Tyutchev Fedor Ivanovich - famous Russian poet, conservative publicist, diplomat, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

Childhood

Tyutchev's father, Ivan Nikolaevich, was a lieutenant of the guard. Mother, Ekaterina Lvovna Tolstaya, belonged to an old noble family. He had an older brother, Nikolai, who became a colonel of the General Staff, and a younger sister, Daria, who became Sushkova after marriage.

Education

Parents gave the future poet an excellent education at home: by the age of 13, Fyodor perfectly translated Horace's odes, had an amazing knowledge of Latin and ancient Greek. The young poet-translator S. E. Raich led the home education of the little poet.

In 1817, when he was barely 14 years old, Tyutchev became a volunteer at the Faculty of History and Philology at Moscow University. A year later, he was enrolled as a student, and in 1919 he was elected an honorary member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.

public service

After graduating from the university, in 1821, Tyutchev entered the service of the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs. Soon, a young and capable young man was sent as a freelance attache as part of the Russian diplomatic mission in Munich.

Fyodor Ivanovich, being engaged in literary creativity, being published in many publications, performs excellent public service: as a courier, he performs diplomatic missions in the Ionian Islands. Abroad, Tyutchev receives the title of chamberlain, state councilor and is appointed senior secretary of the embassy in Turin. But in 1838, after a shipwreck, Tyutchev's wife dies, and Tyutchev leaves the civil service, settling abroad.

He returned to his homeland only in 1844, where he again resumed his service in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1848 he was appointed senior censor. In 1858, Tyutchev, with the rank of a real state councilor, was appointed to the post of Chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee. The subtle, diplomatic, wise poet had a lot of clashes with his superiors in this post, but retained it for himself. In 1865 he was promoted to Privy Councillor.

Creation

In the work of Tyutchev, three main periods can be distinguished:

1) 1810-1820: Tyutchev creates his first youthful poems, which are somewhat archaic and very close in their style to poetry of the 18th century.

2) The second half of 1820-1840: features of original poetics are already outlined in Tyutchev's work. In the verses of this period, there is much from the traditions of European romanticism and Russian odic poetry of the 18th century.

Since 1840, Tyutchev has not written anything: a break in creativity lasted for a whole decade.

3) 1850-1870: Tyutchev creates a large number of political poems and the "Denisiev cycle", which became the peak of his love feelings.

Personal life

In Munich, Tyutchev meets a beautiful German woman, Eleanor Peterson, nee Countess Bothmer. Soon they play a wedding, and in marriage they have three lovely girls, but the happiness was short-lived. In 1837, the ship, on which the Tyutchev family moved from St. Petersburg to Turin, crashed in the Baltic Sea. Tyutchev's wife and children owe their salvation to Turgenev, who was sailing on the same ship. Eleanor dies a year later. In one night, spent at the coffin of his late wife, Tyutchev turned gray.

However, many believe that he turned gray not at all from the loss of his beloved woman, but from repentance for his grave sins before her. The fact is that in 1833 Tyutchev was seriously carried away by Baroness Ernestina Dernberg. The whole society soon learned about their stormy romance, including Tyutchev's wife. After her death, Tyutchev married Ernestine.

But the love interests of the amorous poet did not end there either: soon he began another romance, with Elena Alexandrovna Denisyeva, whom society condemned for this passion. They had three joint children.

Death

In December 1872, Tyutchev was partially paralyzed: his left arm remained motionless, his eyesight fell sharply. Since then, severe headaches have not left the poet. On January 1, 1873, he had a stroke while walking, resulting in paralysis of the entire left half of his body. On July 15, 1873, the poet died.

The main achievements of Tyutchev

• Tyutchev managed to combine in his poetry the features of the Russian ode of the 18th century and European romanticism.
• Fyodor Ivanovich to this day remains a master of the lyrical landscape: only his poems not only depict nature, but also give it a deep philosophical understanding.
• Everything that Tyutchev experienced in his life, he managed to reflect in his poems: they so accurately convey the entire palette of love feelings that they remain relevant to this day.

Films about Tyutchev's life

Important dates in Tyutchev's biography

• 1803 - birth
• 1817 - a free student of the Faculty of History and Philology at Moscow University
• 1818 - enrolled as a student at Moscow University
• 1819 - becomes a member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature
• 1821 - graduation from the university, beginning of service in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, diplomatic mission to Munich
• 1826 wedding to Eleanor Peterson-Bothmer
• 1833 - diplomatic mission to the Ionian Islands
• 1837 - rank of chamberlain and councilor of state, senior secretary of the embassy in Turin
• 1838 - death of wife
• 1839 - left the civil service, went to live abroad, married Ernestine Dernberg
• 1844 - return to Russia
• 1845 - Resumption of service in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
• 1848 - appointment to the post of senior censor
• 1854 - Tyutchev's first book was published
• 1858 - Chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee
• 1864 - Denisyeva's death
• 1865 - promoted to Privy Councilor
• 1873 - death

• Tyutchev's home teacher, Raich, after sending the young Fedor to Moscow to study, became the teacher of little Lermontov.
• In Munich, even before the relationship with his first wife, he had an affair with the young beauty Countess Amalia Krüdener, who denied feelings to Pushkin, Heine and even the Bavarian King Ludwig. But I fell in love with Tyutchev. And if not for the strict mother, the relationship would have ended in a wedding.
• The poet's first wife, Eleanor Peterson, was 4 years older than him, and he took her with four children.
• After Eleanor found out about her husband's affair with Ernestine Dernberg, she tried to commit suicide by inflicting several serious wounds to her chest with a dagger.
• Elena Denisyeva was 23 years younger than the poet.
• 1964 for Tyutchev became truly ominous: his life is overtaken by a whole series of deaths. In a short period of time, two children die, his mother, then another, the eldest son, brother, and then his beloved daughter Masha.

Life story
The Tyutchev family was a typical noble family of its time, in which the fashionable French language coexisted with strict observance of domestic traditions. In addition to Fedya, the family of court adviser Ivan Nikolaevich Tyutchev and his wife Ekaterina Lvovna Tolstaya had two more children - the eldest son Nikolai, later a colonel of the General Staff, and daughter Daria, married to Sushkov.
Fedor's early childhood passed in Ovstug. The boy lived in a fantasy world. From 1813 to 1819 Tyutchev's home teacher of Russian literature and educator was the poet, translator and journalist S. Raich (Semyon Egorovich Amfiteatrov), then a student at Moscow University, according to I.S. Aksakov, "a highly original, disinterested, pure person, forever residing in the world of idyllic dreams, himself the personified bucolic, combining the solidity of a scientist with some kind of virginal poetic ardor and infantile mildness." He managed to convey to his pupil his ardent passion for Russian and classical (Roman) literature, undoubtedly had a beneficial moral influence on him.
In 1821 F.I. Tyutchev graduated from Moscow University, department of verbal sciences. On March 18, 1822, he was enlisted in the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs. On June 11, he went to Munich, to the post of supernumerary officer of the Russian diplomatic mission in Bavaria.
“About his appearance,” wrote one of his close acquaintances, “he generally cared very little: his hair was for the most part disheveled and, so to speak, thrown to the wind, but his face was always clean-shaven; in his clothes he was very careless and he was even almost untidy, his gait was really very lazy, he was not tall, but that broad and high forehead, those lively brown eyes, that thin chiseled nose and thin lips, often folding into a scornful smile, gave his face great expressiveness and even attractiveness. his vast, highly sophisticated and unusually flexible mind gave him a charming power: it is difficult to imagine a more pleasant, more varied and entertaining, more brilliant and witty interlocutor.In his company you immediately felt that you were dealing not with an ordinary mortal, but with a man marked by the special gift of God, with a genius ... "
In Munich, he met and became friends with Heinrich Heine, often talked with the philosopher F.W. Schelling and other scientists from the University of Munich. In the diary of P.V. Kireevsky preserved Schelling's review of Tyutchev: "He is an excellent person, a very educated person, with whom you are always willing to talk." Here, at the beginning of his diplomatic career, he fell in love with the young Countess Amalia Lerchenfeld. The girl loves him back. Fedor exchanged watch chains with a beauty, and in exchange for a gold one he received only a silk one. But, apparently, at the insistence of her parents, in 1825 the "beautiful Amalia" married Tyutchev's colleague, Baron Krudener. Subsequently, Tyutchev maintained good relations with the Kryudener couple. In 1870, on the waters in Carlsbad, the poet met his former lover, who had long since buried her first husband and became Countess Adlerberg. Thanks to this meeting, the famous poem "K.B." (these letters are an abbreviation of the rearranged words "Baroness Krüdener").
I met you - and all the past
In the obsolete heart came to life;
I remembered the golden time
And my heart felt so warm

The poem was set at the end of the 19th century to music by S. Donaurov, A. Spirro, B. Sheremetev, L. Malashkin. However, the romance was most famous in the arrangement of the wonderful singer I.S. Kozlovsky.
At twenty-two, Tyutchev was married to the young widow of a Russian diplomat, Eleanor Peterson, nee Countess Bothmer. Tyutchev was four years younger than his wife, besides, she had four children from her first marriage. The beauty and femininity of Eleonora Tyutcheva is evidenced by her
portraits. "... I want you who love me to know that not a single person has ever loved another as much as she did me. I can say, having assured myself of this from experience, that in eleven years there has not been a single day in her life, when for the sake of my well-being she would not agree, without a moment's hesitation, to die for me ... ", Fedor wrote to his parents about his first wife. More than once she had to act in the difficult role of "patron or guardian" of her husband - and always with the same success. Eleanor gave him three daughters.
In early 1833, Tyutchev became interested in Ernestine Dernberg, nee Baroness Pfefel. Ernestina did not love her husband Baron Fritz Dernberg. In Munich, the doors of court and aristocratic salons flung open before this couple. The young woman was among the first beauties of Munich. During the first meeting of the poet with Ernestine, her husband suddenly felt ill and, inviting her to stay at the ball, went home. Saying goodbye to Tyutchev, he said: "I entrust my wife to you." A few days later, the baron died of typhoid fever. Much remained vague in the history of Tyutchev's relationship with Ernestina. She destroyed the poet's correspondence with her, as well as her letters to her brother, her closest friend, from whom she never had any secrets. But even what survived in the form of mysterious dates under the dry flowers of the herbarium album, the constant companion of Tyutchev's beloved, in the form of hints accidentally not crossed out by her diligent hand in Tyutchev's later letters to her, indicates that it was not alien to "explosions of passions "," tears of passion "a hobby, similar to love-friendship for the beautiful Amalia. No, it was the same fatal passion that, according to Tyutchev, "shakes existence and ultimately destroys it."
Probably in the spring of 1836, Tyutchev's novel received some publicity. Eleonora Tyutcheva tried to commit suicide by inflicting several wounds on her chest with a dagger from a fancy dress. The poet wrote to I.S. Gagarin: "... I expect from you, dear Gagarin, that if someone in your presence decides to present the case in a more romantic, perhaps, but completely false coverage, you will publicly refute the ridiculous rumors." He insisted that the cause of this incident was "purely physical". In order to avoid a scandal, the amorous official was transferred to Turin (Sardinian kingdom), where in October 1837 he received the position of senior secretary of the Russian mission and even replaced the temporarily absent envoy. But before, in 1836, in volumes III and IV of Pushkin's Sovremennik, 24 Tyutchev's poems were published under the title "Poems sent from Germany" and signed "F.T." ".
At the end of 1837 the poet met Dernberg in Genoa. Tyutchev understands that the time has come to part with the woman he loves.
So here we were destined
Say the last sorry...

But Eleanor died in 1838. Shortly before that, she experienced a terrible shock during a fire on the steamer "Nicholas I", on which she and her daughters were returning from Russia. Tyutchev was so upset by the loss of his wife that he turned gray overnight ...
Time has healed his spiritual wound. Tyutchev became interested in Ernestina. The poet arbitrarily left for Switzerland to connect with his beloved. In July 1839, Tyutchev married Dernberg in Bern. The official notice of Tyutchev's marriage was sent to St. Petersburg only at the end of December and signed by the Russian envoy in Munich, D.P. Severin. The long "non-arrival from vacation" was the reason that Tyutchev was excluded from the list of officials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and deprived of the title of chamberlain.
After his dismissal from the post of senior secretary of the Russian mission in Turin, Tyutchev continued to remain in Munich for several more years.
At the end of September 1844, having lived abroad for about 22 years, Tyutchev with his wife and two children from his second marriage moved from Munich to St. Petersburg, and six months later he was again enrolled in the department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; at the same time the title of chamberlain was returned to the poet. He served as an official for special assignments under the State Chancellor, senior censor in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1848-1858), then chairman of the Committee for Foreign Censorship, and did a lot to ease the oppression of censorship.
"Tyutchev is the lion of the season," P.A. Vyazemsky, an eyewitness of his first successes in the St. Petersburg secular circle. Tyutchev remained such a permanent "lion of the season", a fascinating interlocutor, a subtle wit and a favorite of salons until the end of his days.
When Tyutchev's passion for Denisyeva began is unknown. Her name first appeared in the Tyutchev family correspondence in 1846 and 1847. Elena Alexandrovna belonged to an old but impoverished noble family. She lost her mother early. Her father, Major A.D. Denisiev, remarried and served in the Penza province. Elena Alexandrovna remained in the care of her aunt, the inspector of the Smolny Institute, in which, after moving to St. Petersburg, Tyutchev's daughters from their first marriage, Daria and Ekaterina, were brought up. Denisyeva also studied there. She was 23 years younger than the poet. Together with her aunt, Elena Alexandrovna visited the poet's house. Tyutchev also met her at the Smolny Institute when visiting his daughters. According to Denisyeva's relative Georgievsky, the poet's fascination grew gradually, until finally aroused from Denisyeva "such a deep, so selfless, such a passionate and energetic love that it embraced his whole being, and he remained forever her prisoner ..."
In August 1850, Tyutchev, together with Denisyeva and his eldest daughter Anna, made a trip to the Valaam Monastery. The poet's daughter, apparently, was not yet aware of the close relationship that had been established between her father and Denisyeva.
In the eyes of that part of St. Petersburg society to which Tyutchev and Denisyev belonged, their love acquired the interest of a secular scandal. At the same time, cruel accusations fell almost exclusively on Deniseva. Before her, the doors of those houses were closed forever, where before she was a welcome guest. Her father disowned her, her aunt A.D. Denisyeva was forced to leave her place at the Smolny Institute and, together with her niece, move to a private apartment.
The love of Tyutchev and Denisyeva continued for fourteen years, until her death. They had three children. All of them, at the insistence of their mother, were recorded in the metric books under the name Tyutchevs. She loved the poet with a passionate, selfless and demanding love, which brought many happy, but also many difficult moments into his life.
Fedor Ivanovich wrote: "... Do not worry about me, for I am guarded by the devotion of a being, the best ever created by God. This is only a tribute to justice. I will not tell you about her love for me; even you, perhaps, have found would be excessive..."
If Denisyeva was rejected by society, then Tyutchev still remained a regular in St. Petersburg aristocratic salons, he constantly attended receptions with the Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna and Elena Pavlovna. Tyutchev did not break with his family. He loved both of them: his lawful wife Ernestine Dernberg and the illegitimate Elena Denisieva, and suffered immensely because he was unable to answer them with the same fullness and indivisibility of the feeling with which they treated him.
“Worship of female beauty and the charms of female nature,” the memoirists confirmed, “was Fyodor Ivanovich’s constant weakness from his earliest youth, worship that was combined with a very serious and even very soon passing passion for one or another person.”
Tyutchev's first book of poems appeared only in 1854. In February, I.S. Turgenev proudly informed S.T. Aksakov: "... Persuaded Tyutchev (F.I.) to publish his collected poems ..." Beginning in the mid-1860s, Tyutchev's personal life was overshadowed by a series of heavy losses. In the poem “On the Eve of the Anniversary of August 4, 1864,” Tyutchev writes: “Tomorrow is the day of prayer and sorrow, // Tomorrow is the memory of a fateful day ...” On this day, Elena Alexandrovna Denisyeva, Tyutchev’s “last love”, died of consumption. The history of this love is captured in a cycle of poems, which is the pinnacle of Tyutchev's intimate lyrics ("Oh, how deadly we love ...", "Oh, do not disturb me with a fair reproach ...", "Predestination", "I knew my eyes - oh , these eyes...", "Last love", etc.). The death of his beloved was a blow from which the poet could not recover for a long time. "... Only with her and for her I was a person, only in her love, in her boundless love for me, I was aware of myself ..." Grief, repentance, late regrets, a sense of doom, hope for reconciliation with life - all resulted in extremely frank verses that made up the famous "Denisiev cycle".
Ernestina Tyutcheva's attitude towards the poet at that time is best characterized by her own words: "... his grief is sacred to me, whatever its cause." Tyutchev, carried away by Denisyeva, could not imagine his existence without Ernestine, this holy woman. He wrote to his wife: "How much dignity and seriousness in your love - and how petty and how pathetic I feel compared to you! .. The farther, the more I fall in my own opinion, and when everyone sees me the way I see myself, my work will be finished."
The poet outlived his "last love" to Denisiev for nine years. Upon learning of Tyutchev's death, Turgenev wrote to Fet from Bougival: "Dear, smart, as smart as day Fedor Ivanovich, forgive me - goodbye!"

Tyutchev Fedor Ivanovich(1803-1873)

Everyone is familiar with the work of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev. Since childhood, everyone has heard his wonderful poems: "I love a thunderstorm in early May ...", "Snow is still whitening in the fields ...", "Winter is angry for a reason ...", "The Enchantress in Winter ...", "There are autumn of the original ... "But not everyone knows his interesting life path. Tyutchev was only four years younger than A.S. Pushkin. Recognition to Tyutchev did not come immediately. Let's get acquainted with the life and work of this great Russian poet.

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born on November 23 (December 5), 1803 in the estate of Ovstug, Oryol province. He was educated at home. Early began to write poetry, studied Latin, made translations of Horace. Since 1817 he began to attend lectures at the Verbal Department of Moscow University. In 1821 he received a certificate of graduation, entered the service of the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs and left for Munich as a freelance attaché of the Russian diplomatic mission.

In 1844, Tyutchev returned to Russia, served in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as chairman of the committee on foreign censorship.

As a poet, Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev took a long time to form. The first collection of his poems was published by A.S. Pushkin in the magazine "Contemporary". Of the 69 poems sent from Germany, Pushkin selected 28 for publication. Tyutchev became better known after returning to his homeland. He was highly appreciated by Nekrasov, Turgenev, Fet, Chernyshevsky. His muse was Elena Alexandrovna Denisyeva, a friend of his daughters, a 24-year-old graduate of the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens. He wrote a wonderful lyrical "Denisiev" cycle. Love in Tyutchev's lyrics is one of the deepest pleasures of life.

Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev died in 1873 in Tsarskoye Selo. The poet was buried in St. Petersburg at the Novodevichy cemetery.

"One cannot live without him," L. Tolstoy said about Tyutchev.

Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev is an exceptionally lyrical poet. He did not leave a single epic or dramatic work, except for small and few translations from a foreign language.

Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev, Russian poet, was born into a noble family on November 23, 1803. He was the youngest son of Ivan Nikolaevich and Ekaterina Lvovna Tyutchev. The poet's small homeland is the village of Ovstug, Oryol province, Bryansk district.

The father of the future celebrity of character was kind, meek and respected by everyone. Ivan Nikolaevich was educated in St. Petersburg, in the prestigious aristocratic educational institution - the Greek Corps, founded by Catherine in honor of the birth of Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich.

His wife, Ekaterina Lvovna, nee Tolstaya, was raised by her relative, aunt, Countess Osterman. The Tolstoy clan, to which Ekaterina Lvovna belonged, was ancient and noble, it also included outstanding Russian writers Lev Nikolaevich and Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy.

Ekaterina Lvovna, mother of Fedenka Tyutchev, was a graceful woman with a sensitive and tender soul. Ekaterina Lvovna was very smart. It is possible that her mind, the ability to see the beautiful, to feel the world subtly, was inherited by her youngest son, the future famous Russian poet Fyodor Tyutchev.

The native estate, the Desna River, an old garden, linden alleys are wonderful places where the future poet grew up. The Tyutchev family was dominated by peace and harmony.

Fedor Ivanovich received his initial upbringing in his father's house. Tyutchev's home teacher, Raich, a connoisseur and translator of Ariosto and Torquato-Tasso, awakened poetic talent in him, and in 1817, on his recommendation, Tyutchev was already elected a member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature for translating from Horace.

The powerful influence of alien poetry was joined by an equally powerful influence of alien life and nature, when, after graduating from Moscow University, Tyutchev in 1823 was appointed as part of the Russian mission to Munich and left his homeland for 22 years. (In 1823 he was assigned as a supernumerary official to a mission in Munich, the capital of the then Bavarian kingdom, where he went at the end of that year). In Munich, he became interested in German idealist philosophy and was acquainted with Schelling. Tyutchev's friend in the Bavarian kingdom was Heinrich Heine.

In 1825, Fedor Ivanovich was granted the chamber junkers; in 1828 - appointed second secretary at the mission in Munich; in 1833 he left as a diplomatic courier for Nauplia. Tyutchev's service places changed in subsequent years.

In 1836, a notebook with Tyutchev's poems, transported from Germany to Russia, fell into the hands of A.S. Pushkin. Alexander Sergeevich publishes the poet's poems in his journal Sovremennik.

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev spent a significant part of his life (due to his choice of the type of official activity) abroad, but he was always with Russia in soul, did not lose his spiritual connection with his homeland.

In 1846, Tyutchev received a new appointment: to be on special assignments with the State Chancellor.

In 1848, Fedor Ivanovich became a senior censor at the special office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

On October 6, 1855, Tyutchev was appointed, by the Highest command, to the members of the committee for the caesural review of the posthumous works of V.A. Zhukovsky prepared for publication.

Then, in 1857, he was promoted to full councilor of state and appointed chairman of the St. Petersburg Committee for Foreign Censorship. In 1861 and 1863, Tyutchev became a knight of the orders of St. Stanislav and St. Anna of the first degrees and was promoted to privy councilor in 1865.

Tyutchev's first poems were published in 1826, in the almanac "Urania", where three of his works were placed: "To Nisa", "Song of the Scandinavian Warriors", "Glimmer".

Tyutchev's works were not immediately accepted by his contemporaries. But everything changed in 1854, after the publication of an article by I.S. Turgenev in Sovremennik. It was called like this: "A few words about the poems of F.I. Tyutchev." In it, Turgenev called Tyutchev "one of our most remarkable poets, bequeathed to us by Pushkin's greetings and approval."

Two months after the publication of the article, all the works of Tyutchev collected by the editors of Sovremennik were published in a separate book called: “Poems by F. Tyutchev. St. Petersburg, 1854", and the editors stated that she "placed in this collection those poems that belong to the very first era of the poet's activity, and now they would probably be rejected by him."

The second edition of Tyutchev's poems was published in 1868, in St. Petersburg, under the following title: “Poems of F.I. Tyutchev. New (2nd) edition, supplemented with all the poems written after 1854.

The 70s of the 19th century became one of the most difficult in the life of the poet. He loses loved ones, and this affects his poetic gift. Since 1873, the poet has been haunted by illnesses that he could not cope with. In May of the same year, a decision was made to transfer Tyutchev to Tsarskoye Selo. Death came on July 15, 1873. On July 18, the Russian poet Fyodor Tyutchev was buried in St. Petersburg, at the Novodevichy cemetery.

Tyutchev's poems were translated into German and published in Munich. The best analyzes of Tyutchev's poems belong to N.A. Nekrasov and A.A. Fet.

Tyutchev was one of the most knowledgeable, most educated, witty people of his time. He was and remains a great Russian poet, highly revered by his descendants.

Russian poet, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1857). Spiritually intense philosophical poetry Tyutchev conveys a tragic sense of the cosmic contradictions of being. symbolic parallelism in poems about the life of nature, cosmic motifs. Love lyrics (including the poems of the "Denisiev cycle"). In journalistic articles he gravitated toward pan-Slavism.

Tyutchev was born on November 23 (December 5, NS) in the Ovstug estate of the Oryol province in an old noble family. Childhood years were spent in Ovstug, youthful years are connected with Moscow.

Home education was led by a young poet-translator S. Raich, who introduced the student to the works of poets and encouraged his first experiments in poetry. At 12 Tyutchev already successfully translated by Horace.

In 1819 he entered the verbal department of Moscow University and immediately took an active part in its literary life. After graduating from the university in 1821 with a Ph.D. in verbal sciences, at the beginning of 1822 Tyutchev entered the service of the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs. A few months later he was appointed an official at the Russian diplomatic mission in Munich. From that time on, his connection with Russian literary life was interrupted for a long time.

Tyutchev spent twenty-two years in a foreign land, twenty of them in Munich. Here he married, here he met the philosopher Schelling and became friends with G. Heine, becoming the first translator of his poems into Russian.

In 1829 - 1830, Tyutchev's poems were published in Raich's magazine "Galatea", testifying to the maturity of his poetic talent ("Summer Evening", "Vision", "Insomnia", "Dreams"), but did not bring fame to the author.

Tyutchev's poetry first received real recognition in 1836, when his 16 poems appeared in Pushkin's Sovremennik.

In 1837, Tyutchev was appointed first secretary of the Russian Mission in Turin, where he experienced his first bereavement: his wife died. In 1839 he entered into a new marriage. Tyutchev's official misconduct (unauthorized departure to Switzerland for a wedding with E. Dernberg) put an end to his diplomatic service. He resigned and settled in Munich, where he spent another five years without any official position. Persistently sought ways to return to service.

In 1844 he moved with his family to Russia, and six months later he was again accepted into the service of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

In 1843 - 1850, he published political articles "Russia and Germany", "Russia and the Revolution", "The Papacy and the Roman Question", concluding that a clash between Russia and the West and the final triumph of "Russia of the Future", which seemed to him "all-Slavic" empire.

In 1848 - 1849, captured by the events of political life, he created such wonderful poems as "Reluctantly and timidly ...", "When in the circle of murderous worries ...", "Russian Woman", etc., but did not seek to print them.

The beginning of Tyutchev's poetic fame and the impetus for his active work was Nekrasov's article "Russian Minor Poets" in the Sovremennik magazine, which spoke about the talent of this poet, not noticed by critics, and the publication of 24 Tyutchev's poems. The real recognition came to the poet.

In 1854 the first collection of poems was published, in the same year a cycle of love poems dedicated to Elena Denisyeva was published. “Lawless” in the eyes of the world, the relationship of the middle-aged poet with the same age as his daughter lasted for fourteen years and was very dramatic (Tyutchev was married).

In 1858 he was appointed chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee, more than once acting as a defender of persecuted publications.

Since 1864, Tyutchev has suffered one loss after another: Denisyev dies of consumption, a year later - their two children, his mother.

In the work of Tyutchev 1860? political poems and minor ones predominate. - “on occasion” (“When decrepit forces ...”, 1866, “Slavs”, 1867, etc.).

The last years of his life are also overshadowed by heavy losses: his eldest son, brother, daughter Maria are dying. The life of the poet is fading away. On July 15 (27 n.s.), 1873, Tyutchev died in Tsarskoye Selo.

Russia cannot be understood with the mind,

Do not measure with a common yardstick.

She has a special become:

One can only believe in Russia.

What is the meaning of the famous Russia cannot be understood with the mind"? First of all, the one that “the mind is not the highest ability in us” (N.V. Gogol). Faith, hope and love are needed to navigate the multi-layered Russian space-time. If one interprets faith as “the denunciation of invisible things,” then Russia is in some respects not visible to everyone. Like the city of Kitezh, when spiritual energies alien to it approach, Russia sinks into the depths.

Outstanding Russian poet Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev was also a political thinker and diplomat.

Signs of the external biography of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev are well known. A hereditary aristocrat of spirit and blood, he studied at Moscow University, and from 1822 he devoted himself to serving the Fatherland - primarily in the field of diplomacy. He spent more than 20 years in total in Germany and Italy, where he successfully defended the state interests of Russia. At the same time, he represented his homeland in the highest intellectual circles of Europe, in particular, he was personally acquainted with Schelling and Heine. In 1836, the first selection of the poet's poems was published in Pushkin's Sovremennik, and Pushkin himself was delighted with them. In 1844, Tyutchev returned to Russia, where he received the court rank of chamberlain, and from 1858, by royal order, became chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee. There is no need to specifically emphasize what was the ideological and social significance of this high position.

In 1856, A.M. was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs. Gorchakov. Soon Tyutchev was promoted to actual state councilor, that is, the rank of general, and appointed chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee. He had a direct connection with Gorchakov, the opportunity to influence Russian politics. Tyutchev played a prominent role in shaping Russian foreign policy in the 1860s. He used all his connections at court (his two daughters were ladies-in-waiting), among writers and journalists to achieve the realization of his ideas. Tyutchev believed that “the only natural policy of Russia towards the Western powers is not an alliance with one or another of these powers, but disunity, separation of them. For they, only when they are separated from each other, cease to be hostile to us - due to impotence ... ”In many ways, Tyutchev turned out to be right - only when the war broke out between France and Germany, Russia was able to throw off the humiliating fetters imposed on it after the defeat in the Crimean War .

In the early morning of July 15, 1873, Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev died in Tsarskoye Selo. On July 18, he was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in St. Petersburg.

As an analyst, he was ahead of his time in many ways. His political assessment of events, the prophecies of the future of Russia and the West as two separate organisms, existing and living different and sometimes internally opposite lives, remain relevant to this day.

Tyutchev wrote his articles and an unfinished treatise both before and after the revolutions that stirred up Europe - in France, Germany, Austria-Hungary. In total, he wrote 4 articles: "Russia and Germany" (1844), "Russia and the Revolution" (1848-49), "The Papacy and the Roman Question" (1850), "On Censorship in Russia" (1857) and an unfinished treatise "Russia and the West" (1848-49). In them, he assesses the situation in Europe before and after the events noted. Secondly, he introduces many new terms that later enriched both Russian and Western political thought. Among them are such terms as "Russophobia", "Pan-Slavism". The idea of ​​empire was clearly expressed. In one of his articles, he says bluntly: "Not a community, but an Empire."

The most important issues raised by Tyutchev in his articles were the problems of "Russophobia" and the future "empire", which still have not lost their relevance. First of all, it is necessary to say about such a phenomenon in our life as "Russophobia".

Russophobia is a painful hostility or even pathological hatred for the Russian people, for everything they created. One of the types of xenophobia. Depending on the worldview of the interpreter of the term or on the context of its use, Russophobia can also be understood not only as hatred of the Russians themselves, but also hatred of Russia as a country or state.

For the first time, A. Pushkin drew attention to the problem of Russophobia. From his point of view, it is impossible to forgive the “slanderers of Russia”, especially that category of people who, in response to “Russian affection”, is capable of “slandering the Russian character, smearing the connected pages of our annals with mud, vilifying the best fellow citizens and, not content with contemporaries, mocking coffins of the forefathers." Pushkin perceived attacks on the forefathers as an insult to the people and the moral dignity of the nation, which constitute the main and integral feature of patriotism. The poet recognized the originality of Russian history and believed that its explanation requires a “different formula” than the history of the Christian West.

In itself, this problem has always worried Russia throughout its tragic history. But Tyutchev for the first time in his articles introduces this term.

This topic was poorly developed in our country. The very mention of this word has been absent from dictionaries for a long time. Changes occurred only in the era of Generalissimo I.V. Stalin. In the mid-30s until the mid-50s, this term was first included in various dictionaries of the Russian language. Several dictionaries can be noted: the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language (ed. Ushakov, M; 1935-41), the Explanatory Dictionary (ed. S. Ozhegov, M; 1949) and the Dictionary of Modern Russian Lit. Language (M; Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1950-1965). After that, until recently, this term is absent in many dictionaries and encyclopedias.

Tyutchev uses this term in connection with a specific situation - the revolutionary events in Europe in 1848-49. And this concept itself arose from Tyutchev not by chance. At this time, sentiments against Russia and Russians intensified in the West. Tyutchev investigated the reasons for this situation. He saw them in the desire of European countries to oust Russia from Europe, if not by force of arms, then by contempt. He worked for a long time as a diplomat in Europe (Munich, Turin) from 1822 to 1844, and later as a censor of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1844-67) and knew what he was talking about firsthand..

Poor Russia! The whole world is against her! Not really.

In connection with this, Tyutchev came up with the idea of ​​the treatise "Russia and the West", which remained unfinished. The direction of this work is historiosophical, and the method of presentation is comparative historical, emphasizing the comparison of the historical experience of Russia, Germany, France, Italy and Austria. Western fears about Russia, Tyutchev shows, stem, among other things, from ignorance, since scientists and Western philosophers "in their historical views" miss a whole half of the European world. It is known that Russia was forced, in order to protect its interests and the interests of European security, to suppress the revolution in Austria and Germany and to significantly influence the situation in France.

As a counterweight to Russophobia, Tyutchev put forward the idea of ​​pan-Slavism. Repeatedly in journalism and in poetry, Tyutchev set out the IDEA of the return of Constantinople, the formation of an Orthodox empire and the union of two churches - eastern and western.

The current owner of the site did not write this article and does not agree with all this "Russophobic" compassionate inferiority complex, but I decided not to delete it - let it be as an opinion. Now, if this is true about Tyutchev, then he directly fell in my eyes. I did not know that Tyutchev was such a fascist. No "historically justified return of the lands" and "Russophobia" (whether invented or not) can be an excuse for aggression towards another state. It was these ideas that the notorious Mussolini had, who wanted to “return”, read to seize the lands that previously belonged to the Holy Roman Empire. So it goes.

For Tyutchev, the revolution in the West began not in 1789 and not in the time of Luther, but much earlier - its sources are connected with the papacy. The Reformation itself came out of the papacy, from which comes a centuries-old revolutionary tradition. And at the same time, the idea of ​​Empire also exists in the West. “The idea of ​​the Empire,” Tyutchev wrote, has always been the soul of the West,” but he immediately stipulated: “but the Empire in the West has never been nothing more than the theft of power, its usurpation.” It is, as it were, a pathetic counterfeit of the true Empire - its pathetic likeness.

The empire of the West for Tyutchev is a violent and unnatural factor. And therefore, an empire in the West is not feasible, all attempts to arrange it "fail". The entire history of the West is compressed into the “Roman question” and all the contradictions and all the “impossibility of Western life” are concentrated in it. The papacy itself made an attempt to organize "the kingdom of Christ as a worldly kingdom", and the Western Church became an "institution", became a "state within a state", as if a Roman colony in a conquered land. This duel ended in a double collapse: the Church is rejected in the Reformation, in the name of the human "I" and the state is denied in the revolution. However, the strength of tradition becomes so deep that the revolution itself tends to organize itself into an empire - as if to repeat Charlemagne.

Oh, this evil west, it's already funny to read. Guys, this world is built on competition and everyone pursues their own interests - this is a fact. And the less the heads and citizens of states compare their, sorry, peeps with others, and the more they care about the prosperity of their country, the better it will be for everyone.

Tyutchev considered the main Russian business to be the storage and transmission in time and space of the great Christian shrine - the universal monarchy. “The universal monarchy is an empire. The empire has always existed. She only passed from hand to hand ... 4 empires: Assyria, Persia, Macedonia, Rome. With Constantine begins the 5th empire, the final, Christian empire.” Tyutchev's historiosophy, obviously, goes back here to the vision of the prophet Daniel, and to his interpretation of the dream of King Nebuchadnezzar, who saw a giant with a golden head, silver chest, copper thighs and clay feet. Tyutchev gives an Orthodox-Russian interpretation of it: “Russia is much more Orthodox than Slavic. And, as an Orthodox, she is the pledge-keeper of the empire... The empire does not die. Only in his capacity as Emperor of the East is the Tsar Emperor of Russia. Empire of the East: this is Russia in its final form. The Fathers of the Church in their time wrote about the Christian kingdom - but they did not yet know about the great northern country of the future.

Right now, if only an Orthodox state could be built, it would be “great” in general. I hope you remember the lessons of history and understand that the only correct way of development is a secular state.

Perhaps Tyutchev's most profound spiritual and political work is Russian Geography. The poet draws in it the outlines of the desired "white kingdom" - of course, rather mystical than physical, although spirit and body are inseparable in a certain way. What the future holds for us, only God knows, but it is quite clear that Holy Russia in its mysterious destiny has already realized much of what the brilliant poet-seer thought about and hoped for in the middle of the 19th century:

I now have tears almost flowing from pathos. Sewerage should be carried out everywhere first, and then Holy Russia should be built.

Moscow, and the city of Petrov, and the city of Konstantinov -

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