Geographic location of Greece. Analysis of a real kim in Russian with an explanation

Throughout the space around the Temple of Apollo, at its foot and along the Sacred Road leading to the Temple, there were monuments, sculptural compositions, covered galleries (stoas) and simply exedras for relaxation and philosophical conversations.

Sometimes these structures were simply a manifestation of the snobbery of their authors, but there were also wonderful works of art - monuments in honor of very important events. There was a column in memory of the victory of the Greeks at Plataea, a monument on the occasion of the victory of Syracuse over Carthage, the famous Rhodes chariot ("Delphic charioteer"), the Naxos Sphinx and even a monument to the Roman commander Aemilius Paul. The proximity to the temple made this place especially honorable and it was given to the most eminent and important persons and gifts for the sanctuary. Something survived the centuries and is stored today in the local museum, but there are monuments that “moved” to a new place of residence in ancient times.

So the Delphic gift to Apollo - an amazing bronze column, the trunk of which is like three intertwining snakes, I saw for the first time in ... Istanbul. Like many other monuments, Emperor Constantine moved this column to his new capital, Constantinople, to decorate the hippodrome. In Delphi, it was staged on a very significant occasion - the military victory of the Greeks over the Persians at Plataea in 479 BC. e.

14. "Serpent Column" on Ahmedi Square (Istanbul)

At the top of the column, between the heads of the serpents, stood a golden tripod. At the foot of the base, snake tails were visible. On the turns of the column, the names of 31 cities (polises) that participated in the struggle against the Persians were inscribed. Initially, the height of the column was 8 m, however, when archaeologists unearthed it in Istanbul in 1856, only 5 m remained from the column, and only one of the three snake heads survived, which became an exhibit of the Istanbul Archaeological Museum.

An equally impressive monument is the Naxos Sphinx, which stood at the retaining wall of the Temple of Apollo, on the side of the Sacred Way. The column, or rather a lot of fragments of the drums from which it was composed, was found by archaeologists during excavations in 1861, and the Sphinx itself - in 1893. A marble statue of a fantastic monster perched on a ten-meter high Ionic column - a gift from the inhabitants of the island of Naxos to the god Apollo. Carved in the 6th century BC. e. The Naxos sphinx met pilgrims at the foot of the temple in the likeness of the famous mythical sphinx that made riddles to King Oedipus on a rock on the road to Thebes.

15. Sphinx at the foot of the pyramid of Khafre. Egypt. (Wikipedia).

In fact, the ancient Greek sphinx had its predecessor - the Egyptian sphinx, but the similarity was only in the name. The Sphinx of ancient Greek mythology was not like its Egyptian "namesake". The Egyptian sphinx personified the power of autocracy in the country and was depicted as a mighty lion with the head of a pharaoh. The meaning of the Hellenic sphinxes was different. Greek fantasy created a fabulous beast in the form of a lion with wings and the head of a woman, not a man. The Greek Sphinx is the personification of mystery, the mystery that a person seeks to know, who, like the long-suffering Oedipus, finds the right answers, but this does not bring him happiness. The Greek Sphinx does not cause fear. On the contrary, his mysteriously smiling female face, proud posture, protruding chest do not frighten, but, it seems to me, they challenge: "Know me - you will know yourself!"

16. Naxos Sphinx. Museum, Delphi.

Another outstanding piece of art on the grounds of the sanctuary is known as the Charioteer of Delphi (the chariot of the Rhodians in English literature). The most fully preserved part of this composition is the charioteer, made in full growth. The statue was placed in Delphi on the occasion of the victory at the Pythian Games, which were held here, in Delphi in 478 BC. An inscription on a slab found by archaeologists in 1896 near the statue and, apparently, belonging to it, reports that the image was dedicated to Apollo on behalf of the son of the Sicilian king Polizalos, who won the chariot race.

17. Layout of the composition "Rhodian Chariot". Museum.

Several fragments of four horses, a chariot, bronze strips of reins, and the hand of a servant boy were found next to the statue. Probably, then it was one of the most impressive statues installed in the sanctuary.

The sculptural group stood on one of the flat roofs of the treasury buildings, descending in terraces along the mountainside.

The exceptional value of the surviving statue of the charioteer also lies in the fact that, in addition to aesthetic merits - the perfection of his calm, confident stance on the chariot with remarkable skill, conveyed by an unknown sculptor - a bronze statue of the 5th century BC. in such an amazing state of preservation is an incredibly rare event.

In addition to the fact that bronze usually does not tolerate being in damp earth (and the metal of the statue of the charioteer was almost not damaged), the bronze antique statues that were found during the Middle Ages were not valued as works of art, but were, first of all, a very popular recyclable material. They were melted down in furnaces and the metal was used for household needs.

18. Charioteer - an element of the composition "Rhodian Chariot"

Miraculously, very skillfully made inlaid eyes survived in this statue: a white eyeball made of opaque glass paste and pupils made of brown stone. The charioteer's eyes set into the bronze base are very expressive. From under the thinnest bronze eyelashes, they look as intensely as in those days when pilgrims to the oracle of Apollo passed by the statue.

After 2500 years (in 1946), the Charioteer of Delphi was awarded the placement on the Greek banknote in denominations of 10 thousand drachmas.

19. Banknote with the image of a charioteer

From the entrance to the territory of the sanctuary, the so-called "Sacred Road" leads up to the temple of Apollo. Along the road, Greek cities and individuals erected statues of gods and heroes, as well as treasury buildings where they kept their rich gifts to Apollo. On the first section of the sacred road, immediately after the entrance, on the right hand stood the initiatory gifts of various states, kings, Greek cities, and individuals.

To the left of the gate stood the offerings of the Athenians and the city of Argos. Here were the statues of the great Greek sculptor Phidias, erected by the Athenians after the victory over the Persians at Marathon. These statues stood on one long pedestal. Then, on both sides of the road, framed by two semicircles - exedra, stood the gifts of the city of Argos.

20. Exedra in the agora at the entrance to the Sacred Way

To date, archaeologists have discovered 28 foundations of treasure buildings on the territory of the Sanctuary. These premises were, apparently, not only repositories of sacred values. They played a significant role in the self-affirmation of the Greek communities, they were material evidence of their wealth and power, and therefore a kind of advertisement for the owner, a manifestation of snobbery, or, as the classic said, an important element of "representation and seduction".

Treasuries were built, as a rule, in the form of a reduced likeness of an ancient temple. Very often the facade of such a building was decorated with columns or statues, although often the buildings of the treasuries were very simple and strict.

21. "Treasury of the Athenians"

The Treasury of the Athenians was one of the first reconstructions at Delphi (1893-1894). The building blocks of this building (squares), drums of columns, many parts of the frieze and other architectural elements were found on site. Some slabs, decorated with bas-reliefs, found their secondary use in Christian tombs and were dismantled from there. Now they are in the Delphi Museum, and copies have been placed in their place in the reconstructed treasury.

Each stone that belonged to the treasury found its place. This became possible also thanks to the numerous inscriptions on the walls, in which the state acts of Athens were reported for general information, as well as hymns in honor of Apollo. The inscriptions passed from one stone to another, helping to restore the building to its original form.

In the IV century BC. e. right behind the temple of Apollo, on the slope of the mountain, a magnificent theater building was built. Its open part faces the valley below and the numerous buildings of the Sanctuary. Probably, at the time of its heyday, part of this picture was obscured by the majestic building of the temple and the skene (or "stage" in the Latin version) - an obligatory building in front of the theater.

22. Model of the Greek theater

Actually, the idea of theater is a Greek invention. Theatrical action itself has existed since ancient times: the substitution of reality by an imaginary world of spirits, magic and communication with omnipotent gods developed along with attempts to comprehend the world around. The most advanced individuals became shamans, priests, priests. At the same time, they could no longer remain "like everyone else." They were transformed not only visually, using masks and clothing different from their fellow tribesmen, but also verbally, changing their voice, intonations, applying sound effects and, often, organizing “support groups”, like the famous maenads - companions of the god Dionysus. From here it was very close to a real theatrical performance, but this action always took place in nature, even when it became part of official ceremonies.

The most popular were the festivities dedicated to Dionysus (aka Bacchus, or Bacchus in the Roman pantheon of gods) - the god of winemaking, flora, and fertility. In Athens, holidays in his honor (and there were several of them and celebrated them at different times of the year) were held on the slope of the Acropolis. The most important were the Great Dionysias and they lasted almost a week. The platform for performances - the orchestra - was made round and the altar of Dionysus was erected in the center of the platform. At first, the audience sat simply on the ground, then they began to set up benches, one above the other. It was a "theatron", i.e. the place from which they look (from the Greek “teaomai” - I look, I look). However, in 499 BC. e. an accident occurred: the temporary wooden benches gave way, and it is believed that it was this catastrophe that forced the replacement of the temporary wooden benches with seats carved in stone. This was the birth of the theater as a special building for entertainment events.

23. Theater in Delphi. On the left are the columns of the Temple of Apollo.

Concrete and concrete supports were first invented in Rome, so the Greeks always looked for a suitable relief for the construction of the theater - the natural slopes of the mountains, in which they cut down rock to create a "theatron" - an auditorium in the form of a kind of semicircle-horseshoe. The theater in Delphi has 33 rows of benches and can accommodate up to five thousand spectators. At the same time, the Greek builders were able to calculate its dimensions with such accuracy that from any place the viewer not only clearly saw everything that happened at the orchestra and the proscenium, but also clearly heard every word uttered almost in a whisper.

All current tourists have heard about this, and when visiting any ancient Greek theater, someone always checks the veracity of this acoustic phenomenon.

24. Theater in Epidaurus. People stand on the orchestra and “check” the acoustics of the theater

A few tens of meters above the uppermost rows of the theater and 15-20 minutes walk from it, on a wide terrace of the mountainside, surrounded by rare pine trees (in ancient times there were impenetrable forests in which maenads/Bacchantes organized their orgies/bacchanalia), stadium of the famous Pythian games.

The Pythian games were not only sports for the Greeks. It was a mystery festival (fortunately Dionysus was not a stranger here) with numerous elements of competition. In general, competitions for the Greeks were almost the meaning of life. They competed in everything: in playing the cithara, in reciting solemn hymns and odes, in writing dramatic works and, of course, in sports. (I will note in brackets that even the Olympic gods, who were a projection of the daily life of Ancient Greece, also competed. How else, except for the “Beauty Contest”, can the famous “Court of Paris” be called, at which the issue of the most beautiful of the three goddesses - Hera, Athena and Aphrodite?)

At first, the Pythian games were held every 8 years and consisted only of competitions of citharas, singers who, to the accompaniment of citharas, performed a paean (hymn) in honor of Apollo. Then the program was supplemented on the model of the Olympic Games with gymnastic and equestrian competitions, but the main place in the program still remained with the musicians. From 586, competitions of singers were added to the kitfarods, who sang to the accompaniment of an aulos - something like a flute or an oboe, often played on two aulos or on one double. In V - IV BC. there were competitions of tragic poets.

Interestingly, women could also take part in the Pythian Games, but, most likely, only in musical competitions. (In Olympia, women were only allowed to watch the competitions, and this applied only to unmarried women, since the presence of married women could have a bad effect on the harvest. sic!) The winner - the pithionist received a laurel wreath and many other honors: his name was engraved on stone slabs and displayed on public viewing, they had the right to put their statue in the sacred grove of God, they had the right to first question the Delphic oracle (and there were always a lot of people who wanted there), the right of asylum, freedom from many duties, they were given an honorable place in competitions, the opportunity to own a house and land in Delphi and many other benefits.
The right to participate in the games was also not granted to everyone. For example, Pausanias says that the legendary Homer and Hesiod were not allowed to compete because they did not know how to play the cithara.

25. Stadium in Delphi (view to the northeast)

The stadium that has survived to our time is well preserved. It is oriented from east to west. On the northern (longitudinal, under the mountain) and western (end) sides, 12 rows of benches a meter wide have been preserved. On the south side, there were obviously fewer rows, since they stood on an artificial retaining wall. In the center were the most honorable places in the form of armchairs. The size of the stadium is somewhat smaller than in Olympia and Athens: length 178 m, width 25 m. On the eastern side of the Delphic stadium there were start marks, from where athletes and chariot racers started running.

26. Stadium in Delphi (view to the west)

If you drive up to Delphi from the side of Athens, i.e. from the east, about a kilometer and a half before the entrance to the territory of the sanctuary and the temple of Apollo, to the left of the road on the slope of the mountain, the ruins of another sanctuary - Athena Pronoia, i.e. seer.

27.General plan for the location of objects in Delphi

This place is sometimes called Marmaria, from the word "marble" (marmor - lat.), from which the most impressive structure of this sanctuary - tholos - is made. A very photogenic restoration of three columns (out of the original 20) and a section of the entablature (beam ceiling) of this tholos adorns many brochures and articles on Delphi today, but the purpose of this structure is still not known. Moreover, Pausanias, in his description of the sanctuary of Athena Pronoia, does not mention this tholos at all, although according to archaeological excavations it was built as early as the 4th century BC, i.e. many centuries before Pausanias.

28. View of the tholos in Marmaria

29. Restored part of the tholos

Perhaps during the time of Pausanias, this building was destroyed a long time ago and the memory of it has not been preserved. After all, the main thing was still the temple of Athena, which was also subjected to repeated destruction, but it was always (at least in those days) restored or rebuilt. Herodotus writes about one of these destructions (Book Eight. Urania. 35-37):

“One part of the barbarian army went to Boeotia. The other, with experienced guides, moved to the Delphic sanctuary, leaving Parnassus on the right side. This army also devastated all Phokian villages on its way. This army followed this path separately from other forces, in order to plunder the Delphic sanctuary and transfer its treasures to King Xerxes. After all, as I was told, Xerxes knew all the famous treasures of the Delphic sanctuary better than those left by him in his house: there was only talk about the treasures in Delphi, and especially about the initiatory gifts of Croesus, the son of Alyattes. The Delphians, having learned about the intention of Xerxes, were horrified. In great fear, they asked the oracle: should they bury the temple treasures in the ground or take them to another country. God forbade them to touch the treasures and said that he himself would be able to protect his property. Having received such an answer from the oracle, the Delphians began to take care of their own salvation.

When the barbarians approached the sanctuary of Athena Pronoia, at that time lightning fell on them from the sky, and two peaks broke away from Parnassus, rushed at them with a loud noise and crushed many. As for the stones that fell from Parnassus, they have survived to our time and lie in the sanctuary of Athena Pronoia, where they got through the ranks of the barbarians.

On the site of the destroyed temple, another was erected, but in the 4th century BC. e. it was also badly damaged by the earthquake. Pausanias saw this temple in ruins, since they did not begin to restore it, considering the place where it stood too dangerous due to frequent landslides.
And indeed, during the excavations of 1901, fifteen standing columns could still be seen here, but four years later a new collapse destroyed them to the ground.

30. Reconstruction of the sanctuary of Athena Pronoia. For clarity, both temples of Athena Pronoia are depicted, although it is unlikely that they ever existed simultaneously.

On the way from Marmaria to the sanctuary of Apollo, before reaching the Kastalsky key, the ruins of the gymnasium are visible. A gymnasium in ancient Greece was a building intended for physical exercise or gymnastics. On sports grounds and stadiums at gymnasiums, young men played ball, competed in running and jumping, wrestling, and held fisticuffs. There were also places where students studied rhetoric with teachers, orators and philosophers spoke.

Unfortunately, only the foundations and a place for a treadmill remained from the sports facilities of the gymnasium in Delphi.

31. Remains of the gymnasium complex in Delphi

The last and most intense object of the archaeological complex of Delphi is its archaeological museum, located closer to the city. In contrast to the practice in many countries of the world, and in particular in Delphi, all the artifacts found during the excavations were not taken to the metropolitan museum, to Athens, but a museum storage and display was organized in close proximity to the excavations. Museum visitors have a wonderful opportunity to see sculptures, bas-reliefs, architectural decorations of buildings, the remains of column capitals, metopes and multi-figured compositions of the pediments of temples, treasuries and other buildings immediately after the inspection ...... I have already talked about some of them above: the "navel of the Earth", the philosopher, the sphinx , Delphic charioteer. Of course, it is impossible to tell about all of them, but I cannot but show a few more works of ancient Greek masters.

The most famous exhibits of the Delphic Museum are two sculptures of young men of the 6th century BC. e. The boys are so similar to each other that they are sometimes called twins. Unfortunately, the inscriptions to these sculptures have been preserved only partially, but what remained for archaeologists was enough to connect these young men with the famous story told by Herodotus (Book One. Clio. 30-32).

King Croesus once asked the Athenian sage Solon, whom he considers the happiest person in the world? Croesus, the richest man of that time, expected to hear his name, but Solon named the names of two Argive youths, Cleobis and Biton, about whom he told the story of how one day their priestess mother had to go to a temple for a feast, and the bulls that were supposed to pull the cart, did not return from the field.

“It was impossible to hesitate, and the young men themselves harnessed themselves to the yoke and dragged the wagon in which their mother rode. They traveled 45 stades and arrived at the sanctuary. ... The Argos, surrounding the young men, praised their strength, and the women praised their mother for having found such sons. The mother, rejoicing at the feat of her sons and the popular rumor about them, stood before the idol of the goddess and prayed to bestow her sons Cleobis and Biton, who had shown her such great honor, the highest good available to people. After this prayer and sacrifice and feast, the young men fell asleep in the sanctuary itself and no longer got up, but found their death there. The Argos also ordered statues to be erected to the young men and consecrated to Delphi because they showed the highest valor.

32. Cleobis and Beaton. Museum in Delphi

The bas-reliefs of gigantomachy scenes in the tympanum of the pediment of the temple of Apollo and on the frieze of the Siphnian treasury are impressive (see the site of the Siphnian treasury on the plan of the objects of the sanctuary - photo 4, item 32).

Here, I wrote and thought. If you start talking about gigantomachy - the battle of the Olympian gods with giants, or explain architectural and geographical terms, this essay will include such a bunch of text and photographs that it will be completely boring. Therefore, I will limit myself to two more photos from the museum. One photo is the usual one, the author of this text against the background of the frieze of the treasury of the Siphnians in the museum:

Another special, made in the same museum in Delphi, but with Ancient Greece and Delphi in no way connected: an entry in the Museum Review Book of a proud Russian who knows that there are enemies all around, fascists all around, hiding even in such a far from modern civilizations place like the oracle of Apollo, and it is useful to remind them that "Fascism will not pass!"

34.Guest book of the Archaeological Museum

From a sentimental journey into the past, as if by magic, this record brought us back to our everyday life. Although ... our everyday life also has its charms - in the evening, on the recommendation of the owner of the hotel, we went to have dinner at a tavern, which was not better throughout our trip: TO PATRIKO MAS. Everything was there: amazing view, great service and delicious and varied food.

Greece occupies the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula and nearby islands. This country borders with Albania, Macedonia, Bulgaria and Turkey. Due to its geographical location, Hellas has a unique relief, nature and climate.

Geographical position

The total area of Greece is 132 thousand square kilometers. It is washed by several seas. The geographical position of Greece is such that this country has a coastline 15 thousand kilometers long. The country can be divided into three parts: the mainland, the Peloponnese peninsula and numerous islands. Greece, located in the Balkans, consists of several provinces: Greek Macedonia, Thrace, Epirus, Thessaly.

Peloponnese

Mainland Greece on the map has an extremity in the form of the Peloponnese peninsula. It is connected to the Balkans by the Isthmus of Corinth. Through it, in order to improve logistics, a shipping channel was dug. In the south of the peninsula between Messinia and Laconia are the mountains of Taygetos. They consist of limestones and crystalline schists. The highest peaks are covered with snow every winter. The geographical position of Greece is such that chestnut, fir and oak forests grow in these latitudes. Periodically, they suffer greatly from large-scale fires.

In ancient times, the Peloponnese was the birthplace of the ancient Mycenaean civilization. Today the largest city of the peninsula is Patras, where 169 thousand people live. This port is located in the harbor of a bay called Patraikos. In the center of the Peloponnese there is a mountain range, from which four more chains extend. They form small peninsulas and picturesque bays.

Seas

The coastal geographical position of Greece made it a country of several seas. It is washed by three pools at once. These are the Aegean, Ionian and Libyan Seas south of Crete, which together are part of one large Mediterranean Sea.

The Greeks have been closely associated with water since ancient times. Their ships traveled far to the east and west, and enterprising travelers established colonies throughout southern Europe. The main sea for Greece is the Aegean Sea. It is located between Asia Minor, the Balkan Peninsula and the island of Crete. Its waters wash the shores not only of Greece, but also of its neighbor Turkey.

Islands

In the west, the coast of Greece is framed by the Ionian Islands. This is a relatively small group. But the Aegean Sea is strewn with a huge number of islands. They are divided into several groups: Cyclades, Northern Sporades, Southern Sporades (Dodecanese). The largest islands are Crete and Rhodes. In connection with this diversity, the geographical position of Greece is extremely extraordinary. In total, the country owns about two thousand islands of various sizes. No more than 200 of them are inhabited.

Relief

No matter how modest in size Greece is on the map, its relief is diverse. There are mountain ranges and high mountains. Separate groups make up the peaks of Thrace, Macedonia, Pinda, Olympus (there is an array of the same name and the highest peak in Greece with a height of 2900 meters). Mountains alternate with plains and small rivers.

The shores are deeply indented and hide many surprises. Therefore, even by the general standards of the Mediterranean, there is no country as unique as Greece. The description of the relief cannot do without mentioning Cape Tenaro on the Peloponnese peninsula. Not far from it is the deepest depression of the Mediterranean Sea, which is called the "Inus Well".

Limestones are widespread in Greece. Thanks to them, the country (especially in its western part) has many caves, sinkholes and other landscape details that give it an amazing natural look.

The mountains are mostly young and are folded. In addition to limestones, they are composed of clay shales and marls. The Greek mountains have almost no sharp ridges and peaks. The slopes are generally devoid of vegetation due to long-standing grazing there and the dry southern climate.

Climate

According to meteorological indicators, Greece, a description of which would be incomplete without mentioning its temperature regime, has a Mediterranean and subtropical climate in most of its territory. At the same time, experts identify several specific regions. For example, in northern Epirus, northern Macedonia, and partly in Thessaly, the climate is not only mountainous, but also temperate. Its characteristics (dry hot summers, cold winters) are similar to those of the Alps.

In Attica, Peloponnese and Crete, the climate is Mediterranean. Rainfall is rare here. In some seasons, the entire summer can pass without a hint of rain. In the same zone lies the island of Karpathos. Greece has a transitional zone in the northern Aegean, where the climate is extremely rarefied - it can be both very cold and hot.

The weather in the mainland is strongly influenced by the Pindus mountain range. The region to the west of it (Epirus) receives significantly more rainfall than Thessaly, located to the east.

The capital of Athens is located in a transitional zone, where the features of the Mediterranean and temperate climates are combined. In the southern part of the country, most of the precipitation falls in winter. One way or another, but comfort is the main thing with which Greece is associated. The Mediterranean Sea softens the local climate with its warm waters.

Lakes and rivers

The largest lake in Greece is Ioannina. Because of the mountains, there are no large river systems here, and the existing rivers are distinguished by picturesque waterfalls and rapids. Many of them flow in canyons. Alyakmon, the longest river in Greece, has a length of 300 kilometers. The country's waterways are not suitable for navigation, but they are effectively used as energy sources and for irrigating agricultural fields.

The largest rivers in Greece (besides Alyakmon) are Nestos, Evros, Vardar, Strymon, Achelos. They differ in snow-rain and rain nutrition. Stock may fluctuate depending on the time of year. Most of the rivers become shallow in summer. Some of them may even dry out temporarily.

Nature

As you know, the language of Greece, along with Latin, gave the name to many animals and plants. The nature of this country is rich in various species. Here, olive and orange trees can grow right on the streets of cities. There are many cypresses and plane trees in the country. It is in Greece that walnuts grow - here they are known as "acorns of the gods."

The local flora is mixed due to the fact that this region is actually a junction between three parts of the world. Plantations of figs, olives, and pomegranates are planted on rocky plains and hillsides. Vineyards and orchards are also frequent.

The fauna that distinguishes the island of Karpathos is noteworthy. Greece is one of the last habitats for the rare Mediterranean monk seal. Their population living in Karpathos is protected by ecologists. Another species from the Red Book living in Greece is the local sea turtles.

Lynxes, foxes and even brown bears are found in the northern forests of the mainland. Greek ungulates are represented by fallow deer, mountain goats, roe deer, wild boars and red deer. In the south, there are many bats, lizards and snakes. The most common mammals are rodents (voles, dormice, hamsters, porcupines, mice).

The bird fauna consists of wild ducks, quails, pigeons, partridges, kingfishers, etc. Eagles, vultures, falcons and owls are common predators. In winter, flamingos are encountered when they arrive on the island of Kos, where the city of Kos of the same name is located. Greece attracts migratory birds with its mild and comfortable climate.

Minerals

Greek minerals are not numerous, but varied. Since the 1980s oil and natural gas are produced here, the deposit of which was discovered on the island of Thassos. Other fuel resources are lignite and brown coal.

The country has ore deposits that arose as a result of the formation of crystalline rocks. Not far from Athens and on some islands, iron, manganese, nickel, copper, polymetals, and bauxites are mined. In quantitative terms, there are not so many of them. There are much more sandstones, limestones and marbles (that is, valuable building materials) in Greece. The development of granite is carried out in the Cyclades. The marble quarries of Paros have been known since antiquity. Of the ores in Greece, the most aluminum types. According to various estimates, their total reserves are about 650 million tons, which makes it possible to send this raw material for export.

One of the most ancient mines in the history of mankind appeared in Hellas. Some of them work to this day. For example, a mine near Lavrion in Attica is a source of silver and lead. In the north of Greece there are deposits with rare chromite iron ore. Asbestos is also mined there. Greece supplies magnesite raw materials to the foreign market. Pumice and emery are mined on Nisyros and Thira. Sulphide ores are found in the Peloponnese and Thrace.

It would seem that a subject known to everyone since the school desk. But the fact of the matter is that it is at school that students learn many of the distorted views on the history of ancient Greece that arose back in the 19th century.

"Free" Athens and "despotic" Sparta

Through the entire history of ancient Greece, the opposition of Athens and Sparta in the social and political structure runs like a red thread. At school, they inspire that Athens was a free, democratic state (with the proviso, of course, that the free people also had slaves there who were not subject to civil rights), and Sparta was a militarized one based on the suppression of the individual. The system of education in Athens brought up in young people comprehensively developed personalities, and in Sparta - unquestioningly obedient warriors, sort of soulless killing machines.

In fact, young people, both in Athens and in Sparta, underwent compulsory military service, and only after that they became full citizens. True, in Athens - already at the age of 20, and in Sparta - only at the age of 30, but even in Athens, a citizen in case of war was subject to mandatory conscription into the army. Full rights provided for participation in the popular assembly and voting in the adoption of laws, and in this there was no difference between Athens and Sparta.

The orders of Sparta seemed burdensome to the Athenians only for the following reasons. From 7 to 20 years old, young Spartans were necessarily brought up at public expense in barracks-type boarding schools, adult Spartans were obliged to share public meals, and most importantly, no one had the right to enrich themselves. Trade and craft were forbidden to the Spartans (only foreigners could engage in them), the import of luxury goods into Sparta was prohibited.

At the same time, each Spartiate was a co-owner of public lands, on which the inferior - helots worked, and could not go bankrupt and impoverish. Helots were not slaves in the classical sense of the word, since they had houses and plots of land, but a kind of serfs who belonged to the entire state. At the same time, there were approximately seven helots per Spartiate. In Athens, the end of the 4th century BC. for one free man there were about twenty absolutely disenfranchised slaves.

It is interesting to compare the position of women in both states. The Athenians were kept locked in houses, in the female half - the gynoecium (Herodotus wrote that the Athenians borrowed the custom of seclusion of women from the Persians). More free behavior was allowed only for unmarried heterosexuals. In Sparta, women were much more liberated; for girls, as well as for boys, gymnastic competitions were even arranged.

There is a legend that sick babies in Sparta were thrown from the Tarpeian rock. Archaeologists have not found a single child skeleton there, only adults.

"Peacefulness" and "tolerance" of the Athenian democracy

Democracy in Athens is completely wrong to identify with the liberal democracy of modern times. The period of the triumph of democracy in Athens, under Pericles and later, was characterized by a surge in the aggressiveness of Athens and the terror of the demos against dissidents.

The Athenian demos has always been the initiator and inspirer of the imperialist actions of Athens, aimed at the subjugation and enslavement of other Greek states. A good example of this is the history of the two Athenian maritime alliances - the 1st (5th century BC) and the 2nd (4th century BC).

Having arisen at first as a voluntary association of independent Greek policies for the purpose of joint defense against Persia, these maritime alliances increasingly turned into an instrument of Athens to achieve their goals and exploit allies. Athens shamelessly disposed of the treasury, collected from the mandatory contributions of the allies, for their needs. Any attempts to break away from the union of Athens were brutally suppressed by military force.

The Peloponnesian War also arose from the imperial claims of Athens. It is not surprising that the majority of policies eventually supported Sparta as a liberator from the yoke of Athens that weighed on all Hellas.

At the same time, the demos was an extremely conservative force that did not tolerate any innovations in the field of thought and morality. Pericles himself suffered from his willfulness when his beloved, hetaera Aspasia, was accused of godlessness. With great difficulty, Pericles achieved her acquittal in court. A friend of Pericles, the philosopher Anaxagoras, who taught about the materiality of the world, was less fortunate - he was sentenced to death, and Anaxagoras had to flee Athens. Protagoras, who declared that "man is the measure of all things", was expelled from Athens, and his writings were burned.

In the incidents noted, the xenophobia of the Athenians played a big role - all the named persons were natives of other cities of Hellas. But the tragic fate of Socrates, who sneered at the greed and stupidity of the demos, shows that the Athenians did not spare their countrymen either.

The position of different social strata

From a textbook on the history of the ancient world, everyone is familiar with a picture depicting a popular assembly in Athens. On it, in the corner, in the foreground, a man (dressed, unlike the Greeks, in trousers) with a whip, drives away some Greek. What social class did these people belong to?

The man with the whip is clearly a cop. Few people know that the police in Athens consisted of Scythians (hence the non-Hellenic attire), who were state slaves. And the Hellene, who does not have the right to participate in the national assembly, is obviously a metek, that is, a native of another policy living in Athens. At the same time, the lion's share of trade and craft in Athens (and, consequently, wealth) was in the hands of the meteks.

So the plot of the picture is amusing - the slave drives away, perhaps, the rich man. True, not a simple slave, but a state one.

Tyranny was allegedly painful for the people

The ancient Greek word "tyrant", meaning a cruel ruler, has survived the ages. In fact, it didn't have such a negative connotation in the beginning. As for the common people, all tyrants came to power as leaders of the common people against the aristocrats who oppressed them.

Many Greek cities went through a period of tyranny, including Athens. Most of the tyrants were noted for the wide organization of public works, which gave income to the poor people, and the erection of beautiful monumental buildings. The tyrant Peisistratus, who ruled in Athens in the 6th century BC, laid the foundations for the power and glory of his city. Under him, Athens was decorated with majestic buildings and the most beautiful sculptures;

By the way, about works of art. Contrary to common misconception, the ancient Greek temples and sculptures were painted with bright saturated colors, and were not at all sparkling white, like their current remains.

State Budgetary Educational Institution Education Center No. 162 of the Kirovsky District of St. Petersburg
Analysis of Kim Unified State Examination in Russian (with explanation)
1. Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) Approximately three-quarters of the territory of ancient Greece was occupied by mountains and areas unsuitable for agriculture.
2) Agriculture, despite the fact that the relief did not contribute to the development of agriculture, was the main source of human existence in ancient Greece.
3) In ancient Greece, city dwellers often enjoyed the fruits of agricultural activities.
4) The main source of human existence in ancient Greece was agriculture, despite the fact that the relief was unfavorable for agriculture.
5) Agriculture was the main source of livelihood for urban dwellers in ancient Greece.
(1) In ancient Greece, agriculture was the main source of human existence. (2)<…>city dwellers often had a household outside the city and used what it gave. (3) At the same time, the relief of Greece did not favor agriculture: about three-quarters of the territory was occupied by mountains and areas unsuitable for agriculture .. Explanation.
Sentences 1, 3 and 5 either distort the information or convey it incompletely.

Answer: 2, 4.
2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the second (2) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).

And although
If a
Even
Just
If only
Explanation.
The proposal states that urban residents had plots, although they lived in the city.

Answer: even.
3. Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word SOURCE. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the first (1) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
SOURCE, -a; m.

1) That which gives rise to something, from where something comes. I. light. I. all evil.
2) A written monument, a document on the basis of which a scientific research is built. Sources for the history of the region. Use all available sources.
3) The one who gives some information about smth. He is reliable and Information from the right source.
4) Water jet coming to the surface from underground. Healing and. Hot and. I. mineral water.
Explanation.
The correct value is 1.

Answer: 1.
4. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel was highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word.

BusyHellBottom gaveAzOnimJalousieAndexplanation.
Wrong accent in the word "call". That's right: call them.

Answer: call.
5. In one of the sentences below, the underlined word is WRONGLY used. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.

Soon SUBSCRIBERS of cellular communication will be able to pay for the metro from their phone.
HUMANISM as a concept and way of human being, having arisen in the Renaissance, passes through the entire history of mankind.
My classmate WEARED a Santa Claus costume and congratulated the residents of the town.
Even in the era of PRACTICAL people, there are those who fight against injustice.
FRIENDLY relations can be between people who are close in spirit.
Explanation.
Error in the pair put on-dressed. You can only dress someone. It should be said: put on.

Answer: put on.
6. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the form of the word. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

At their sister
drink from SAUCERS
no BOOT
even RICHER
about five hundred people
Explanation.
A mistake was made in the word "saucers". It is true to say: a saucer.

Answer: saucer.
7. Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are made: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

GRAMMAR ERRORS OF A SENTENCE
A) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
B) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition
C) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover
D) incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech
E) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members 1) Reserves are created both to maintain and restore the number of rare species of animals that are under the threat of extinction.
2) Everyone who listened to the professor's speech was once again surprised by the brightness, originality and depth of his speech.
3) Being low above the horizon creates an incorrect idea of the size of the moon.
4) Once in the house of strangers, wait until you are introduced.
5) Contrary to the recommendations of doctors, the athlete did not reduce the load during training.
6) The article by A. Baushev attracted the attention of the Kursk governor, who wished to meet the young author.
7) I was surprised to ask where the fortress is.
8) In the Famus society, not only nobility and honesty are valued, but servility and sycophancy.
9) All the work of the writer E. Nosov is a big wise book that helps people to be kinder, more generous in soul.

A B C D E

Explanation.
A) the violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate in sentence 2 is that with the subject ALL, the predicate must always be in the plural.
Here is the correct spelling: Everyone who listened to the professor's speech was once again surprised by the brightness, originality and depth of his speech.
Rule 7.3.1 paragraph
rule

B) the incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition in sentence 5 is that after the prepositions “thanks”, “according to”, “contrary”, “similarly” nouns are used only in the dative form WHAT? and in no other.
Here is the correct spelling: Contrary to the recommendations of doctors, the athlete did not reduce the load during training.
Rule 7.7.1 paragraph
rule

C) an error in constructing a sentence with a participial phrase in sentence 3 is that the action indicated by the gerund participle “being” corresponds to a predicate expressed by a reflexive verb; a participle phrase cannot be attached to such predicates. We need to completely redesign the proposal.
The sentence can be restructured as follows: When you are low on the horizon, you get a wrong idea of the size of the moon.
Rule 7.8.2 TYPE 3
rule

D) the incorrect construction of a sentence with indirect speech in sentence 7 consists in the fact that an extra conjunction was used in the transmission of indirect speech. An interrogative sentence can be constructed like this:
Here is the correct spelling: I was surprised to ask where the fortress is.
Rule 7.9.3 paragraph
rule

E) the error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members in sentence 8 is that the parts of the double union are “lost”. It must be remembered that the parts of the double union are permanent, they cannot be replaced by other words. Failure to comply with this rule is a gross violation of the syntactic norm:
Here is the correct spelling: In the Famus society, not only nobility and honesty are valued, BUT servility and sycophancy are also valued.
Rule 7.6.3 paragraph
rule

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
A B C D E
2 5 3 7 8
8. Determine the word in which the unstressed alternating vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

Try..ratt..ridebicycle..pednational..onaladdress..poke
Explanation.
Let's define a word in which an unstressed alternating root is missing. Let's write this word by inserting the missing letter.

Wade-CHG
proud-PG, proudbike-NG
national-NG
address-NG

The alternating vowel at the root of the word to wade is checked by the rule of alternating roots BIR / BER.

Answer: get through.
9. Determine the row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write these words out with the missing letter.

Oh..gave, by..scribbled
pr .. fastened, pr .. hail
and .. tormented, ra .. burned
pos..yesterday, r..zobralza..grail, pod..skat Explanation.
Let's define a row in which the same letter is missing in both words. We write these words by inserting the missing letter.

Gave, emphasized, fixed, obstructed and torn, ignited yesterday, disassembled, played, find
Answer: I took it apart yesterday.
10. Write down the word in which the letter E is written at the place of the gap.

Doctor
smiling..y
Explanation.
Let's write out the word in which the letter E is written at the place of the gap.

Doctor-because I'm a doctor Get upset-because I'm upset Double-doubling-because I'm doubling Uncomplicated-there is a short form, unpretentious and smiling-there is a short form, Smiling
Answer: heal.
11. Write down the word in which the letter E is written in place of the gap.

Dry..sh..shvyshch..shnezavisim..myfed..shExplanation.
Verb conjugation dependent Infinitive dependent
Personal endings Present participles real Present participles passive Past participles real Past participles passive
dry 2 sp.
throw out 1 sp.
jump out 2 sp.
feed 2 sp. independent of depend, 2 ref.
Answer: get out.
12. Define a sentence in which NOT with the word is written CLEARLY. Open the brackets and write out this word.

M. Gorky received every day (NOT) LESS than five or six letters.
The air, still (NOT) BECOME sultry, pleasantly refreshes.
(NOT) SULI a crane in the sky, give a titmouse in your hands.
(NOT) CORRECT, but pleasant facial features gave Nastya a resemblance to her mother.
Ambition is a (NOT) DESIRE to be honest, but a thirst for power.
Explanation.
Let's define a sentence in which NOT with the word is spelled CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write out this word.

M. Gorky received NO LESS than five or six letters every day.
The air, which has NOT yet become sultry, is pleasantly refreshing.
DO NOT SULI a crane in the sky, give a titmouse in your hands.
INCORRECT, but pleasant facial features gave Nastya a resemblance to her mother.
Ambition is NOT a DESIRE to be honest, but a lust for power.

Answer: incorrect.
13. Define a sentence in which both highlighted words are spelled ONE. Open the brackets and write out these two words.

(B) CONTINUATION of the conversation, she was mostly silent, and it was difficult for me to understand WHY (WHAT) she came for.
(By) the way this person carries himself, it is clear that he (IN) EVERYTHING is used to being the first.
Lake Beloe (FROM) THAT is charming that (IN) AROUND it is a dense variety of vegetation.
It's hard to even imagine WHAT (WOULD) happen to me IF (WOULD) the ship was late.
(FOR) BECAUSE L. N. Tolstoy was silent with concentration, his relatives could guess (FOR) HOW hard his brain is working now.
Explanation.
Let's define a sentence in which both highlighted words are spelled CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write out these two words.

DURING the conversation, she was mostly silent, and it was difficult for me to understand WHY she had come.
BY THE way this person carries himself, it is clear that he is used to being the first in EVERYTHING.
Lake Beloye is BECAUSE and charming that AROUND it is a dense variety of vegetation.
It's hard to even imagine WHAT WOULD happen to me IF the ship was late.
BY THE way L. N. Tolstoy was silent with concentration, his relatives could guess HOW intensely his brain is working now.

Answer: because and around.
14. Indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) is written N.

In some paintings by Rembrandt there is a mean (1) festivity: even the shadowy (2) silhouettes of people are filled (3) with the warmth and breath of chiaroscuro.
Explanation.
There is a genuine festivity in some of Rembrandt's paintings: even the shadowed silhouettes of people are filled with warmth and breath of chiaroscuro.

Filled - a short communion;
authentic - adjective, originally from the word length;
shaded - full passive participle.

Answer: 3.
15. Arrange punctuation marks. Write two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) Generalizing words can stand either before homogeneous members or after them.
2) V. I. Surikov had a phenomenal artistic memory, and he painted the laughing priest from memory.
3) You will run out of the gate and see the dazzling and primordial whiteness of the snow.
4) I anxiously examined both the house and the pictures in it and its inhabitants.
5) Your inner world is tuned finely and correctly and responds to the most imperceptible sounds of life.
Explanation.
Let's put punctuation marks. We indicate two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Let's write down the numbers of these proposals.

1) Generalizing words can stand either before homogeneous members or after them. The repeated union "or".
2) (V. I. Surikov had a phenomenal artistic memory), and (he wrote the laughing priest from memory). SSP
3) You will run out of the gate and see the dazzling and primordial whiteness of the snow. Two different rows of homogeneous members.
4) I anxiously examined the house, and the pictures in it, and its inhabitants. Two commas for repeated conjunctions.
5) Your inner world is tuned finely and correctly and responds to the most imperceptible sounds of life. Two different rows of homogeneous members.

Answer: 1, 2.
16. Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) in the sentence should (s) be a comma (s).

All events (1) considered (2) and experienced by F.I. Tyutchev (3) clothed them in artistic images (4) rising to the height of philosophical generalization.
Explanation.
All the events thought out and experienced by F.I. Tyutchev, they were dressed in artistic images that rose to the height of philosophical generalization.

Two separate participle turnovers: both are after the main word according to the GS + PO scheme.
Zpt 2 is not placed between homogeneous definitions.

Answer: 1, 3, 4.
17. Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) in the sentence should (s) be a comma (s).

Being engaged in literary creativity, V.I. Dal (1) of course (2) considered the creation of the “Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” to be the main work of his life. According to the memoirs of contemporaries (4), he wrote down the first word for this book (3) at the age of eighteen.
Explanation.
Being engaged in literary creativity, V.I. Dal, of course, considered the creation of the “Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” to be the main work of his life. The first word for this book, according to the memoirs of contemporaries, he wrote down at the age of eighteen.
Both s / th are introductory.

Answer: 1, 2, 3, 4.
18. Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) in the sentence should (s) be a comma (s).

A. S. Pushkin and his young wife stayed at Demuth (1) hotel (2) which (3) at that time was considered the most famous in St. Petersburg.
Explanation.
A. S. Pushkin and his young wife stopped at Demuth's house? (whose hotel at that time was considered the most famous in St. Petersburg).

Answer: 1.
19. Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) in the sentence should (s) be a comma (s).

Sergeev went ashore (1) but (2) when he saw an unfamiliar Chinese (3) at the pier on a huge pile of oranges, he suddenly, piercingly and clearly felt (4) how far the Motherland was from him.
Explanation.
[Sergeev went ashore, but (when he saw an unfamiliar Chinese at the pier on a huge pile of oranges), he suddenly felt piercingly and clearly] (how far the Motherland is from him).
The comma 2 is not placed according to the BP rule 6 (see the rule for the task).
ZPT 1 before is placed with homogeneous members.
Answer: 1, 3, 4.
20. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Specify the answer numbers.

1) Lazar Borisovich was a rural pharmacist, although all his life he dreamed of doing literary work and even published some of his works.
2) The narrator does not agree with the opinion of Lazar Borisovich that only knowledge of life will help to become a real writer.
3) A village pharmacist came to the house of the narrator's relatives.
4) The narrator graduated from the gymnasium and was going to enter the university in order to become a writer in the future.
5) A real writer must be a real worker who knows and understands life in all its manifestations.
(1) Sometimes a rural pharmacist came to visit Uncle Kolya. (2) This pharmacist's name was Lazar Borisovich. (3) At first glance, it was a rather strange pharmacist. (4) He wore a student jacket. (5) On his wide nose, pince-nez on a black ribbon barely held. (6) The pharmacist was short, stocky and very sarcastic.
(7) Once I went to Lazar Borisovich to the pharmacy for powders for Aunt Marusya. (8) She had a migraine. (9) Rubbing powders for Aunt Marusya, Lazar Borisovich talked to me.
- (10) I know, - said Lazar Borisovich, - that youth has its rights, especially when the young man graduated from the gymnasium and was about to enter the university. (11) Then there is a carousel in my head. (12) You are a pleasant young man, but you do not like to think. (13) I noticed this a long time ago. (14) So, be kind, think about yourself, about life, about your place in life, about what you would like to do for people!
- (15) I will be a writer, - I said and blushed.
- (16) A writer? Lazar Borisovich adjusted his pince-nez and looked at me with formidable surprise. - (17) Ho-ho? (18) You never know who wants to be a writer! (19) Maybe I also want to be Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy.
- (20) But I already wrote ... and printed.
- (21) Then, - said Lazar Borisovich decisively, - kindly wait! (22) I will weigh the powders, I will accompany you, and we will find out.
(23) We went out and went across the field to the river, and from there to the park. (24) The sun went down to the forests on the other side of the river. (25) Lazar Borisovich tore off the tops of wormwood, rubbed them, sniffed his fingers and spoke.
- (26) This is a big deal, but it requires real knowledge of life. (27) So? (28) And you have very little of it, so as not to say that it is completely absent. (29) Writer! (30) He must know so much that it’s even scary to think. (31) He must understand everything! (32) He must work like an ox and not chase fame! (33)Yes! (34) Here. (35) I can tell you one thing: go to huts, to fairs, to factories, to rooming houses! (36) To theaters, hospitals, mines and prisons! (37) So! (38) Be everywhere! (39) So that life saturates you! (40) To make a real infusion! (41) Then you can release it to people like a miraculous balm! (42) But also in known doses. (43) Yes! (44) He spoke for a long time about the vocation of the writer. (45) We said goodbye near the park.
- (46) You should not think that I am a lazybones, - I said.
- (47) No! exclaimed Lazar Borisovich and grabbed my hand. - (48) I'm glad! (49) You see! (50) But you must admit that I was a little right, and now you will think about something. (51) Huh?
(52) And the pharmacist was right. (53) I realized that I know almost nothing and have not yet thought about many important things. (54) And he accepted the advice of this funny man and soon went to people, to that worldly school, which no books and abstract thoughts can replace.
(55) I knew that I would never believe anyone, no matter who told me that this life - with its love, striving for truth and happiness, with its lightning and the distant sound of water in the middle of the night - is devoid of meaning and reason. (56) Each of us must fight for the affirmation of this life everywhere and always until the end of our days.
(according to K. G. Paustovsky *)
* Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky (1892-1968) - Russian Soviet writer, classic of Russian literature. Author of short stories, short stories, novels, among them - "The Tale of Life", "Golden Rose", "Meshcherskaya Side" and others. Explanation.
The content of the text corresponds to statements numbered 3, 4, 5.

Statement number 3 is confirmed by the sentences of the text No. 1, No. 7: Uncle Kolya and Aunt Marusya may well be relatives.
Statement number 4 is confirmed by the sentences of the text No. 10, No. 15: the pharmacist, turning to the narrator, informs us that the narrator has graduated from the gymnasium and is going to enter the university, and the narrator himself that he is going to become a writer.
Statement number 5 is confirmed by sentences from the text numbered 26-43.
The statement under number 1 does not correspond to the content of the text, because the text does not say that Lazar Borisovich published his works.
The statement number 2 does not correspond to the content of the text, because the narrator is convinced that the pharmacist is right, as evidenced by sentence No. 52.

The task is not entirely correct, since statement number 3 can be interpreted in different ways: on the one hand, Uncle Kolya and Aunt Marusya may well be relatives, on the other hand, the narrator can call people older than himself in age uncle and aunt.

Answer: 3, 4, 5
21. Which of the following statements are true? Specify the answer numbers.

1) Sentences 4-6 contain a description of a person's appearance.
2) Sentences 7-9 contain a description.
3) Sentences 30-32 contain reasoning.
4) Propositions 52 and 53 are contrasted in content.
5) Propositions 55, 56 contain reasoning.
Explanation.
We indicate the numbers of answers.

1) Sentences 4-6 contain a description of a person's appearance. Yes.
2) Sentences 7-9 contain a description. No, this is a story.
3) Sentences 30-32 contain reasoning. Yes.
4) Propositions 52 and 53 are contrasted in content. No.
5) Propositions 55, 56 contain reasoning. Yes.

Answer: 1, 3, 5.
22. From sentences 1-6 write out phraseological units.
Explanation.
3) At first glance, it was a rather strange pharmacist.

Answer: at first sight.
23. Among sentences 1-6, find one (s) that is (s) connected with the previous one using a possessive pronoun. Write the number(s) of this offer(s).
Explanation.
(4) He wore a student jacket. (5) On his wide nose, pince-nez on a black ribbon barely held. The possessive pronoun his in sentence 5 refers to the word he in sentence 4.

Answer: 5.
24. Read the review fragment. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

“The author's speech is emotional, figurative, convincing. So, the paths: (A) _________ (“strange pharmacist”, “stinging person”) and (B) _________ (sentence 39), reception - (C) _________ (sentence 12) - not only create an external image of the pharmacist, but also help understand his character, views, ideas about a person's place in life. To understand the attitude of the pharmacist Lazar Borisovich to a young interlocutor, such a syntactic means of expressiveness as (D) _________ (for example, sentences 48, 49) helps.

List of terms:
1) a number of homogeneous members

3) irony
4) introductory words
5) litote
6) metaphor

8) opposition
9) epithet

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
A B C D

Explanation.
“The author's speech is emotional, figurative, convincing. So, the tropes: (A) epithets (“strange pharmacist”, “stinging person”) and (B) metaphor impregnated life (sentence 39), reception - (C) opposition (sentence 12) - not only create an external image of a pharmacist, but and help to understand his character, views, ideas about a person's place in life. To understand the attitude of the pharmacist Lazar Borisovich to a young interlocutor, such a syntactic means of expressiveness as (D) exclamatory sentences (for example, sentences 48, 49) helps.

List of terms:
1) a number of homogeneous members
2) interrogative sentences
3) irony
4) introductory words
5) litote
6) metaphor
7) exclamatory sentences
8) opposition
9) epithet

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
A B C D
9 6 8 7
25. Write an essay based on the text you read.
Formulate one of the problems posed by the author of the text.
Comment on the formulated problem. Include in the comment two illustration examples from the read text that you think are important for understanding the problem in the source text (avoid over-quoting).
Formulate the position of the author (narrator). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the read text. Explain why. Argue your opinion, relying primarily on the reader's experience, as well as on knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account).
The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.
A work written without relying on the text read (not on this text) is not evaluated. If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite of the source text without any comments, then such work is evaluated with 0 points.
Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.
Explanation.
Main problems Position of the author
1. The essence of writing as a vocation
(What is the essence of the writer's work?)1. The profession of a writer is the affirmation of life "everywhere and always until the end of his days"
2. The problem of the personality of the writer. (What should a real writer be like?) 2. A writer must work hard, neglecting fame, and understand life in all its manifestations, be literally saturated with it in order to be able to convey all the most necessary and in "known doses" to people

It would seem that a subject known to everyone since the school desk. But the fact of the matter is that it is at school that students learn many distorted views on the history of ancient Greece, which arose back in the 19th century.

"Free" Athens and "despotic" Sparta

Through the entire history of ancient Greece, the opposition of Athens and Sparta in the social and political structure runs like a red thread. At school, they are taught that Athens was a free, democratic state (with the proviso, of course, that the free people also had slaves there who were not subject to civil rights), and Sparta was a militarized one based on the suppression of the individual. The education system in Athens brought up in young people comprehensively developed personalities, and in Sparta - unquestioningly obedient warriors, sort of soulless killing machines.

The orders of Sparta seemed burdensome to the Athenians only for the following reasons. From 7 to 20 years old, young Spartans were necessarily brought up at public expense in barrack-type boarding schools, adult Spartans were obliged to arrange public meals in a pool, and most importantly, no one had the right to enrich themselves. Trade and craft were forbidden to the Spartans (only foreigners could engage in them), the import of luxury goods into Sparta was prohibited.

It is interesting to compare the position of women in both states. The Athenians were kept locked in houses, in the female half - the gyno (Herodotus wrote that the Athenians borrowed the custom of seclusion of women from the Persians). More free behavior was allowed only for unmarried heterosexuals. In Sparta, women were much more liberated; for girls, as well as for boys, gymnastic competitions were even arranged.

There is a legend that sick babies in Sparta were thrown from the Tarpeian rock. Archaeologists have not found a single child skeleton there, only adults.

"Peacefulness" and "tolerance" of the Athenian democracy

The Athenian demos has always been the initiator and inspirer of the imperialist actions of Athens, aimed at the subjugation and enslavement of other Greek states. A good example of this is the history of the two Athenian maritime unions - the 1st (5th century BC) and the 2nd (4th century BC).

The position of different social strata

The man with the whip is clearly a cop. Few people know that the police in Athens consisted of Scythians (hence the non-Hellenic attire), who were state slaves. And the Hellenic, who does not have the right to participate in the national assembly, is obviously a metek, that is, a native of another policy living in Athens. At the same time, the lion's share of trade and craft in Athens (and, consequently, wealth) was in the hands of the meteks.

So the plot of the picture is amusing - the slave drives away, perhaps, the rich man. True, not a simple slave, but a state one.

Tyranny was allegedly painful for the people

Portal for the student. Self-training

Geographical position

Peloponnese

Seas

Islands

Relief

Climate

Lakes and rivers

Nature

Minerals

"Free" Athens and "despotic" Sparta

"Peacefulness" and "tolerance" of the Athenian democracy

The position of different social strata

Tyranny was allegedly painful for the people

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