Daniel Defoe's novel Robinson Crusoe was first published in April 1719. The work gave rise to the development of the classic English novel, made popular the pseudo-documentary direction of fiction.

The plot of "The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe" is based on the true story of boatswain Alexander Selkir, who lived on a desert island for four years. Defoe rewrote the book many times, giving its final version a philosophical meaning - the story of Robinson became an allegorical depiction of human life as such.

main characters

Robinson Crusoe- the main character of the work, raving about sea adventures. Spent 28 years on a desert island.

Friday- a savage who was rescued by Robinson. Crusoe taught him English and took him with him.

Other characters

Captain of the ship- Robinson saved him from captivity and helped return the ship, for which the captain took Crusoe home.

Xuri- a boy, a prisoner of Turkish robbers, with whom Robinson fled from pirates.

Chapter 1

From early childhood, Robinson loved the sea more than anything in the world, dreamed of long voyages. The boy's parents did not like this very much, as they wanted a quieter happy life for their son. His father wanted him to become an important official.

However, the craving for adventure was stronger, so on September 1, 1651, Robinson, who at that time was eighteen years old, without asking permission from his parents, and a friend boarded a ship departing from Hull to London.

Chapter 2

On the first day, the ship was caught in a severe storm. Robinson was ill and scared from the strong pitching. He swore a thousand times that if everything worked out, he would return to his father and never again swim in the sea. However, the ensuing calm and a glass of punch helped Robinson quickly forget about all "good intentions".

The sailors were confident in the reliability of their ship, so they spent all their days in entertainment. On the ninth day of the voyage, a terrible storm broke out in the morning, the ship began to leak. A passing ship threw a boat to them and by evening they managed to escape. Robinson was ashamed to return home, so he decided to set sail again.

Chapter 3

In London, Robinson met the venerable old captain. A new acquaintance invited Crusoe to go with him to Guinea. During the journey, the captain taught Robinson shipbuilding, which was very useful to the hero in the future. In Guinea, Crusoe managed to profitably exchange the brought trinkets for gold dust.

After the death of the captain, Robinson again went to Africa. This time the journey was less successful, on the way their ship was attacked by pirates - Turks from Saleh. Robinson was captured by the captain of a robber ship, where he stayed for almost three years. Finally, he had a chance to escape - the robber sent Crusoe, the boy Xuri and the Moor to fish in the sea. Robinson took with him everything necessary for a long voyage and on the way threw the Moor into the sea.

Robinson was on his way to Cape Zeleny, hoping to meet a European ship.

Chapter 4

After many days of sailing, Robinson had to go ashore and ask the savages for food. The man thanked them by killing a leopard with a gun. The savages gave him the skin of the animal.

Soon the travelers met a Portuguese ship. On it, Robinson got to Brazil.

Chapter 5

The captain of the Portuguese ship kept Xuri with him, promising to make him a sailor. Robinson lived in Brazil for four years, growing sugarcane and producing sugar. Somehow familiar merchants offered Robinson to make a trip to Guinea again.

"In an unkind hour" - September 1, 1659, he stepped on the deck of the ship. "It was the same day on which eight years ago I ran away from my father's house and so madly ruined my youth."

On the twelfth day, a strong squall hit the ship. The bad weather lasted twelve days, their ship sailed wherever the waves drove it. When the ship ran aground, the sailors had to transfer to the boat. However, after four miles, the "furious shaft" overturned their ship.

Robinson was washed ashore by the wave. He was the only one from the crew left alive. The hero spent the night on a tall tree.

Chapter 6

In the morning, Robinson saw that their ship was washed closer to the shore. Using spare masts, topmasts and yardarms, the hero made a raft, on which he transported boards, chests, food supplies, a box of carpentry tools, weapons, gunpowder and other necessary things to the shore.

Returning to land, Robinson realized that he was on a desert island. He built himself a tent of sail and poles, surrounding it with empty boxes and chests to protect against wild animals. Every day Robinson sailed to the ship, taking things he might need. Crusoe first wanted to throw away the money he found, but then, after thinking, he left it. After Robinson visited the ship for the twelfth time, a storm swept the ship out to sea.

Crusoe soon found a comfortable place to live - in a small smooth clearing on the slope of a high hill. Here the hero set up a tent, surrounding it with a fence of high stakes, which could only be overcome with the help of a ladder.

Chapter 7

Behind the tent, Robinson dug a cave in the hill that served as his cellar. Once, during a severe thunderstorm, the hero was afraid that one lightning strike could destroy all his gunpowder and after that he spread it into different bags and stored it separately. Robinson discovers that there are goats on the island and began to hunt them.

Chapter 8

In order not to lose track of time, Crusoe created an imitated calendar - he drove a large log into the sand, on which he marked the days with notches. Together with things, the hero from the ship transported two cats and a dog that lived with him.

Among other things, Robinson found ink and paper and took notes for a while. “Sometimes despair attacked me, I experienced mortal anguish, in order to overcome these bitter feelings, I took up a pen and tried to prove to myself that there was still a lot of good in my distress.”

Over time, Crusoe dug a back door in the hill, made furniture for himself.

Chapter 9

From September 30, 1659, Robinson kept a diary, describing everything that happened to him on the island after the shipwreck, his fears and experiences.

For digging the cellar, the hero made a shovel out of "iron" wood. One day in his "cellar" there was a collapse, and Robinson began to firmly strengthen the walls and ceiling of the recess.

Crusoe soon managed to tame the goat. While wandering around the island, the hero discovered wild pigeons. He tried to tame them, but as soon as the wings got stronger, the chicks flew away. From goat fat, Robinson made a lamp, which, unfortunately, burned very dimly.

After the rains, Crusoe discovered seedlings of barley and rice (when shaking bird food on the ground, he thought that all the grains had been eaten by rats). The hero carefully harvested the crop, deciding to leave it for sowing. It wasn't until his fourth year that he could afford to separate some of the grain for food.

After a strong earthquake, Robinson realizes that he needs to find another place to live, away from the cliff.

Chapter 10

The wreckage of the ship washed up on the island in waves, Robinson gained access to its hold. On the shore, the hero found a large turtle, whose meat replenished his diet.

With the onset of rains, Crusoe fell ill and developed a severe fever. Managed to recover tobacco tincture with rum.

While exploring the island, the hero finds sugar cane, melons, wild lemons, and grapes. He dried the latter in the sun in order to harvest raisins for future use. In a blooming green valley, Robinson arranges for himself a second home - a "cottage in the forest". Soon one of the cats brought three kittens.

Robinson learned to accurately divide the seasons into rainy and dry. During rainy periods, he tried to stay at home.

Chapter 11

In one of the rainy periods, Robinson learned to weave baskets, which he really lacked. Crusoe decided to explore the entire island and found a strip of land on the horizon. He realized that this was a part of South America, where wild cannibals probably live and was glad that he was on a desert island. Along the way, Crusoe caught a young parrot, which he later taught to say some words. There were many turtles and birds on the island, even penguins were found here.

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Robinson obtained good pottery clay, from which he made dishes and dried them in the sun. Once the hero discovered that pots can be burned in fire - this was a pleasant discovery for him, since now he could store water in the dishes and cook food in it.

To bake bread, Robinson made a wooden mortar and an impromptu oven from clay tablets. Thus passed his third year on the island.

Chapter 14

All this time, Robinson did not leave the thought of the land, which he saw from the shore. The hero decides to fix the boat, which was thrown ashore during the shipwreck. The updated boat sank to the bottom, but he could not launch it into the water. Then Robinson began to make pies from the trunk of a cedar tree. He managed to make an excellent boat, however, like a boat, he could not lower it to the water.

The fourth year of Crusoe's stay on the island has ended. He ran out of ink, his clothes were worn out. Robinson sewed three jackets from sailor pea coats, a hat, jacket and trousers from the skins of dead animals, made an umbrella from the sun and rain.

Chapter 15

Robinson built a small boat to go around the island by sea. Going around the underwater rocks, Crusoe sailed far from the coast and fell into the jet of the sea current, which carried him farther and farther. However, the current soon weakened and Robinson managed to return to the island, for which he was infinitely glad.

Chapter 16

In the eleventh year of Robinson's stay on the island, his supplies of gunpowder began to run low. Not wanting to give up meat, the hero decided to come up with a way to catch wild goats alive. With the help of "wolf pits" Crusoe managed to catch an old goat and three kids. From then on, he began to raise goats.

“I lived like a real king, needing nothing; beside me there was always a whole staff of courtiers [tamed animals] devoted to me - there were not only people.

Chapter 17

Once Robinson found a trace of a human foot on the shore. “In terrible anxiety, not feeling the ground under my feet, I hastened home to my fortress.” Crusoe hid at home and spent the whole night thinking about how a man ended up on the island. Reassuring himself, Robinson even began to think that it was his own footprint. However, when he returned to the same place, he saw that the footprint was much larger than his foot.

In fear, Crusoe wanted to dissolve all the cattle and dig up both fields, but then he calmed down and changed his mind. Robinson realized that savages came to the island only occasionally, so it was important for him to simply not catch their eye. For added security, Crusoe drove stakes into the gaps between the previously densely planted trees, thus creating a second wall around his dwelling. He planted the entire area behind the outer wall with trees that looked like willows. Two years later, a grove turned green around his house.

Chapter 18

Two years later, on the western part of the island, Robinson discovered that savages regularly sail here and arrange cruel feasts, eating people. Fearing that he might be discovered, Crusoe tried not to shoot, began to make fire with care, acquired charcoal, which almost does not produce smoke when burned.

Looking for coal, Robinson found a vast grotto, which he made his new pantry. "It was already the twenty-third year of my stay on the island."

Chapter 19

One day in December, leaving the house at dawn, Robinson noticed a fire on the shore - the savages staged a bloody feast. Watching the cannibals from a telescope, he saw that with the tide they sailed away from the island.

Fifteen months later, a ship sailed near the island. Robinson burned a fire all night, but in the morning he discovered that the ship was wrecked.

Chapter 20

Robinson went by boat to the wrecked ship, where he found a dog, gunpowder and some necessary things.

Crusoe lived for two more years "in complete contentment, not knowing hardship." “But all these two years I have only thought about how I could leave my island.” Robinson decided to save one of those whom the cannibals brought to the island as a victim in order to escape together to freedom. However, the savages reappeared only after a year and a half.

Chapter 21

Six Indian pirogues landed on the island. The savages brought with them two captives. While they were engaged in the first, the second rushed to run away. Three people were chasing the fugitive, Robinson shot two with a gun, the third was killed by the escaping himself with a saber. Crusoe beckoned the frightened fugitive to him with signs.

Robinson took the savage to the grotto and fed him. “He was a good-looking young man, tall, well-built, his arms and legs were muscular, strong and at the same time extremely graceful; He looked to be about twenty-six years old. The savage showed Robinson with all possible signs that from that day on he would serve him all his life.

Crusoe began to gradually teach him the right words. First of all, he said that he would call him Friday (in memory of the day on which he saved his life), taught him the words "yes" and "no". The savage offered to eat the dead enemies, but Crusoe showed that he was terribly angry with this desire of his.

Friday became a real comrade for Robinson - "never a single person had such a loving, such a faithful and devoted friend."

Chapter 22

Robinson took Friday with him to hunt as an assistant, taught the savage to eat animal meat. Friday started helping Crusoe with the housework. When the savage learned the basics of the English language, he told Robinson about his tribe. The Indians, from whom he managed to escape, defeated Friday's native tribe.

Crusoe asked his friend about the surrounding lands and their inhabitants - the peoples who live on neighboring islands. As it turned out, the neighboring land is the island of Trinidad, where wild Carib tribes live. The savage explained that the "white people" could be reached on a large boat, which gave Crusoe hope.

Chapter 23

Robinson taught Friday how to shoot a gun. When the savage mastered English well, Crusoe shared his story with him.

Friday said that once a ship with "white people" crashed near their island. They were rescued by the natives and stayed on the island, becoming "brothers" for the savages.

Crusoe begins to suspect Friday of wanting to escape the island, but the native proves his loyalty to Robinson. The Savage himself offers to help Crusoe return home. The men made a pirogue from a tree trunk in a month. Crusoe set up a mast with a sail in the boat.

"The twenty-seventh year of my imprisonment in this prison has come."

Chapter 24

Having waited out the rainy season, Robinson and Friday began to prepare for the upcoming voyage. One day, savages moored to the shore with regular captives. Robinson and Friday dealt with the cannibals. The rescued captives were a Spaniard and Friday's father.

Especially for the weakened European and the savage father, the men built a canvas tent.

Chapter 25

The Spaniard said that the savages sheltered seventeen Spaniards, whose ship was wrecked off a neighboring island, but those who were rescued were in dire need. Robinson agrees with the Spaniard that his comrades will help him with the construction of the ship.

The men prepared all the necessary supplies for the "white people", and the Spaniard and Friday's father went after the Europeans. While Crusoe and Friday were waiting for the guests, an English ship approached the island. The British moored ashore on a boat, Crusoe counted eleven people, three of whom were prisoners.

Chapter 26

The boat of the robbers ran aground at low tide, so the sailors went for a walk around the island. At this time, Robinson was preparing guns. At night, when the sailors fell asleep, Crusoe approached their captives. One of them, the captain of the ship, said that his crew rebelled and went over to the side of the “gang of villains”. He and two of his comrades barely convinced the robbers not to kill them, but to land them on a deserted shore. Crusoe and Friday helped kill the instigators of the riot, and the rest of the sailors were tied up.

Chapter 27

To capture the ship, the men broke through the bottom of the longboat and prepared to meet the next boat with the robbers. The pirates, seeing the hole in the ship and the fact that their comrades were gone, were frightened and were about to return to the ship. Then Robinson came up with a trick - Friday and the assistant captain lured eight pirates deep into the island. The two robbers who remained waiting for their comrades surrendered unconditionally. At night, the captain kills the boatswain who understands the rebellion. Five robbers surrender.

Chapter 28

Robinson orders to put the rebels in the dungeon and take the ship with the help of the sailors who sided with the captain. At night, the crew swam to the ship, and the sailors defeated the robbers who were on it. In the morning, the captain sincerely thanked Robinson for helping to return the ship.

By order of Crusoe, the rebels were unleashed and sent inland. Robinson promised that they would be left with everything they needed to live on the island.

“As I subsequently established from the ship's log, my departure took place on December 19, 1686. Thus, I lived on the island for twenty-eight years, two months and nineteen days.

Soon Robinson returned to his homeland. By the time his parents had died, he was met at home by his sisters with children and other relatives. Everyone listened with great enthusiasm to the incredible story of Robinson, which he told from morning until evening.

Conclusion

The novel by D. Defoe "The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe" had a huge impact on world literature, laying the foundation for a whole literary genre - "robinsonade" (adventure works describing the life of people on uninhabited lands). The novel was a real discovery in the culture of the Enlightenment. Defoe's book has been translated into many languages ​​and filmed more than twenty times. The proposed brief retelling of "Robinson Crusoe" chapter by chapter will be useful to schoolchildren, as well as to anyone who wants to get acquainted with the plot of a famous work.

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My third trip was especially successful. I dismantled all the tackle and took all the ropes with me. This time I brought a large piece of spare canvas, which served us for repairing the sails, and a keg of soaked gunpowder, which I had left on the ship. Finally I got all the sails ashore; I just had to cut them into pieces and transport them piece by piece. However, I did not regret it: I did not need the sails for sailing, and all their value for me lay in the canvas from which they were sewn.
Now absolutely everything that one person could lift was taken from the ship. Only bulky things remained, for which I set about on the next flight. I started with ropes. I cut each rope into pieces of such a size that it would not be too difficult for me to manage them, and I transported three ropes in pieces. In addition, I took from the ship all the iron parts that I could tear off with an ax. Then, having chopped off all the remaining yards, I built a larger raft from them, loaded all these weights on it and set off on my way back.
But this time my luck changed me: my raft was so heavily loaded that it was very difficult for me to manage it.
When, having entered the bay, I approached the shore, where the rest of my property was piled up, the raft capsized, and I fell into the water with all my cargo. I could not drown, as it happened not far from the coast, but almost all of my cargo ended up under water; most importantly, the iron, which I cherished so much, sank.
True, when the tide began to ebb, I pulled ashore almost all the pieces of rope and a few pieces of iron, but I had to dive for each piece, and this very tired me.
My trips to the ship continued from day to day, and each time I brought something new.
For thirteen days I have lived on the island and during this time I have been on the ship eleven times, dragging ashore absolutely everything that a pair of human hands can lift. I have no doubt that if the calm weather had lasted longer, I would have moved the whole ship in parts.
While making preparations for the twelfth voyage, I noticed that the wind was picking up. Nevertheless, after waiting for the ebb, I went to the ship. During my previous visits, I searched our cabin so thoroughly that it seemed to me that nothing could be found there. But suddenly a small cupboard with two drawers caught my eye: in one I found three razors, scissors, and about a dozen good forks and knives; in another drawer there was money, part European, part Brazilian silver and gold coins, up to thirty-six pounds sterling in all.
I chuckled at the sight of this money.
- Worthless garbage, - I said, - what are you doing to me now? I would gladly give a whole heap of gold for any of these penny knives. I have nowhere to take you. So go to the bottom of the sea. If you were lying on the floor, really, it would not be worth the trouble to bend down to pick you up.
But, after thinking a little, I nevertheless wrapped the money in a piece of canvas and took it with me.
The sea raged all night, and when I looked out of my tent in the morning, there was no sign of the ship. Now I could fully deal with the question that had been troubling me from the first day: what should I do so that neither predatory animals nor wild people attack me? What accommodation should I arrange? Dig a cave or put up a tent?
In the end, I decided to do both.
By this time, it became clear to me that the place I had chosen on the coast was not suitable for building a dwelling: it was a swampy, low-lying place, near the sea. Living in such places is very harmful. In addition, there was no fresh water nearby. I decided to find another piece of land, more suitable for habitation. I needed my dwelling to be protected both from the heat of the sun and from predators; so that it stands in a place where there is no dampness; to have fresh water nearby. In addition, I certainly wanted to see the sea from my house.
“It may happen that a ship will appear near the island,” I said to myself, “and if I do not see the sea, I may miss this opportunity.”
As you can see, I still didn't want to give up hope.
After a long search, I finally found a suitable site for building a home. It was a small smooth clearing on the slope of a high hill. From the top to the clearing itself, the hill descended in a sheer wall, so that I could not be afraid of an attack from above. In this wall, near the clearing itself, there was a small depression, as if the entrance to a cave, but there was no cave. It was then, right against this recess, in a green clearing, that I decided to pitch a tent.
This place was located on the northwestern slope of the hill, so that almost until the evening it remained in the shade. And in the evening it was illuminated by the setting sun.
Before pitching the tent, I took a pointed stick and made a semi-circle about ten yards in diameter in front of the depression. Then, around the whole semicircle, I drove into the ground two rows of strong high stakes, pointed at the upper ends. Between the two rows of stakes, I left a small gap and filled it to the very top with scraps of ropes taken from the ship. I stacked them in rows, one on top of the other, and from the inside I reinforced the fence with props. The fence turned out well for me: neither a man nor an animal could climb through it, nor climb over it. This work required a lot of time and labor. It was especially difficult to cut poles in the forest, move them to the place of construction, hew and drive them into the ground.
The fence was solid, there was no door. To enter my dwelling, a staircase served me. I put her on the picket fence whenever I needed to get in or out.

Robinson at a housewarming party. - Goat and kid

It was difficult for me to drag all my wealth into the fortress - provisions, weapons and other things. I just got through this job. And now I had to take up a new one: pitch a large, solid tent.
In tropical countries, the rains are known to be extremely abundant, and at certain times of the year it rains without interruption for many days. To protect myself from dampness, I made a double tent, that is, first I put up one tent, smaller, and above it, another, larger one. I covered the outer tent with a tarpaulin that I had taken from the ship along with the sails. Now I no longer slept on a bedding thrown directly on the ground, but in a very comfortable hammock that belonged to our captain's assistant.
I moved into the tent all the food and other things that could spoil from the rains. When all this was brought inside the fence, I tightly sealed up the hole that temporarily served me as a door, and began to enter by the ladder, which has already been mentioned above. Thus, I lived as in a fortified castle, protected from all dangers, and could sleep quite calmly.
Having repaired the fence, I began to dig a cave, deepening the natural depression in the mountain. The cave was just behind the tent and served as my cellar. I carried the dug out stones through the tent into the courtyard and piled them up against the fence on the inside. I also poured earth into it, so that the soil in the courtyard rose a foot and a half.
These jobs took up a lot of my time. However, at that time I was occupied with many other things, and there were several such incidents, which I want to tell about.
Once, while I was just getting ready to put up a tent and dig a cave, a black cloud suddenly came up and poured rain. Then there was a flash of lightning, followed by a terrible clap of thunder.
There was, of course, nothing extraordinary in this, and it was not so much the lightning itself that frightened me, but one thought that flashed through my mind faster than lightning: "My gunpowder!"
My heart sank. I thought with horror: "One lightning strike can destroy all my gunpowder! And without it, I will be deprived of the opportunity to defend myself from predatory animals and get my own food." Strange thing: at that time I did not even think that in the explosion, I myself could die first of all.
This incident made such a strong impression on me that, as soon as the storm passed, I put aside for a while all my work on arranging and strengthening the dwelling and set to carpentry and sewing: I sewed bags and made boxes for gunpowder. It was necessary to divide the gunpowder into several parts and store each part separately so that they could not flare up all at once.
This job took me almost two weeks. All in all, I had up to two hundred and forty pounds of gunpowder. I divided all this quantity into bags and boxes, dividing it into at least a hundred parts.
I hid the bags and boxes in the crevices of the mountain, in places where dampness could not penetrate, and carefully marked each place. I was not afraid of a keg of soaked gunpowder - this gunpowder was already bad - and therefore I put it, as it was, in a cave, or in my "kitchen", as I mentally called it.
All this time, once a day, and sometimes more often, I left the house with a gun - for a walk, and also in order to get acquainted with the local nature and, if possible, shoot some game.
The first time I went on such an excursion, I made the discovery that there are goats on the island. I was very glad, but it soon turned out that the goats were unusually agile and sensitive, so that there was not the slightest possibility of sneaking up on them. However, this did not bother me: I had no doubt that sooner or later I would learn to hunt them.
Soon I noticed one curious phenomenon: when the goats were on the top of the mountain, and I appeared in the valley, the whole herd immediately ran away from me; but if the goats were in the valley and I was on the mountain, then they did not seem to notice me. From this I concluded that their eyes are arranged in a special way: they do not see what is above. Since then, I began to hunt like this: I climbed some hill and shot goats from the top. With the very first shot I killed a young goat with a suckling. I felt sorry for the kid from the bottom of my heart. When the mother fell, he continued to stand quietly beside her and looked at me trustingly. Moreover, when I approached the dead goat, put it on my shoulders and carried it home, the kid ran after me. So we got to the house. I put the goat on the ground, took the kid and let him down through the fence into the yard. I thought that I would be able to raise him and tame him, but he did not yet know how to eat grass, and I was forced to slaughter him. The meat of these two animals was enough for me for a long time. I ate little at all, trying to conserve my supplies as much as possible, especially crackers.
After I finally settled into my new home, I had to think about how I could quickly build myself a stove or any hearth in general. It was also necessary to stock up on firewood.
How I accomplished this task, how I enlarged my cellar, how I gradually surrounded myself with some of the comforts of life, I will tell in detail in the following pages.

Robinson calendar. - Robinson arranges his accommodation

Soon after I settled on the island, it suddenly occurred to me that I would lose track of time and even cease to distinguish Sundays from weekdays if I did not start a calendar.
I arranged the calendar as follows: I hewed a large log with an ax and drove it into the sand on the shore, in the very place where the storm threw me, and nailed a crossbar to this post, on which I carved in large letters the following words:

Since then, every day I made a notch in the form of a short dash on my post. After six dashes, I made one longer - this meant Sunday; the notches that mark the first of each month I made even longer. This is how I kept my calendar, marking days, weeks, months and years.
In enumerating the things that I carried from the ship, as already mentioned, in eleven steps, I did not mention many trifles, although not particularly valuable, but nevertheless of great service to me. Thus, for example, in the cabins of the captain and his assistant, I found ink, pens and paper, three or four compasses, some astronomical instruments, spyglasses, geographical maps and a ship's log. I put all this in one of the chests just in case, not even knowing if I would need any of these things. Then I came across some books in Portuguese. I picked them too.
We had two cats and a dog on the ship. I carried the cats ashore on a raft; the dog jumped into the water on my first trip and swam after me. For many years she was my reliable assistant, served me faithfully. She almost replaced human society for me, only she could not speak. Oh, how much I would give to have her speak! I tried my best to save ink, pens and paper. As long as I had ink, I wrote down in detail everything that happened to me; when they ran out, I had to stop recording, because I did not know how to make ink and could not think of anything to replace them with.
In general, although I had such a vast warehouse of all kinds of things, besides ink, I still lacked a lot: I had neither a shovel, nor a spade, nor a pick - not a single tool for excavation. There were no needles or threads. My underwear fell into complete disrepair, but soon I learned to do without underwear at all, without experiencing great deprivation.
Since I did not have the necessary tools, any work went very slowly and was given with great difficulty. Over that palisade with which I circled my dwelling, I worked for almost a whole year. To chop thick poles in the forest, to carve stakes out of them, to drag these stakes to the tent - all this took a lot of time. The stakes were very heavy, so that I could only lift one at a time, and sometimes it took me two days just to cut the stake and bring it home, and the third day to drive it into the ground.
Driving stakes into the ground, I first used a heavy club, but then I remembered that I had iron crowbars that I had brought from the ship. I began to work with a crowbar, although I will not say that this greatly facilitated my work. In general, driving in stakes was one of the most tedious and unpleasant jobs for me. But should I be embarrassed by this? After all, I didn’t know what to do with my time anyway, and I had no other business but wandering around the island in search of food; I have been doing this carefully day in and day out.
Sometimes despair attacked me, I experienced mortal anguish, in order to overcome these bitter feelings, I took up a pen and tried to prove to myself that there was still a lot of good in my distress.
I split the page in half and wrote "bad" on the left and "good" on the right, and this is what I got:

BAD GOOD

I am abandoned on a desolate, uninhabited island with no hope of escape.
But I survived, although I could have drowned, like all my companions.

I am removed from all mankind; I am a hermit, banished forever from the human world.
But I did not starve and perish in this wilderness.

I have few clothes, and soon I will have nothing to cover my nakedness.
But the climate here is hot, and you can do without clothes.

I cannot defend myself if I am attacked by evil people or wild beasts.
But there are no people or animals here. And I can consider myself lucky that I was not washed up on the coast of Africa, where there are so many ferocious predators.

I have no one to have a word with, no one to encourage and console me.
But I managed to stock up on everything necessary for life and provide myself with food for the rest of my days.

These reflections have been of great help to me. I saw that I should not lose heart and despair, because in the most
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– Shortly after I settled on the island, it suddenly occurred to me that I would lose track of time and even cease to distinguish Sundays from weekdays if I did not start a calendar.

I arranged the calendar as follows: I hewed a large log with an ax and drove it into the sand on the shore, in the very place where the storm threw me, and nailed a crossbar to this post, on which I carved in large letters the following words:

Since then, every day I made a notch in the form of a short line on my post. After six lines, I made one longer - this meant Sunday; the notches that mark the first of each month I made even longer. This is how I kept my calendar, marking days, weeks, months and years.

In enumerating the things that I brought from the ship, as already mentioned, in eleven steps, I did not mention many trifles, although not particularly valuable, but nevertheless of great service to me. So, for example, in the cabins of the captain and his assistant, I found ink, pens and paper, three or four compasses, some astronomical instruments, spyglasses, geographical maps and a ship's log. I put all this in one of the chests just in case, not even knowing if I would need any of these things. Then I came across some books in Portuguese. I picked them too.

We had two cats and a dog on the ship. I carried the cats ashore on a raft; the dog, even during my first trip, jumped into the water and swam after me. For many years she was my reliable assistant, served me faithfully. She almost replaced human society for me, only she could not speak. Oh, how much I would give to have her speak! I tried my best to save ink, pens and paper. As long as I had ink, I wrote down in detail everything that happened to me; when they ran out, I had to stop recording, because I did not know how to make ink and could not think of anything to replace them with.

In general, although I had such a vast warehouse of all kinds of things, besides ink, I still lacked a lot: I had neither a shovel, nor a spade, nor a pick - not a single tool for excavation. There were no needles or threads. My linen fell into complete disrepair, but soon I learned to do without linen at all, without experiencing great deprivation.

Since I did not have the necessary tools, any work went very slowly and was given with great difficulty. Over that palisade with which I circled my dwelling, I worked for almost a whole year. To chop thick poles in the forest, to carve stakes out of them, to drag these stakes to the tent - all this took a lot of time. The stakes were very heavy, so I could only lift one at a time, and sometimes it took me two days just to cut the stake and bring it home, and the third day to drive it into the ground.

Driving stakes into the ground, I first used a heavy club, but then I remembered that I had iron crowbars that I had brought from the ship. I began to work with a crowbar, although I will not say that this greatly facilitated my work. In general, driving in stakes was one of the most tedious and unpleasant jobs for me. But should I be embarrassed by this? After all, I didn’t know what to do with my time anyway, and I had no other business but wandering around the island in search of food; I have been doing this carefully day in and day out.

Sometimes despair attacked me, I experienced mortal anguish, in order to overcome these bitter feelings, I took up a pen and tried to prove to myself that there was still a lot of good in my distress.

I split the page in half and wrote "Bad" on the left and "Good" on the right, and this is what I came up with:

BAD - GOOD

I am abandoned on a desolate, uninhabited island with no hope of escape. - But I survived, although I could have drowned, like all my companions.

I am removed from all mankind; I am a hermit, banished forever from the human world. “But I didn’t starve to death and perish in this desert.

I have few clothes, and soon I will have nothing to cover my nakedness. “But the climate is hot here, and you can do without clothes.

I cannot defend myself if I am attacked by evil people or wild beasts. But there are no people or animals here. And I can consider myself lucky that I was not washed up on the coast of Africa, where there are so many ferocious predators.

I have no one to have a word with, no one to encourage and console me. “But I managed to stock up on everything necessary for life and provide myself with food for the rest of my days.

These reflections have been of great help to me. I saw that I should not lose heart and despair, because in the most difficult sorrows one can and must find consolation.

I calmed down and became much more cheerful. Until that time, I only thought about how I could leave this island; for whole hours I peered into the sea distance - whether a ship would appear somewhere. Now, having done away with empty hopes, I began to think about how I could better establish my life on the island.

I have already described my home. It was a tent pitched on the side of a mountain and surrounded by a strong double palisade. But now my fence could be called a wall or a rampart, because close to it, on its outer side, I brought out an earthen mound two feet thick.

Some time later (a year and a half later) I put poles on my mound, leaning them against the slope of the mountain, and on top I made a flooring of branches and long wide leaves. Thus, my courtyard was under a roof, and I could not be afraid of the rains, which, as I have already said, at certain times of the year mercilessly watered my island.

The reader already knows that I transferred all the property to my fortress - at first only to the fence, and then to the cave, which I dug in the hill behind the tent. But I must confess that at first my things were piled up at random, and cluttered up the whole yard. I kept bumping into them and literally had nowhere to turn. To lay everything properly, the cave had to be widened.

After I had closed the entrance to the enclosure, and therefore could consider myself safe from the attack of predatory animals, I began to expand and lengthen my cave. Fortunately, the mountain consisted of loose sandstone. Having dug the ground to the right, as much as was necessary according to my calculation, I turned even more to the right and brought the passage outside, beyond the fence.

This through underground passage - the back door of my dwelling - not only gave me the opportunity to freely leave the yard and return home, but also significantly increased the area of ​​\u200b\u200bmy pantry.

Having finished with this work, I began to make furniture for myself. What I needed most was a table and a chair: without a table and a chair, I could not fully enjoy even those modest comforts that were available to me in my solitude - I could neither eat like a human being, nor write, nor read.

And so I became a carpenter.

Never in my life up to that time had I taken a carpentry tool in my hands, and yet, thanks to natural quick wits and perseverance in work, I gradually gained such experience that, if I had all the necessary tools, I could put together any furniture.

But even without tools or almost without tools, with only an ax and a planer, I did a lot of things, although probably no one else did them in such a primitive way and did not expend so much labor. Just to make a plank, I had to chop down a tree, clear the trunk of branches, and hew both sides until it turned into some kind of plank. The method was inconvenient and very unprofitable, since only one board came out of the whole tree. But nothing can be done, had to endure. In addition, my time and my labor were very cheap, so does it really matter where and what they went for?

So, first of all I made myself a table and a chair. I used short boards taken from the ship for this. Then I hewed long boards in my primitive way, and fitted in my cellar several shelves, one above the other, a foot and a half wide. I piled tools, nails, pieces of iron and other trifles on them - in a word, I put everything in its place so that when I needed it I could easily find every thing.

In addition, I drove pegs into the wall of my cellar and hung guns, pistols and other things on them.

Anyone who would see my cave after that would probably take it for a warehouse of all kinds of household supplies. And it was a real pleasure for me to look into this warehouse - there was so much good stuff there, all things were laid out and hung in such an order, and every little thing was at my fingertips.

From that time on, I began to keep my diary, writing down everything that I did during the day. At first, I had no time for notes: I was too overwhelmed with work; besides, such gloomy thoughts depressed me then that I was afraid that they would not be reflected in my diary.

But now that I have finally managed to master my anguish, when, having ceased to cradle myself with fruitless dreams and hopes, I have taken up the arrangement of my dwelling, put my household in order, made myself a table and a chair, and generally settled myself as comfortably and comfortably as possible, I took up the diary. I quote it here in its entirety, although most of the events described in it are already known to the reader from previous chapters. I repeat, I kept my diary carefully as long as I had ink. When the ink came out, the diary involuntarily had to be stopped. First of all, I made myself a table and a chair.

Summary of the lesson on the world around Class: 3. Topic: Magic ball (development of the route of Robinson Crusoe). Program: RO D.B.Elkonin / V.V.Davydova. Lesson type: lesson setting private tasks. Purpose: to develop the ability to draw up a route of movement (for example, leaving the route of movement on the island of Robinson Crusoe). Tasks: a) personal: awareness of oneself as a member of a team - a class; b) subject: possession of the basic conceptual apparatus; the ability to draw up the route of your summer vacation (homework) and “read” it; the ability to draw up the route of Robinson Crusoe, finding the necessary information in various sources (textbook, RT); the ability to build a calendar (serifs on a tree); c) meta-subject: awareness of the rules and norms of interaction with classmates and the teacher; the ability to evaluate the answers of others, to argue their own point of view; the ability to work with text, finding the necessary information; the ability to draw conclusions from the work done. Lesson progress TEACHER ACTIVITIES STUDENT ACTIVITIES 1. Motivation for learning activities We are going, we are going, we are going To distant lands, Good neighbors, Happy friends. We have fun, We sing a song, And the song sings About how we live... What do you think, what will our today's lesson be about? Where does every journey begin? How will you perform. We have a lot of work and probably a lot of people who want to tell us about their summer travel itinerary. We will proceed as follows, at the beginning of the lesson, 2 people from each row will speak. Then we will work with the textbook and workbook and devote the rest of the lesson to the rest of the routes. How will you perform with your routes? About travel. From the choice of the route, from the preparation of the route ... We tell the beginning of the journey, how and how we moved to the place of rest. Several people speak with messages about the route of rest. 2. Analysis of the conditions for solving the problem Let's work with the book. Open the textbook on page 4. Read the text yourself. After reading, answer the questions after the text. Read and answer 1 question. Read question 2. Read. What prevented the meeting? Answer: Vasya did not describe the exact route by which Arseniy was supposed to visit him. How could Vasya's description of the route be improved? Answer: name the exact address; or describe the house more precisely and what is next to it. What is the sequence of actions when recording a route? Did you follow it when planning your travel itinerary? be. Mark the beginning and end of the route; mark important points of interest along the way from the starting point to the final point. Yes. 3. Actually solving the problem, improving the old way of doing Guys, what is the name of the most famous traveler in the world? Maybe someone knows the author of the work about Robinson's travels? Who will tell what story happened to Robinson? We will not talk about what happened to Robinson next. Let this be a little secret, and whoever wants to know it will have to take a book from the library and get acquainted with the work on their own. Who is now called Robinson? Today you have to plan Robinson's journey. Open your notebook on page 6. Before making Robinson's itinerary, read the excerpt from the story of Robinson in the textbook on page 5. Now read the information given to us by Robinson in the notebook on page 6. What is in front of you? What can you say about the route of our hero? What do you need to do? So let's get started. Did you complete Robinson's mission? What else needs to be done? How should it be built? Now, in the remaining time, let's listen to your Robinson Crusoe. Daniel Defoe. The ship on which Robinson sailed was shipwrecked. The sailor found himself on a desert island all alone... Lone travelers. Read aloud. Read aloud. It is probably necessary to write down the route of Robinson Crusoe here. During his arrival on the island, Robinson made 5 stops. Write conditional names of stops. First stop - September 30, 1659, Isle of Despair. The second stop is a ridge of hills. The third stop is the plain in front of the hill. The fourth stop is the slope of the hill. The fifth stop is the top of the hill. No. Draw a calendar according to which Robinson lived. As described on page 7. Build. summer travel itineraries. 4. Reflection With whom did you travel during the lesson today? What skills did Robinson help to develop in the lesson? Your homework is RT, page 5, task 1B (fill in the table). With Robinson Crusoe.