counteract drift, as well as calm pitching). The boat was equipped with two anchors and two dredges (a dreg or a dreck is a boat anchor of the Admiralty system weighing up to 48 kg)
The artillery armament of bots of this class, according to the regulations, consisted of 4 falconets. However, taking into account the fact that the construction of the 2nd boat was not carried out, "Saint Gabriel" took over all the artillery provided for the expedition - 7 falconets (1 was lost en route)
The construction of "St. Gabriel" was completed by 6 July. By July 10, 1728, the acceptance of goods was completed and the crew moved from shore to board.
The boat "Holy Archangel Gabriel" was ready to go on its maiden voyage.
First voyages
From the notes of midshipman Chaplin: "Servants on the boat: Mr. Captain 1, Lieutenant 1, Doctor 1, Navigator 1, Midshipman 1, Quartermaster 1, sailors 13, drummer 1, soldier 6, carpenter foreman 1, carpenters 4, caulker 1, 1 sailboat, 2 interpreters, 35 people in total, 6 officer servants.
The provisions are supposed to be: flour 458 pounds 29 pounds, crackers 116 pounds 25 pounds, cereals 57 pounds, meat 70 pounds, salted fish 10 barrels 21 mating, fish fat 2 barrels, salt 2 pounds, beef lard 7 pounds 20 pounds, gunpowder 7 pounds 27 pounds, 35 barrels of water, 2 barrels of kvass, 2 pounds of peas, 5 or 6 yards of firewood.
July 13, 1728 "St. Gabriel" left the mouth of the Kamchatka River into the sea and headed north.
Lieutenant A. Chirikov, with the help of midshipman P. Chaplin, began mapping the coast. They, together with the surveyor Putilov, compiled a navigation map.
On the morning of July 17, St. Gavriil” began the countdown to geographical discoveries: the first was the island of Karaginsky.
Steadily moving north, the expedition reached 67 ° 19 "N by August 16. Having reached these latitudes, Bering gives the order to go back: it does not extend to the north and bows to the west, and then, I reasoned that I had fulfilled the decree given to me, and returned back.
One of the tasks set by Peter I for the expedition - to reach the shores of America - was not solved this time. Communication with the Chukchi aborigines played a significant role in this, (“according to the tales of the Chukchi inhabitants” there is no mainland to the east of the Chukotsky Nose ...)
With considerable difficulties, having passed through fierce storms and fogs, the boat returned and, by the evening of September 3, anchored at the mouth of the Kamchatka River.
The first voyage of the "St. Gabriel" was successfully completed. Upon completion of navigation, the boat was disarmed for the winter, re-equipped, and carried out conservation and necessary repairs. With the onset of spring, the team of F. Kozlov again began to work with the bot - the hull parts, spars, rigging, which required repair, were repaired and replaced. "St. Gabriel" was preparing for new voyages.
During the winter, Bering received a decree from the Admiralty Board dated December 2, 1728, on the need to draw up a detailed map of Kamchatka: "... you were ordered to Kamchatka Nose both inward and on the coast, showing cities and noble places and tracts, to describe again and, making a lantkarta, send to the College
On June 5, 1729, the boat went to sea and went "to the east to search for land, because they heard from the inhabitants of Kamchatka that there is land opposite the Kamchatka mouth in the vicinity." Bering intended to undertake a search for the Land of Guana da Gama (which Bering assumed was America), marked on the maps of European cartographers not far from the southeastern coast of Kamchatka.
Already on June 7, St. Gabriel" was located 30 miles from the Commander Islands; in clear weather, they would be seen even at night.
But there was fog...
From June 9 to July 1, "Gabriel" maneuvered off the southeastern coast of Kamchatka.
Not finding land (the Commander Islands), Bering turned the expedition to the south and, having entered Bolsheretsk on July 3, arrived in Okhotsk on July 23, 1729.
The first Kamchatka expedition came to an end. "Saint Gabriel" was handed over to the Okhotsk steward, and Bering and his team returned to St. Petersburg, delivering invaluable scientific material.
It would be useful to note that the expedition officers were well aware of the importance of their mission. The watch log was kept by Chirikov and Chaplin extremely carefully, in much more detail than was required by the regulations of that time. Geographical coordinates were entered with an accuracy of a hundredth of a minute, and time - up to a minute. For a long time the logbook of the expedition was considered lost. It was only in 1973 that it was discovered in the TsGAVMF by the historian A.A. Sopotsko.
The first Kamchatka expedition on "St. Gabriel" made 155 territorial and 18 oceanographic discoveries, mapped 66 geographical objects
Discovery of America
The further fate of "St. Gabriel" is connected with the expedition of A.F. Shestakova - D.I. Pavlutsky.
This expedition was given the task of exploring and developing a gigantic territory in the extreme east of Asia and the sea space adjacent to it.
The “Admiralty Group” of the expedition (sea detachment) was to explore the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk, the Kuril Islands, the “Great Land” lying opposite the Chukotka land, “... having truly found out about them what kind of peoples are on such islands and under whose possessions, and bargaining with whom whether and with what, to write about everything to the Siberian governor and to the Senate" and wherever "new lands" and islands meet, attach them to the possessions of Russia.
Navigator Jacob Gens, navigator Ivan Fedorov, surveyor Mikhail Spiridonovich Gvozdev, sailors Kondraty Meshkov, Ivan Butin, Nikifor Treska and 10 sailors were appointed to the "Admiralty Group". Apprentice I. G. Speshnev was assigned to the expedition to supervise the shipbuilding work.
In the autumn of 1730 D.I. Pavlutsky ordered Y. Gens and I. Fedorov to go "with the available servicemen from Kamchatka on a sea-going boat, which was built for the navy by Captain Mr. Bering, ... to the Anadyr mouth to explore the sea islands ... to take with them the apprentice Speshnev and the surveyor Gvozdev" .
Leaving Okhotsk on September 19, 1730, a naval detachment under the command of J. Gens crossed the stormy autumn Sea of Okhotsk with great danger.
Having endured a difficult wintering at the mouth of the Bolshoy River, the crew of "St. Gabriel" arrived on July 9, 1731 at the mouth of the Kamchatka River. In connection with the illness of Gens and Fedorov, M.S. actually commanded the boat during the transition. Gvozdev.
On July 20, the boat was ready to go to sea to follow the coast of Chukotka in search of the "Great Land", in the existence of which Bering did not want to believe.
But on this day, the Itelmen uprising began. The crew of "St. Gabriel" had to take part in the suppression of the uprising and the elimination of its consequences. They wintered in the ruined Nizhnekamchatsky prison in the most difficult conditions. The team was sick. Sick Gens was taken ashore, I. Fedorov, too, could no longer even move, but continued to stay on the "Gabriel".
Fortunately, by July 1732, I. Fedorov recovered somewhat from his illness and took command of the boat (J. Gens remained on the shore).
On July 23, 1732, he took the "St. Gabriel" out of the Kamchatka River and sent it north.
On August 5, the expedition approached the Chukchi nose and began to carry out the assigned tasks. Two islands were discovered (now the island of Ratmanov and Kruzernshtern). They landed on both islands and explored them, "from that island they saw the Great Land."
August 21, 1732 M.S. Gvozdev wrote: “August 21 in the afternoon, at the third hour, the wind began to be helpful, and they went to the Mainland and came to this land and anchored from the land about four versts ... and began to lave near the Mainland in order to approach the land , and the wind began to be great from the opposite land ... And from this Great Land it was carried away by such a great wind, and the wind was north-northwest.
The land to which St. Gabriel approached is Cape Prince of Wales on the Seward Peninsula. And although it was not possible to go to the North American coast because of the weather conditions at that time, the first contacts (and the exchange of gifts) with the natives of Alaska took place.
September 28 "Gabriel" returned to the winter hut to the mouth of the Kamchatka River.
Unfortunately, further factors of a completely different order intervene in history - intrigues, intrigues, false denunciations ...
The reports and reports of I. Fedorov and M. Gvozdev, the original logbooks (logbooks) and sailing charts sent to D. Pavlutsky and to the Okhotsk government, were lost. (Only in 1743, M.P. Shpanberg discovered the unofficial notes of I. Fedorov, which he kept during the voyage.)
When information about the voyage of the "Saint Gabriel" reached the Admiralty Board (in 1738), some of the participants in the events were no longer alive - I. Fedorov could not recover from his illness and died in Nizhnekamchatsk in February 1733 during the winter. , and J. Gens died in the Tobolsk prison in October 1737. M.S. Gvozdev and I.G. Speshnev on a false denunciation (however sad it is - the sailor L. Petrov - together with Gvozdev was the first to enter Ratmanov Island ...)
But "Saint Gabriel" hasn't said his last word yet
To Japan
In subsequent years, "Saint Gabriel" tirelessly runs between Okhotsk and Bolsherechetsk, connecting Kamchatka with the mainland.
While the bot "St. Gabriel honestly worked in the expanses of the Sea of Okhotsk, new projects are being developed in St. Petersburg to explore the eastern borders of Russia. The new decree of the Senate prescribed: “go to those islands that went from the Kamchatka midday Nose to Japan ... And meanwhile, check on their condition and other things that are interesting ... and, having been here, follow to the very Japanese shores and there along the same reconnaissance in possession, about ports, whether they can get along in a friendly way.
M.P. was appointed head of the "Japanese" detachment of the expedition. Spanberg.
In 1737 a flotilla was formed. It included "St. Gabriel" and "Fortune" shitik, repaired in 1736, and also built under the supervision of M.P. Shpanberg in 1737, the brigantine "Archangel Michael" and the three-masted dubel-sloop "Nadezhda".
For comparison: "Archangel Michael" had dimensions (length-width-draft) 21 m - 6.3 m - 2.6 m, "Hope" - 24.5 m - 6 m - 1.8 m
Due to a lack of provisions, the expedition had to be postponed until the spring of 1738.
On June 18, 1738, the detachment left Okhotsk and on July 6 arrived in Bolsheretsk. Here the teams were fully staffed, food supplies and fresh water were replenished. On July 15, three ships sailed from Bolsheretsk to Japan. "Archangel Michael" was commanded by M.P. Shpanberg, "Hope" - Lieutenant William Walton, "St. Gabriel" - midshipman Alexei Shelting. However, 10 days later, the ships lost each other in the fog and they had to return back. Spanberg did not dare to go on a “distant voyage” to the “foreign sea” again on the eve of autumn, the campaign was postponed to the next year.
On May 23, 1739, the flotilla again set off for Japan. Already at sea, Spanberg suddenly changed the commanders of Nadezhda and Gabriel. The boat was commanded by V. Walton.
The motives for such a decision were not disclosed by Spanberg, but apparently he “suspected” Walton of excessive independence and tried in this way, as far as possible, to cool his ardor.
However, this did not help. On June 24, under the plausible pretext of "St. Gabriel" first lagged behind the detachment, and then "got lost." V. Walton, having got rid of the tedious control from Spanberg, headed straight for the Japanese Islands "hoping to find Mr. Captain Spanberg there." On June 16, the Japanese shores appeared. During the week, until June 24, "St. Gabriel" cruised off the coast of Japan and reached 34 ° 30 ‘, that is, to the Tokyo Bay area.
During this week, Russian sailors actively communicated (as far as possible without knowing the language) with the Japanese, went ashore and received delegations on board the St. Gabriel. The first contacts of Russian sailors with the Japanese, of course, had a positive result.
June 25 "Saint Gabriel" headed north. Walton decided on his way back to deviate further to the east in search of new lands (Land da Gama), which was depicted on the maps of European cartographers. “... But they didn’t see any land only, for the time being they had already arrived near the Avacha Bay.” Walton headed for Bolsheretsk, and from there to Okhotsk, where they arrived on August 22.
Thus ended this historic voyage, which opened the sea route to Japan.
Spanberg's report and sailing reports were sent to the Admiralty Board (for some reason, without a log and Walton's map).
But the story of "Saint Gabriel" has not yet ended.
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky
The year 1739 was coming to an end, the 2nd Kamchatka Expedition was already in full swing, the construction of the St. Peter and St. Paul packet boats was being completed at the shipyards of Okhotsk, however, "...before, as you know, in Kamchatka, except for the Avacha Bay, to settle sea vessels there are no safe places, and there is no real news about that one, but how deep it is and whether it is possible to ship ships built for our voyage into that bay from the sea ... ".
Bering drew attention to the Avacha Bay during the 1st Kamchatka expedition, but its hydrography was not studied.
The new bot commander, navigator Ivan Elagin, receives Bering's order:
“And he, Elagin, should go to the boat to the Avachenskaya lip and that lip will die out and describe with the circumstance whether it is possible to enter that lip with packet boats and winter without danger in the winter,” which he (I. Elagin) did with accuracy:
“De he, Elagin, set off from the Bolshaya River on the boat of May on the 16th day of the same year 740 to the Ovacha Bay and arrived safely in that bay on June 10th. In which bay Kamchatka servicemen and yasash foreigners built living quarters in one bundle of five, three barracks, and three anbars in two apartments. Similarly, in the aforementioned bay, the depth of water has died out. And at that report, he attached a map, ... to Avacha Bay and with an inner harbor in it, ... And the above-mentioned harbor is very capable of laying ships in the winter, and for this they arrived in this harbor in two packet boats with the entire crew of the same 740- th year of October 6 days safely, where they wintered. And this harbor was named by us the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul ”(V.Y. Bering’s report to the Senate dated April 22, 1741)
Throughout his subsequent stay, the boat "Holy Archangel Gabriel" honestly worked at the disposal of the commander of the port of Okhotsk, connecting Kamchatka with the mainland. But the years took their toll. In 1755, the boat was expelled from the state and dismantled."
Set features
The Russian company "Master Korabel" has developed this model, which stands out for its high quality and detailed study of the model itself and details, laser application of the line for processing the edges of the frames. Special hull design to compensate for deformation of materials, laser cutting of every board and parts, double skin, photo-etched brass parts, patterns and fabric for making sails. Even a novice modeler will be able to assemble this model, thanks to step-by-step, detailed photo instructions, drawings and recommendations for assembling the model.
Drills required for the construction of this model - with a diameter of 0.9 mm, 1.5 mm, 2.5 mm, 4.0 mm (tools not included in the set)
History reference
A special place in the history of Kamchatka, famous for Russian ships, is occupied by the boat "Saint Archangel Gabriel" - the first sea vessel built in 1728 from the local forest. Boat "St. Gavriil" served in the Pacific Ocean for 27 years, until 1755. Many discoveries and glorious historical events are associated with him: the voyage of the first European ship beyond the Arctic Circle in the Chukchi Sea in 1728, the discovery of Alaska in 1732, participation in the survey of the south - the western coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, the Shantar Islands in 1730, participation in the suppression of the Itelmen uprising and the founding of a new Nizhnekamchatsky prison, the first visit by Russians to Japan in 1739, the exploration of Avacha Bay and the founding in 1740 of one of the oldest cities in Russian Far East - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Such famous Russian navigators as V. I. Bering, A. I. Chirikov, M. P. Shpanberg, P. A. Chaplin and others sailed on the St. Gabriel. December 23, 1724 Peter I signed a decree of the Admiralty Board on the organization of the First Kamchatka Expedition. The idea of the expedition came to Peter I in the last months of his life as part of grandiose geographical research. Peter I planned to establish direct maritime relations with India, for which he was going to send an expedition to explore the sea route from Arkhangelsk to the Pacific Ocean. But for this it was necessary to clarify the question: is there a strait separating Asia and America. The documents of the First (1725-1730) and Second (1733-1743) Kamchatka expeditions, as well as the campaigns of A.F. Shestakov and D.I. Gabriel" from the moment of its laying until the end of the Second Kamchatka Expedition. Unfortunately, it is not possible to trace his further fate according to the documents available to us.
A number of geographical expeditions undertaken by Russian sailors along the Arctic coast of Siberia, to the shores of North America and Japan in the second quarter of the 18th century.
background
After the end of the First Kamchatka Expedition, he proposed to the Admiralty Board a project for a new expedition to the shores of North America and Japan. In addition, his project included a description of the Arctic coast of Siberia.
Bering's project was warmly supported by the chief secretary of the Senate, Ivan Kirillovich Kirilov, and the president of the Admiralty Board, Nikolai Fedorovich Golovin. On their initiative, the project was expanded and revised.
The main task of the expedition was to explore the north of Russia from Pechora to Chukotka and compile its geographical, geological, botanical, zoological and ethnographic description. In addition, sea voyages to the shores of Japan and North America were planned.
On December 28, 1732, the decree on the organization of the expedition was submitted by the Senate for the highest approval.
Training
It was supposed to conduct research by several detachments, each of which, in fact, represented a separate expedition.
The coast of the Arctic Ocean was divided into five sections:
- the westernmost section of the coast from Pechora to the Ob was to be explored by a detachment under the command of Muravyov (later replaced by Malygin), who was directly subordinate to the Admiralty College. All other detachments were under the general leadership of Vitus Bering.
- a section of the Arctic coast of Russia from the Ob to the Yenisei was examined by a detachment of Ovtsyn and Sterlegov.
- Minin's detachment worked east of the Yenisei.
- the section of the coast west of the Lena was entrusted to the detachment of Pronchishchev, Khariton Laptev and Chelyuskin.
- a section of the coast east of the Lena was examined by a detachment of Lassnius and Dmitry Laptev.
Two naval detachments operated in the Far East:
- the Bering-Chirikov detachment was supposed to explore the path to North America.
- Spanberg's detachment was to compile an inventory of the Kuril Islands, the shores of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk and, if possible, reach the shores of Japan.
In addition, there were two ground detachments:
- academic - consisting of scientists - members of the Russian Academy of Sciences, whose tasks included the study of the interior regions of Eastern Siberia, in particular Kamchatka; initially, Ludovic Delisle and J. G. Gmelin were appointed to it, and then G. F. Miller was added.
- detachment of Pyotr Skobeltsyn and Vasily Shatilov, who were tasked with finding a convenient river route from Verkhneudinsk to Okhotsk.
The cost of the expedition was more than 360 thousand rubles. Several thousand people were involved in the work of the main and auxiliary detachments, more than 550 people were directly involved in scientific research. Several special ships were built for the expedition in Arkhangelsk, Tobolsk, Yakutsk and Okhotsk. To provide the expedition with iron products, the Tamga ironworks was built near Yakutsk.
Squad activities
Dvinsko-Ob detachment
The westernmost detachment of the expedition was the first to start its activities, reporting directly to the Admiralty College. He had to describe a section of the Arctic coast of Russia that had long been mastered by the Pomors. They had to find a sea passage to the Ob.
In July 1734, the detachment left Arkhangelsk on the expedition "Expedition" and "Ob" under the command of S. V. Muravyov and M. S. Pavlov. However, for two years, the detachment was unable to move east further than Bely Island, and by the decision of the Admiralty Board, Muravyov and Pavlov were removed from leadership. The detachment was headed by S. G. Malygin. To help him, two boats were sent from Arkhangelsk under the command of A. Skuratov and I. Sukhotin. A detachment consisting of two boats and a Koch "Expedition" managed to reach only the western coast of Yamal and, due to solid ice, was forced to return for the winter.
In July 1737, the detachment again set sail and in August reached the passage to the Gulf of Ob from the strait between the Yamal Peninsula and Bely Island (now the Malygin Strait). Climbing up the Ob, the ships arrived on October 2 in Berezov.
As a result of the six-year activity of the detachment, maps of the southeastern part of the Barents Sea and the Ob part of the Kara Sea were compiled.
Ob-Yenisei detachment
The task of the detachment was to explore the coast between the rivers Ob and Yenisei.
In January 1734, a 24-oar dubel-boat "Tobol" was built in Tobolsk, on which, under the command of D. L. Ovtsyn, in May of the same year, the detachment went to sea. However, the campaigns of 1734-1736 were short-lived, because due to the thick ice in the Gulf of Ob, they had to return to Tobolsk.
By order of the Admiralty Board, a new expedition ship was built - the boat "Ob-Postman", which in June 1737 arrived in Obdorsk, where Ovtsyn's detachment wintered. Ovtsyn became the commander of the ship, and in August 1737, on two ships across the ice-free sea, the detachment managed to reach the Yenisei Bay, having completed its task.
Following the instructions of the Admiralty Board, Ovtsyn handed over the boat "Ob-Postman" to F. A. Minin and instructed him to compile an inventory of the coast from the Yenisei Bay to the Khatanga River around the Taimyr Peninsula. At the end of July 1738, Minin, with his assistant D. V. Sterlegov, went to sea and on August 16 reached the cape located at 73 ° 29 ′ north latitude and returned to the wintering place.
The summer company of 1739 was delayed due to the fault of the local administration and did not bring noticeable results.
By order of Minin in January 1740, Sterlegov set off on an overland expedition to the east of the Yenisei. He managed to pass to the northeast from the Pyasina River and describe the coast from Cape Severo-Vostochny to 75°29' north latitude.
In 1740 and 1742, Minin on the boat "Ob-Postman" tried to get to the mouth of the Khatanga, but solid ice prevented this. In 1743, the activities of the Ob-Yenisei detachment were completed.
Lena-Yenisei detachment
Lena-Yenisei (also Lena-Khatanga or West Lensky) the detachment began its work in the summer of 1735. In Yakutsk, the dubel-boat "Yakutsk" was built, which, under the command of Vasily Pronchishchev, reached the mouth of the Olenyok River on August 25, where it hibernated due to a leak.
In August 1736, a new voyage began and the ship reached the Khatanga Bay, and then headed north along the eastern coast of Taimyr. Having reached the cape, which later received his name and the northernmost point (77 ° 25 ′), Pronchishchev was forced to lie down on the return course. On August 29, Pronchishchev died, and on September 2, the Yakutsk entered the mouth of the Olenyok River, where Pronchishchev's wife, Tatyana, the first woman polar explorer, also died a few days later.
In December 1737, the Admiralty Board appointed Kh. P. Laptev as the new leader of the detachment.
In June 1739, "Yakutsk" from the mouth of the Lena moved northwest to the island of Begichev, and then along the eastern coast of the Taimyr Peninsula. Having reached latitude 76°47′ on August 22, the ship turned back and wintered at Khatanga.
The summer company of 1740 lasted only a month and ended with the dubel boat being crushed by ice. Having lost several people dead, the detachment reached the place of last year's wintering on foot.
Having received permission from the Admiralty Board, Kh. P. Laptev divided the detachment into three parties and began describing the coast of Taimyr from land. Chelyuskin's group managed to reach the northernmost point of the Eurasian continent, which now bears his name.
Lena-Kolyma detachment
In Yakutsk, the dubel-boat "Irkutsk" was built for the detachment. In 1735, having descended to the mouth of the Lena along with the dubel-boat "Yakutsk" of the Lena-Yenisei detachment, on August 18 the detachment reached the Kharaulakh River, where it wintered. During the winter, 37 people and the commander of the detachment P. Lassinius died of scurvy, the boat "Irkutsk" required repairs.
The new commander D. Ya. Laptev, having arrived at the wintering place, continued work in August 1736. But only in June 1739, in difficult ice conditions, the boat managed to enter the East Siberian Sea. With a fair wind, quickly moving east, the boat reached the mouth of the Indigirka River at the end of August, where it stopped for the winter.
In 1740-41, D. Laptev made two unsuccessful attempts to break through the solid ice to the east, but managed to get only to Cape Baranov Kamen.
In the summer of 1742, the detachment conducted work in the Anadyr River basin, where its operations ended.
Bering-Chirikov Detachment
The expedition of the detachment led by Vitus Bering is often called directly the "second Kamchatka expedition". This detachment was tasked with finding a way to North America and the islands in the North Pacific Ocean.
By the summer of 1740, in Okhotsk, under the guidance of shipbuilders Kozmin and Rogachev, two packet boats (“Saint Peter” and “Saint Paul”) were built, intended for the detachment.
In September of the same year, ships under the command of Vitus Bering ("Saint Peter") and Alexei Chirikov ("Saint Paul") crossed to the shores of Kamchatka, losing part of the food during the storm during the voyage. In the Avacha Bay in Kamchatka, members of the detachment founded a prison, which later grew into the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
On June 4, 1741, the packet boats "Saint Peter" and "Saint Paul" under the command of Vitus Bering and Alexei Chirikov set sail for the shores of America. At the very beginning of the voyage, the ships lost each other in heavy fog and acted separately. "Saint Peter" under the command of Bering reached Kodiak Island off the western coast of America. On the way back, the expedition wintered on a small island, where Bering died during the winter.
"Saint Paul" under the command of Chirikov on July 15 reached the shores of America, in addition, having visited individual islands, and on October 11 of the same year returned to the Peter and Paul prison.
Southern Detachment
In the summer of 1738, a detachment of Spanberg on three ships - the brigantine "Archangel Michael", the double-sloop "Hope" and the boat "Saint Gabriel" - went to the shores of Japan. In a dense fog, the ships lost each other, and each of them made the further voyage separately. Spanberg on the "Archangel Michael" passed along the Kuril ridge, but due to bad weather and lack of food he returned to Bolsheretsk.
In May 1739, the detachment, replenished by the Bolsheretsk sloop, again went to sea and reached the Kuril Islands. On June 16, 1739, sailors first saw the northeastern coast of the island of Honshu and headed south. On June 22, a meeting with the Japanese took place. On June 24, the Archangel Michael again approached Japan near the island of Hokkaido and soon headed back. V. Walton, who commanded the St. Gabriel boat on this voyage, lagged behind Spanberg and on June 16 approached the island of Honshu and landed on it on June 19. July 24 "Saint Gabriel" lay down on the return course.
In May 1742, the ships set out on a new voyage - to the Kuril Islands, the inventory of which was carried out until the end of July.
Academic Detachment
The academic detachment was headed by Professor Gerhard Friedrich Miller, full member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, who was heading to Siberia as a historiographer of the expedition.
In early August 1733, the detachment left St. Petersburg and arrived in Kazan at the end of October, where they began organizing meteorological observations. At the end of December 1733, the detachment arrived in Yekaterinburg, where they also made observations of temperature and air pressure, wind, atmospheric phenomena, polar lights (A. Tatishchev, surveyor N. Karkadinov, arithmetic teacher F. Sannikov).
In January 1734, the academic detachment arrived in Tobolsk, from where Professor Delacroer set off with Chirikov's convoy to the east. Bering, the head of the expedition, allowed Miller and Gmelin to continue the journey on their own.
From Tobolsk, the detachment traveled along the Irtysh to Omsk, then visited the Yamyshev fortress, Semipalatinsk and Ust-Kamenogorsk. Miller, in addition to archival work, was engaged in archaeological excavations, Gmelin - in the organization of meteorological observations. Along the way, travelers studied flora and fauna, collected collections of rare plants, and carried out geological research. In the winter and spring of 1735, scientists visited Yeniseisk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, crossed the Baikal and visited Selenginsk, Kyakhta. In the summer of the same year, the detachment visited the Chita prison and Nerchinsk, where they explored ancient monuments, burial mounds and ore mines.
In the autumn of 1735 the detachment returned to Irkutsk.
In January 1738, Krasheninnikov, accompanied by two Cossacks and the clerk Osip Argunov, went to explore the warm springs on the banks of one of the tributaries of the Bolshaya Banya River, and then to Avacha Hill. In mid-January 1739, a detachment on sledges arrived in Nizhnekamchatsk, where meteorological observations were organized by scientists. In 1740, Krasheninnikov on dog sleds made a circular journey through the northern part of Kamchatka.
In 1740, Johann Fischer, together with Jacob Lindenau, traveled from Surgut to Okhotsk, where he examined the local archive. On the way, he compiled a detailed historical and geographical description of the road to Okhotsk. After that, Fisher worked for more than a year in Yakutsk, where in 1742 he was arrested on false charges, but was soon acquitted and released. Until the beginning of 1746, Fisher lived in Tomsk, and in December 1746 he returned to St. Petersburg.
Fischer's partner on the way to Okhotsk, Jacob Lindenau, made an independent journey through Siberia. In 1741, he wrote a description of the route along the Lena River, and then returned to Okhotsk. In 1742-1744, he undertook a number of trips along the Siberian rivers, compiling descriptions of the Udsk prison, the Uda River, the Bear and Shantar Islands. In August 1746, Lindenau returned to Petersburg.
The studies of the Academic Detachment, also called the I Academic Expedition, lasted 13 years. The works of G. F. Miller, I. G. Gmelin, S. P. Krasheninnikov, G. V. Steler, A. D. Krasilnikov, I. E. Fisher and others laid the foundation for the scientific study of Siberia, its history and nature.
Verkhneudinsk-Okhotsk expedition
According to the task received, the detachment of Pyotr Skobeltsyn and Vasily Shatilov had to find an easier and less extended route from Verkhneudinsk to Okhotsk, compared to the existing route through Yakutsk. Moreover, according to the special instructions of Vitus Bering, the detachment's path should not have passed along the Amur River, because of the danger of possible complications with the Qing Empire.
In 1735-36, the detachment left Nerchinsk and went down the Shilka to the Gorbitsa River, and then along the tributaries of the upper Amur, along the Nyukzha and Olekma rivers, reached the Lena River and reached Yakutsk along it.
In 1737, Skobeltsyn and Shatilov made another unsuccessful attempt to find a way to Okhotsk. They walked along the Gilyui River to its confluence with the Zeya, went up it, but soon turned back and returned to Nerchinsk.
The main reason for the failures of the detachment was called low discipline among the guides from the local residents, some of whom simply ran away, and the other part, instead of completing the task, was engaged, for the most part, in sable hunting. Despite the failure in fulfilling the main task of the detachment, the researchers managed to conduct geodetic and ethnographic research on the vast territory of Siberia.
Expedition results
As a result of the activities of the Great Northern Expedition, for the first time, an inventory of individual sections of the coast of the Arctic Ocean was made, the American coast was discovered and the presence of a strait between Asia and America was confirmed, the South Kuril Islands were discovered and mapped, the absence of any land between Kamchatka and North America was proved, the coast of Kamchatka, the Sea of Okhotsk and some parts of the coast of Japan.
