"Physics is an exact science" - Some physical terms. Nature. Practical task in groups. Distribute the following words in the table. Physics. Lesson goals. What does physics study. physical phenomena. Manufacture of new machines, instruments and other devices. Liner, aircraft. Experience is different from observation. Physics is also related to other sciences.
"Introduction to Physics" - Tornadoes and hurricanes. "Weightless Water". natural phenomena. climate on earth. observations from ancient times. Space. "Sticky balls". Floods. "Magic wand". "Electric current from light". Phenomena in everyday life. "Surprised Child" "Hedgehog". "Three in one".
"Physics knowledge of the world" - The main stages in the development of physics: In the 17th century, Isaac Newton created classical mechanics. No process of nature is outside of physics. Why are we warm under the covers? Why do we need blood? Physics and methods of scientific knowledge. Methods of Physics: Observation Experiment. Physics is a comprehensive science.
"Physics is the science of nature" - Electrical Sound Atomic; Magnetic; Optical; mechanical; thermal. Physics is the science of inanimate nature. Atomic Phenomena. Nature physics technique. Which phenomena include: Sound phenomena. Thermal phenomena. What does physics study. Philosophers, theologians, astronomers, navigators, doctors were engaged in physics.
"World of Physics" - Excursion to the WORLD OF PHYSICS. Robert Wood The modern magician of the physical laboratory Author: W. Seabrook. At a temperature of 5000? With iron evaporates. Aristotle 384-322 BC Interesting facts from physics. M.V. Lomonosov. Our experiences. The temperature of hell is 718? Robert Wood is the father of the experiment. 19% of solar energy is absorbed by the atmosphere, 47% falls to Earth, 34% returns to space.
"Applied Physics" - The first "Tokamak" installations were built in the USSR. Becquerel discovered the natural radioactivity of uranium. Auger spectroscopy. Accelerators of all types. The period of classical physics is divided into two stages: the first stage - from I. Newton to J. Detectors of all types. Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1983 (or other years). Microscopy (electronic, optical, laser).
There are 16 presentations in total in the topic
"The subject of the study of physics" - Physics. Aristotle's method. The highest goal. The task of physics. Modeling. Galileo Galilei. Elephant. Physical theory. Physical law. Electrodes. Computer modelling. What does physics study. Experiment. Observations. Offer. Hypothesis. Observations and experiments.
"Physics is an exact science" - Practical task in groups. observation and experience. Liner, aircraft. Some physical terms. Physics studies the world. What does physics study. The role of physics in our life. Chat with illustrations. Physics is also related to other sciences. Distribute the following words in the table. physical phenomena. Physics allows you to derive general laws.
"Applied Physics" - The period of revolutionary changes in physics 1895 ... 1904. Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1983 (or other years). Spectrometry of nuclear radiation. The period of modern physics since 1905. The emergence of geometric optics (Euclid). Research methods. Physical Encyclopedic Dictionary. Becquerel discovered the natural radioactivity of uranium.
"Studying physics" - Introductory lesson in physics Grade 7. Thermodynamics and molecular physics. Optics. The structure of matter. We have already said that physics is also concerned with the study of the structure of matter. So why do you need physics? Electrodynamics. Physics is one of the many sciences about nature. What does PHYSICS study? You also encounter electromagnetic phenomena at every step.
"Science of physics" - Communication with astronomy. Methods for studying physics. The main constituents of matter are molecules. Atomic Phenomena. sound phenomena. Connection with the natural sciences. Philosophy. Technics. Astronomy. Mechanical phenomena are the movements of airplanes, cars, pendulums. Do you think there could have been observatories before the advent of telescopes?
The text of the work is placed without images and formulas.
The full version of the work is available in the "Job Files" tab in PDF format
Hypothesis: thanks to scientific knowledge and achievements, light, durable low-heat-conducting materials for clothing and home protection, air conditioners, fans and other devices have been created. This allows us to overcome the difficulties and many problems associated with heat. Nevertheless, it is necessary to study thermal phenomena, since they have an exceptionally great influence on our lives.
Target: study of thermal phenomena and thermal processes.
Tasks: talk about thermal phenomena and thermal processes;
study the theory of thermal phenomena;
in practice to consider the existence of thermal processes;
show the manifestation of these experiences.
Expected Result: conducting experiments and studying the most common thermal processes.
: selected and systematized material on the topic, conducted experiments and a blitz - a survey of students, prepared a presentation, presented a poem of his own composition.
Thermal phenomena are physical phenomena that are associated with the heating and cooling of bodies.
Heating and cooling, evaporation and boiling, melting and solidification, condensation are all examples of thermal phenomena.
Thermal motion - process of chaotic (random) movement
particles that make up matter.
The higher the temperature, the faster the particles move. The thermal motion of atoms and molecules is most often considered. Molecules or atoms of matter are always in constant random motion.
This movement determines the presence in any substance of internal kinetic energy, which is associated with the temperature of the substance.
Therefore, random motion, in which molecules or atoms are always located, is called thermal.
The study of thermal phenomena shows that as far as the mechanical energy of bodies decreases in them, their mechanical and internal energies also increase, and remains unchanged in any processes.
This is the law of conservation of energy.
Energy does not arise from nothing and does not disappear anywhere.
It can only pass from one form to another, retaining its full meaning.
Thermal motion of molecules never stops. Therefore, any body always has some kind of internal energy. Internal energy depends on the temperature of the body, the state of aggregation of matter and other factors and does not depend on the mechanical position of the body and its mechanical movement. The change in the internal energy of a body without doing work is called heat transfer .
Heat transfer always occurs in the direction from a body with a higher temperature to a body with a lower temperature.
There are three types of heat transfer:
Thermal processes are a kind of thermal phenomena; processes in which the temperature of bodies and substances changes, and it is also possible to change their aggregate states. Thermal processes include:
Heating
Cooling
vaporization
Boiling
Evaporation
Crystallization
Melting
Condensation
Combustion
Sublimation
desublimation
Consider, as an example, a substance that can be in three states of aggregation: water (L-liquid, T-solid, G-gaseous)
Heating- the process of increasing the temperature of a body or substance. Heating is accompanied by the absorption of heat from the environment. When heated, the aggregate state of a substance does not change.
Experience 1: Heating.
We draw water from the tap into a glass and measure its temperature (25 ° C),
then put the glass in a warm place (window on the sunny side), and after a while measure the temperature of the water (30°C).
After waiting some more time, I measured the temperature again (35°C). Conclusion: the thermometer shows an increase in temperature, first by 5°C, and then by 10°C.
Cooling- process, lowering the temperature of a substance or body; Cooling is accompanied by the release of heat into the environment. When cooled, the state of aggregation of a substance does not change.
Experience 2: Cooling. Let's see how the cooling takes place in the experiment.
We draw hot water from the tap into a glass and measure its temperature (60 ° C), then put this glass on the windowsill for a while, after which we measure the temperature of the water and it becomes equal to (20 ° C).
Conclusion: the water cools and the thermometer shows a decrease in temperature.
Experience 3: Boiling.
We deal with boiling every day at home.
Pour water into the kettle and put it on the stove. From the beginning, the water is heated, and then the water boils. This is evidenced by the steam coming out of the kettle spout.
Conclusion: when water boils, steam from the neck of the kettle comes out through a small hole and whistles and we turn off the stove.
Evaporation Vaporization occurs from the free surface of a liquid.
Evaporation depends on:
Substance temperatures(the higher the temperature, the more intense the evaporation);
Liquid surface areas(the larger the area, the greater the evaporation);
Kind of substance(different substances evaporate at different rates);
Presence of wind(when there is wind, evaporation occurs faster).
Experience 4: Evaporation.
If you've ever watched puddles after rain, you've no doubt noticed that puddles get smaller and smaller. What happened to the water?
Conclusion: she vanished!
Crystallization(solidification) is the transition of a substance from a liquid state of aggregation to a solid state. Crystallization is accompanied by the release of energy (heat) into the environment.
Experience 5: Crystallization. To detect crystallization, we will conduct an experiment.
We collect water from the tap into a glass and put it in the freezer of the refrigerator. After some time, the process of solidification of the substance occurs, i.e. a crust appears on the surface of the water. Then all the water in the glass completely turned into ice, that is, it crystallizes.
Conclusion: First, the water cools to 0 degrees, then freezes.
Melting- the transition of a substance from a solid to a liquid state. This process is accompanied by the absorption of heat from the environment. To melt a solid crystalline body, it needs to transfer a certain amount of heat.
Experience 6: Melting. Melting is easily detected experimentally.
We take out a glass of frozen water from the freezer of the refrigerator, which we put. After a while, water appeared in the glass - the ice began to melt. After some time, all the ice melted, that is, completely passed from solid to liquid.
Conclusion: ice over time receives heat from the environment and eventually melts.
Condensation- the transition of a substance from a gaseous state to a liquid state.
Condensation is accompanied by the release of heat into the environment.
Experience 7: Condensation.
We boiled water and brought a cold mirror to the spout of the kettle. After a few minutes, drops of condensed water vapor are clearly visible on the mirror.
Conclusion: the steam settling on the mirror turns into water.
The phenomenon of condensation can be observed in the summer, in the early cool morning.
Water droplets on grass and flowers - dew - indicate that the water vapor contained in the air has condensed.
Combustion - the process of burning fuel, accompanied by the release of energy.
This energy is used in various
areas of our lives.
Experience 8: Combustion. Every day we can watch how natural gas burns in a stove burner. This is the combustion process.
Also, the process of fuel combustion is the process of burning firewood. Therefore, in order to conduct an experiment on the combustion of fuel, it is enough only to light a gas
burner or match.
Conclusion: when fuel is burned, heat is released, a specific smell may appear.
The result of the project: In my project work, I studied the most common thermal processes: heating, cooling, vaporization, boiling, evaporation, melting, crystallization, condensation, combustion, sublimation and desublimation.
In addition, the work touched upon such topics as thermal motion, aggregate states of substances, as well as the general theory of thermal phenomena and thermal processes.
Based on the simplest experiments, one or another thermal phenomenon was considered. Experiments are accompanied by demonstration pictures.
On the basis of experience considered:
The existence of various thermal processes;
the relevance of thermal processes in human life is proved.
I also conducted a blitz survey of students in grade 9 "A" consisting of 15 people.
Blitz - a survey of 9th grade students.
Questions:
1. What are thermal phenomena?
2. Give examples of thermal phenomena
3. What movement is called thermal?
4. What is thermal conductivity?
5. Aggregate transformations are ...
6. The phenomenon of the transformation of liquid into steam?
7. The phenomenon of the transformation of vapor into liquid?
8. What process is called melting?
9. What is evaporation?
10. What are the reverse processes of heating, melting, evaporation?
Answers:
1. Thermal phenomena - physical phenomena associated with heating and cooling bodies
2. Examples of thermal phenomena: heating and cooling, evaporation and boiling, melting and solidification, condensation
3. Thermal motion - random, chaotic movement of molecules
4. Thermal conductivity - the transfer of heat from one part to another
5. Aggregate transformations are phenomena of the transition of a substance from one state of aggregation to another
6. Vaporization
7. Condensation
8. Melting - the transition of a substance from a solid to a liquid state. This process is accompanied by the absorption of heat from the environment.
9. Evaporation is vaporization that occurs from the free surface of a liquid
10. Processes inverse to heating, melting, evaporation - cooling, crystallization, condensation
Blitz poll results:
1. Correct answer - 7 people - 47%
Wrong answer - 8 people - 53%
2. Correct answer -6 people - 40%
Wrong answer -9 people - 60%
3. Correct answer - 10 people - 67%
4. Correct answer -6 people - 40%
Wrong answer - 9 people - 60%
5. Correct answer - 8 people - 53%
6. Correct answer - 12 people - 80%
Wrong answer - 3 people - 20%
7. Correct answer - 8 people - 53%
Wrong answer - 7 people - 47%
8. Correct answer - 10 people - 67%
Wrong answer - 5 people - 33%
9. Correct answer - 13 people - 87%
Wrong answer - 2 people - 13%
10. The correct answer is 8 people -53%
Wrong answer - 7 people - 47%
The flash survey showed that students are not familiar enough with this topic, and I hope that my project will help them fill in the missing gaps on this topic.
The goal set by me and the tasks of the project work have been achieved.
I want to finish my work with a poem that we composed together with my grandfather.
thermal phenomena
We study phenomena
We want to know about warmth.
We live in a wonderful world -
Everything is like two times two is four.
We do the work
Rocking a company of molecules,
Chopping a log for firewood -
We are getting warm.
A very important task
This is heat transfer.
Heat can be transferred
Take from heated water.
All bodies are thermally conductive:
Water heats the radiator
Air goes up and down
Gives warmth to the house.
And window glass
Keeps warm in the house.
There is an air layer in the frame -
For warmth is a mountain.
He doesn't let heat in.
And keeps it in the apartment.
Well, in the afternoon, we know ourselves
The sun will give heat rays ...
To know all these properties,
To live in friendship with warmth in the world,
And actually apply -
I need to learn PHYSICS!!!
Bibliography
1. Rakhimbaev M.M. Flash textbook: “Physics. 8th grade". 2. Teaching physics that develops the student. Book 1. Approaches, components, lessons, tasks / Compiled and ed. EM. Braverman: - M.: Association of Teachers of Physics, 2003. - 400 p. 3. Dubovitskaya T.D. Diagnosis of the importance of the subject for the development of the personality of students. Bulletin of OSU, No. 2, 2004. 4. Kolechenko A.K. Encyclopedia of pedagogical technologies: A guide for teachers. - St. Petersburg: KARO, 2004. 5. Selevko G.K. Pedagogical technologies based on activation, intensification and effective management of UVP. M.: Research Institute of School Technologies, 2005. 6. Electronic resources: Website http://school-collection.edu.ru Website http://obvad.ucoz.ru/index/0 Website http://zabalkin.narod.ru Website http://somit.ru
OPTION 1
one). the fall of the body to the Earth 2). heating a pot of water 3) melting ice 4) reflection of light 5) movement of one molecule
A. 1, 2 and 5 B. 2, 3, 5 C. 2, 3 D. 2, 4 E. 1, 5 F. All
- They have internal energy
A. All bodies B. Only solids C. Only liquids D. Only gases
- How can you change the internal energy of the body?
A. Heat transfer. B. By doing work. B. Heat transfer and work. D. The internal energy of the body cannot be changed.
A. Heat transfer. B. By doing work. B. Heat transfer and work. D. The internal energy of the plate does not change.
- What type of heat transfer is accompanied by the transfer of matter?
A. Only convection. B. Only thermal conductivity. B. Radiation only.
D. Convection and heat conduction. E. Convection and radiation.
E. Convection, heat conduction, radiation. G. Thermal conductivity, radiation.
OPTION-2
- Which of the following examples refers to thermal phenomena?
1) liquid evaporation 2) echo 3) inertia 4) gravity 5) diffusion
A. 1, 3 B. 1, 4 C. 1, 5 D. 2, 4 C. All
- The internal energy of a body depends on
A. Mechanical movement of the body B. Position of the body relative to other bodies C. Movement and interaction of body particles D. Mass and density of the body.
- Can the internal energy of a body change when doing work and transferring heat?
A. The internal energy of the body cannot change. B. Maybe only when doing work. B. Can only with heat transfer. G. Can when doing work and heat transfer.
A. Heat transfer. B. By doing work. B. Heat transfer and work. D. The internal energy of the wire does not change.
- Which type of heat transfer is not accompanied by the transfer of matter?
A. Radiation. B. Convection. B. Thermal conductivity. D. Radiation, convection, heat conduction. E. Radiation, convection. E. Radiation, thermal conductivity.
G. Convection, thermal conductivity.
Option 1
- The copper wire clamped with pliers is bent and unbent several times. Does this change the internal energy of the wire? If yes, in what way?
- Why do many plants die in snowless winters, while they can withstand significant frosts if the snow cover is heavy?
- Spacesuits worn by astronauts are usually painted white. At the same time, some surfaces of spaceships are black. What explains the choice of color?
- When will the kettle with boiling water cool down sooner: when was it placed on ice or when ice was placed on the lid of the kettle?
- Why do many animals sleep curled up in cold weather?
Option 2
- The steel plate was placed on a hot electric stove. How does the internal energy of the plate change in this case?
- Why can you burn your hands when sliding down a rope or a pole quickly?
- Scissors and a pencil lying on the table have the same temperature. Why do scissors feel colder to the touch?
- Why does snow covered with soot or mud melt faster than clean snow?
- In industrial refrigerators, the air is cooled by means of pipes through which the cooled liquid flows. Where is the best place to place these pipes?
We begin this academic year with the study of a new branch of physics. Thermal phenomena include heating and cooling of various bodies, melting, evaporation, boiling, melting of substances, etc. The words “warm”, “cold”, “hot”, familiar to us for a long time, mean the thermal states of bodies. The quantity characterizing the thermal state of bodies is temperature.
Thermal motion is the random movement of the molecules of a substance. In liquids and gases, molecules move randomly, colliding with each other. In solids, thermal motion consists in oscillations of particles around the equilibrium position. The temperature of the body depends on the speed of movement of molecules. The faster the molecules move, the higher the temperature of the body. Let us pay attention to the fact that thermal motion differs from mechanical motion in that a lot of particles participate in it and each one moves randomly.
So, we have a problem: we need to find such a sign or such a property of bodies that would clearly indicate how the body is heated. Such a sign may be the expansion of bodies when heated. The more heated the body, the greater its volume, the more intense the chaotic movement of molecules and atoms. A device that uses this property of bodies is a thermometer. From the Greek "therme" - heat and "metreo" - I measure. A liquid thermometer is a device whose principle of operation is based on the use of the property of thermal expansion of a liquid. Depending on the temperature range, the liquid thermometer is filled with mercury, ethyl alcohol and other liquids. Any thermometer shows its own temperature. To determine the temperature of the environment, the thermometer must be placed in this environment and wait until the temperature of the device stops changing, taking on a value equal to the temperature of the environment.
In practice, other temperature scales are also used, such as the Kelvin scale and the Fahrenheit scale. The relationship between the Celsius scale and the Kelvin scale can be seen in the figure. To measure temperature, various substances (mercury, alcohol) are used, which change their volume with a change in temperature.
The physical meaning of temperature What is the physical meaning of temperature? To do this, you need to answer the question, how does cold water differ from hot? Warm water is made up of the same molecules as cold water. Experience on diffusion in hot and cold water shows that the higher the temperature, the greater the penetration of one substance into another. Diffusion is caused by the movement of molecules. Since diffusion occurs faster in hot water, it means that the speed of movement of molecules in it is higher.
