Economic assessment of the natural resources of Brazil. Natural resource potential

Brazil, with a population of 205,716,890 as of July 2012, is located in Eastern South America adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean. Brazil covers a total area of 8,514,877 km2 and is the fifth largest country in the world in terms of land area. The country has a mostly tropical climate.

Brazil gained independence from the Portuguese in 1822 and has since focused on improving its agricultural and industrial growth. Today, the country is considered the leading economic power and regional leader in South America. Brazil's growth in the mining sector has helped improve the country's economy and demonstrate its presence in international markets.

Some countries are awarded with natural resources and Brazil is one of them. Here in abundance are: iron ore, bauxite, nickel, manganese, tin. From non-ore materials mined: topaz, precious stones, granite, limestone, clay, sand. The country is rich in water and forest resources.

Iron ore

It is one of the most useful natural resources of the country. Brazil is a very famous iron ore producer and is the third largest iron ore producer and exporter in the world. Vale, which is the largest Brazilian multinational company, is associated with the mining and metals of various natural resources. It is the most popular iron ore company in the world.

Manganese

Brazil has a sufficient resource of manganese. It used to hold a leading position, but recently it has been pushed aside. The reason was the depletion of reserves and an increase in the industrial production of other powers, such as Australia.

Oil

The country was not rich in oil resources from an early stage. Due to the oil crisis in the 1970s, it faced a catastrophic shortage. About 80 percent of the country's total oil consumption was imported, resulting in high prices that were enough to create an economic crisis in the country. As a result of such stimulation, the state began to develop its own deposits and increase production volumes.

Wood

Brazil has a great variety of flora and fauna. This country is famous for its variety of plants. The main reason for the economic success of the state is the presence of the timber industry. Wood is produced in these parts in large quantities.

Metals

The bulk of the country's exports include steel. Steel has been produced in Brazil since the 1920s. In 2013, this country was declared the ninth largest producer of metal worldwide, as it mined 34.2 million tons annually. About 25.8 million tons of iron are exported by Brazil to different parts of the world. The main buyers include France, Germany, Japan, China and the People's Republic of China.

After iron ore, Brazil's next major export is gold. Currently, Brazil is considered the 13th largest global producer of this precious metal, with a production of 61 million tons, which is equal to almost 2.5% of world production.

Brazil is the world's sixth leading aluminum producer and produced over 8 million tons of bauxite in 2010. Aluminum exports in 2010 amounted to 760,000 tons, estimated at about $1.7 billion.

Gems

At present, the country has continued to act as the leading producer and exporter of precious stones in South America. Brazil produces high quality gemstones such as Paraiba Tourmaline and Imperial Topaz.

Phosphates

In 2009, Brazil's phosphate rock production was 6.1 million tons, and in 2010 it was 6.2 million tons. About 86% of the total phosphate rock reserves in the country are produced by leading mining companies such as Fosfértil S.A., Vale, Ultrafértil S.A. and Bunge Fertilizantes S.A. Domestic consumption of concentrates amounted to 7.6 million tons, while imports - 1.4 million tons.

The indigenous inhabitants of Brazil had already firmly settled on these lands, when in 1500 the navigator Cabral Pedro Alvares landed on the shores of the country, thus laying the foundation for many years of Portuguese rule. Portuguese settlers built cities along the coast and then began to move inland. They set up huge sugarcane plantations, for which they brought slaves from Africa. Over the course of two centuries, more than 4 million black slaves were brought to Brazil. In 1807, the French emperor Napoleon led his troops to Portugal. In 1808, Prince Regent Don Juan (since 1816 - King Juan IV) fled to Brazil, where he founded an empire. He returned to his homeland in 1821, leaving Brazil under the rule of his son Pedro. The following year, Pedro declared the Empire of Brazil an independent state. In 1889, the royal family had to flee the country to escape the persecution of wealthy landowners caused by the abolition of slavery. The Brazilian Republic, founded in 1889, flourished for 40 years. This period of prosperity ended in 1929, when the world economic crisis broke out. Since then, the country has changed several governments, including the military. The last military government resigned in 1985, and a civilian government came to power again. In the same year, a law on democratic presidential elections was adopted.

The benefits of the economic and geographical position of Brazil are determined by:

the possibility of developing international relations with neighboring countries of Latin America;

the possibility of developing intercontinental ties due to access to the Atlantic Ocean.

coastal position of the country.

proximity to the United States, but at the same time a great distance from other regions.

Brazil's maritime frontier is the Atlantic Ocean. And the major ports are: Rio de Janeiro, Santos, Ithaca, Tuburan.

Climate and geological structure of Brazil

The Amazonian lowland lies in the region of the equatorial and subequatorial climate. The temperature is 24 - 28C all year round, precipitation is 2500 - 3500 mm per year. The Amazon River is the largest in the world in terms of basin size (7.2 million sq. km) and water content. It is formed by the confluence of two rivers - Marañon and Ucayali. The length of the Amazon from the source of Marañon is 6400 km, and from the source of Ucayali it is more than 7000 km. The Amazon flows into the Atlantic Ocean, forming the world's largest delta (over 100 thousand sq. Km) and funnel-shaped mouths - sleeves covering the huge island of Marajo. In the lower reaches, the width of the Amazon reaches 80 km, and the depth is 1335 m.

Selva - humid equatorial forests of the Amazonian lowland. This is over 4 thousand species of trees, which is 1/4 of all species existing in the world. Animals, each in its own way, have adapted to their existence in the midst of a dense forest intertwined with vines. Monkeys - howler monkey, capuchin, marmosets, slender-bodied saimiri spider monkeys with a muzzle coloring resembling a skull - spend their whole lives on trees, holding on to branches with a strong tail. Even tree porcupine and anteater, raccoon and marsupial opossum have tenacious tails. Cats - jaguars and ocelots - feel confident in the forest thicket. Not a hindrance forest thickets and for bats. Bakers and tapirs prefer swampy river floodplains. The capybara, the largest rodent in the world, keeps near the water. Amphibians and reptiles are diverse, including poisonous snakes (bushmasters, coral asps, rattlesnakes), boa constrictors, and huge anacondas. In the rivers, caimans and flocks of bloodthirsty piranha fish lie in wait for a careless victim. Predatory harpies soar above the forest, urubu vultures - carrion eaters; multi-colored parrots fly in the crowns of trees; and toucans sit on the branches - the owners of a huge beak. The smallest birds on earth, hummingbirds, flicker in the air and hover over the flowers with bright colorful sparks.

To the east of the Amazon, the green forest sea is gradually replaced by stony light forest - caatinga. Poor soils barely cover the rocks, there is almost no grass. Everywhere there are thorny semi-bushes and all kinds of cacti. And above them are dry-loving shrubs and trees, columnar cacti and tree-like spurges. Bottle trees grow at some distance from each other, like skittles. These thickets are almost devoid of foliage and offer no shelter at all from the burning rays of the sun or from rainstorms. In the winter-spring dry period, which lasts 8-9 months here, less than 10 mm of precipitation falls per month. At the same time, the average air temperature is 26 - 28 C. At this time, many plants shed their leaves. Life stops until the autumn rains, when more than 300 mm of precipitation falls per month with an annual amount of 700 - 1000 mm. As a result of rains, the water level in the rivers rises rapidly. Floods are regularly repeated, destroying houses and washing away the fertile layer of soil from the fields.

Natural conditions of Brazil

Brazil is diverse in natural conditions. On it stand out: the Amazonian lowland and the Brazilian plateau, which differed in relief, conditions of moisture, vegetation, etc. In general, natural conditions are favorable for living and farming.

Natural resources of Brazil

Mineral resource base of Brazil

About 50 types of mineral raw materials are mined here. These are, first of all, iron, manganese ores, bauxites and non-ferrous metal ores. The main reserves are concentrated in the eastern part of the country on the Brazilian plateau. In addition, Brazil has oil and potash salts.

Water resources of Brazil

represented by a huge number of rivers, the main of which is the Amazon (the greatest river in the world). Almost a third of this large country is occupied by the Amazon River basin, which includes the Amazon itself and more than two hundred of its tributaries. This gigantic system contains a fifth of all the river waters of the world. The landscape in the Amazon is flat. The rivers and their tributaries flow slowly, during the rainy seasons they often overflow their banks and flood vast areas of tropical forests. The rivers of the Brazilian Plateau have significant hydropower potential. The largest lakes in the country are Mirim and Patos. Main rivers: Amazon, Madeira, Rio Negro, Parana, Sao Francisco.

Agro-climatic and soil resources of Brazil

Agro-climatic and soil resources are great, contributing to the development of agriculture. Brazil has fertile soil that grows coffee, cocoa, bananas, grains, citrus fruits, sugar cane, soybeans, cotton, and tobacco. Brazil occupies one of the leading places in the world in terms of cultivated land. Due to the fact that the main part of the country is located in the intertropical zone with a predominance of low altitudes, Brazil is characterized by average temperatures exceeding 20 degrees. Brazil has six types of climate: equatorial, tropical, tropical highlands, tropical Atlantic, semi-arid and subtropical. In the north-eastern outskirts of Brazil, tropical forests give way to desert areas and steppes covered with shrubs, but the wet Atlantic coasts abound with lush vegetation. Between the coastal cities of Porto Alegre in the south of the country and El Salvador in the east stretches a narrow strip of land with a width of only 110 kilometers, and immediately after it the central and southern plateaus begin. The northern regions of the country are located in the equatorial zone, and Rio de Janeiro lies just north of the Tropic of Capricorn - so the climate in most of Brazil is very warm. In the Amazon basin, the temperature is around 27 degrees all year round. The seasons of Brazil are distributed as follows: spring - from September 22 to December 21, summer - from December 22 to March 21, autumn - from March 22 to June 21, winter - from June 22 to September 21.

58.46% of Brazil's relief is formed by plateaus. The main ones in the north are Guiana, in the south - Brazilian, which occupies most of the territory and is divided into the Atlantic, Central, South and the plateau of Rio - Grande do Sul. The remaining 41% of the territory is occupied by plains, the most important of which are the Amazon, La Plata, San Francisco and Tocantins.

Bibliography

For the preparation of this work, materials from the site http://brasil.org.ru/

Economic zones of Brazil

Chapter 1. Natural resource potential of Brazil

Brazil has a huge amount of minerals. There are reserves of manganese ores, nickel, bauxite, iron and uranium ore. In Brazil, potassium, phosphates, tungsten, cassiterite, lead, graphite, and chromium are mined. There is also gold, zirconium and a rare radioactive mineral - thorium.

Brazil accounts for 90% of the world's production of diamonds, aquamarine, topaz, amethyst, tourmaline and emerald.

Mineral resources of Brazil are diversified: oil, natural gas, coal, iron (one of the richest reserves in the world) and manganese ores, chromites, titanium raw materials (ilmenite), copper, lead, bauxites (third place in the world in terms of reserves), zinc, nickel, tin, cobalt, tungsten, tantalum, zirconium, niobium (first place in the world in terms of columbite reserves), beryllium (first place in the world in terms of reserves), uranium, thorium, gold, silver, platinum, phosphates, apatites, magnesite, barite , asbestos, graphite, mica, salt, soda, diamonds, emeralds, amethysts, aquamarines, topazes, crystal quartz (first place in the world in terms of reserves), marble. In terms of reserves of iron, beryllium and niobium ores, rock crystal, bituminous shale, bauxite, ores of rare earth elements, Brazil occupies one of the leading places among the industrialized countries of the world.

There are three main oil and gas fields on the Brazilian shelf: Campos, Santos and Espirito Santo. Less promising basins are Sergipe Alagoas, Potiguar and Ceara. The Brazilian basin with the largest hydrocarbon reserves is considered to be the Campus ocean basin with an area of about 100,000 km2. The proven reserves of natural gas in it are estimated at 105 billion cubic meters. The main proven oil reserves of the country are concentrated here. Each of the seven deep water oil fields contains up to 100 million tons of oil and condensate. Probable reserves of oil and gas basins at the end of 1999 were estimated at 1.5 billion tons of oil. There are 4 giant oil and gas fields in the Campus basin (proven reserves in brackets, million tons): Albacore (about 270), Marlin (270), Barracuda (110) and Marlin Sul and the giant Roncador oil field (356).

The main oil reservoirs are associated with turbidite sands of shelf origin, occurring both in the lower and upper parts of the modern continental slope, or with peripheral turbidites of the open sea, transported through the straits to the lower part of the continental slope. There are close similarities between the NGBs on both sides of the Atlantic, especially the southern parts of the Campus and Kwanza-Cameroon basins.

All oil and gas fields in eastern Brazil were formed on divergent passive continental margins, the tectonic development of which is complicated by rifting processes. Oil and gas traps are usually of the stratigraphic type and are most often confined to submerged horst blocks. Salt diapirism phenomena are developed in the zone of modern deep and superdeep shelf.

In 2003, Petrobras made the largest gas discovery in the country. The reserves of the new field are estimated at 70 billion cubic meters. m, which increases the total volume of gas reserves in Brazil by 30%. The field is located on the shelf of the province of Paulo, at a distance of 137 km from the coast at a sea depth of 485 m. The production potential of the pioneer well is 3 million cubic meters. m of gas per day. In 2002, the total volume of natural gas reserves in Brazil is estimated at 231 billion cubic meters. m.

The oil shales of Brazil are confined to the Permian Irati formation, represented by mudstone and limestone facies with basalt and diabase intrusions. The deposits are San Matheus do Sul, San Gabriel and Don Pedro. Brazil's hard coal reserves are small - 2 billion tons (25% is coking coal). The country's iron ore reserves account for about 26% of the reserves of developed Western countries. The main part of the ores is associated with the Precambrian itabirites of the Brazilian platform. The main industrial deposits (over 25 billion tons) are concentrated in the Minais-Gerais iron ore basin, within the so-called "iron ore quadrangle".

The proven reserves of chromium ore mining, calculated on the basis of the maximum production level in the period 1995-1997, taking into account losses during mining and enrichment in Brazil, is 33 years.

In 2000, Brazil ranked 5th in terms of explored uranium reserves (262 thousand tons, a 7.8% share in the world). The main deposits of uranium ores are concentrated in the Serra di Jacobina mountains, together with gold-bearing conglomerates (Jacobina deposit).

In terms of explored tin reserves at the end of the 20th century, Brazil ranks first in America and second in the world (after China). In terms of total tin reserves, Brazil ranks first in the world. In terms of tin resources, Brazil ranks first among the countries of the world - 12.6% of world resources (6 million tons). About 40% of the total proven reserves are found in alluvial deposits located in 15 tin ore regions of the country. Alluvial placers predominate.

The Pitinga ore cluster is located in the tin-bearing area of Mapuera (State of Amazonas). Ore veins and stockworks are localized in albitized granites. Ores are complex, they include cassiterite, columbite, tantalite, pyrite, cryolite, fluorite. Reserves of primary tin ores - 1.19 million tons; sir. the metal content in ores here is 0.141%.

Ores also contain 6 million tons of cryolite, 4 million tons of zircon (average content 1.5%), industrial concentrations of columbite-tantalite (average content of Ni pentoxide 0.223%, Ta pentoxide - 0.028%), fluorite, and yttrium, mainly in xenotime . The main reserves are concentrated in weathering crusts and placers that have arisen due to them and occupy an area of about 250 km2.

The main ones are the alluvial placers of Little Madeira, Jabuti and Keyshada. Ore sands occur at a depth of about 6 m. Ore reserves in placers amount to 195 million tons, tin - 343 thousand tons with an average cassiterite content of 2.0 kg / cubic meter. m, niobium pentoxide - 435 thousand tons with an average content of Nb2O5 4.3%, tantalum pentoxide - 55 thousand tons with an average content of Ta2O5 0.3%, zirconium dioxide - 1.7 million tons. reserves of niobium pentoxide until 2000 amounted to 30 million tons of ore with an average content of 4.1% (1.2 million tons of Nb2O5).

The basis of the country's manganese ore base is the Urukum deposits (Mato Grosso do Sul state, Corumba region) with proven reserves of 15.8 million tons, Azul and Buritirama (Para state, Carajas ridge region) - 10 million tons, Serra do- Navi (Federal Territory of Amapa) - 5.8 million tons, Miguel Konge in the area of the "iron ore quadrangle" and other deposits in the state of Minas Gerais, as well as a number of smaller objects in the Precambrian metamorphic strata. The largest deposits of manganese ores are associated with basement rocks. Lenses of manganese-containing spesartite rocks (gondite, carbonate rhodonite) are 10–30 m thick and 200–1000 m long.

In terms of bauxite reserves, Brazil ranks first in Lat. America (2000) and 2nd place in the world (after Guinea). Prom. bauxite deposits associated with lateritic weathering crust. Main resources are concentrated in the Amazon River basin in the state of Para (deposits of Trombetas, Paragominas and others).

Lateritic deposits of gibbite bauxite - aluminum raw materials, are located in the states of Para (municipalities of Oriximina, Paragominas, Faro, Domingo de Capim and Almairim) and Minas Gerais (mainly the municipalities of Poços de Caldas, Preto and Cataguazes). The Porto Trombetas (total reserves 1700 million tons, confirmed - 800 million tons) and Paragominas (total reserves 2400 million tons, confirmed - 1600 million tons) fields are gigantic. Deposits are usually located close to the earth's surface and are mined in an open way. In terms of production rates close to modern, Brazil is provided with proven reserves for 340 years.

Tungsten ores, represented by shelitovim skarnakh - deposits of Brezha, Kishaba, Malyada within the Borborem region. Deposits of nickel ores in the base of the silicate type are represented by garnierite ores. Ore bodies occur at shallow depths, about 75% of the reserves are located in the state of Goias (Nickeland deposits and others). There are several copper ore deposits in Brazil, the largest of which is Caraiba (Baya state). In Brazil, there are more than 100 small polymetallic hydrothermal deposits, explored rich tin placers.

Rare elements (beryllium, niobium, tantalum, zirconium, and others) in Brazil are found mainly in complex pegmatite ores confined to the basement.

Gold reserves were discovered in the second half of the 20th century in the Amazon basin. The predicted resources of Brazil's IHL are insignificant and amount to up to 300 tons (about 0.6% of the world).

About 35% of the world's predicted beryllium resources (up to 700 thousand tons) are concentrated in Brazil, which determines its leading (together with Russia) place in the world.

Brazil occupies the 1st place among the countries of the world in terms of predicted niobium resources. The main deposits of niobium pentoxide in the country are Arash, tapirs. The deposits are located mainly in the well-known mining regions of the states of Minas Gerais and Goiás. The ores are localized in lateritic weathering crusts of carbonatites and do not require intensive crushing. The thickness of the ore-bearing cores reaches 200 m, the covers - from 0.5 m to 40 m. The average content of Nb2O5 in ores is 2.5%. Development is carried out in an open way.

Brazil has the world's largest deposits of precious and ornamental stones: rock crystal, jewelry beryl, topaz, tourmaline, amethyst, agate; also known prom. deposits of emerald, diamond, noble opal, etc. Jewelry beryl, topaz and tourmaline are found in granite pegmatites, common in the states of Minas Gerais (diamantino diamond-bearing region), Bahia.

The main deposits of high-grade sheet mica - muscovite are associated with outcrops of the Archean basement and form the Brazilian mica region. In Brazil also childbirth. barite (Ilha Grande, Miguel Calmon), potash salt (Contiguleba), rock salt (Maceio), fluorite (Salgadinho, Catunda), magnesite (Iguatu), graphite (Itapaserica, San Fidelis), asbestos (Ipanema), bentonite (Lapsis, Bravo).

The Amazonian lowland lies in the region of the equatorial and subequatorial climate. The temperature is 24 - 28C all year round, precipitation is 2500 - 3500 mm per year. The Amazon River is the largest in the world in terms of basin size (7.2 million sq. km) and water content. It is formed by the confluence of two rivers - Maranion and Ucayali. The length of the Amazon from the source of Marañon is 6400 km, and from the source of Ucayali - more than 7000 km. The Amazon flows into the Atlantic Ocean, forming the world's largest delta (over 100 thousand square kilometers) and funnel-shaped mouths - sleeves covering the huge island of Marajo.

In the lower reaches, the width of the Amazon reaches 80 km, and the depth is 1335 m. Selva - humid equatorial forests of the Amazonian lowland. This is over 4 thousand species of trees, which is 1/4 of all species existing in the world. Animals, each in its own way, have adapted to their existence in the midst of a dense forest intertwined with vines. Monkeys - howler monkey, capuchin, marmosets, slender-bodied saimiri spider monkeys with a muzzle coloring resembling a skull - spend their whole lives on trees, holding on to branches with a strong tail. Even tree porcupine and anteater, raccoon and marsupial opossum have tenacious tails. Cats - jaguars and ocelots - feel confident in the forest thicket. Not a hindrance forest thickets and for bats. Bakers and tapirs prefer swampy river floodplains. The capybara, the largest rodent in the world, is kept near the water. Amphibians and reptiles are diverse, including poisonous snakes (bushmasters, coral asps, rattlesnakes), boas - boas, huge anacondas. In the rivers, caimans and flocks of bloodthirsty piranha fish lie in wait for a careless victim. Predatory harpies soar above the forest, vultures urubu carrion eaters; multi-colored parrots fly in the crowns of trees; and toucans sit on the branches - the owners of a huge beak. The smallest birds on earth - hummingbirds - flash in the air with bright colorful sparks and hang over the flowers.

To the east of the Amazon, the green forest sea is gradually replaced by stony woodlands - caatinga. Poor soils barely cover the rocks, there is almost no grass. Everywhere there are thorny semi-bushes and all kinds of cacti. And above them are dry-loving shrubs and trees, columnar cacti and tree-like spurges. Bottle trees grow at some distance from each other, like skittles. These thickets are almost devoid of foliage and offer no shelter at all from the burning rays of the sun or from rainstorms. During the winter-spring dry period, which here lasts 8-9 months, precipitation is less than 10 mm per month. At the same time, the average air temperature is 26 - 28 C. At this time, many plants shed their leaves. Life stops until the autumn rains, when more than 300 mm of precipitation falls per month with an annual amount of 700 - 1000 mm. As a result of rains, the water level in the rivers rises rapidly. Floods are regularly repeated, destroying houses and washing away the fertile layer of soil from the fields.

Brazil is diverse in natural conditions. It stands out: the Amazonian lowland and the Brazilian plateau, which differed in relief, moisture conditions, vegetation, etc. In general, the natural conditions are favorable for the population and the economy.

Brazil is extremely rich in natural resources. Among them, the main place belongs to forest resources - moist equatorial forests, which occupy 2/3 of the country's territory and are actively used at present. Recently, these forests have been subjected to ruthless destruction, which leads to a change in the entire natural complex as a whole. The Amazonian forests are called the "lungs of the planet", and their extermination is a problem not only for Brazil, but for the whole world. Brazil's mineral resource base is diverse. About 50 types of minerals are mined here. These are, first of all, iron, manganese ores, bauxites and non-ferrous ores metals.The main reserves are concentrated in the eastern part of the country on the Brazilian plateau.In addition, Brazil has oil and potash salts.

Water resources are represented by a huge number of rivers, the main of which is the Amazon (the greatest river in the world). Almost a third of this large country is occupied by the Amazon River basin, which includes the Amazon itself and more than two hundred of its tributaries. This gigantic system contains a fifth of all the river waters of the world. The landscape in the Amazon is flat. The rivers and their tributaries flow slowly, during the rainy seasons they often overflow their banks and flood vast areas of tropical forests. The rivers of the Brazilian Plateau have significant hydropower potential. The largest lakes in the country are Mirim and Patos. Main rivers: Amazon, Madeira, Rio Negro, Parana, Sao Francisco.

In the north - eastern outskirts of Brazil, tropical forests give way to desert areas and steppes covered with shrubs, but the wet Atlantic coasts abound with lush vegetation. Between the coastal cities of Porto Alegre in the south of the country and El Salvador in the east stretches a narrow strip of land only 110 kilometers wide, and immediately after it the central and southern plateaus begin. The northern regions of the country are in the equatorial zone, and Rio de Janeiro lies just north of the Tropic of Capricorn - so the climate in most of Brazil is very warm. In the Amazon basin, the temperature is around 27 degrees all year round. The seasons of Brazil are distributed as follows: spring - from September 22 to December 21, summer - from December 22 to March 21, autumn - from March 22 to June 21, winter - from June 22 to September 21. 58.46% of Brazil's relief is formed by plateaus. The main ones in the north are Guiana, in the south - Brazilian, which occupies most of the territory and is divided into the Atlantic, Central, Southern and the plateau of Rio - Grande do Sul. The remaining 41% of the territory is occupied by plains, the most important among them are the Amazon, La Plata, San Francisco and Tocantins. All natural conditions and resources create very favorable conditions for economic development.

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The area is 8.5 million km2. The population is 173 million people. Federal Republic - 26 states and one federal district. Capital -. Brasilia

EGP

. Brazil is located in the eastern and central part. South. America. The largest country on the mainland, occupies almost 50% of its area. It borders with all countries. South. America, except. Ecuador and. Chile. Border length. Brazil exceeds 23 thousand km (land - 16.5 thousand km m; coastline. Atlantic Ocean - 7.4 thousand km) in the northern part of the country crosses the equator, and in the south -. Southern Tropic. The largest length of the country from west to east and from north to south is about 4300 km. Approximately at the intersection of these long lines, the capital of the state of the state was built.

Since 1983, the country has become a member of the organization "Latin American Integration Association" -. MERCOSUR and the subregional trade and economic association "La Plata Group" - since 1969. From 1978, a participant in the trade and economic formation "Amazon Pact".

Population

Brazil ranks fifth in the world in terms of population, the state has a high natural population growth - 3 million people a year. The birth rate is 37 per 1000 people, and the death rate is 9 per 1000 inhabitants. 50% of the population are young people under 20 years old, over 50 years old - 10% of the population. The average life expectancy is 63 rockrocks.

Because the. Brazil is a former Portuguese colony, the Portuguese played a major role in shaping both the country and the nation. The official language is Portuguese. With the development of coffee production. Germans, Swiss, Italians also came here. A significant contribution to the economic development of the country was made by Japanese immigration in the 1930s (over 1 million people). Most of them were highly qualified specialists.

In general, Brazilians are a nation formed as a result of mixed marriages of Europeans, blacks and Indians. Europeans make up 25%, blacks - 10%, Indians - 0.2%. Two-thirds are a mixed population (mulattos, with sambo, mestizos).

Many areas. Brazil is poorly populated, the average population density is 20 people per 1 km2, and c. Amazonia - 0.1 person per 1 km2. On the coast. The Atlantic Ocean in the state is home to 80% of the population, and its density ranges from 60-100 people per 1 km2. In order to redistribute the population across the country, the government decided to build a new capital closer to the central regions. Brazil, away from the sea a few in the city's residents. Brasilia today exceeds 1 million cases.

The number of urban population is growing rapidly in the state, its share is 65%. Most of the urban population. Brazil lives in million-plus cities located mainly on the coast. Atlantic Ocean ((Sao Paulo - 18.4 million people, Rio de Janeiro - 11.7 million people, Recife - 3 million people, Salvador - 3.5 million people, Porto Alegre - 3.5 million people, etc.).

The number of economically active population is more than 63 million people, and women make up only 20% of this category of the population. With an increase in the share of people employed in the sectors of material production, 45% of the occupations of the fifth work in the service sector.

Natural conditions and resources

Brazil has large reserves of mineral resources, the structure of which is dominated by ore minerals. The reserves of energy resources in the country are insignificant and do not meet their own needs. So,. Brahe Ilia has relatively small coal deposits in the southeast of the country. Large forecast oil reserves c. Amazonian lowland, the territory of which has been explored very poorly, and within the shelf zone. Atlantic Ocean, stretching for more than 7 thousand km. The lack of own oil was the impetus for the widespread use of alcohol from cane sugar as a fuel for motor vehicles. Of great importance for the energy industry are the valuable deposits of uranium ores.

Brazil has large reserves of iron ores - 40 billion tons (second place after Russia), manganese ores (one of the first places in the world), significant deposits of various non-ferrous metal ores, in particular bauxite. Nike ale, tin, titanium and tungsten ores. For a long time. Brazil was famous for its large reserves of gold and precious stones. The country has insignificant reserves of raw materials for the chemical industry.

Relief. Brazil and the amount of rainfall here contribute to the formation of an extensive river network, which plays a major role in the formation of its water and hydropower resources of particular importance. The Amazon is the largest river in the world in terms of basin area (7 million km2). Brazil occupies one of the leading places in the world in terms of hydro resources, which are estimated at almost 120 million kW, of which only 50 million kW are used.

The country ranks second in the world after. Russia in terms of forest resources is large on. Earth areas of moist equatorial forests (5 million km2) are located in. Amazon. Thanks to the huge reserves of forests,. Braz ziliya may in the future take one of the leading places in the world in terms of its harvesting and export "" /

According to natural conditions, the territory of the state can be divided into two parts: forest plains. Amazon and tropical landscapes. Brazilian plateau. The territory of the country lies in the equatorial, subequatorial nomu, tropical and subtropical climatic zones of the average annual

rainfall: 2000-3000 mm - in. Amazonia, 1400-2000 mm - in the center. The Brazilian Plateau is an arid territory located in the northeast. The Brazilian plateau (500 mm per year) is generally m agro-climatic. Brazil, in particular the growing season, which lasts almost the entire year, the amount and frequency of precipitation contribute to the cultivation of crops here that can be felt in a limited number of countries in the world: coffee, cocoa, sugarcane.

Land resources . Brazil account for over 750 million hectares, but agricultural land occupies less than 1/5 of the country's territory. Their structure is dominated by pastures

Mining industry. Foreign capital plays an important role in this industry, especially the United States, as well as Canada, Japan, France, and other countries. The most important of the metallic minerals are iron and manganese ores. In 1995, approx. 150 million tons of iron ore, of which 4/5 was exported. 90% of the ore is high-grade hepatitis. In 1995, approx. 2 million tons of manganese ore, of which more than 80% for export.

Brazil has recently emerged as one of the world's major producers of bauxite. Approx. 10 million tons of bauxites. The extraction of copper, lead, zinc, nickel is carried out mainly for the domestic market. In addition, Brazil supplies the world market with strategic raw materials: tungsten, niobium, beryllium, tantalum, zirconium, crystalline quartz and mica. The production of radioactive minerals containing uranium and thorium is growing.

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, gold deposits were discovered in different parts of the Amazon, which caused a real gold rush. More than 300 thousand prospectors arrived there, and then the giants of the world gold industry from Canada, the USA and South Africa. During 1990-1995, gold production increased from 40 to 80 tons per year. Precious and semi-precious stones are mined in Brazil - diamonds, topazes, sapphires, aquamarines. Brazil's oil needs are met by about half with its own resources. Production is carried out by the state oil company Petrobras (36 million tons in 1995) on the shelf of Rio de Janeiro and at the mouth of the San Francisco River. In the Amazon, the vast Solimões sedimentary basin was discovered, promising in terms of possible oil and gas reserves. Coal. Due to the high ash content, these coals are of poor quality. The annual production of hard coal does not exceed 5 million tons.

Brazil has (2001) relatively small proven reserves of oil (1.1 billion tons) and natural gas (230 billion cubic meters). About 150 deposits have been discovered. The largest are Don Juan, Agua Grande, Arakas, Karmopolis, Sirizinho, Namorado, etc. In the Amazon, a large sedimentary Solimões basin has been discovered, promising in terms of possible reserves of oil and gas. There are three main oil and gas bearing fields on the Brazilian shelf: Campos, Santos and Espirito Santo. Less promising basins are Sergipe Alagoas, Potiguar and Ceara. The Brazilian basin with the largest hydrocarbon reserves is considered to be the Campus ocean basin with an area of about 100,000 km 2 . The proven reserves of natural gas in it are estimated at 105 billion cubic meters. The main proven oil reserves of the country are concentrated here. Each of the seven deep water oil fields contains up to 100 million tons of oil and condensate. Probable reserves of oil and gas basins at the end of 1999 were estimated at 1.5 billion tons of oil.

There are 4 giant oil and gas fields in the Campus basin (proven reserves in brackets, million tons): Albacore (about 270), Marlin (270), Barracuda (110) and Marlin-Sul and the giant Roncador oil field (356). The strata are associated with turbidite sands of shelf origin, occurring both in the lower and upper parts of the modern continental slope, or with peripheral turbidites of the open sea, transported through the straits to the lower part of the continental slope. There is a close similarity between the OGBs on both sides of the Atlantic, especially the southern parts of the Campus and Kwanza-Cameroon basins.

In 2003, Petrobras made the largest gas discovery in the country. The reserves of the new field are estimated at 70 billion cubic meters, which increases the total volume of gas reserves in Brazil by 30%. The field is located on the shelf of the province of Paulo, at a distance of 137 km from the coast at a sea depth of 485 m. The production potential of the pioneer well is 3 million cubic meters of gas per day. In 2002, Brazil's total natural gas reserves are estimated at 231 billion cubic meters. The oil shales of Brazil are confined to the Permian Irati formation, represented by mudstone and limestone facies with basalt and diabase intrusions. The deposits are San Matheus do Sul, San Gabriel and Don Pedro.

Brazil's coal reserves are small - 2 billion tons (25% is coking coal). The country's iron ore reserves account for about 26% of the reserves of developed Western countries. The main part of the ores is associated with the Precambrian itabirites of the Brazilian platform. The main industrial deposits (over 25 billion tons) are concentrated in the Minais-Gerais iron ore basin, within the so-called "iron ore quadrangle". mining and enrichment in Brazil is 33 years old. In 2000, Brazil ranked 5th in terms of explored uranium reserves (262 thousand tons, a share in the world of 7.8%). The main deposits of uranium ores are concentrated in the Serra di Jacobina mountains, together with gold-bearing conglomerates (Jacobina deposit). In terms of explored tin reserves at the end of the 20th century, Brazil ranks first in America and second in the world (after China).

In terms of total tin reserves, Brazil ranks first in the world. In terms of tin resources, Brazil ranks first among the countries of the world - 12.6% of world resources (6 million tons). About 40% of the total proven reserves are found in alluvial deposits located in 15 tin ore regions of the country. Alluvial placers predominate. The Pitinga ore cluster is located in the tin-bearing area of Mapuera (Amazonas state). Ore veins and stockworks are localized in albitized granites. Ores are complex, they include cassiterite, columbite, tantalite, pyrite, cryolite, fluorite. Reserves of primary tin ores - 1.19 million tons; sir. the metal content in ores here is 0.141%. Ores also contain 6 million tons of cryolite, 4 million tons of zircon (average content 1.5%), industrial concentrations of columbite-tantalite (average content of Ni pentoxide 0.223%, Ta pentoxide - 0.028%), fluorite, and yttrium, mainly in xenotime . The main reserves are concentrated in weathering crusts and placers that have arisen due to them and occupy an area of about 250 km2.

The main ones are the alluvial placers of Little Madeira, Jabuti and Keyshada. Ore sands occur at a depth of about 6 m. Ore reserves in placers are 195 million tons, tin - 343 thousand tons with an average content of cassiterite of 2.0 kg / m3, niobium pentoxide - 435 thousand tons with an average content of Nb2O5 4, 3%, tantalum pentoxide - 55 thousand tons with an average Ta2O5 content of 0.3%, zirconium dioxide - 1.7 million tons. ores with an average content of 4.1% (1.2 million tons of Nb2O5). The basis of the country's manganese ore base is the Urukum deposits (Mato Grosso do Sul state, Corumba region) with proven reserves of 15.8 million tons, Azul and Buritirama ( State of Para, region of the Carajas Ridge) - 10 million tons, Serra do Navi (Federal Territory of Amapa) - 5.8 million tons, Miguel Conge in the region of the "iron ore quadrangle" and other deposits in the state of Minas Gerais, as well as a number of smaller objects in the Precambrian metamorphic sequences.

The largest deposits of manganese ores are associated with basement rocks. Lenses of manganese-containing spesartite rocks (gondite, carbonate rhodonite) have a thickness of 10-30 m and a length of 200-1000 m. In terms of bauxite reserves, Brazil ranks first in Lat. America (2000) and 2nd place in the world (after Guinea). Prom. bauxite deposits associated with lateritic weathering crust. Main resources are concentrated in the Amazon River basin in the state of Para (deposits of Trombetas, Paragominas and others).

Deposits are usually located close to the earth's surface and are mined in an open way. In terms of production rates close to modern, Brazil is provided with proven reserves for 340 years. Tungsten ores, represented by shelitovim skarnakh - deposits of Brezha, Kishaba, Malyada within the Borborem region. Deposits of nickel ores in the base of the silicate type are represented by garnierite ores. Ore bodies occur at shallow depths, about 75% of the reserves are located in the state of Goias (Nickeland deposits and others). There are several copper ore deposits in Brazil, the largest of which is Caraiba (Baya state). In Brazil, there are more than 100 small polymetallic hydrothermal deposits, explored rich tin placers.

Rare elements (beryllium, niobium, tantalum, zirconium and others) in Brazil are found mainly in complex pegmatite ores confined to the basement of gold discovered in the second half of the 20th century in the Amazon basin. The forecast resources of the IHL of Brazil are insignificant and amount to 300 tons (about 0.6% of the world). About 35% of the world forecast resources of beryllium (up to 700 thousand tons) are concentrated in Brazil, which determines its leading (together with Russia) place in the world.

Phosphate ore resources are of great importance in Brazil, which include three main industrial types: apatite (Jacupiranga deposit), repeated apatite (genus Arasha, tapirs, Catalan) and phosphorite sedimentary deposits in the Bambui series. Particularly promising are the phosphorites of the deposit - Patus di Minas (reserves 300 million tons). Brazil has the world's largest deposits of precious and ornamental stones: rock crystal, jewelry beryl, topaz, tourmaline, amethyst, agate; also known prom. deposits of emerald, diamond, precious opal, etc. Jewelry beryl, topaz and tourmaline are found in granite pegmatites, common in the states of Minas Gerais (diamond-bearing region of Diamantino), Bahia.

Specially protected natural areas

On the territory of Brazil there are more than 20 national parks, reserves and reserves. Among them:

* Amazonia, Pantanal Nature Reserve* Parane National Park, Jureia National Park* Serra Duquipo National Park, Torres Reefs
* the islands of Santa Barbara, Suesti, Redona, Guarita, * Fernando de Noronha and Trindade Marine Reserves, * Iguazu Falls * Parana National Park
*Lencois Maranhenses National Park

UNESCO World Heritage Sites (natural properties):* Iguazu National Park (1986)* Serra da Capivara National Park (Piahui state) (1991)* Forest reserves of Southeast Brazil (1999)* Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves » (1999)* Reserves of the Central Amazon (2000, 2003)* Reserve "Pantanal" (2000)* Brazilian Atlantic Islands: Fernando de Noronha and Rocos (2001)* Reserves "Cerrado"

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