The A.F. Mozhaisky Military Space Academy is one of the oldest military universities in the country. It traces its history back to the first Military Engineering School, established by decree of Peter the Great on January 16, 1712. It was the first military educational institution in Russia that provided polytechnic education. In 1800, the Military Engineering School was transformed into the Second Cadet Corps. Other military educational institutions of Russia were formed in his likeness.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the cadet corps turned into the largest center in the empire for training artillery and engineering officers for the Russian army, which entered into a long period of wars with Napoleonic France. The level of training of officers in the corps allowed them to successfully carry out the most complex combat missions. This is evidenced by the resounding victories of the Russian army.

According to official data, of all the officers of the guards, field and horse artillery who took part in the hostilities against the French, about 70% were graduates of the Second Cadet Corps, including the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, Field Marshal General, His Serene Highness Prince M.I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov; generals K.F. Levenshtern, V.G. Kostenetsky, L.M. Yashvil, who at various times commanded the artillery of the entire Russian army, and others.

The cadet corps entered the new 20th century with a structure that differed little from that which existed at the time of its creation. The cadets were divided into companies, which were placed in separate locations and subdivided into squads. The corps taught: the Law of God, the Russian language with Church Slavonic and Russian literature, French and German, mathematics, basic information on natural history, physics, cosmography, geography, history, the basics of jurisprudence, calligraphy and drawing. In addition, there were extra-curricular subjects: drill, gymnastics, fencing, swimming, music, singing and dancing. Upon successful completion of the full course of study, the cadet had the right to enter a military school free of charge.

On January 31, 1910, an event of historical significance for the cadet corps took place. In the Highest Command of Emperor Nicholas II, it was announced: “Due to the succession established by historical data of the Second Cadet Corps from the Engineering School established by Emperor Peter I on January 16, 1712 in Moscow, the Sovereign Emperor, on January 31 of this year, deigned to give the highest command to the Second Cadet Corps seniority from the date of the establishment of the named school, that is, from January 16, 1712. In accordance with the emperor's order, since 1912 the corps became known as the Second Cadet Corps named after Peter the Great.

The revolution of 1917 put an end to the existence of the Second Cadet Corps. The provisional government made an unsuccessful attempt to reform the cadet corps in Russia, and in the plans for the military development of the Soviet government there was no place at all for the old system of military education, of which the Second Cadet Corps had been an integral part for two centuries. By order of the People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs No. 11 of November 14, 1917, admission to all military educational institutions was stopped.

After the October Revolution of 1917, two Air Force military educational institutions were located in the buildings of the former Second Cadet Corps - the Military Technical School of the Red Air Fleet and the Military Theoretical School of the Red Air Fleet. In educational institutions, officers were trained for the Air Force of the Red Army. In different years, the famous aviators and Heroes of the Soviet Union A.V. Lyapidevsky, N.P. Kamanin, G.F. Baidukov, V.A. Kokkinaki, M.T. Slepnev.

By order of the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR No. 0812 dated March 27, 1941, the Leningrad Air Force Academy of the Red Army was established on the basis of the schools of the Red Air Fleet. With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, only in 1941, the academy managed to complete three graduations and provide the front with 246 qualified engineers, and during the war years the academy trained about 2,000 military aviation specialists. Nine graduates of the academy during the Great Patriotic War became Heroes of the Soviet Union.

On March 19, 1955, by order of the Minister of Defense of the USSR, the Leningrad Air Force Academy of the Red Army was named after Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky.

In 1960, the academy began training officers-specialists in the operation of rocket and space technology.

By order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation of September 22, 1994 No. 311, the succession of the academy and the Engineering School established by Peter I was established and determined.

In the light of the ongoing reform of the military education system of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, large-scale structural changes have been carried out at the academy.

The academy is currently:

• full military-special training of officers at nine faculties in 39 military specialties and 1 specialization
• secondary military special training of sergeants (foremen) of contract service - 1 military specialty out of 6 available in the license;
• professional retraining and advanced training of military specialists in 94 specialties (including 10 specialties of higher military operational-tactical training), as well as retraining of military personnel transferred to the reserve, on the basis of higher professional education - in 30 specialties and on the basis of secondary vocational education - in 4 specialties.

Faculty of Aircraft Design

On March 27, 1941, on the basis of the Institute of Engineers of the Civil Air Fleet, as part of the Leningrad Air Force Academy of the Red Army, a mechanical faculty was formed - Faculty No. 1.

From the first days of its formation, it was awarded the title "engineering". It is this faculty throughout its history that has been and remains decisive in the affiliation and direction of the academy.

The faculty prepares cadets in 5 specialties, which fully cover the system of space vehicles operation. It consists of 6 departments:

• Department of quality control and testing of weapons, military and special equipment;
• Department of spacecraft and means of interorbital transportation;
• Department of Design of Launch Vehicles;
• department of starting and technical complexes;
• department of refueling equipment;
• Department of navigation and ballistic support for the use of CS and the theory of flight of aircraft.

Today, the scientific potential of the faculty is 11 doctors of technical sciences, 9 professors, 47 candidates of technical sciences, 25 associate professors, 3 honorary workers of higher professional education of the Russian Federation, one honored worker of science of the Russian Federation.

The faculty is rightly proud of its graduates. Among them are the head of the Federal Space Agency, General of the Army Vladimir Aleksandrovich Popovkin, the first cosmonaut of the Space Forces, Hero of Russia, Colonel Yuri Georgievich Shargin, chiefs and deputy chiefs of cosmodromes, leading researchers of the Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

Today, the faculty solves complex problems. Third generation programs are being formed. New training standards are being developed. The educational material base is being modernized.

Faculty of Control Systems for Rocket and Space Complexes

Since the formation of the Space Forces, the faculty has been training specialists for the launch and control of orbital constellations.

At present, the Faculty of Control Systems for Rocket and Space Complexes has five departments:

• Department of Autonomous Control Systems;
• Department of on-board electrical equipment and power systems of aircraft;
• Department of Management of Organizational and Technical Systems of Space Purpose;
• Department of onboard information and measuring systems;
• Department of Automated Systems for the Preparation and Launch of Space Rockets.

The faculty provides training for VKO in four specialties:

1. Aircraft control systems.
2. Application of launch units.
3. Operation of automated systems for the preparation and launch of rockets and spacecraft.
4. Operation of optical and optoelectronic means of space vehicles.

The scientific and pedagogical team includes 6 Doctors of Science and 50 Candidates of Science. The academic title of professor is 6, associate professor - 27 teachers. This ensures a high level of educational, methodological and research work.

Honorary professors of the academy work at the faculty: Ponomarev Valentin Mikhailovich - Doctor of Technical Sciences, professor, colonel, head of the department; Smirnov Valentin Vladimirovich - Honored Worker of Science of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Colonel, Head of the Department; Luchko Sergey Viktorovich - Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Colonel, Head of the Department.

Faculty of radio-electronic systems of space complexes

The faculty was established on January 17, 1946 on the basis of the faculty of electrical equipment, which by that time had already trained officers - specialists in aviation radio equipment.

Currently, the faculty has 6 departments:

• transmitting, antenna-feeder devices and means of SEV,
• space radio engineering systems,
• space radar and radio navigation,
• telemetric systems and complex information processing,
• Department of Networks and Communication Systems of Space Complexes,
• receiving devices and radio automatics.

In the field of creation and use of small spacecraft, the faculty has a priority in the creation of educational and experimental spacecraft of the Mozhaets series and the development of programs for conducting space experiments with them to develop and test elements of advanced space systems.

The faculty is equipped with all airborne and ground information and telemetry facilities that are in service with the Aerospace Defense

Faculty members are permanent members of the working group on the development of new navigation signals for the upgraded GNSS GLONASS.

The scientific schools of the faculty cover the fundamental and most science-intensive areas of space radio electronics. Over the years of the faculty's existence, 35 Doctors of Science and more than 180 Candidates of Science have been trained in these scientific schools. The scientific potential of the faculty is 57 candidates and 4 doctors of science.

Faculty of Ground Space Infrastructure

On March 27, 1941, the Leningrad Air Force Engineering Academy of the Red Army was established, as part of which the faculty of airfield construction was organized.

Currently, in the context of the reform of the army and the transition to training according to new educational standards, the faculty is faced with new tasks in training personnel for the updated Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and retraining military personnel transferred to the reserve. Military engineers are trained in the following specialties:

1. Operation and design of buildings and structures.
2. Operation of technical systems and life support systems of ground and underground facilities of the RSC.
3. Heat and gas supply and ventilation.
4. Operation of power supply facilities for special purposes.

The departments of the faculty have carried out a large number of research projects aimed at improving the methods of designing and using buildings, structures and their engineering equipment.

The educational and material base includes an educational and laboratory base at the faculty and a field training base at the BOUP.

On the basis of providing the educational process, there is an educational engineering campus with fragments of structures of fortifications, engineering barriers and camouflage of combat positions, and an energy test site.

One of the outstanding graduates of the faculty is Krylov Nikolai Alekseevich, the founder of the Russian scientific school of non-destructive testing in construction.

The scientific and pedagogical team includes 4 doctors of sciences and 56 candidates of sciences. The academic title of professor has - 6 teachers, associate professor - 22 teachers.

Faculty of Information Collection and Processing

It was formed in 1977 on the basis of the Faculty of Applied Space Physics and Meteorology of the Military Engineering Red Banner Institute named after A.F. Mozhaisky as part of 5 military-special departments and a training military geophysical observatory.

Currently, the faculty trains cadets in 5 specialties:

1. Optoelectronic controls
2. Technologies and means of geophysical support for troops
3. Engineering analysis
4. Space electronic control
5. Integrated electronic control.

4 scientific schools have been formed and are actively functioning: the scientific school of military applied geophysics, the scientific school on the theory of the effectiveness of purposeful processes, the scientific school on optical-electronic means of control and image processing, the scientific school on radio engineering systems for monitoring and analyzing information. Within the framework of these scientific schools, 44 doctors of science and more than 200 candidates of military, technical, physical, mathematical and geographical sciences have been trained.

During the existence of the faculty, 74 people graduated from it with a gold medal. From year to year, cadets of the faculty win prizes at regional and all-Russian competitions for the best student scientific work.

The faculty currently employs two Honored Workers of Science and Technology, one Honored Inventor, 3 Doctors and 35 Candidates of Military, Technical, Physical, Mathematical and Geographical Sciences.

Graduates of the faculty at one time were: Hero of Russia, laureate of the State Prize Chairman of the State Technical Commission under the President of the Russian Federation Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Colonel-General S. I. Grigorov, as well as the head of the A.F. Ph.D., Professor, Major General S.S. Suvorov.

Faculty of Information Support and Computer Engineering

The faculty is designed to train officers in specialties covering the field of information and technical support of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

The faculty includes:

• Department "Systems for collecting and processing information";
• Department of Information and Computing Systems and Networks;
• Department of "Mathematical and software";
• Department of "Complexes and means of information security";
• Department of Information and Analytical Work.
• subject-methodical commission "Psychological actions".

The main directions of scientific and educational activities of the faculty are:

1. Information support for the use of the RF Armed Forces;
2. Technologies for the use of computer systems and networks of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation;
3. Information and analytical work;
4. Substantiation of tactical and technical requirements for computer systems and networks of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation;
5. Development of software and algorithmic support for computing systems and networks of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation;
6. Technologies of computer and information security;
7. Computer simulation of combat operations.

The scientific and pedagogical potential of the faculty is 10 doctors of science, 63 candidates of science. Of these, 3 Honored Workers of Science, 8 professors, 31 associate professors.

Honored professors of the academy work at the faculty: Yury Grigoryevich Rostovtsev - Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Technical Sciences, author of more than 200 scientific and educational works; Ryzhikov Yuri Ivanovich - Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Technical Sciences, author of 260 scientific and educational works.

Faculty of topographic and geodetic support and cartography

In 2006 the Military Space Academy named after A.F. Mozhaisky included the Military Institute (topographic), transformed from the Military Topographic Institute named after A.I. Antonov.
In 2011, the Military Institute as part of the VKA named after A.F. Mozhaisky was reorganized into the 7th Faculty of Topographic and Geodetic Support and Cartography.

The faculty trains cadets in the following specialties: Secondary vocational education - Applied geodesy (Operation of geodetic equipment). Higher professional education:

• Astronomical geodesy (Application of geodetic units and operation of geodetic equipment).
• Aerial photography (Application of topographic units and operation of topographic equipment).
• Cartography (Application of cartographic units and operation of cartographic equipment).

The faculty also provides advanced training for specialists of the Topographic Service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and retrains discharged military personnel for a new type of activity in the field of cadastral relations and the operation of geodetic equipment.

Graduates Kudryavtsev M.K., Byzov B.E., Nikolaev L.S., Losev A.I., Khvostov V.V., Filatov V.N. in different years they went from a cadet to the head of the Topographic Service of the Armed Forces.
Among the graduates are the Chief of Staff of the Logistics of the Leningrad Military District, Major General Santalov V.D., Head of the Main Directorate of Geodesy and Cartography under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Major General Zhdanov G.D.

Faculty of Rocket and Space Defense

The faculty was established by the Order of the Minister of Defense of Russia dated July 12, 2011 on the basis of two former structural units of the A.F. Mozhaisky Military Space Academy: the military institute of systems and means of providing troops in the city of Pushkin and the branch of the academy in the urban-type settlement of Kubinka. Both structural divisions of the academy have long been important elements of the personnel training system for the country's Air Defense Forces, the Strategic Missile Forces and the Space Forces.

Currently, the faculty organizes the training of officers for the Aerospace Defense Forces of Russia and other departments in the direction of training "Radio Engineering" in the specialty "Special Radio Engineering Systems". The main military specialties of training are: "Application and operation of missile attack warning systems", "Application and operation of anti-missile defense systems" and "Application and operation of anti-space defense and control of outer space". The main customer of the specialists is the troops of the Russian Aerospace Defense.

The faculty employs four doctors and 28 candidates of sciences, three of which have the academic title of professor, 13 have the academic title of associate professor, and two are senior research fellows. Two teachers are honorary workers of higher professional education of the Russian Federation.

Among the graduates of the faculty there are many military leaders and prominent scientists: Colonel General E.S. Yurasov, lieutenant general G.V. Kisunko, N.S. Zaitsev, V.V. Artemiev, A.K. Efremov, M.M. Kucheryavy, A.I. Ilyin and others.

The glorious past of the faculty, its traditions, the accumulated experience in organizing the educational process, modern educational and laboratory facilities, high qualification of teachers - all this is the main prerequisites and conditions for the successful solution of the tasks of modern military reform, the main content of which is the creation of a mechanism for ensuring the country's security and effective military construction.

Faculty of automated command and control systems

• Department of System Analysis and Mathematical Support of ACS (troops),
• Department of Technologies and Means of Technical Support and Operation of ACS (troops)
• Department of technology and means of complex processing and transmission of information to automated control systems (by troops),
• Department of ACS of space complexes,
• Department of ACS PRO.

The faculty trains cadets in 10 specialties:

• Mathematical support of automated control systems for space vehicles
• Application and operation of automated systems for special purposes;
• Mathematical support of automated control systems for space vehicles;
• Informatics and Computer Engineering;
• Automated information processing and control systems;
• Computers, complexes, systems and networks;
• Software for computer technology and automated systems;
• Maintenance of computer equipment, computer networks;
• Application and operation of automated systems for special purposes.

A scientific school of automation of management of complex organizational systems has been created at the faculty. In total, over the years of the existence of this scientific school, 8 doctors and 66 candidates of sciences have been trained.

Faculty of retraining and advanced training

On June 29, 1941, on the basis of the directive of the General Staff of the Red Army, a 3-month training course for engineers was created. Over the many years of its existence, this unit has undergone many changes and reorganizations, as a result of which, on September 1, 2009, a faculty for retraining and advanced training was created with a new staff structure.

Currently, the faculty is engaged in the retraining of officers with higher military operational-tactical training in 11 specialties. Raising the qualifications of specialists from the troops in 85 specialties.

Professional retraining of retired servicemen:

• with higher education in 30 specialties;
• with secondary education in 9 specialties and in three working specialties.

The faculty trains specialists for the East Kazakhstan region, the Topographic Service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and other central military command and control bodies. Classes are conducted by the teaching staff of all faculties of the academy and general academic departments.

During the existence of the faculty (academic courses), more than 20,000 specialists have been retrained and improved their skills. In 2009-2011, 802 officers underwent advanced training for military specialists of the types and branches of the armed forces. 969 people underwent professional retraining of retired servicemen.

Military Institute (research)

In accordance with the requirements of the time and the tasks facing the academy, all the previously scattered scientific divisions of the academy since July 15, 2009 have been merged into a newly formed division - the Military Institute (research).

At present, the structure of the scientific component of the academy meets the needs of the time as much as possible. The personnel of the institute's subdivisions is engaged in the production of scientific and technical products in current and promising areas of scientific research.

The basis of the scientific potential of VINI is 115 candidates and 31 doctors of science. The title of professor has 18 people, associate professor -19.

To conduct research, the institute has unique samples of laboratory, experimental and modeling facilities, such as:

• experimental ballistic stand
• radar measuring complex "Tsunami-3";
• integrated aircraft laboratory "PHOTON";
• stands for studying the impact of outer space factors on RKT objects;
• background-target environment models.

The main tasks of the Institute are:

• military-scientific support of research and development work;
• carrying out flight and experimental work in the interests of the types and branches of the troops;
• release of a system of initial data to support work on the creation of space weapons for the period up to 2015;
• participation in the working group on the GLONASS system;
• fulfillment of operational tasks of military command and control bodies.

Thanks to the scientific potential of the institute, the capabilities of the laboratory and experimental base, and also taking into account the prospects for the construction of the Armed Forces and the improvement of the means of armed struggle, a significant expansion of the spectrum of the use of forces and means of VINI has been achieved.

Base for the educational process

The main task of the base is to ensure the educational process and scientific research at the field training and material base of the academy. The educational process support base (Lekhtusi village) provides practical training for cadets and students in operational-tactical, tactical-special, military-technical, military-special and general military disciplines in all training specialties established for the academy in the scope of existing curricula and programs, as well as conducting related scientific research. It is located in the village of Lekhtusi, Vsevolozhsk district. The total area of ​​the base is more than 900 hectares.

The base is used when carrying out:

• practical and group classes on the operation of space assets, life safety, military topography, fire training, management of the daily activities of units and other disciplines;
• tactical and special classes and exercises;
• operational practice and military training;
• applied scientific research;
• field exits;
• recruitment of applicants;
• basic military training.

The base is equipped with:

• workplaces for training combat crews for the preparation and launch of ILV and spacecraft control;
• test site;
• tactical training field;
• military shooting range;
• chemistry campus;
• combined-arms and assault firing obstacle courses;
• structures and landfills according to the rules and security measures, engineering facilities;
• a sports town with a football field and running tracks.

The field base facilities are equipped in accordance with the requirements of the Order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation of 2010 No. 150, provided with the required samples of weapons and military equipment, simulators; equipped with management, communication and control tools for the implementation of curricula and programs. The available weapons and military equipment, training facilities, classrooms are maintained in working condition and provide the required throughput for high-quality practice of the tasks of practical training of students and cadets in the time allotted by the curriculum.

Educational and methodical work

Educational and methodological work is the most important part of the educational process in the academy. It includes the organization and conduct of all types of training sessions, current monitoring of progress, intermediate and final certification of students, improving the methodology and improving the quality of training sessions, raising the professional level of the management and scientific and pedagogical staff of the academy.

The main tasks of educational and methodological work are:

• training of officers with higher professional education, sergeants with secondary professional education, scientific, pedagogical and scientific personnel of the highest qualification for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and other federal executive bodies;
• professional retraining and advanced training of military and civilian personnel;
• meeting the needs of students in intellectual, cultural and moral development through higher, secondary and (or) postgraduate professional education.

The Academy has a license for the right to conduct educational activities and a certificate of state accreditation for training specialties, determined by order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation.

State requirements for the minimum content and level of training of graduates in all training specialties are established by state educational standards and qualification requirements for military professional training of graduates, on the basis of which curricula and curricula have been developed.

The most important events in educational and methodological work in 2011:

• the 83rd graduation of officers was held: 907 graduates successfully passed the final certification, of which 838 cadets, 40 students, 29 foreign military personnel. At the same time, 86 graduates received diplomas with honors, and 13 of them were awarded gold medals;
• 553 military specialists were trained at the faculty of retraining and advanced training;
• approved by the Minister of Education and Science of the Russian Federation 7 Federal State Educational Standards (FSES) of the new generation out of 28 entrusted to the development of military universities. On September 1, the academy began teaching the 1st courses according to the new Federal State Educational Standards.

Educational work

An integral part of the educational activities of the academy and one of the main activities of all officials of the university is educational work. Educational tasks are successfully solved in the course of the educational process, everyday military service, joint educational, scientific work and other activities of the permanent and variable composition of the university.

The academy annually holds a set of organizational, technical, informational, propaganda, cultural and leisure activities for the patriotic education of military personnel.

Since 2010, it has become traditional for military personnel to take part in the Victory parades on Palace Square in St. Petersburg and Red Square in the capital of our Motherland, the Hero City of Moscow.

In order to improve the quality of outreach work with personnel, in 2010 the weekly radio newspaper "Altair" and the monthly all-academic printed newspaper "Vestnik Akademii" were published. This made it possible to cover events in the life of the academy, divisions, departments more widely and more quickly, to bring information about the work of the academic council of the academy, the tasks solved by the academy, and the prospects for its development.

Cadets and officers take an active part in the cultural and social life of the city of St. Petersburg and the Petrogradsky district. The participation of cadets in the festival of patriotic song "Songs of Victory", held by the city administration, has become traditional. The staff of the academy takes an active part in events held by municipal councils, the city government and the administration of the Petrogradsky district as part of the celebration of Victory Day, youth festivals and holidays.

Close cooperation has been established with the State Chapel, the Russian Museum, the Big and Small Philharmonic Halls, and the Mariinsky Theatre. For the first time since 2010, groups of our cadets began to visit the expositions of the A.V. Suvorov, museum-palace A.D. Menshikov, the Hermitage Theater and the Opera of St. Petersburg, the historical complex of the Peter and Paul Fortress and St. Isaac's Cathedral.

A great deal of work on the patriotic education of personnel is carried out by the staff of the historical and memorial hall of the academy. The museum, founded in 1966, still remains the place where meetings of alumni of the Academy of different years often take place.

sports work

The main role in the organization of physical training and sports at the Academy is played by the Department of Physical Training. Established in March 1941, the department has always set itself the task of ensuring the high physical readiness of the military personnel of the Academy in the performance of their duty to defend the Motherland.

The team of the Department of Physical Training and Sports has won a well-deserved authority. This is evidenced by the high rates of physical training and mass sports work in the unit.

The academy has trained tens of thousands of highly qualified, physically hardened officers for the Armed Forces.

In the army, academy graduates continue to pass on to their subordinates the knowledge and skills acquired at the academy in physical training classes.

Over the past years, physical training and sports at the academy have achieved significant development. Sport has become widespread and has firmly entered the study, life and life of cadets. Spartakiads are held among faculties, courses and permanent staff. The Academy participates in all competitions of the city, district, Space Forces, Armed Forces, Europe and the World.

For success in sports, the academy was awarded many challenge prizes, 86 of which were left to it for permanent storage. Over the years of the academy's existence, more than 250 masters of sports of the USSR have grown up in it.

The teachers of the department are the authors of many printed works on the theory and practice of physical culture and sports. These works were of great importance for the development of physical training and sports at the academy and were highly appreciated in other universities and military units of the RF Ministry of Defense.

The staff of the department includes five candidates of pedagogical sciences, one professor, three associate professors, two honored masters of sports, one international class master of sports, 12 masters of sports, two honored coaches of Russia, eight excellent students of physical culture and sports.

At present, the staff of the Department of Physical Training and Sports continues to maintain glorious traditions and successfully solves the problems of further improving physical training and sports at the academy.

HEAD OF THE ACADEMY

general lieutenant

O. FROLOV

RECEPTION RULES

TO THE MILITARY SPACE ACADEMY

NAMED AFTER A. F. MOZHAYSKY

The Military Space Academy named after, being a polytechnic university of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, trains highly qualified officers with higher military special education for the Space Forces, other branches, types of the Armed Forces and law enforcement agencies of the Russian Federation.

Those who graduate from the academy are awarded the military rank of "lieutenant" and a diploma is issued in the following specialties:

AT THE MILITARY INSTITUTE OF THE ACADEMY

(TOPOGRAPHICAL):

- cartography;

- astronomical geodesy;

- aerial photography.

Phone for information:

AT THE MILITARY INSTITUTE OF THE ACADEMY

(SYSTEMS AND FACILITIES FOR THE TROOPS) Pushkin:

- computers, complexes, systems and networks;

- power supply;

Phone for information:

at the Faculty of LAUNCH DESIGNS

AND SPACE VEHICLES:

- spacecraft and boosters;

- rocket science;

- launch and technical complexes of rockets and space

devices;

- technical systems and life support systems;

- heat, water and gas supply and ventilation;

- power supply.

At the Faculty of COLLECTION AND PROCESSING OF INFORMATION:

- optical-electronic devices and systems;

- meteorology;

- computer security;

and management.

The term of study at the academy is 5 years.

The academy accepts males, and by specialty «» and female faces, citizens of the Russian Federation with secondary (complete) general or secondary vocational education, from among:

citizens who have not completed military service - aged 16 to 22;

citizens who have completed military service and conscripted military personnel - until they reach the age of 24;

military personnel undergoing military service under a contract (except for officers) - until they reach the age of 24 years.

Age is determined by the state at the time of admission to the academy.

Persons from among citizens who have completed and have not completed military service, who have expressed a desire to enter the academy, submit applications to the military commissariat at the place of residence before April 1 of the year of admission.

The application shall indicate: surname, name, patronymic, year, date and month of birth, address of the place of residence, name of the academy and specialty (for females, the specialty of training is indicated " computer software and automated systems”), according to which the candidate wishes to study. Attached to the application: a copy of the birth certificate, an autobiography, a reference from the place of work or study, a copy of the document on secondary education (students submit a certificate of current academic performance; persons who have completed the first and subsequent courses of educational institutions of higher professional education submit an academic certificate), three photographs (without headgear) 4.5 x 6 cm in size.

biology (oral);

Russian language (written, composition).

Exam results are determined by grades: 5 (excellent), 4 (good), 3 (satisfactory), 2 (unsatisfactory).

The results of the exam are counted in the subjects: mathematics, physics and the Russian language. The profile entrance test is mathematics.

When determining the level of general education of candidates entering the specialty "Psychology and Pedagogy", the results of the Unified State Examination are counted in the subjects: history of Russia, biology and the Russian language. The profile entrance test is biology.

The results of the USE in each subject are translated into a scale comparable to the assessment system at the academy, since enrollment is carried out both on the basis of the USE results and on the results of entrance examinations conducted at the academy.

The results of the USE of the current year are accepted as the results of entrance examinations.

In case of doubt about the reliability of the data contained in the certificate of USE results submitted by the candidate, and in order to confirm the participation (non-participation) of the candidate in the USE in May-June of the current year, the selection committee reserves the right to apply to the Federal database of certificates of USE results . A candidate who has provided false information participates in the competition with the actual number of points that he received when passing the exam in the corresponding general education subject.

From testing knowledge in general subjects Candidates are exempt from:

servicemen who were conscripted for military service, while performing tasks in the conditions of an armed conflict of a non-international nature in the Chechen Republic and in the territories of the North Caucasus immediately adjacent to it, classified as an armed conflict zone;

graduates of the Suvorov military schools who were awarded a medal (gold or silver) "For Special Achievements in Teaching";

persons who graduated with medals (gold or silver) "For special achievements in teaching" educational institutions of secondary (complete) general or primary vocational education, as well as persons who graduated with honors from educational institutions of secondary vocational education, with positive results of the interview;

other citizens who, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, are exempted from testing knowledge in general subjects when entering universities.

Candidates entering the specialty of training taking into account the results of the Unified State Examination, who graduated with medals (gold or silver) "For special achievements in learning" from educational institutions of secondary (complete) general or primary vocational education, as well as candidates who graduated with honors from educational institutions of secondary vocational education , pass entrance tests of a professional orientation (profile tests) in general education subjects.

If the said candidates:

participated in the Unified State Examination in May-June of the current year and scored the number of points established by the Academy in this general education subject, then they are accepted to the university based on the results of the Unified State Examination in specialized general education subjects. Entrance tests in the form of an interview are not conducted for them.

did not participate in the Unified State Examination in May-June of the current year in this general educational subject, then they pass the appropriate entrance tests of a professional orientation (profile tests);

have, according to the results of the Unified State Examination, a lower number of points than established by the university for enrollment according to the results of the entrance profile test, but not lower than the boundary of a satisfactory assessment, they are granted the right to further pass the entrance examinations and participate in the competition on a general basis.

Candidates who do not appear (without good reason) for one of the exams at the scheduled time are not allowed to take further exams. The candidate is obliged to inform the selection committee before the start of the exam about the impossibility to take exams for health reasons or other reasons confirmed by documents.

Candidates take entrance exams for the chosen faculty and are allocated to specific specialties after they are enrolled.

The procedure for considering candidates' complaints about the grades given by the examiners is determined by the selection committee. The complaint must be filed on the day of the oral examination or on the day the grade for the written examination is announced.

ADMISSION PROCEDURE

CANDIDATES AS CADEMIES OF THE ACADEMY

Candidates who have successfully passed the professional selection are entered into the competitive lists and, based on the results of the competition, are enrolled to study at the academy. The general conclusion about the expediency of enrolling a candidate in the academy is made on the basis of an integrated approach to all indicators of military professional selection.

Out of competition Candidates who have successfully passed professional selection from among:

orphans;

children left without parental care;

citizens under the age of 20 who have only one parent - a disabled person of the 1st group, if the average per capita income of the family is below the subsistence level established in the corresponding subject of the Russian Federation;

citizens dismissed from military service and entering universities on the recommendations of commanders of military units;

combatants;

citizens who, in accordance with the Law of the RSFSR dated 01.01.01, No. 000-1 "On the social protection of citizens exposed to radiation as a result of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster", are granted the right to enter a higher educational institution out of competition.

Preemptive right when enrolling cadets are used by candidates who showed equal results during the professional selection, from among:

citizens who have a priority right when entering higher and secondary specialized educational institutions in accordance with the Law of the RSFSR dated 01.01.01 No. 000-1 "On the social protection of citizens exposed to radiation due to the Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster";

citizens discharged from military service;

children of servicemen performing military service under a contract and having a total duration of military service of 20 years or more;

children of citizens dismissed from military service upon reaching the age limit for military service, for health reasons or in connection with organizational and staff measures, the total duration of military service of which is 20 years or more;

children of military personnel who died in the performance of military service duties or died as a result of injury (wounds, injuries, contusions) or diseases received by them in the performance of military service duties;

graduates of general education boarding schools with initial flight training;

citizens who, in accordance with the established procedure, have been assigned the sports category of a candidate for master of sports, the first sports category or sports title in a military-applied sport, as well as citizens who have been trained in military-patriotic youth and children's associations;

other citizens who, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, have been granted a pre-emptive right when entering universities.

Candidates entering the specialty of training, taking into account the results of the Unified State Examination, who, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, have the right to out-of-competition enrollment, pass entrance tests in all general education subjects defined for the chosen specialty. At the same time, for out-of-competition enrollment based on the results of the USE, it is necessary to score a number of points not less than that established for a satisfactory assessment in each of the general education subjects.

Candidates who are not accepted for study as they have not passed professional selection are seconded to military commissariats at the place of residence, and military personnel to their military units. Personal files and other documents indicating the reasons for refusal to enroll in studies, as well as certificates of the results of professional selection are issued to candidates on hand against receipt, which is reported to military units and military commissariats at the place of residence no later than 10 days after the end of the professional selection.

Candidates accepted by the decision of the selection committee for study are enrolled in the academy and are appointed to military positions of cadets from August 1 of the year of admission to study by order of the head of the academy.

The life, way of life and study of cadets in the academy are organized in accordance with the requirements of the General Military Regulations of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and orders of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation for military educational institutions.

During the spring break, the academy holds an open day and paid rehearsal exams in mathematics and physics.

Organized at the academy civil specialist training institute on a paid basis in the specialties:

Industrial and civil construction;

Astronomical geodesy;

Cartography;

Aerophotogeodesy.

Accepted are male and female persons with a secondary (complete) general or secondary vocational education. The form of education is part-time and full-time. Entrance examinations are held in the form of an interview from 1 September. Beginning of training from October 1st.

Phone for information:

At the academy there are paid correspondence mathematical (ZMSh) and physical (ZFSh) schools for targeted individual training in mathematics and physics for the successful passing of entrance exams to the VKA them. . The school accepts young men of the graduating classes of general education schools, technical schools, colleges, as well as persons who have graduated from educational institutions with a secondary education, or students of the last year of a secondary educational institution who are preparing to enter the academy or any polytechnic university.

The basis of the classes is the independent work of students according to methods and manuals that take into account the peculiarities of training at the academy.

The school sends the necessary literature to each student: texts of individual tasks, guidelines for their implementation, sets of textbooks. Completed individual assignments are sent (represented) for verification within the established time limits. They are checked by highly qualified teachers of the departments of higher mathematics and physics. After a thorough review and analysis of errors, each work is supplied with detailed comments, recommendations and a resolution on the set-off of the task or instructions for its improvement. Based on the results of the training, students of ZMSh and ZFSh take the final exam. The date and place of the examination is communicated in advance individually to each student. Getting an unsatisfactory mark in the final exam does not deprive the candidate of the right to take the entrance exam.

The results of the final exams at ZMSh and ZFSh, as well as the rehearsal exam in mathematics and physics, are not counted as entrance to the academy.

Training at ZMSh and ZFSh begins on October 15 and ends on May 15.

Those wishing to study at correspondence schools must send an application using the form below with a receipt (photocopy of the receipt) of payment for tuition from September 1 to October 15 to the postal address ZMSh (ZFSh). The student's name and initials must be indicated on the receipt.

The cost of education in ZMSh and ZFSh is 4500 rubles each. You can pay 9000 for tuition in correspondence schools and issue payment with one receipt.

Payment is made to the current account:

VIKU them. .

Northwestern Bank of Sberbank of the Russian Federation

St. Petersburg Kalinin OSB 2004/0783

Sample Application

Head of ZMSh (ZFSh)

from________________________________

(full full name)

zip code and detailed postal address

contact number______________

STATEMENT

I ask you to enroll me as a student of the correspondence mathematical (physical) school in the 2008/09 academic year.

I have read and agree with the rules of training, terms of payment.

In case of termination of studies on my initiative, I will not have financial claims against the school.

Attached is a receipt (copy of the receipt) of payment for tuition.

_________ ______________

(date) (signature)

Postal address ZMSh (ZFSh):

G. St. Petersburg, ZMSh (ZFSh).

Phones for information: .

Academy address:

G. St. Petersburg, .

Admission committee VKA named after.

Phone for information: ,

Fax: (8

PROGRAMS OF ENTRANCE EXAMS

RUSSIAN LANGUAGE PROGRAM

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

The Russian language exam consists of a written presentation, the topic of which is a complete excerpt from a literary work or a narrative story, and for those entering the specialty "Organization of the moral and psychological support of troops" - an essay. On the Russian language exam, the candidate must:

a) listen carefully to the text read by the examiner, paying special attention to the main semantic content, the expressive means of speech used by the author, the features of the language;

b) write the presentation in a neat, clear and legible handwriting;

c) state the content of the proposed text in sufficient detail;

d) reveal the semantic content of the read work, observing the logical sequence of the source text;

f) follow the rules for constructing sentences (syntax of simple and complex sentences);

g) competently use the available vocabulary and various expressive means of the language;

h) carefully check the text (spelling and punctuation).

MAIN CONTENT BLOCKS.

Morphology. Spelling. A culture of speech.

Word parts. Spelling. The place of orthograms in words. Independent and auxiliary parts of speech.

independent parts of speech.

Noun. The syntactic role of a noun in a sentence.

Adjective. The syntactic role of an adjective in a sentence.

a) a deep understanding of the essence of physical phenomena and knowledge of the basic physical laws;

b) skills in solving physical problems;

c) the ability to use the SI system of units and knowledge of the basic physical constants;

d) an idea of ​​the history of the most important discoveries in physics and the role of domestic and foreign scientists in its development.

I. MECHANICS

1. Kinematics

mechanical movement. Relativity of motion. Reference system. Material point. Trajectory. Path and movement. Speed. Acceleration.

Uniform and uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion. Graphs of the dependence of kinematic quantities on time for uniform and uniformly accelerated motion.

Free fall of bodies. Acceleration of gravity. The equation of rectilinear uniformly accelerated motion.

Curvilinear movement of a point on the example of movement along a circle with a constant modulo speed. centripetal acceleration.

2. Fundamentals of dynamics

Inertia. Newton's first law. Inertial reference systems.

Phone interaction. Weight. Pulse. Force. Newton's second law. The principle of superposition of forces. Galileo's principle of relativity.

Forces of elasticity. Hooke's law. Friction force. The law of sliding friction.

gravitational forces. The law of universal gravitation. Gravity. Body weight.

Movement of planets and artificial satellites of the Earth. First cosmic speed. Weightlessness.

Newton's third law.

Moment of power. Lever equilibrium condition. Center of gravity.

3. Conservation laws in mechanics.

Law of conservation of momentum. Jet propulsion. Rocket movement.

Mechanical work. Power. Kinetic and potential energy. The law of conservation of energy in mechanics.

simple mechanisms. The efficiency of the mechanism.

4. Mechanics of liquids and gases.

Pressure. Atmosphere pressure. Change in atmospheric pressure with altitude.

Pascal's law for liquids and gases. Communicating vessels. The principle of the hydraulic press.

Archimedean force for liquids and gases. The condition of bodies floating on the surface of a liquid.

The movement of fluid through pipes. The dependence of the pressure of a liquid on the speed of its flow.

II. MOLECULAR PHYSICS. THERMAL PHENOMENA

1. Fundamentals of molecular-kinetic theory

Experimental substantiation of the main provisions of the molecular-kinetic theory. Brownian motion. Diffusion.

Mass and size of molecules. Measurement of the velocities of molecules. Stern experience.

The amount of substance. Moth. Avogadro constant.

Ideal gas. The basic equation of the molecular-kinetic theory of an ideal gas.

Temperature and its measurement. Absolute temperature scale. Temperature and speed of gas molecules.

Interaction of molecules. Models of gas, liquid and solid body.

2. Fundamentals of thermodynamics

Equation of state of an ideal gas (Mendeleev-Clapeyron equation). Universal gas constant. Isothermal, isochoric and isobaric processes.

Internal energy of an ideal gas. Quantity of heat. Specific heat capacity of a substance.

Work in thermodynamics. The law of conservation of energy in thermal processes (the first law of thermodynamics). Application of the first law of thermodynamics to isoprocesses. adiabatic process.

Irreversibility of thermal processes. The second law of thermodynamics.

The principle of operation of heat engines. Heat engine efficiency and its maximum value.

3. Liquids and solids

Evaporation and condensation. Saturated and unsaturated pairs. Air humidity. Boiling liquid. The dependence of the boiling point on pressure.

Crystalline and amorphous bodies. Energy conversion during changes in the state of aggregation of matter.

III. BASICS OF ELECTRODYNAMICS

1. Electrostatics

Electrification of tel. Electric charge. elementary electric charge. The law of conservation of electric charge.

Interaction of charges. Coulomb's law.

Electric field. Electric field strength. Electric field of a point charge. The principle of superposition of fields.

The work of the electric field when moving the charge. Potentiality of the electric field. Potential difference. Relationship between tension and potential difference.

conductors in an electric field. electrical capacitance. Capacitor. Capacitance of a flat capacitor.

Dielectrics in an electric field. The dielectric constant. The energy of the electric field of a flat capacitor.

2. Constant electric current

Electricity. Current strength. Voltage. Carriers of free electric charges in metals, liquids and gases.

conductor resistance. Ohm's law for a circuit section. Series and parallel connection of conductors.

Electromotive force. Ohm's law for a complete circuit.

Work and current power. Joule-Lenz law.

Semiconductors. Electrical conductivity of semiconductors and its dependence on temperature. Intrinsic and impurity conductivity of semiconductors, r-p-transition.

3. Magnetic field. Electromagnetic induction.

Interaction of magnets. Interaction of conductors with current. A magnetic field. Magnetic field induction.

The force acting on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field. Ampere's law.

The action of a magnetic field on a moving charge. Lorentz force. magnetic flux. Electric motor.

Electromagnetic induction. Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. Lenz's rule.

Vortex electric field. The phenomenon of self-induction. Inductance. The energy of the magnetic field.

IV. OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES

1. Mechanical vibrations and waves.

Harmonic vibrations. Amplitude, period and frequency of oscillations. Free vibrations. Mathematical pendulum. Oscillation period of a mathematical pendulum.

Conversion of energy during harmonic vibrations. Forced vibrations. Resonance. The concept of self-oscillations.

mechanical waves. Wave propagation speed. Wavelength. Transverse and longitudinal waves. The equation of a harmonic plane wave. Sound waves.

2. Electromagnetic oscillations and waves.

Oscillatory circuit. Free electromagnetic oscillations in the circuit. Energy conversion in an oscillatory circuit. Natural oscillation frequency.

Forced electrical oscillations. Alternating electric current. Alternator. Effective values ​​of current and voltage. Resonance in an electrical circuit.

Transformer. Production, transmission and consumption of electricity.

Ideas of Maxwell's theory. Electromagnetic waves. Velocity of propagation of electromagnetic waves. Properties of electromagnetic waves. Scale of electromagnetic waves.

Radiation and reception of electromagnetic waves. Principles of radio communication. The invention of radio. Scale of electromagnetic waves.

V. OPTICS

Rectilinear propagation of light. The speed of light. Laws of reflection and refraction of light. Full reflection. Lens. Focal length of the lens. Construction of an image in a flat mirror.

Converging and divergent lenses. Thin lens formula. Image construction in lenses. Camera. Eye. Glasses.

Light is an electromagnetic wave. Light interference. Coherence. Diffraction of light. Diffraction grating. polarization of light. transverse light. dispersion of light.

VI. ELEMENTS OF A SPECIAL THEORY

RELATIVITY

Einstein's principle of relativity. Invariance of the speed of light. Space and time in the special theory of relativity. Relationship between mass and energy.

VII. THE QUANTUM PHYSICS

1. Light quanta.

Thermal radiation. quanta of light. Planck constant.

Photoelectric effect. Stoletov's experiments. Einstein's equation for the photoelectric effect.

Hypothesis of Louis de Broglie. Electron diffraction. Corpuscular-wave dualism.

2. Atom and atomic nucleus.

Rutherford's experiment on the scattering of alpha particles. Planetary model of the atom. Bohr model of the atom. Spectra. Luminescence. Lasers.

Radioactivity. Alpha, beta, gamma radiation. Methods of observation and registration of particles in nuclear physics.

The composition of the nucleus of an atom. Nucleon model of the nucleus. Core charge. Mass number of the nucleus. Isotopes.

radioactive transformations. Law of radioactive decay.

The binding energy of particles in the nucleus. Nuclear fission. Synthesis of nuclei. Release of energy during fission and fusion of nuclei.

Nuclear reactions. The mechanism of nuclear reactions and the conditions for their occurrence. Fission of uranium nuclei. Use of nuclear energy. Dosimetry.

BIOLOGY PROGRAM

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1. Chemical composition of the cell.

Organic substances: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.

ATP, biopolymers, their role in the cell. Enzymes, their role in life processes.

2. The structure and functions of the cell.

Basic provisions of the cell theory. A cell is a structural and functional unit of the living.

The structure and functions of the nucleus, membrane, cytoplasm and the main organelles of the cell.

Structural features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Features of the structure of cells of bacteria, fungi, animals and plants.

Viruses, features of their structure and activity. AIDS virus, AIDS prevention.

3. Metabolism and energy conversion.

Energy exchange is the basis of cell vital activity. Energy metabolism in the cell and its essence. The main stages of energy metabolism. Distinctive features of the processes of cellular respiration.

The value of ATP in energy metabolism.

Autotrophs and heterotrophs. plastic exchange. Photosynthesis, the cosmic role of plants in the biosphere. Chemosynthesis and its importance in the biosphere.

Gene and its role in biosynthesis. DNA code. DNA self-replication

Matrix synthesis reactions. Biosynthesis of proteins.

The concept of homeostasis. Relationship between the processes of plastic and energy metabolism.

II. Reproduction and individual development of organisms.

1. Reproduction of organisms.

Self-reproduction is a universal property of the living.

Cell division is the basis of reproduction and individual development of organisms. Sexual and asexual reproduction of organisms.

Mitosis. Preparation of the cell for division. duplication of DNA molecules. Protein synthesis. Chromosomes, their haploid and diploid set, constancy of number and shape. Phases of cell division. The meaning of cell division.

sex cells. Meiosis. The development of eggs and sperm. Fertilization.

2. Individual development of organisms.

Features of fertilization in flowering plants.

The concept of individual development (ontogenesis) of organisms. Division, growth, differentiation of cells, organogenesis, reproduction, aging, death of individuals. Plant ontogeny. Animal ontogeny. Embryogenesis (on the example of animals). Mutual influence of parts of the developing embryo. Influence of environmental factors on the development of the embryo.

Postembryonic development. Levels of adaptation of the body to changing conditions.

The harmful effects of alcohol and nicotine on the development of the human body.

Aging and death of the body. Specificity of ontogeny in asexual reproduction.

III. Fundamentals of genetics and selection.

1. Fundamentals of genetics.

The history of the development of genetics.

The patterns of inheritance of traits identified by G. Mendel. Hybridological method of studying heredity. Monohybrid cross. Dominant and recessive traits. allelic genes. Homozygous and heterozygous. The law of dominance. splitting law.

Complete and incomplete dominance. The law of purity of gametes and its cytological substantiation. multiple alleles.

Analyzing cross. Dihybrid and polyhybrid crosses. The law of independent combination.

Phenotype and genotype.

Cytological bases of genetic laws of inheritance.

Genetic sex determination. The genetic structure of the sex chromosomes. Homogametic and heterogametic sex.

Inheritance of sex-linked traits.

Chromosomal theory of heredity. Linkage groups of genes. Linked inheritance of traits. T. Morgan's law. Complete and incomplete linkage of genes. Genetic maps of chromosomes.

The genotype as an integral system.

Chromosomal (nuclear) and cytoplasmic inheritance.

2. Patterns of variability.

The main forms of variability. Genotypic variability. Mutations. Gene, chromosomal and genomic mutations. Somatic and generative mutations.

Causes and frequency of mutations, mutagenic factors. Experimental obtaining of mutations. Mutations as material for artificial and natural selection. Pollution of the natural environment with mutagens and its consequences.

The evolutionary role of mutations.

Combination variability. The emergence of different combinations of genes and their role in creating genetic diversity within a species. The evolutionary significance of combinative variability. The law of homologous series in hereditary variability.

Phenotypic or modification variability. The role of environmental conditions in the development and manifestation of signs and properties. Statistical patterns of modification variability. dominance management.

3. Human genetics.

Methods for studying human heredity. Human genetic diversity. The nature of the inheritance of traits in humans.

Genetic bases of health. Environmental impact on human genetic health. Genetic diseases. Genotype and human health.

population gene pool. The ratio of biological and social inheritance. Social problems of genetics.

Ethical problems of genetic engineering. Genetic prognosis and medical genetic counseling, their practical significance, tasks and prospects.

4. Tasks and methods of selection.

Genetics as a scientific basis for the selection of organisms. Source material for selection. The doctrine of the centers of origin of cultivated plants. Breed, variety, strain.

Selection of plants and animals. Artificial selection in breeding. Hybridization as a method in selection. Crossing types.

Polyploidy in plant breeding.

Achievements of modern selection.

Problems and prospects of biotechnology.

Genetic and cell engineering, its achievements and prospects.

IV. evolutionary doctrine.

1. Fundamentals of evolutionary doctrine.

The essence of the evolutionary approach and its methodological significance. The main features of biological evolution: adaptability, progressive nature, historicity. The main problems and methods of evolutionary doctrine, its synthetic nature.

The main stages in the development of evolutionary ideas.

The significance of data from other sciences for proving the evolution of the organic world.

View. View criteria. Speciation. The concept of microevolution. Population structure of the species. Population as an elementary evolutionary unit. Factors of evolution and their characteristics.

2. Mechanisms of the evolutionary process.

Natural selection is the driving and guiding force of evolution. Prerequisites for the action of natural selection.

Driving forces of evolution: heredity, variability, struggle for existence, natural selection. The leading role of natural selection in evolution.

Forms of the struggle for existence. The struggle for existence as the basis of natural selection. Mechanism, object and scope of selection. The main forms of selection. The role of natural selection in the formation of new properties, traits and new species.

Genetic drift, isolation are the factors of evolution.

The emergence of adaptations and their relative nature. Mutual adaptation of species as a result of natural selection.

Differentiation of organisms in the course of phylogeny as an expression of progressive evolution. Basic principles of the transformation of organs in connection with their function. Patterns of phylogenesis.

The main directions of the evolutionary process. Aromorphosis, ideological adaptation. The ratio of different directions of evolution. Biological Progress and Regression.

The current state of evolutionary theory. The value of evolutionary theory in the practical activity of man.

3. The emergence and development of life on Earth.

Views, hypotheses and theories about the origin of life. The organic world as a result of evolution.

Brief history of the development of the organic world. The main aromorphoses in the evolution of the organic world. The main directions of evolution of various groups of plants and animals.

Phylogenetic relationships in wildlife. Modern classifications of living organisms.

V. Anthropogenesis.

The place of man in the system of the organic world. Evidence for the origin of man from animals.

The driving forces of anthropogenesis. Biological and social factors of anthropogenesis. The main stages of human evolution. Ancestral home of mankind. Human settlement and race formation.

Population structure of the species Homo sapiens.

Adaptive types of a person. Human races, their origin and unity. Anti-scientific, reactionary essence of "social Darwinism" and racism.

Development of material and spiritual culture, transformation of nature.

Factors in the evolution of modern man. The impact of human activity on the biosphere.

VI. Fundamentals of ecology.

1. Ecosystems.

Ecology is the science of the relationship of living organisms with the environment. The current ecological situation. The relevance of environmental education in the context of the global environmental crisis. Ecological knowledge as the basis of human interaction with the environment.

The concept of the environment of life. Diversity of life environments on earth. Environmental factors and adaptation of living organisms to them. Population, their structure.

The concept of "biocenosis". Relationships between organisms and organisms with their environment. Ecosystems. Types of ecosystems. Food chains. Biomass pyramid. Biological circulation of substances in ecosystems. productivity and biomass. Dynamics of ecosystems.

Ecosystem, its main components. Diversity of populations in an ecosystem, nutritional relationships between populations, their significance. The role of producer, consumer and decomposer organisms in the circulation of substances in ecosystems. Regulation of the number of populations as the basis for their conservation. Ecosystem development.

Agroecosystems, their diversity, differences from natural ecosystems. Conservation of biological diversity as a basis for sustainable development of ecosystems.

2. Global ecology.

Biosphere. Definition. The boundaries of life. Abiotic and biotic components. Distribution of life in the biosphere.

Biogeochemical circulation of substances. Stages of development of the biosphere in the process of the historical development of the Earth.

The biosphere is a global ecosystem. Vernadsky in the development of the doctrine of the biosphere, living matter.

The cycle of substances and the flow of energy in the biosphere, the role of living matter in it. The role of plants on earth.

Global changes in the biosphere under the influence of human activity. The problem of sustainable development of the biosphere.

3. Human environmental activity.

Ecological ethics, culture, education, consciousness, thinking. Legal protection of nature. Ecological problems of modern Russia. Environmental Security Movement. Various socio-political movements in defense of nature. The international cooperation. Environmental monitoring. Ecological human needs, health factors.

The problem of implementing the concept of sustainable development and the doctrine of the noosphere. Rational nature management. Ecological technologies. Development of new energy sources.

Protection of the natural environment and man from man-made pollution. Prevention of technological and military disasters.

PROGRAM ON "HISTORY OF RUSSIA"

Introduction.

Russia's place in European and world history. The manifestation of the general patterns of development of countries and peoples in the history of Russia. Features of the history of Russia against the background of European and world history. Historical rates of development of Russia. Multifactorial approach to history. Influence of geographical, geopolitical, economic, ethnic, religious, personal-psychological factors on the fate of Russia. Epochs in the development of the country.

Ancient roots of the Eastern Slavs.

Proto-Slavs. Ancestral home and resettlement of the Indo-Europeans. Indo-European linguistic community. Pan-Slavic European stream. The history of the Eastern Slavs is part of European history, the separation of the Eastern Slavs.

Geographical position of the Eastern Slavs. The nature of the East European Plain in antiquity. The problem of natural borders, the "openness" of Russia to the West and East. The proximity of the steppe, the consequences of this for the life of the Slavs in antiquity. Geographical and climatic characteristics of individual regions of the country: North, Dnieper, South-West, North-East. Contact civilized zones of Russia and individual regions. Influence of the Byzantine civilization. Neighbors of the Eastern Slavs. Early integration of peoples in the East European Plain.

Economy of the Eastern Slavs. Farming skills. Industries. Craft. General and special in the formation of the cities of Russia and Western Europe. Religion of the Eastern Slavs in antiquity. Paganism of the Slavs, its features. Reflection in paganism and the social system of the Slavs.

Formation of the Old Russian state with the center in Kyiv.

Decomposition of primitive communal relations among the Eastern Slavs. The origin of social differentiation of social differences: causes and consequences. Creation of tribal unions. Druzhina and know. The emergence of princely power. Features of the development of socio-political processes among the Eastern Slavs in antiquity in comparison with the peoples of Western Europe.

The emergence of principalities among the Eastern Slavs in the VIII - IX centuries, the formation of the state association "Rus" at the turn of the VIII-IX centuries. led by the principality of the glades. The Rise of Kyiv: Legend and Reality. Origin of the word "Rus". Novgorod Rus, its place in Russian history.

Genesis of the multinational Old Russian state.

Legendary and real in the "recognition of the Varangians". "Norman theory", its role in Russian history. Neo-Normanism. The first western and eastern evidence of the state of Russia. The liberation of the East Slavic lands from the yoke of the Khazars. The emergence of two main directions of ancient Russian foreign policy: the Balkans and the Azov-Caspian region.

The struggle of Novgorod and Kyiv as two centers of statehood in Russia. The victory of the "North" over the "South". Prince Oleg. Subjugation of the glades and other tribes. Peaceful and violent incorporation of Finno-Ugric and Baltic tribes into Russia. Creation of a state centered in Kyiv. The multi-ethnic character of the first Russian state. Russia at the end of the IX - the middle of the X century. Oleg's campaign against Constantinople in 907. Treaties of Russia with the Greeks. Strengthening of the Kievan state under Igor. The beginning of the struggle with the Pechenegs. Promotion to the Black Sea, the mouth of the Dnieper, to the Taman Peninsula. Russian-Byzantine war 941-944 The uprising of the Drevlyans and the death of Igor. Reform of management and taxation under Olga. Olga's journey to Constantinople. Baptism of Olga. Political relations with the German Empire. Russia between Byzantium and the West. Strengthening the significance of Christianity in Kyiv. Transfer of power to the pagan Svyatoslav.

The origin of early feudal relations in Kievan Rus. Folding state and private ownership of land. The transition from polyudya to organized tribute collection. The natural character of the master and peasant farms. The emergence of a feudal-dependent population in the countryside and town.

The structure of domination of the top of the population. Princely castles, boyar courts. Army.

Nicholas I and his intentions. Investigation and trial of the Decembrists. Pestel, Trubetskoy, Ryleev. The wives of the Decembrists. Decembrists in Siberia. The activities of the Third Division, the strengthening of censorship oppression. The theory of "official nationality". The growth of the bureaucracy. Law codification. Government village management reform. and monetary reform. The personality of Nicholas I. The beginning of the crisis of the Nikolaev system. Accession to Russia of the Caucasus and the Caucasian War. Ermolov, Shamil. The growth in the public consciousness of protest against the Nikolaev regime. Slavophiles and Westernizers. Petrashevtsy. , . . Crimean War.

Russia in the post-reform era.

The era of liberation. Abolition of serfdom. The historical significance of the elimination of serfdom. Reforms of the 60s - 70s. XIX century: zemstvo, city, judicial, military, financial, censorship, education. Personality of Alexander II. The author of reforms.

Industrial revolution. Construction of the great highway from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok. The emergence of new industrial centers. The capitalist city is a new phenomenon in Russia. Preservation of the landlord latifundia and the peasant community. Slow development of commodity-money relations in agriculture of the central provinces. The rapid development of agrarian capitalism in the North Caucasus and South Ukraine.

Drama after release. The question of the constitution in the government of Alexander II. Russian liberalism and the movement for a constitution. . The rise of populism. Three currents in populism. Lavrov, Tkachev, Bakunin. Government repression and the victory of the terrorist direction. Activity - Melikov. Draft constitution. Seven attempts on the king. Assassination of Alexander II. Lessons and miscalculations of the populist movement.

At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Industrial rise of the 90s. and activity. Deterioration of the situation in the countryside: the population explosion and the world; agricultural crisis, the growth of peasant land shortages and poverty. Hungry years. The transition of the government to a policy of conservation of patriarchal-communal relations in the countryside while maintaining the landowners' latifundia. political reaction. Alexander III and. Accession to the throne of Nicholas II. The liberal movement of the 80-90s. "Third Element" in Zemstvo. . liberal populism. . The Russian labor movement enters the scene. The Emancipation of Labor Group and the Emergence of the Marxist Movement in Russia. "Union of struggle for the liberation of the working class" and the beginning of activities. New stage of the liberation movement.

Russia at the crossroads of world politics. Chancellor and the restoration of Russia's rights in the Black Sea. Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878 and the liberation of Bulgaria. Accession of Central Asia to Russia. The end of the "Union of the Three Emperors" and the rapprochement of Russia and France.

Russian Orthodox Church in the XIX century. Orthodoxy in the system of tsarist autocracy. church government system. Chief Prosecutors and the Synod. and Metropolitan Filaret. The question of church reforms in the post-reform era. The birth of a liberal trend in the clergy, the emergence of democrat priests. Christianization of the peoples of the Volga region and Siberia and its historical significance. Monastic "eldership". Elder Ambrose from Optina Hermitage. Politics and the Growing Crisis of the Orthodox Church in the Conditions of the Development of Capitalism.

Culture of Russia in the XIX century. Enlightenment and science. Russian travelers. Urban planning. Old Petersburg is a masterpiece of European architecture. Russian painting. Music of the peoples of Russia. Russian literature conquers Europe. The growth of literacy in the second half of the XIX century. Creation of national writing among a number of peoples of the Volga region. Seal capital, provincial. Publishing business. Theatre. Music. Exhibitions. Museums. Temples.

Russia in the era of revolutions.

National crisis at the beginning of the 20th century. Finding a way out of the crisis. and the "Special Conference on the Needs of the Agricultural Industry", and the "Liberation Union". Formation of the Socialist Revolutionary Party. its leaders. II Congress of the RSDLP and the formation of the Bolshevik and Menshevik trends in social democracy. Lenin, Plekhanov, Martov. "Russia needs a small victorious war" - the opinion of the Minister of Internal Affairs. Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 and the Peace of Portsmouth. Unfulfilled hopes of the "liberal spring" -Mirsky.

First Russian Revolution 1905-1907 Priest and "Assembly of Russian Factory Workers of St. Petersburg". "Bloody Sunday" January 9, 1905 The beginning of the first Russian revolution. The main demands of the revolution: the introduction of a constitution and civil liberties, the equalization of the rights of all classes, the solution of the land issue. Political camps in the revolution. General political strike in October 1905 Manifesto of October 17, 1905 Formation of the liberal parties of the Constitutional Democrats and the "Union of October 17". The failure of the December armed uprising. Correction of the liberals and disunity of the opposition. State Duma of the first and second convocations. The entry of the government on the path of punitive operations. The June 3 coup d'état is the final milestone of the revolution. Political and social results of the revolution of 1905 - 1907.

Years of missed opportunities. Stabilization of the internal situation in Russia in 1907 - 1914. Activity. Stolypin's personality. agrarian reform. The destruction of the community is the primary task of the reform. Planting farms and cuts. Suppression of alternative ways to improve peasant life. The violent nature of the reform. Stolypin's projects in the field of reforms of local government, courts, public education. The emergence of a coalition against Stolypin (the local nobility, the court camarilla, the highest bureaucracy). Political crisis in the spring of 1911. The assassination of Stolypin. The failure of the second era of reforms. The brewing of a revolutionary crisis.

Silver age of Russian culture. New technology and new features of life. Education. Book and print. Social Sciences. Natural science and technology. Culture and art of the peoples of Russia.

World War I. Lack of consolidation of Russian society. The defeat of the Russian army in the spring - summer of 1915 Railway crisis. fuel crisis. food crisis. The struggle for power between the Duma, the generals and the court camarilla. and

February Revolution of 1917 and the abdication of Nicholas II. Personality of Nicholas II. The emergence of the Petrograd Soviet. Creation of the Provisional Government. characteristics of its members. . Establishment of dual power. Council Leadership. Russian society is facing a severe test. Results of the February Revolution.

Russia after February 1917. Provisional government in the ring of problems. Question about the world. The question of land. The question of the Constituent Assembly. National disaster. The fall of the prestige and power of the Provisional Government. Summer - autumn 1917. Growing popular discontent. Growing chaos. polarization of forces. The growth of the influence of the Bolsheviks. The position of the main political forces: the Cadets, the Socialist-Revolutionaries, the Mensheviks. July Crisis. General's speech. Domestic policy of the Provisional Government.

October Revolution in Petrograd. The Bolsheviks are in power. Creation of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution (VChK). Dispersal of the Constituent Assembly. Adoption by the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies of the "Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People". Adoption of the Decree "On the socialization of land". The conclusion of the Brest Peace Treaty of Soviet Russia with Germany and its allies. Adoption of the Decree on the nationalization of industry. Adoption by the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets of the Constitution of the RSFSR.

The struggle of the Soviet government against the troops. Adoption of the Decree on the introduction of food surplus for bread. The struggle of the Soviet government against the combined Armed Forces of the South of Russia under the command. Cancellation of the blockade of Soviet Russia by the Entente.

Soviet-Polish war. The conclusion of the Riga Peace Treaty of the RSFSR with Poland. The struggle of the Soviet government against the troops of the general. The end of the civil war on the territory of the RSFSR (in the European part and Siberia). results of the civil war.

Soviet Union in the interwar period.

The uprising of sailors and soldiers in Kronstadt. Workers' strikes in Petrograd. Adoption by the X Congress of the RCP (b) of the decision on the transition to a new economic policy.

Russia in the years of the new economic policy and forced construction of "state socialism" 1921-1941 New economic policy. Contradictions and "NEP crises". Formation of the Stalinist economic model of "state socialism".

Convocation of the First All-Union Congress of Soviets: the formation of the USSR. Adoption of the first Constitution of the USSR. The course towards building socialism in one country and its consequences. Soviet statehood in the period of accelerated construction of "state socialism". Formation of the structure of the "state-party" in the USSR. Formation of a one-party political regime. Cultural life of the country in the 1920s.

Socio-economic development of the country in the 20s. Industrialization. Socio-economic transformations in the 30s. Strengthening the regime of Stalin's personal power. resistance to Stalinism. The first five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR.

Foreign policy of the USSR in 1921-1941. Genoese conference. Rappal Treaty of the RSFSR with Germany. Official recognition of the USSR by a number of European states. The entry of the USSR into the League of Nations. The Soviet Union on the eve and in the initial period of the Second World War. Armed clashes between the USSR and Japan near Lake Khasan and in the area of ​​the Khalkhin-Gol River. The conclusion of the Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact. Germany attacked Poland - the beginning of the Second World War. The entry of Soviet troops into the eastern regions of Poland (Western Belarus and Western Ukraine). Conclusion of the Soviet-German Treaty "On Friendship and Borders". Soviet-Finnish war. The entry of Soviet troops into Bessarabia, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia.

Great Patriotic War of the Soviet

people (gg.).

The attack of Nazi Germany on the USSR. Reasons for the failures of the Red Army in the initial period of the war. Measures to transfer the country to martial law. Front and rear, power and people in the Great Patriotic War. Mass heroism of Soviet soldiers on the fronts of the war. Battle for Moscow. Creation of the anti-Hitler coalition: the signing of a number of agreements between the USSR, Great Britain and the USA. Signing of the United Nations Declaration against Germany and its allies. A turning point in the war. Stalingrad battle. Battle of Kursk Adoption of the resolution "On urgent measures to restore the economy in areas liberated from German occupation." Conference of the heads of government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain in Tehran. The liberation of the territory of the USSR from the Nazi invaders.

Conference of the heads of government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain in Yalta. Battle for Berlin. The signing of the Act of unconditional surrender of Germany. Liberation of the territory of the USSR and European countries. Victory over Nazism in Europe. Destruction of Japan. End of World War II. International conference in San Francisco. Signing of the Charter of the United Nations (UN). Conference of the heads of government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain in Potsdam. Nuremberg Trials.

Sources of victory in the war and its price. The results and lessons of the Great Patriotic War and the Second World War as a whole.

Soviet Union in 1945 - 1985

State-political system of the USSR in 1945 - 1953 Apogee of Stalinism. Socio-economic development of the USSR in 1945 - 1955. The fourth five-year plan for the restoration and development of the national economy. The fifth five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR.

The foreign policy of the USSR in 1945 - 1955. "Bipolar" world. Cold War. Establishment of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA). Test in the USSR of the atomic bomb. The signing in Warsaw of an agreement on friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance between the socialist countries (creation of the Warsaw Treaty Organization - ATS).

XX Congress of the CPSU. Report "On the cult of personality and its consequences." Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU "On overcoming the cult of personality and its consequences."

Foreign policy of the USSR during the "thaw" (1955 - 1964). Entering the troops of the countries of the Warsaw Pact in Hungary.

The Soviet Union in the era of the scientific and technological revolution. Launch in the USSR of the world's first artificial Earth satellite. The first manned flight into space in history ().

Economic development of the USSR during the "thaw". Seven-year plan for the development of the national economy. New phenomena in social policy. Socio-political life of the country during the "thaw". Tragedy in Novocherkassk.

XXII Congress of the CPSU. Adoption of a new Party Program - a program for building communism.

Caribbean crisis. The signing in Moscow of an agreement between the USSR, the USA and England on the prohibition of nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, outer space and under water.

Resignation from office.

Socio-economic policy of the period of "stagnation" (1965-1985). Socio-political movements in the USSR in the era of "stagnation". Attempts to implement political and economic reforms. Scientific and technological revolution and its influence on the course of social development.

Resolution of the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU "On urgent measures for the further development of agriculture in the USSR". Decree of the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU "On improving the management of industry, improving planning and strengthening economic incentives for industrial production."

Eighth five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR. The ninth five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR. Tenth five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR.

Adoption of the third Constitution of the USSR.

Foreign policy of the USSR. The foreign policy of the USSR in the era of "stagnation". "Detente" policy.

Entering the troops of the countries of the Warsaw Pact in Czechoslovakia. The signing of the SALT-1 treaty between the USSR and the USA. Meeting in Helsinki on security and cooperation in Europe.

"Undeclared War" in Afghanistan.

Socio-economic development, socio-political life and culture of the USSR in the 60-80s, the growth of crisis phenomena.

The Soviet Union in the era of "perestroika" and "new political thinking". 1985-1991

Socio-economic crisis in the USSR. Election as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU.

Soviet policy of "new thinking" in the international arena. The signing between the USSR and the United States of an agreement on the elimination of intermediate and shorter range missiles.

Eleventh five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR.

The twelfth five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR.

XIX All-Union Party Conference. The course for the reform of the political system. Reformation of the political system of the USSR in the era of "perestroika".

I Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR. Election as President of the USSR.

Adoption of the Declaration on State Sovereignty of the RSFSR. Start of official registration of political parties and organizations.

Dissolution of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the Warsaw Treaty Organization.

Beginning of negotiations in Novo-Ogaryovo on the conclusion of a new Union Treaty between the President of the USSR and the heads of nine Union republics.

The signing of the treaty between the USSR and the United States on the limitation of strategic offensive arms (OSNV-1).

Anti-state coup in Moscow. Belavezha agreement. The decision of the leadership of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus to dissolve the USSR and create the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The resignation of M. Gorbachev from the presidency of the USSR. Completion of the historical path of the USSR. The collapse of the USSR and its consequences.

Russian Federation at the endXX-beginningXXIcentury.

Russia in the post-Soviet space. The beginning of socio-economic and political transformations, their impact on life and mood in society. Federal Treaty of 1992 Confrontation of the highest institutions of state power. All-Russian referendum on confidence in the policy of the President of Russia. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On the gradual constitutional reform and dissolution of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation." Armed performance of the opposition forces in October 1993 in Moscow. Elections to the Federal Assembly of Russia. Constitutional foundations of the Russian Federation. Election in 1996 as President of the Russian Federation B. Yeltsin.

The signing of the treaty between Russia and the United States on the limitation of strategic offensive arms (OSNV-2). Russia's accession to the Partnership for Peace program proposed by NATO member states. The withdrawal of Russian troops from the countries of Eastern Europe.

Socio-economic development of the Russian Federation. The inconsistency of the socio-economic policy of the Russian leadership. Reforms of the Russian economy according to the methods of "shock therapy" and their results. The collapse of the domestic economy, the growth of problems in the social sphere. War in Chechnya. Resignation.

Elections of a new President of Russia in March 2000 and government policy to stabilize the socio-economic and socio-political situation in the country. State-political development of Russian society. Elections to the State Duma of the Russian Federation (December 2003) and presidential elections (March 2004).

The main directions of Russia's foreign policy: relations with countries near and far abroad. Russia's participation in solving global problems of the modern world.

HEAD OF TRAINING DEPARTMENT

colonel

N. KUZHEKIN

Notes

Notes

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Education has always been an important indicator not only for an individual, but also for the country as a whole. Modern education provides many opportunities that allow you to travel to other countries for practice and receive online education. But we should not forget about the culture of education that has evolved over the centuries on the territory of Russia.

Educational institutions that have managed to maintain and increase their reputation over the centuries deserve special attention. The institutions of this level include the Mozhaisk Academy, which began its existence several centuries ago. For centuries, it has been the best school for the training of professional personnel and remains so to this day. The Academy graduates the best specialists who build the future of the whole country.

Acquaintance

Mozhaisk Academy is located in St. Petersburg. The Academy is engaged in the professional training of officers for the Space Forces of the Russian Ministry of Defense. Starting in 2008, the Mozhaisk Academy began full-fledged training of women, and in 2009, a vigorous activity began to retrain personnel transferred to the reserve. Over a long period of time from 1941 to 2011, the Mozhaisk Academy produced more than 46 thousand worthy officers.

The Academy was founded on January 16, 1712. Now the institution is considered state-owned, it is headed by Penkov Maxim Mikhailovich. The educational institution employs 10 doctors of science and 92 professors. It is also important to note that more than 20 honored scientists of Russia work at the academy.

The Mozhaisky Military Academy consists of 12 faculties, a military research institute, a branch in Yaroslavl, and separate services and divisions.

A. F. Mozhaisky

Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky was a rear admiral and Russian military figure, as well as a talented inventor and aviation pioneer. Alexander Fedorovich was born in the spring of 1825 in the Vyborg province of the Grand Duchy of Finland.

The boy was the son of a sailor, so it is not surprising that he graduated with honors from the Naval Cadet Corps. Mozhaisky spent seven years on long voyages in the White and Baltic Seas and, finally, received the rank of lieutenant. The book "Sakura Branch" mentions the frigate "Diana", on which Mozhaisky sailed with his crew. Unfortunately, the frigate crashed, and the crew escaped only thanks to a small schooner. The drawing of this schooner belonged to A.F. Mozhaisky. Interestingly, this drawing was used by Japanese engineers to build the first keel ship.

Then Mozhaisky participated in the Khiva expedition. Soon he became a candidate for a world mediator in the Vologda province. Then he returned to military service several more times, but soon abandoned it completely. He began to develop his own invention - an aircraft that would be heavier than air. Having a large supply of free time and huge potential, Alexander Fedorovich consulted with the best Russian minds and improved his project.

For his discoveries and great contribution to science, A.F. Mozhaisky became revered and known not only in Russia, but also abroad.

History in the Russian Empire

The Military Academy of Mozhaisky began its existence in 1712 under the name "Engineering School" at the direction of Peter the Great. It became one of the first military educational institutions in Russia. No more than a hundred people studied at the school, but they received an education of the highest level. The school was headed by De Coulomb, a Swedish engineer-major. By an understandable coincidence, the school "moves" to St. Petersburg - the new capital of the great empire.

At first, the military academy of Mozhaisky experienced great difficulties due to the lack of living quarters and the material base for training, but gradually the issue was settled. Only qualified officers-educators were hired. Over time, the school began to provide complete and became an authoritative center of knowledge in Russia.

Students were subject to a strict regime and were released from school as ordinary soldiers. Having proved their knowledge at the place of service, they received the rank of officers.

Union

Empress Elizaveta Petrovna agreed to the merger of the Engineering School with the Artillery School. The new director, N. I. Mordvinov, carried out a number of successful reforms that modernized education. It also became possible to graduate from school as an officer.

Under Catherine II, the United Engineering and Artillery School became known as the Engineering and Artillery Gentry Corps. A completely different training program was adopted in the corps, which was clearly more progressive than training in other institutions. Important courses were also introduced in algebra, chemistry, geography, history, drawing, mechanics, etc. Much attention was paid to moral education, so corporal punishment was abolished and rewards for excellent study were introduced.

After Paul I ascended the throne, a new round of reform began, which has now become known as the Second Cadet Corps. In 1864, the Second Cadet Corps was renamed the Second Military Gymnasium. G. G. Danilovich became the director of the gymnasium, who developed many principles of internal organization, which surpassed almost all other educational institutions. When the Provisional Government came to power, the cadet corps became an important part of the preparation of young men for military service.

History in the USSR

After the October Revolution, the country needed qualified military personnel, so the Cadet Corps was somewhat simplified. After the end of the Civil War, the Red Army needed to be reorganized, and the Military Technical School of the Red Air Fleet was placed in the premises of the Cadet Corps. In the first half of the last century, it became very famous as the best aviation technical educational institution in the country.

In 1941, the Leningrad Air Force Academy of the Red Army was established, which was located in the aviation town. During the war, the academy was located in Yoshkar-Ola. During this time, she has produced more than 2,000 professional military engineers. In addition, the period is memorable in that one of the departments was managed by an associate of K. E. Tsiolkovsky - N. A. Rynin. He compiled an encyclopedia of interplanetary communications, consisting of 9 volumes. In addition, Nikolai Rynin was one of the founders of the group for the study of jet propulsion. It was she who laid the foundation for the most important research in this area.

In 1945 the academy received the Order of the Red Banner and was returned to Leningrad. Only 10 years later, in 1955, the academy received the name of A.F. Mozhaisky, the creator of the first aircraft in Russia. In the 60-90s, the Mozhaisky Space Academy changed its name many times, but worked in the same profile. In 1961, S.P. Korolev, the chief designer of rocket technology in Russia at that time, visited the educational institution. Interestingly, he highly appreciated the scientific activities of the academy, predicting a great future for stubborn students. The Academy changed many names until it became the Mozhaisky Red Banner Military Engineering Institute.

Modern history of the academy

The Mozhaisk Academy underwent a new round of development in the early 1990s. In 1994, it was officially confirmed that the Engineering School was the prototype of the academy. An order of the Ministry of Defense was issued, in which it was supposed to consider January 16, 1712 as the date of foundation of the academy.

V.V. Putin visited the academy in 2003. He interviewed the International Space Station and spoke personally with its crew.

Academy structure

In an educational institution, young people receive military education. Mozhaisky Space Academy has an updated list of available faculties dated January 26, 2016. Applicants can choose the following faculties: aircraft design, control of rocket and space complexes, radio-electronic systems of space complexes, ground-based space infrastructure, collection and processing of information, information support, topographic and geodetic support, rocket and space defense, etc.

Branch in Yaroslavl

The Mozhaisky Academy in St. Petersburg has its own branch in Yaroslavl - the Higher Military School of Air Defense. The school was established in 1951. To date, there you can get an education in 6 military specialties. The educational institution employs 6 doctors of science and 79 candidates of science, as well as 10 professors. It is worth noting that the management staff of the school has been personally taking part in military parades on Red Square since 2009.

Teaching Staff

The Mozhaisky Academy in St. Petersburg can boast of its professional teaching staff. In each period of the existence of the academy, the best specialists in their field have always worked in it. Among the most outstanding teachers it should be noted: D. Mendeleev, N. Dobrolyubov, N. Rynin, E. Popop, A. Maslov and H. Smolitsky. All of these people were outstanding figures of culture or science, who made a huge contribution to the development of the whole society, and then showed themselves as talented teachers.

Famous alumni of the academy

The A.F. Mozhaisky Military Space Academy produced many good specialists who continued the traditions of Russian science, developing and supporting it. Among the most famous graduates of the academy are: M. I. Kutuzov - a graduate of 1761, commander-in-chief of the Russian army during the war of 1812; A. A. Arakcheev - a graduate of 1783, a statesman who enjoyed the confidence of Paul I and Alexander I; A. D. Zasyadko - a graduate of 1797, a Russian designer, artilleryman and officer; F. F. Buksgevden - a graduate of 1770, the military governor of Riga and St. Petersburg, etc.

Conferences

The Mozhaisky Academy in St. Petersburg regularly holds conferences in which many intellectually developed young people take part. In 2016, a round table was held on the topic of small spacecraft as part of the general forum "Army-2016". On the occasion of the 160th anniversary of Professor V. V. Vitkovsky, a conference was held on improving the means and methods of collecting information. On the occasion of the 80th anniversary of the Department of Geophysical Support, an All-Russian scientific conference was held on the topic of environmental problems and military-applied geophysics. In the same year, a large-scale conference was held in the spring dedicated to robotics for the military needs of the Russian Federation.

The Mozhaisky Military Space Academy in St. Petersburg is known and respected as an authoritative educational institution that graduates. It is from here that specialists come who will build the future of Russia, protect and protect its citizens and territory.

Scientific activity

The Mozhaisky Academy has postgraduate and doctoral studies, in which anyone can study. Also, the academy actively has 5 dissertations in 14 different specialties. More than 150 doctoral works have been defended at the academy over the past 5 years.

The state school relies heavily on a large number of teachers with academic degrees or titles. Competent and professional personnel allow the Mozhaisky Academy to regularly undergo repeated accreditation and licensing procedures. Thanks to many years of work and persistent work of the management of the academy, every year it becomes more and more in demand among applicants.

Symbols of the Mozhaisky Academy

Mozhaisky Academy is a military university in St. Petersburg, serious and very popular among applicants. Its distinguishing feature is that personnel are being trained here, primarily for the aerospace forces. But the rest of the military branches, and law enforcement agencies, also draw a personnel reserve from these walls.

Should I aim for Mozhaika? Let's figure it out.

In this article, I will not describe the official regalia of the Academy, the number of students and teachers, faculties. All this you can find on the official website. I am interested in something else - is it worth it to enter Mozhaika at all, for and against this decision.

So, you are waiting for:

High competition

Simplistically, consider that for any faculty there is a competition of about 2 people per place, a little more or less.

Competition in Mozhaika:

• For girls - 10 people per place
• for boys 1.5 - 3.5 (on average 2) people per place.

Please note: among girls, the competition is 10 people per place. And every year more and more girls come to the entrance examinations.

Which department has the biggest competition?

Oddly enough, to the faculty of secondary vocational education (3.5 people per seat). SPO - faculty of secondary vocational education, with a term of study of 2 years and 10 months. As they would say in civilian life, vocational school. After him, they go to serve in the positions of a surveyor or surveyor, technician, head of calculation and shift. And all this in the rank of ensign. Agree, the parents of these children dream of something more.

The administration of the Academy suggests not to dwell on all these figures, but to focus on the admission itself. Think about your own scores, not about the number of applications per place.

Academy of Mozhaisky. Barracks

With what points in physical education (physical training) is it really possible to enter?

At admission, the most important thing is the category of professional suitability. The places in the competitive list are ranked according to it, and the total scores for the USE and FP do not affect so much. In reality, for boys it is possible to enter with physical scores from 25 to 100, but for girls you need more, because the competition is higher.

Upon admission, three exercises are taken:

• Boys - 3 km cross-country run, 100-meter run and pull-ups.
• Girls - running 1 km, 100 m and lifting the torso from a prone position.

You can get a maximum of 100 points in physical training if, according to the results of 3 exercises, you get from 195 to 300 points (the score is added up for all three exercises). On the other hand, you can enter with minimum scores - for physical training, this is 25 points.

What USE scores are realistic for admission?

In fact, for admission, it may be enough for the USE scores to reach the lower limit. This is:

• Russian language 36
• physics 36
• mathematics 27
• geography 37

Why is that? First of all, the category of aptitude determines your final results. If you got a category (the best), then get ahead of those guys in the lists who have the USE much better.

But that's not all. Applicants are waiting for a psychologist and his testing.

Testing

Tests are divided into groups. There will definitely be tests aimed at identifying a person’s personality traits (they will check the level of poise, normality - after all, they will give weapons in their hands) and motivational tests (on the desire to serve in the army and obey discipline, superiors and charter).

If the applicant has personal achievements - for example, the TRP badge, prizes in local olympiads, sports categories, etc. - here you need to show the documents and include information in the questionnaire. These achievements do not give points directly to the exam, but they affect the passage and results of testing by a psychologist.

Strict selection and subsequent difficulties

Get ready for all sorts of challenges. They are connected both with military training in general and with the Mozhaisk Academy in particular.

Admission restrictions

For example, often children take physical training in the rain, and if someone gets sick, they may not pass a medical examination (VVK), which has a deadline (you may simply not have time to recover).

Or a child travels with a slight flat foot, and the medical board adds him the diagnosis of arthrosis - and that's it, he is not fit.

Once enrolled, cadets cadets will also face a host of restrictions on their freedom. And you need to be mentally prepared for this in advance.

Oath 2017 at the Mozhaisky Academy

• After passing exams and tests, and before the start of training, cadets are no longer allowed to go home.
• At the introductory selection, Spartan living conditions (almost daily rains and leaky tents, a warm shower once a week, theft of personal and valuable things).
• Limited use of social networks and communication on the Internet.
• Cadets of the Academy of Mozhaisky are forbidden to drive a car for the entire period of study at the Academy.

Enough, or do you need more? Believe me, there will be many restrictions, starting with hairstyles and behavioral habits.

Vaccinations

In Russia, there is a national vaccination calendar, where babies begin to vaccinate even in the maternity hospital.

Upon admission to Mozhaika (as, indeed, to any other military university), the applicant must have a vaccination card with notes on all vaccinations prescribed by the calendar. If they are not available, do it, and the sooner the better, because many vaccinations require re-vaccination.

Without vaccinations, they will not accept you (they will recognize you as unfit for admission), and it does not matter whether you were allergic, or whether your mother refused vaccinations for ideological reasons.

Deductions by discipline

Are pranks and disobedience possible? With good academic performance, they can only be expelled for behavior. And by the way, according to the cadets, in recent years it is customary to expel for any offense. You understand how embarrassing that would be.

On the other hand, learning here has a lot of advantages.

Advantages of the Mozhaisky Academy

Large selection of specialties

For all programs, there are about 40 specialties for which training is carried out that will satisfy even a picky student. And about the military space fleet, for which Mozhaika is the forge of personnel, there is nothing to even say. In general, everyone will find a specialty to their liking.

For example, the specialty of training a specialist.

Specialties for a specialist, Mozhaika, 2018

Really do without blasphemy

It is quite realistic to act without blasphemy. You just need to pass the entrance exams well, and demonstrate worthy personal qualities (the role of a psychologist in the selection is really important, not for show).

According to one of the fathers of applicants who entered in 2017, if there was an opportunity to put in a word, he would definitely use it, but there wasn’t such a thing, and the son did quite successfully on his own.

The quality of education

Most of the graduates, including recent years, are satisfied with their education.

A good academy and one of the few where they teach what they need! But very tough discipline, expelled for any mistake!

Feedback from a cadet in 2017

Graduates have a real opportunity to rise to high ranks and positions. For example, among the graduates are the former Deputy Minister of Defense (Vladimir Popovkin), the famous cosmonaut (Yuri Sharygin), the lieutenant general and the chief of the General Staff (Stanislav Suvorov) and many other famous people.

As a career start, all graduates will be assigned to serve in an officer position.

As you can see, there is where to start and where to go.

Living conditions

During the main training cadets live in the barracks. Living conditions are quite acceptable, everything is clean, adapted for life.

Academy of Mozhaisky. Barracks

A good dining room (according to reviews, the food is quite decent), the barracks are renovated.

Canteen at the Mozhaisky Academy, St. Petersburg

The presented photos from the official materials of the Academy demonstrate what the cadets will have to face.

Cultural leisure

Don't forget that this is St. Petersburg, the cultural capital of Russia. The Academy is "friends" with all sorts of museums, exhibitions, theaters, and students regularly and in an organized manner visit cultural places.

In general, the child will not only receive a military specialty, but will also have cultural leisure time in St. Petersburg, which may be of particular interest to children from the outback (well, their parents as well).

Summary

We will not take into account those who have a negative attitude towards the army and military education, and who were not accepted, or were sent home after training. The rest of the reviews about the Mozhaisk Academy are mostly positive.

If the reviews of applicants and cadets of Mozhaika are summed up, then the following picture is obtained.

Feedback positively on:

• quality of education
• barracks and living conditions
• culturally organized leisure

Neutral or Good:

• nutrition

Negative:

• strict selection at admission
• poor living conditions in the camp for applicants
• too strict discipline, with expulsion for misconduct
• the old part of the material base for training

I hope you now have a better idea of ​​what you'll be facing.

If you like St. Petersburg, you have chosen a military career for yourself, and one of the faculties of Mozhaika lies in your heart - go for it. Moreover, you will be able to enter another university in parallel, or to enter already studying as a citizen - upon admission they will ask for a copy of the certificate, the original can be picked up and brought after the order.

On January 6, 1712, Peter I issued a decree establishing the Military Engineering School in Moscow. Now it is the A.F. Mozhaisky, which trains officers for the Space Forces of the Aerospace Forces of the Russian Ministry of Defense. For the birthday of the Academy, the Word and Deed portal has prepared historically

On January 16, 1712, Peter I issued a decree establishing the Military Engineering School in Moscow. Seven years later, the school was transferred to the new capital - St. Petersburg. For more than three centuries of history, this institution has changed its name and direction of activity several times. Now it is the A.F. Mozhaisky, which trains officers for the Space Forces of the Aerospace Forces of the Russian Ministry of Defense. For the birthday of the Academy, the Word and Deed portal prepared a historical essay.

Interestingly, the father of the Russian aircraft industry, Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky (1825-1890), has nothing to do with the academy. He graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps and served in the Navy all his life, rising to the rank of Rear Admiral. Mozhaisky was a talented marine engineer - several ships were built according to his drawings. He will build the plane, being already retired.

Under Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, the Engineering School was merged with the Artillery School, and the combined educational institution was named the Artillery and Engineering Nobility School. Under Catherine II, it was transformed into the Artillery and Engineering Cadet Corps of the nobility.

Distinguished Alumni

Among the graduates of the school there are outstanding historical figures

Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov (1747-1813)

Perhaps the most outstanding graduate of this educational institution is commander Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov. His father, Illarion Matveyevich, taught artillery science at this school. Natural talent allowed Mikhail Illarionovich to complete the course in a year and a half instead of the prescribed three. After graduation, he stays at the school where he teaches mathematics. The military merits of Kutuzov are well known, and their detailed presentation would take several volumes.

Fyodor Fyodorovich Buksgevden (1750-1811)

Fedor Fedorovich Buksgevden, while still a cadet, participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774, where he distinguished himself in the battle near Bendery. Then he went through the Russian-Swedish war of 1788-1790. Participated in the Polish campaign of 1793-1794 as commander of an infantry division. In the battle of Austerlitz, he was able to withdraw his units from the encirclement. In 1808-1809, during the last Russian-Swedish war in history, Fedor Fedorovich was already in command of the entire active army and annexed Finland to Russia.

Pyotr Petrovich Konovnitsyn (1764-1822)

A participant in the Patriotic War of 1812, Count Pyotr Petrovich Konovnitsyn rose to the rank of Minister of War. During the Patriotic War, Kutuzov appointed Konovnitsyn as the duty general of the headquarters of the Russian army. All military correspondence between Kutuzov and his subordinate commanders passed through Pyotr Petrovich. This is how two graduates of the famous military school ended up in the war side by side.

Alexey Andreevich Arakcheev (1769-1834)

The son of a poor landowner, Alexei Andreevich Arakcheev (1769-1834), thanks to his natural talents and excellent education in the future Mozhaika, made a brilliant military career from a cadet to the Minister of War, in whose position he held from 1808 to 1810. Arakcheev perfectly organized the supply of the army, without which victories in the Russian-Swedish war of 1808-1809 and in the Patriotic War of 1812 would have been impossible. Aleksey Andreevich mercilessly fought bribes in his department, immediately dismissing the guilty. It is clear that by doing this he made many enemies who coined the term "Arakcheevshchina". In fact, Arakcheev was the most talented organizer and one of the most effective administrators in Russian history.

Alexander Dmitrievich Zasyadko (1774-1837)

But not only feats of arms and organizational work glorified their alma mater graduates of the Artillery and Engineering Cadet Corps. They also have important inventions to their credit. One of the graduates, Alexander Dmitrievich Zasyadko, will lay the foundation for the national rocket business. Missiles designed by Zasyadko flew 6 km, and the British ones only 2700 meters. He also invented the prototype of the famous Katyusha - an installation that could fire six rockets in one salvo. Rocket weapons played a decisive role in 1828 during the siege of the Turkish fortress of Brailov. This was the first combat use of missiles, showing the enormous potential of this weapon.

teachers

The scientific achievements of the graduates of the Corps would not have been possible without their brilliant teachers. Over the years, outstanding minds of Russia gave lectures to cadets. Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov lectured on physics in 1758. And in 1861, the Cadets learned the basics of chemistry from Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev himself, the discoverer of the periodic law. In 1850-1855, Russian literature within the walls of the then 2nd Cadet Corps was taught by the Russian utopian philosopher, revolutionary democrat, scientist, literary critic, publicist and writer Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the corps taught the Law of God, the Russian language with Church Slavonic and Russian literature, French and German, mathematics, basic information on natural history, physics, cosmography, geography, history, the basics of jurisprudence, calligraphy and drawing. In addition, there were extra-curricular subjects: drill, gymnastics, fencing, swimming, music, singing and dancing.

Soviet period

In Soviet times, this educational institution, which often changed its name, continued the traditions of the pre-revolutionary cadet corps, but changed direction. Now it was not an artillery school, but a higher military educational institution that trained officers for the air force.

On March 19, 1955, the Leningrad Red Banner Air Force Engineering Academy, as the successor to the Military Engineering School was then called, received the name of A.F. Mozhaisky. By this time, the academy had completed 736 research papers, produced 21 doctors of science and 413 candidates.

Soviet graduates

During the existence of the academy as a forge of personnel for the Soviet air force, it produced many outstanding pilots. Let's recall some of them.

Anatoly Vasilyevich Lyapidevsky (1908-1983)

Anatoly Vasilyevich Lyapidevsky graduated from the Leningrad Military Theoretical School of the Air Force in 1927, and then from the Sevastopol School of Naval Pilots. In 1934, he participated in an operation to rescue passengers and crew of the Chelyuskin steamer, crushed by Arctic ice. Lyapidevsky made 29 sorties. Together with other pilots, he saved all 102 people who had been drifting on an ice floe for two months. For his courage, Anatoly Vasilyevich was the first to be awarded the recently introduced title of "Hero of the Soviet Union" with the award of the Gold Star No. 1 medal.

Vladimir Konstantinovich Kokkinaki (1904-1985)

Vladimir Konstantinovich also graduated from the Leningrad Military Theoretical School of the Air Force and became a test pilot. He has 22 different altitude and distance records. Among them are a non-stop flight from Moscow to the Far East with a length of 7580 kilometers and a non-stop flight from Moscow to North America with a length of 8000 kilometers. Vladimir Konstantinovich rose to the rank of Major General of Aviation and was twice awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Vladimir Alexandrovich Sudets (1904-1981)

In 1927 he graduated from the military-technical school of the Air Force. Member of the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939-1940. and the Great Patriotic War, where he commanded various air armies with the rank of Colonel General of Aviation. At the very end of the war, Sudets received the title of "Hero of the Soviet Union". In 1955, he became an air marshal and took the position of commander of long-range aviation, and later commanded the country's air defense and served as deputy minister of defense of the USSR. All his three sons also devoted their lives to military aviation.

space age

In the late 1950s, the teaching of space sciences and space technology began at the Mozhaisky Academy. In 1960, the academy was transferred from the subordination of the Air Force to the control of the Strategic Missile Forces. A year later, the first graduation of specialists for the Strategic Missile Forces took place. Since then, the activities of the academy have been inextricably linked with the rocket and space industry.

Within the walls of the academy, by the joint work of cadets and teachers, several spacecraft were designed under the general name "Mozhaets". The first of them was assembled in 1995, but did not fly into space, but was used for educational work. Mozhaets-2 was launched into space in 1997. The third and fourth satellites of this series were launched in 2002 and 2003. The launch of these devices allowed the cadets not only to acquire the skills to control spacecraft from the academic control center, but also to conduct scientific experiments in orbit.

Not only satellites are launched into space by students and graduates of the Academy. Some even fly.

Yuri Georgievich Shargin (born 1960)

Yuri Georgievich Shargin, Colonel of the Space Forces, in 2004, as a flight engineer of the Soyuz TMA-5 spacecraft, flew as part of the seventh visiting expedition to the International Space Station. In 2005 he was awarded the title of "Hero of Russia".

On September 22, 1994, by decree of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation No. 311, the succession of the Military Space Engineering Academy. A.F. Mozhaisky (then name) and the Military Engineering School, which was established by Peter I. This decree decided to consider January 16 as the day the academy was founded. By popularity Military Space Academy. A.F. Mozhaisky takes 44th place in the whole country, 5th in St. Petersburg and 2nd among military educational institutions.