Words have lexical and grammatical meanings. Lexical meanings are studied by lexicology, grammatical meanings are studied by grammar - morphology and syntax.

Lexical meaning words are a reflection in the word of one or another phenomenon of reality (object, event, quality, action, relationship, etc.).

grammatical meaning words is a characteristic of it as an element of a certain grammatical class (for example, table- masculine noun), as an element of the inflectional series ( table, table, table etc.) and as an element of a phrase or sentence in which the word is associated with other words ( table leg, put the book on the table).

Lexical meaning of the word individually: it is inherent in the given word and by this delimits the given word from others, each of which has its own, also individual meaning.

On the other hand, grammatical meaning characterizes entire categories and classes of words; it is categorical .

Compare words table, house, knife. Each of them has its own lexical meaning, denoting different objects. At the same time, they are characterized by common, the same grammatical meanings: they all belong to the same part of speech - the noun, to the same grammatical gender - masculine and have the form of the same number - singular.

An important sign of grammatical meaning, which distinguishes it from the meaning of the lexical one, is the obligation of the expression: we cannot use the word without expressing its grammatical meanings (with the help of endings, prepositions, etc.). So, speaking the word table, we not only name a certain object, but also express such features of this noun as gender (masculine), number (singular), case (nominative or accusative, cf .: There was a table in the corner. - I see a table). All these signs of form table the essence of its grammatical meanings, expressed by the so-called zero inflection.

Pronouncing the word form table (for example, in a sentence Blocked the passage with a table), we use the ending -om to express grammatical meanings instrumental case (cf. endings used to express case meanings: table-a, table-y, table-e), masculine (cf. the ending that feminine nouns have in the instrumental case: water-oh), singular (cf. table-ami). The lexical meaning the words table- "a piece of home furniture, which is a surface of hard material, mounted on one or more legs, and serving to put or put something on it" - in all case forms of this word remains unchanged. In addition to the root table-, which has the indicated lexical meaning, there are no other means of expressing this meaning, similar to the means of expressing the grammatical meanings of case, gender, number, etc.

TYPES OF LEXICAL MEANINGS OF WORDS IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

Comparison of various words and their meanings makes it possible to single out several types of lexical meanings of words in the Russian language.

1. By way of nomination direct and figurative meanings of words are distinguished.

direct(or the main, main) meaning of a word is a meaning that directly correlates with the phenomena of objective reality.

For example, words table, black, boil have the following main meanings:

1. "A piece of furniture in the form of a wide horizontal board on high supports, legs."

2. "Colors of soot, coal."

3. "Bubbling, bubbling, evaporating from strong heat" (about liquids).

These values ​​are stable, although they may change historically. For example, the word table in the Old Russian language it meant "throne", "reign", "capital".

The direct meanings of words less than all others depend on context, on the nature of connections with other words. Therefore, direct meanings are said to have the greatest paradigmatic conditionality and the least syntagmatic coherence.

portable(indirect) meanings of words arise as a result of the transfer of a name from one phenomenon of reality to another based on the similarity, commonality of their features, functions, etc.

Yes, the word table has several figurative meanings:

1. "Item of special equipment or part of a machine of similar shape": operating table, raise machine table.

2. "Food, food": rent a room with a table.

3. "A department in an institution in charge of some special range of affairs": information desk.

At the word black such portable values:

1. "Dark, as opposed to something lighter, called white": blackbread.

2. "Taking a dark color, darkened": blackfrom sunburn.

3. "Kurnoy" (only full form, obsolete): blackhut.

4. "Gloomy, bleak, heavy": blackthoughts.

5. "Criminal, malicious": blacktreason.

6. "Not the main, auxiliary" (only the full form): blackmove in the house.

7. "Physically heavy and unskilled" (long form only): blackJob etc.

Word boil has the following metaphors:

1. "To manifest in a strong degree": work is in full swing.

2. "To manifest something with force, to a strong extent": boilindignation.

As you can see, indirect meanings appear in words that are not directly related to the concept, but approach it through various associations that are obvious to speakers.

Portable meanings can preserve figurativeness: black thoughts, black betrayal, boil with indignation. Such figurative meanings are fixed in the language: they are given in dictionaries when interpreting a lexical unit.

In terms of reproducibility and stability, figurative meanings differ from metaphors that are created by writers, poets, publicists and are of an individual nature.

However, in most cases, when transferring meanings, imagery is lost. For example, we do not perceive as figurative such names as pipe elbow, teapot spout, clock and under. In such cases, they speak of extinct figurativeness in the lexical meaning of the word, dry metaphors.

Direct and figurative meanings are distinguished within one word.

2. According to the degree of semantic motivation values ​​are highlighted unmotivated(non-derivative, primary), which are not determined by the meaning of morphemes in the composition of the word, and motivated(derivatives, secondary), which are derived from the meanings of the generating stem and derivational affixes. For example, words table, build, white have unmotivated meanings. Words canteen, desktop, canteen, completion, perestroika, anti-perestroika, whiten, whiten, whiteness motivated meanings are inherent, they are, as it were, “produced” from the motivating part, word-building formants and semantic components that help to comprehend the meaning of a word with a derivative stem.

For some words, the motivation of the meaning is somewhat obscured, since in modern Russian it is not always possible to single out their historical root. However, etymological analysis establishes the ancient family ties of the word with other words, makes it possible to explain the origin of its meaning. For example, etymological analysis allows you to highlight the historical roots in the words fat, feast, window, cloth, pillow, cloud and establish their connection with words live, drink, eye, twist, ear, drag(envelop). Thus, the degree of motivation of one or another meaning of the word may not be the same. In addition, the meaning may seem motivated to a person with a philological background, while the semantic connections of this word seem lost to a non-specialist.

3. Possibly lexical compatibility the meanings of words are divided into free and non-free. The first are based only on the subject-logical connections of words. For example, the word drink combined with words denoting liquids ( water, milk, tea, lemonade etc.), but cannot be combined with words such as stone, beauty, running, night. The compatibility of words is regulated by the subject compatibility (or incompatibility) of the concepts they denote. Thus, the "freedom" of the compatibility of words with unrelated meanings is relative.

The non-free meanings of words are characterized by limited possibilities of lexical compatibility, which in this case is determined by both subject-logical and proper linguistic factors. For example, the word win matches with words victory, top, but does not match the word defeat. One can say bow your head (look, eyes, eyes), but you can't lower your hand» ( leg, briefcase).

Non-free meanings, in turn, are divided into phraseologically related and syntactically conditioned. The former are realized only in stable (phraseological) combinations: sworn enemy, bosom friend(you can not swap the elements of these phrases).

Syntactically conditional values words are realized only if it performs a syntactic function unusual for itself in a sentence. Yes, the words log, oak, hat, acting as the nominal part of the compound predicate, they get the meanings " stupid man"; "stupid, stupid person"; "sluggish, uninitiated person, bungler". V. V. Vinogradov, who first singled out this type of values, called them functionally-syntactically conditioned. These meanings are always figurative and, according to the method of nomination, are among the figurative meanings.

As part of the syntactically conditioned meanings of the word, there are also meanings structurally limited, which are implemented only under the conditions of a certain syntactic construction. For example, the word vortex with a direct meaning "gusty circular motion of the wind" in a construction with a noun in the form of the genitive case gets a figurative meaning: whirlwind of events- "the rapid development of events."

4. By the nature of the functions performed lexical meanings are divided into two types: nominative, the purpose of which is the nomination, naming of phenomena, objects, their qualities, and expressive-synonymous, in which the emotional-evaluative (connotative) feature is predominant. For example, in the phrase A tall man word tall indicates great growth; this is its nominal value. And the words lanky, long combined with the word Human, not only indicate a large growth, but also contain a negative, disapproving assessment of such growth. These words have an expressive-synonymous meaning and are among the expressive synonyms for a neutral word. tall.

5. By the nature of the relationships of some values ​​with others in the lexical system of the language can be distinguished:

1) autonomous the meanings possessed by words that are relatively independent in the language system and designate mainly specific objects: table, theater, flower;

2) correlative meanings that are inherent in words that are opposed to each other on some grounds: close - far, good - bad, youth - old age,

3) deterministic values, i.e. such, "which are, as it were, determined by the meanings of other words, since they represent their stylistic or expressive variants ...". For example: nag(cf. stylistically neutral synonyms: horse, horse), beautiful, wonderful, magnificent (cf. good).

Thus, the modern typology of lexical meanings is based, firstly, on the conceptual and subject relations of words (i.e. paradigmatic relations), and secondly, derivational (or derivational) connections of words, thirdly, the relationship of words to each other ( syntagmatic relations). The study of the typology of lexical meanings helps to understand the semantic structure of the word, to penetrate deeper into the systemic connections that have developed in the vocabulary of the modern Russian language.

Grammatical meaning is the abstract linguistic content of a grammatical unit that has a regular (standard) expression in the language (for example, the grammatical meaning of words new, old is the general categorical meaning of the feature, as well as particular grammatical meanings - gender, number and case: all these meanings have a standard expression in the language in the affix morpheme th; in English, the grammatical meaning of the plural is regularly expressed using the suffix ~(e)s: book-s, student-s, horses-es). The grammatical meaning differs from the lexical one by a higher level of abstraction, because “this is an abstraction of features and relationships” (A.A. Reformatsky). The grammatical meaning is not individual, since it belongs to a whole class of words, united by a common morphological properties and syntactic functions. Some private grammatical meanings can change in a word in its different grammatical forms (cf. changing the meaning of number and case in nouns or tense in verb forms, while the lexical meaning of the word remains unchanged). At the same time, the possibility of changing the grammatical meaning of a word is limited by the very set of grammatical meanings of a particular part of speech, the “closedness” of their list in each language, while the list of lexical meanings is open, since the lexical system of any language is open, which means it can be replenished with new words and, accordingly, new meanings. In contrast to the lexical meaning, the grammatical meaning is not called the word directly, directly, but is expressed in it “in passing”, in a strictly defined way, with the help of grammatical means (affixes) specially assigned to it. It, as it were, accompanies the lexical meaning of the word, being its additional meaning.

The abstracted linguistic content, expressed by grammatical meaning, has a different degree of abstraction, i.e. by its nature, grammatical meaning is heterogeneous: it can be more abstract or less abstract (cf. in the word was reading the most abstract is the meaning of the process: it is inherent in all verbs and all its forms; it is followed by the meaning of the past tense: it is inherent in all verbs in the form of the past tense; the meaning of the masculine gender is more definite and narrow: it is inherent only in the forms of the verb that are opposed to the feminine and neuter forms and combined with the pronoun is he). Depending on the nature of the grammatical meaning, i.e. whether it is inherent in the word (for example, the meaning of objectivity in a noun) or whether it is realized in a word form in a certain context as part of a phrase or sentence (for example, the meaning of number and case in a noun), non-syntactic or referential grammatical meanings that are internally inherent in the word (for example, the meaning of the gender of nouns), and syntactic or relational grammatical meanings indicating the relationship of the word (or rather the word form) to other words in a phrase or sentence (for example, the meaning of the gender, number, case of an adjective). Finally, depending on the relationship between the grammatical meaning and the nature of the displayed objects, they distinguish between objective or dictal grammatical meanings that convey objective, subject-independent features and relationships (cf. the grammatical meanings of a feature for adjectives, tense and aspect for a verb) and modal, reflecting the attitude of the speaker to what he is talking about or to whom he is talking (cf. grammatical meanings of subjective evaluation, mood, etc.).

The grammatical meaning of a word is derived from its relation to other units of the same class (for example, the grammatical meaning of the past tense form of the verb carried derived by relating it to other temporary forms -- bears, will bear).

The grammatical meaning of a word often includes its derivational meaning (if the word is derivative), since word formation is part of the grammatical structure of the language. Derivative meaning is a generalized meaning inherent only in motivated words, expressed by word-formation means. It represents a certain semantic relationship between the members of a derivational pair - generating and derived words. Like grammatical meaning, it is not individual, but characterizes entire classes of words belonging to the same word-formation type, i.e. built according to one typed model (which means that all these words belong to the same part of speech, are formed by the same way of word formation, using the same affix from the stem belonging to the same part of speech, and they all have the same derivational meaning, cf., for example, the derivational type "a person performing an action called a motivating word": teacher, writer, builder, investigator etc.). The word-formation meaning has a different degree of abstractness (cf. the different degree of abstractness of the following word-formation meanings: "immaturity" in words that name animal babies: kitten, wolf cub or "shortness of action" in verbs cry, cry). At the same time, word-building meanings are more abstract than lexical ones, but more specific than grammatical ones (compare, for example, the word-building meaning of "diminutiveness" and the grammatical meaning of "animation").

Since the semantic relations between the generating and the derived word can develop in different ways, several semantic types of word-formation meaning are distinguished: the derived word acts as a carrier of a feature called producing (cf. the subject-characterizing derivational meaning "carrier of an attributive feature" in the word sage), At the same time, the part-of-speech attribution of the derived word may or may not coincide with the generating one (cf. bread--bakery, read--reader)", transpositional type, in which the meaning of the derived word completely preserves the grammatical semantics of the generating word, although it is transferred to another part-of-speech class (cf. the meaning of the objectified action in the word walking or the meaning of an abstract feature in a word wisdom) and modification type, in which the meaning of the derived word, which receives an additional semantic component, is only modified, since the meaning of the generating word is fully included in the semantic scope of the derivative, the part belonging to which does not change (cf. the meaning of collectiveness in the word crow or singularity in a word pea).

The material expression of the grammatical meaning of a word in the broadest sense is its grammatical form. In the narrow sense of the word, a grammatical form is understood as one of the regular modifications of a word (for example, any form of a word in its declension or conjugation). Grammatical meaning and grammatical form are inseparable from each other, they are two sides of a linguistic sign. However, the relationship between them is not unambiguous: the same grammatical form can convey several grammatical meanings (for example, the word form brother contains the meanings of objectivity, masculine gender, singular, instrumental case, animation, concreteness) and vice versa, the same grammatical meaning can be conveyed by several grammatical forms (cf. the meaning of plurality contained in the words leaves and foliage, which is transmitted by different grammatical forms, or the meaning of diminutiveness and endearment, transmitted by different suffixes: -ik: house, -ok: town, -ochek: son and etc.). The set of grammatical forms of one word is called a paradigm (cf. im.p. house, genus.p. Houses, dt.p. home etc.). A word may have a complete paradigm, i.e. including all possible grammatical forms in a given language that are inherent in this part of speech (for example, inflected nouns of the Russian language such as table, country, village have a complete paradigm of twelve grammatical forms), an incomplete or defective paradigm in which some grammatical forms are missing (for example, in verbs like win, convince no form 1 l. singular) and a paradigm that abounds in which there are redundant grammatical forms (cf., for example, the paradigms of the verbs drip: dripping and caplet or move: moves and moves).

Despite the fact that the grammatical meaning is, as it were, a secondary meaning of the word, it plays an essential role in creating the integral meaning of the sentence (cf. I put a gift for a friend... and I gave a gift to a friend..., changing the grammatical meaning of a case in a word friend leads to a change in the meaning of the sentence). A vivid illustration of this provision can serve as a proposal drawn up by JI.B. Shcherboy of meaningless, but grammatically correct and interconnected words that convey a certain grammatical meaning and even form some sense of the sentence: The glistening kuzdra shteko has bobbed up the beak and curls the beak. Each word in it contains morphemes, the meaning of which is easily deduced from the relationship of words to each other (cf. the feminine meaning, which is conveyed by inflections -aya (gloky),-a ( Kuzdra and budlanula), the meaning of time -- past -- suf.-l ( budlanula) and present - flexia -it ( curls), the meaning of immaturity -- suf.-onok (bokrenka), the meaning of animation is inflection -a ( bokra and beakrenka), the meaning of a one-time action is suf. -well ( budlanula) and etc.).

Grammatical and lexical meanings: gradation and transitions

Grammatical and lexical meanings are the main types of the plan for the content of language units. These are some kind of poles in the semantic space of the language. At the same time, there is no insurmountable abyss between them. In a word, they act as a unity, and for some categories of words they are simply inseparable. For example, about the semantics of pronouns, it can be argued that it has an intermediate, transitional character between vocabulary and grammar.

On the opposition of lexical and grammatical meanings, the functional classification of word elements is based - morphemes. However, the division into roots, prefixes, suffixes, inflections, etc. requires a more detailed differentiation of meanings. In particular, grammatical meanings are divided into proper grammatical (inflectional) and lexico-grammatical (classification). The former form a semantic characteristic of the form of a word, the latter characterize the whole word as a whole, as its permanent feature (i.e., they attribute the lexeme to a certain grammatical class). An example of the former may be in the Slavic languages ​​the person of the verb, the case of a noun, or the degree of comparison of an adjective; an example of the second is the aspect of a verb, the gender of a noun, or the quality of an adjective. However, both meanings are transmitted through grammatical morphemes, sometimes even simultaneously, in a complex (such, for example, is inflection -a in the word winter).

Intermediate between grammatical and lexical meanings are derivational meanings. These meanings are inherent in entire groups of lexemes and, moreover, have their own formal (intra-word) expression. In principle, derivational and, for example, inflectional meanings can again be expressed by the same morpheme (Russian -oy in gold, capital letters, etc.).

The listed types of meanings, lining up according to the degree of their abstractness and the breadth of coverage of the vocabulary in “inflectional - classificatory - derivational - lexical”, in a particular case form a unity. For example, the Polish form przerabiasz "remake*" contains the following heterogeneous meanings in the complex: lexical (to make), derivational (repetition, multiplicity), classificatory (imperfect form, transitivity), inflectional (2nd person, singular, present tense).

The relativity of the opposition of lexical and grammatical meanings is also evidenced by such a characteristic manifestation of linguistic evolution as grammaticalization. This is a process in which the meaning of some linguistic element, word or morpheme, changes its status: from lexical it becomes grammatical. There is nothing surprising in the fact that such an element becomes a regular means of expressing a grammatical category. In particular, synthetic, or simple, verb forms of the future tense in the modern Ukrainian language go back to the combination of the infinitive with the verb (i) mati "to have": the pisatimu "I will write" arose from pisati + imu; pisatimesh "you will write" -- from pisati+imesh; write "he will write" - from write + name, etc. And in similar forms of the Serbo-Croatian language, the verb hteti "want" that has lost its original meaning is included as an indicator of the future tense: ja fly write (or simply nucahy) "I will write ", you write (or write) "you will write", he writes (or nucahe) "he will write"...

On the other hand, some grammatical meaning may, over time, losing its obligatory nature and narrowing the scope of its application, turn into a lexical one. An example has already been given above with a dual number: now in most Slavic languages ​​this meaning has become lexical. In the course of language development, one or another form of a word can turn into a separate, independent word - this process is called lexicalization. An illustration of such a phenomenon in Russian can be the formation of adverbs such as winter, around, groping, below, etc. If we consider a separate grammatical morpheme, then here it is not difficult to find examples of how a morpheme changes its status, gaining the rights of a root. So, in a number of modern European languages, the suffix of Greek-Latin origin -ismus gave a root with the meaning "social trend, direction" (compare the Russian expression "different isms", etc.). Another, no less famous example. The modern English root bus "bus", which arose as a result of the contraction of the word omnibus, goes back to inflection - (оbus in the Latin pronominal form: omnis "every" -- omnibus literally "for everyone".

In general, despite all the borderline and transitional cases, lexical and grammatical meanings retain their global opposition in the language system.

T.S. CHELNOKOVA,
Moscow

Lexical and grammatical meaning

(two lessons)

5th grade

Pupils of the 5th grade, mastering the course of the Russian language, get acquainted with a large number of definitions. Faced with an abundance of terms, children often do not understand their essence. A fifth-grader glibly gives a definition, but is lost if it needs to be reproduced in his own words. This is not due to the fact that the student has a poor skill in giving definitions. It's just that the child does not understand the inner content of the phenomenon, its essence, but he easily memorizes the formulation, like poetry or an expression in a foreign language, automatically.

Any textbook of the 5th grade offers the student and teacher to master the conceptual apparatus, which, on the one hand, is a little familiar from the elementary school course, on the other hand, is not yet entirely clear, since definitions of linguistic phenomena are not always given in elementary school. At the same time, already known things are considered again, and, of course, this must be done not only at a new scientific level, but in such a way as to interest the student, to show the unusual in the familiar.

By implementing such an approach to working with terms, we can reveal an already familiar phenomenon in a new way, arouse interest in it, help to understand it and comprehend it deeper.

The concepts that every fifth grader should be fluent in include the terms lexical and grammatical meaning.

Let's turn to textbooks. For example, let's take a textbook, traditionally used in many schools, edited by T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, M.T. Baranova, L.T. Grigoryan (1) and "Russian language" edited by M.V. Panov (2), which is either used as additional material or serves as the main textbook in a number of gymnasiums and schools with humanitarian classes. The terms under consideration are found in them when studying topics: 1) “Vocabulary”, “Word formation. Morphemics"; 2) "Vocabulary", "Morphology".
Let's see what definitions of lexical and grammatical meaning they offer.
In the textbook, ed. T.A. Ladyzhenskaya we read:

“Every word means something. For example, the word spruce forest means "a forest consisting of only fir trees." It is his lexical meaning. In addition to the lexical, the word also has grammatical meaning. For example, for nouns, you can determine the gender, case, number, for verbs - tense, person and number.

"Russian language" ed. M.V. Panova offers the following option:

Christmas tree- This is an evergreen coniferous tree with cone-shaped needles and long scaly cones. This is the main meaning of the word Christmas tree. It denotes the main meaning in the word, what we think about when we pronounce it. This meaning of the word is called lexical value.

Christmas tree is a feminine noun in them. pad. units h. Such values ​​are called grammatical values.

Agree, it is not very successful to give a definition through an example, but the essence is revealed very clearly.

Let us turn to the encyclopedia "Russian language", where general definitions are given.

Lexical meaning- the content of the word, reflecting in the mind and fixing in it the idea of ​​​​an object, property, process, phenomenon, etc.

grammatical meaning- a generalized, abstract linguistic meaning inherent in a number of words, word forms, syntactic constructions and finding its regular expression in grammatical forms.

Of course, no one will offer such definitions in the 5th grade.

With the goal of combining the principle of a scientific approach with a fascinating presentation of the material, in this way to help students master it deeper, I used when studying the terms lexical and grammaticalmeaning the famous phrase of Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba.

The lessons are introductory to the topic "Vocabulary" according to the textbook, ed. T.A. Ladyzhenskaya.

About the dumb kuzdra

Lesson 1

Target :

1) introduce the concept lexical and grammatical meaning;
2) consolidate knowledge about parts of speech;
3) improve the skill of defining linguistic phenomena in your own words.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Introductory conversation.

Remember which sections of the science of language you already know that you have already studied.
Often the main object of our study was the word. We observed how it works in a sentence, a phrase, built texts from words.
How to name all the words of the language? (Vocabulary.)
Remember the name of the sections of linguistics and think: does the word have vocabulary more values?

II. Dictionary work.

The words are written on the board:

coloring
be nominated
popular print

Do you know the meaning of these words?
If the meaning of a word is unclear, how can you find out what it is? (Use a dictionary.)
Can any dictionary help us figure out the meaning of words? Why do we need an explanatory dictionary? (It is there that the definition, the interpretation of words, is given.)
Before turning to the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegova, N.Yu. Shvedova, think about whether you can say something about each of the words. Consider them as parts of speech and write down the conclusions.

coloring- n., m. r., units. h., im. p. / c. P.
be nominated- verb, nesov. in., I ref.
popular print- adj., m. r., units. h., im. p. / c. P.

Write down the definition of these words from the explanatory dictionary below.
Tell me, are there any other words that have the meaning of "printed from popular prints"?
So the word popular print a unique value, that is, one that only it has.
Try to find words with the same characteristics as the adjective. popular print(see entry above). Are there many such words?

III. Formulation of concepts.

So, we have seen that each of the words we are considering has two meanings. How do they differ? (One is suitable for many similar words, the other is suitable only for a particular word.)
If vocabulary considers the meaning of words, which of the two meanings will we call lexical? Try to define it.
Lexical meaning is the meaning of a word, a meaning peculiar only to a given word, or a unique meaning. How will the grammatical meaning differ from it? (Not unique.)
Now, knowing that grammatical meaning considers a word in terms of a part of speech, try to define it.
Grammatical meaning - the meaning of a word as a part of speech; The features that this word has can be found in many other words.

IV. Fixing the material.

1) Write down the lexical meaning of the words:

caftan, based, exacting.

2) Indicate the grammatical meaning of these words and give a few (4-5) words with the same grammatical meaning.

3) Let's consider the phrase glokaya kuzdra. Write down its lexical and grammatical meaning. What meaning - lexical or grammatical - could you write down? What is easier to do? Why?
Do you think these words will be in other dictionaries?
Tell me: what part of the word helped you learn the grammatical meaning of words?

V. Checking the acquired knowledge.

1) Tell us how you understood what it is grammatical and lexical meaning.
2) How do they differ?
3) Which morpheme shows the grammatical meaning?
4) Name the words according to their lexical meaning:

– demanding, strict...;
– vintage long-brimmed men's clothing...

VI. Homework.

1. Prepare a story, what is the lexical and grammatical meaning.

2. Set the lexical meaning of words: comfortable, conveyor, bask, militia, take up arms, argue, curtsy.

3. Come up with your own phrases (3-4) from words that do not have a specific lexical meaning, but have a grammatical meaning.

When checking this task, it turned out that the greatest difficulties are caused by the explanation (not according to the dictionary, but one's own) of the lexical meaning of words. Undoubtedly, the proposed examples are complex, belong to the passive vocabulary, but one of the reasons why such words were given was the need to understand how (successfully or not) work with difficult words would work. The problems mostly arose with nouns. I believe this is due to the fact that for words conveyor, militia no synonyms can be found, only a detailed explanation is possible. Word curtsy, which has a synonym bow caused less problems. Such is the case with verbs. Choosing synonyms, fifth-graders determined for themselves the place of a particular verb in a number of related concepts.

Lesson 2

Target :

1) consolidate the concept of lexical and grammatical meaning;
2) establish how knowledge of lexical and grammatical meaning will help in the study of morphemics.

I. Checking homework.

Read the lexical meaning of these words. Were there words among them, in the definitions of which there were marks given in brackets?
What is the grammatical meaning of these verbs?
What parts of speech were more in the words given for analysis?
Were there words related to the sublime vocabulary? Used in a specific context?

II. Consolidation of concepts lexical and grammatical meaning.

Tell what is the lexical meaning and grammatical meaning using the example of words: run, runner, grow, sprouts.
Tell what meaning is unique to the word.
What meaning can be applied to a group of words?
Listen to the text.

A charade is a special riddle in which you have to guess a word by its parts.

For example:

First - forehead.
Second - a hundred years.
The whole is a rational being.

Answer: Human.

The first charades appeared in ancient Roman literature, but they were especially loved in the 18th century.
Now tell me: where does the text begin? (From the fact that the lexical meaning of the word is given.)
This is a frequent technique for constructing a scientific text, which tells about some subject or phenomenon unknown to the reader.
Let's write the first sentence, explaining the punctuation marks.
Specify the grammatical meaning of the word charade. Are there words in the sentence with the same grammatical meaning? (Mystery.)

III. Mastering new material.

Listen carefully and think about what it is about.

Glokaya kuzdra shteko boked bokra and curls bokra.

Can this be understood? Why?
This phrase was invented for his students by the famous linguist L.V. Shcherba.
(Leaflets with this phrase are handed out.)
Is it possible to understand what parts of speech Shcherba uses, what members of the sentence?
Why do we understand this?
If we carefully analyze by what part of the word we recognize it, we will see that this is the ending. Can you tell which morpheme is associated with the grammatical meaning? We see that the ending carries the grammatical meaning of the word.
Try to drop the endings, can we recognize the parts of speech in this case?
Learn the phrase; Does it have any single words? How to find out? If we recall that the main meaning, the meaning of the word, is contained in the root, then this morpheme is the bearer of lexical meaning.
How and from what the word is formed bokrenok?

bocre<-- бокренок

Which value element adds -enok- ? Think about what meaning - lexical or grammatical - this suffix expresses.

For classes that know the morpheme composition well, it can be noted that -l- , Unlike -enok- , conveys a particle of grammatical meaning, indicating the tense of the verb.

IV. Conclusion.

We tried to look for elements of grammatical meaning and lexical meaning in an unfamiliar, artificially created text. Are there morphemes in the words that help to find out whether a word belongs to a certain part of speech, to establish its grammatical features? What morphemes are carriers of lexical meaning?

V. Homework.

Try to compose your own sentences, the text where the endings help to reveal the grammatical meaning of the word, and the roots have an unclear lexical meaning.

Form nouns with meaning:

- baby animal
- a resident of a locality;
- a person by occupation -
from roots:

-resn-,
-borl-,
-omcr-.

Try to form other parts of speech.

Examples of creative work of 5th grade students of the Pirogov School in Moscow

1. Temochka nokla to get tired, but the borer roared. And she had to wake up as a Kima. Bryashnaya camory!

Hanna Brener

2. Surkalos. A companion grunted along the path. "Apparently we're a freak?" - he was guiding at the rvubatnik, who was shuddering with him. The rogue didn't answer. Svoblo 2 30 , and the satellite spoke to the buzzer and ordered to shut up. The rogue rattler slathered his teeth, and they chuckled a little.

Dmitry Leonkin

3. Vomil Turlut Furklu: “Do not sweat on Mabrak without drabrus. In Mabrak the pablos are full. They scribble. Pralomey did not quarrel.
But Furkl didn't snitch Turlut. Furkle burned in Mabrak without drabrus. Dud Furkla and skryapali. But the dud spoke of Furkla Turlyut, who had gone astray. Turklut smashed the tukalka and went to Mabrak, for the sake of pouring pablo and ticking the tukalka on the fool. The pabl was confused and quarreled, and Furkle blurted out of the foolish pabl.

grammatical meaning

(formal) meaning. A meaning that acts as an additive to the lexical meaning of a word and expresses various relations (relation to other words in a phrase or sentence, relation to a linden performing an action or other persons, relation of a reported fact to reality and time, a speaker’s attitude to the reported, etc. .). Usually a word has several grammatical meanings. So, the word country has the meaning of the feminine, nominative case, singular; the word wrote contains the grammatical meanings of the past tense, singular, masculine, perfective. Grammatical meanings find their morphological or syntactic expression in the language. They are expressed mainly by the form of the word, which is formed:

a) affixation. Book, book, book, etc. (case values);

b) internal inflection. Collect - collect (values ​​​​of imperfect and perfect form);

c) accent. Houses. (genus. falling singular) - at home (named after falling. plural);

d) suppletivism. Take - take (values ​​of the form). Good - better (values ​​of the degree of comparison);

f) mixed (synthetic and analytical methods). To the house (the meaning of the dative case is expressed by a preposition and a case form).

Dictionary of linguistic terms

grammatical meaning

One of the two main aspects of a grammatical unit along with grammatical form. The grammatical meaning accompanies the word and determines the boundaries of its syntactic use ( book- has the grammatical meaning of a noun. well. R.). Grammatical meaning differs from lexical meaning in three ways:

1) it is characteristic of many words of the language, in relation to the lexical meaning) it is concomitant;

2) it arises as a generalization of the properties of words, as an abstraction from the lexical meanings of words; grammatical meanings are expressed in word formation, inflection and construction of combinations and sentences;

3) the forms of words, phrases and sentences are used to organize thought.

Terms of Cinematic Semiotics

GRAMMATICAL SIGNIFICANCE

this is an abstract concept, which, along with other concepts of the same kind, accompany the lexical meaning of the word, organically growing together with it, and determines its place and role in the grammatical structure of the sentence. One of the features of the significant parts of speech, which distinguishes them from other categories of words, is the presence of grammatical categories of gender, number, case, aspect, voice, tense, mood, person, etc. Significant parts of speech, as a rule, change morphologically; this variability creates special forms of case, number, aspect, pledge, person, etc. ("Modern Russian language." M., Higher school, 1984)

MORPHOLOGY. PART I

THEME 1 . MORPHOLOGY AS A SECTION OF THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE

Subject of morphology

Morphology (from the Greek morphe - form and logos - teaching) is a grammatical doctrine of a word. The word is the main object of morphology. Morphology studies the grammatical properties of words, establishes what grammatical meanings certain words, classes of words have, and reveals the specifics of grammatical categories in words belonging to different parts of speech. For example, both nouns and adjectives have categories of gender, number, and case. However, for nouns these categories are independent, while for adjectives they are syntactically conditioned, depending on the gender, number and case of the noun with which the given adjective is combined (cf.: big house, big house, big house etc.; our big room; large building; big houses etc.).

The tasks of morphology include determining the circle of words that have one or another grammatical category. Grammatical categories either cover the entire lexical base of a certain part of speech, or apply only to the main array of words belonging to it. So, nouns pluralia tantum (scissors, twilight, yeast etc.) do not have a category of gender, impersonal verbs do not have a category of person. One of the most important tasks of morphology is to identify and describe the specifics of the functioning of grammatical categories in the vocabulary of various parts of speech.

Morphology establishes the composition of the grammatical forms of various types of words, reveals the rules for changing words, distributes words according to the types of declension and conjugation.

Morphology includes the study of parts of speech. It considers the semantic and formal features of words of various categories, develops criteria and rules for classifying words into parts of speech, determines the range of words for each part of speech, establishes a system of parts of speech, studies the lexical and grammatical features of words of each part of speech, and reveals patterns of interaction between parts of speech.

Grammatical meanings of words

A word is a complex unity of lexical and grammatical meanings. For example, the word lamp stands for "lighting or heating device of various devices." This is its lexical meaning. In the semantic content of the word lamp also includes feminine, nominative and singular meanings. These are its grammatical meanings.

The lexical meaning of a word is an individual semantic feature that distinguishes it from other words. Even words that are close in meaning (cf. lamp, lampada, lantern) have different lexical meanings. Lampada -“a small vessel with a wick, filled with oil and lit in front of the icons”; lamp has three meanings: 1) "lighting device in the form of a glass ball, a box with glass walls"; 2) special: "a glass skylight in the roof, as well as a glazed ledge in the building"; 3) figurative: "a bruise from a beating, from a bruise."

Grammatical meanings are characteristic of a whole class of words. So, the meanings of the feminine, singular, nominative case combine the words lamp, water, fish, room, mermaid, thought etc., which have nothing in common in their lexical meanings. Wed also: 1) I run, I fly, I read, I lift, I write, I jump; 2) sang, drew, read, thought, danced, shot; 3) run, read, take, fly, wipe, buy. The words of the first row denote different processes, but they all express the grammatical meanings of the 1st person, singular. The words of the second row are united by the meanings of the past tense, singular, masculine. gender, the words of the third row - with the meanings of the imperative mood, units. numbers. Thus, grammatical meaning is an abstract meaning abstracted from the lexical content of a word and inherent in a whole class of words.

The grammatical meanings are not singular. One grammatical meaning necessarily implies the presence of another (or others), homogeneous and correlative with it. For example, the singular value implies the plural (bird - birds, nagas - pashas); the meaning of the imperfect aspect is paired with the meaning of the perfect aspect (take off- take off, take - take); meaning to them. pad. enters into a relationship with all other case meanings.

Grammatical meanings are not isolated from lexical ones. They seem to be layered on the lexical (real, material) meanings of words and rely on them. Therefore, they are often referred to as companions. Thus, the grammatical meanings of gender, number and -case in a noun book accompany its lexical meaning; grammatical meanings of the 3rd person, singular numbers, carry aspect in a verb draws based on its lexical meaning. A. A. Shakhmatov wrote about this: “The grammatical meaning of a linguistic form is opposed to its real meaning. The real meaning of a word depends on its correspondence as a verbal sign to one or another phenomenon of the external world. The grammatical meaning of a word is the meaning it has in relation to other words. The real meaning connects the word directly with the external world, the grammatical meaning connects it primarily with other words.

Grammatical meanings reflect either certain features of the phenomena of the external world, or the attitude of the speaker to the thought expressed by him, or intralinguistic connections and relationships of words. They, notes A. A. Shakhmatov, “may be based (1) partly on phenomena given in the outside world: for example, many others. h. birds depends on the fact that we have in mind the idea of ​​not one, but several birds ... (2) Partially, the accompanying meanings are based on the subjective attitude of the speaker to a certain phenomenon: for example, I walked means the same action as me I go but taking place, according to the speaker, in the past tense ... (3) Partly, finally, the accompanying meanings are based ... on a formal, external reason given in the word itself: thus, the feminine gender of the word book depends only on the fact that it ends in -a.