vividly characterize the words of its national motto "from sea to sea" (in Latin "mari usque ad mare"). This is the only country whose coastal borders are washed by three oceans: the Arctic, Pacific and Atlantic. Canada is the second largest country in the world, it is distinguished by its diversity, diversity, diversity of landscapes and natural areas.
General information
Canada in the form of government is a federal state. It consists of 10 provinces united by the Canadian constitution (Quebec, Manitoba, Newfoundland and Lambrador, New Brunswick, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Ontario, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island) and 3 territories (Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut). The capital of Canada - Ottawa - is located in the province of Ontario. The official state languages of the country are English and French.
Dream country
The geographical position of Canada, stretching across several natural zones from the Arctic deserts, occupying almost the entirety of Greenland and the Arctic archipelago, to the forest-steppes and steppes covering the Great Plains, determined the diversity and richness of its natural conditions and resources. This served as a favorable factor in the development of the economic condition of the country. And the presence of outlets to the Pacific and Atlantic oceans favored the increase of its status in the system of international relations and in key international organizations of nearby regions.
A high standard of living, a well-developed economy, an education and healthcare system, clean and safe modern cities, many different cultures - this is not the whole list of advantages that distinguish Canada. In 1992, the UN declared it "the most attractive country for human life."
The material gives an idea of the geographical position of the country. Forms an idea of what compensates for the impossibility of doing business in Canada in full. The article allows you to get an idea of what position in the world economy is typical for this state and why.
Geographic location of Canada
The territorial localization of the country is such that it is located in the northern part of the American continent and has a significant total area of 9976 thousand square meters. km. The main characteristic of Canada's EGP can rightly be considered that it is the second largest country in the world.
The coast of Canada is washed by the waters of the oceans:
- the Arctic;
- Atlantic;
- Quiet.
The southern borders of the country coincide with the United States. In the Northern regions, where the polar islands are located, the territory of the country goes for 800 km. for the Arctic Circle.
Canada is the owner of the chain of islands:
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- Baffin Island;
- Victoria;
- Ellesmere;
- Devonian;
- Banks;
- Newfoundland.
The highest point in the country is Logan Peak (5951 m).
The rocky coast of the Pacific Ocean is dotted with fjords and is cut off from the main territory by a powerful ridge of the mountain peaks of St. Elijah, as well as the Beregovoy and Boundari ridges.
The famous prairie of Canada stretches across the southern regions of the country to the Atlantic coast.
Rice. 1. Canadian prairie.
As in most developed countries, the service sector occupies a priority position in the Canadian economy. According to the most conservative estimates, about 3/4 of Canadians are employed in it.
These regions of the country are occupied by low ridges of a hilly type with vast plains. The polar region and the Hudson Bay region appear as vast low-lying plains that are crossed by many rivers and lakes.
Rice. 2. Hudson Bay.
The area is often swampy or occupied by tundra-type landscapes.
Economic and geographical position of Canada
Not excluding the mainland northern region of North America, Canada includes a significant number of small and large islands in the Arctic, Pacific and Atlantic oceans. The main part of the country is dominated by cold arctic and subarctic climatic zones. The only exception is the southern region, which is dominated by a temperate climate zone.
Rice. 3. Climatic zones of Canada.
Canada occupies 1/1.5 of the earth's surface.
The main features of the country is that it has the longest coastline, which is approximately 120 thousand km. The land limits of the Canada-US border are considered the longest unguarded section of the border in the world.
The polar sectors of Canada and Russia are the longest in the world. Canada is a federal state, which includes 10 provinces and 2 federal territories.
The peculiarities of the country is that Canada is one of the few industrialized states, which is recognized as a net exporter of energy resources. The Atlantic coast of Canada has a resource potential, which is expressed in natural gas deposits and large oil and gas fields. Significant reserves of tar sands make Canada the world's second largest oil-producing power after Saudi Arabia.
1. On the map of world religions, determine the adherents of which religions live in Canada. Explain the location of the areas of these religions.
The vast majority of the population of Canada are Christians (mainly Catholics and Protestants), since historically the population of Canada was mostly represented by immigrants from Western Europe: Catholic France and Protestant England.
2. What are the features of the geographical position of Canada?
Canada is the only country that is washed by the waters of three oceans at once: the Arctic, Atlantic and Pacific, and therefore it has the longest coastline in the world. In the south, Canada borders on America, and in the north, thanks to a large number of polar islands (Victoria, Baffin Island, Newfoundland, Devon, Ellesmere, Banks and others), they go 800 kilometers deep beyond the Arctic Circle.
3. How does Canada resemble Russia?
Russia and Canada have long been called twin countries. These two countries are the largest states of the modern world in terms of territory. In terms of natural conditions and wealth of resources, Canada has many similarities with our country, and natural landscapes are very reminiscent of Russian ones. Although our common border is not even a line, but simply a geographical point - the North Pole, where the conditional borders of the Arctic polar sectors of both countries converge - Russia and Canada are considered neighboring countries. In the world, only Russia and Canada have vast undeveloped territories left, where there are many natural resources, but difficult climatic conditions.
4. Choose the correct answers:
1) A distinctive feature of the Canadian economy is the large role of the extractive industries and primary processing industries.
2) In the structure of the manufacturing industry, the leading positions are occupied by the chemical and light industries.
3) In Canada, pipeline transport has received great development.
4) A characteristic feature of Canada is the uneven distribution of the population and economy.
6. What is common and what are the differences in the forms of government in the US and Canada?
The USA and Canada are federal states, however Canada is a constitutional monarchy (kingdom) with a parliamentary system, its monarch is the monarch of the British Commonwealth of Nations, and the USA is a presidential republic.
7. What are the features of the ethnic composition of the US and Canada? What are the similarities between them?
The population of the United States and Canada is represented by a very wide ethnic spectrum, but the national backbone of both countries is formed by people from Western Europe.
8. Name the branches of international economic specialization of the USA and Canada.
Canada is a highly developed country, although its face in the world economy is determined by its specialization in the production and export of mining, forestry, energy, and agricultural products. The face of the United States in the world economy is the automotive industry, electronics, electrical engineering, and the aerospace industry.
9. One of the provinces of Canada is called the "bread basket". What is this province? Why is she called that?
The province of Saskatchewan is called Canada's breadbasket. It is famous for its prairies and wheat fields. Saskatchewan is located in the western part of the country and borders Manitoba, Alberta, the Northwest Territories, and the United States.
10. There is a common expression among Canadians: "Canada has too little history and too much geography." How do you understand it? Can it also be attributed to Australia?
Canada and Australia are young states. They are former British colonies, they cannot boast of a rich history, but their territories are huge. Australia occupies an entire continent and Canada is the second largest country in the world.
Economic and geographical characteristics of the countries of North America on the example of Canada
1.1 Geographic location of Canada
Canada See Appendix 1 is the second largest country in the world (10 million sq. km.), surpassed in size only by Russia. Canada occupies 1/12 of the earth's land and has the longest coastline, equal to 3 equators. Canada is located in North America. It borders the United States to the south and northwest, the US land border being considered the longest unguarded border in the world. The "border" with Russia is the shortest, as it is just a mathematical point - the North Pole, where the borders of the polar sectors of these countries converge. In the north, Canada is washed by the Arctic Ocean. To the northeast by Baffin Bay and Davis Strait, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the west by the Pacific Ocean.
Canada's climate varies from temperate in the south to arctic in the north.
Although most of the land is occupied by lakes and lowlands overgrown with forests, Canada also has mountain ranges, plains and even a small desert. The Great Plains, or prairies, cover Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and parts of Alberta. Now it is the main agricultural land of the country. Western Canada is known for its Rocky Mountains, while to the east are the country's most important cities, as well as Niagara Falls, the Canadian Shield, an ancient mountainous region formed over 2.5 billion years ago. years ago, covers most of the north of the country. In the arctic region, only tundra can be found, which breaks up into islands to the north, covered with ice almost all year round.
The highest point in Canada is Mount Logan at 5,950 meters above sea level.
Physical and geographical position of Canada:
In physical and geographical terms, Canada is divided into five main parts: the Appalachian-Acadian region (southeast of the country), the Canadian Shield, the Interior Lowlands, the Great Plains (in the center) and the Cordillera (in the west). The territory of the country is a complex geological structure, where there are rocks of various ages. Next to the oldest geological formation, which is the Canadian Shield, there are young mountains - the Cordillera.
More than half of the country's territory is occupied by the Laurentian Plateau, which is part of the Canadian Shield. This is the oldest part of Canadian land, covered by a glacier in the recent past and still bearing traces of glaciation: smoothed rocks, moraines, chains of lakes. The plateau is a gently undulating plain. This is the most severe and uninhabited part of the country, but with huge reserves of minerals.
From the north and south, the plateau is surrounded by large lowlands - the Interior Plains, the Laurentian Lowland and the lowlands of the Hudson Strait, which represent a characteristic picture of the Canadian landscape and brought Canada the glory of a country of boundless expanses with favorable natural conditions.
In spring, the boundless expanse of the steppes is covered with a green carpet, in summer - golden, and in winter - a white blanket. Such steppes are mainly located in the southern parts of the provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, which is why these provinces are called steppe. The Laurentian lowland is located in the most favorable climatic conditions - a temperate climate and fertile soils. That is why the main economic region of the country is located here.
In the southeast of the country lie the Appalachian Mountains, an ancient mountain system rich in minerals like our Urals. Their average height does not exceed 600 m. The Appalachians are covered with dense forests. To the northwest of the Appalachians is the Canadian Shield, which consists of granites and gneisses. There are many swamps, lakes, rapids rivers. From the west and south, the shield is bordered by a chain of lakes - from the Great Bear Lake to the Great Lakes. The Canadian Shield Region is a harsh and sparsely populated part of the country.
West of the Canadian Shield are the Great Plains. Their southern part - the Interior Lowlands - is the breadbasket of Canada (75% of the country's cultivated land). In the western part of Canada on the Pacific coast is one of the greatest and most beautiful mountain systems in the world - the Cordillera, stretching for 2.5 thousand km from north to south and 750 km from west to east. Within Canada, they are subdivided into the Rocky Mountains (in the east), the Coast Range (in the west), and the plateau that lies between them. The height of the mountains is 2000-3000 m above sea level. These relatively young mountains are also rich in minerals, most of which are exploited.
Economic and geographical position of Canada:
Canada occupies most of the North of North America. 75% of the territory is the zone of the north. Canada has a common land border with the United States in the south and northwest (between Alaska and Yukon) and stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Arctic Ocean in the north. It also shares maritime borders with France (Saint Pierre and Miquelon) and Denmark (Greenland). Since 1925 Canada has owned part of the Arctic between 60? h.d. and 141? z.d., however, these possessions are not generally recognized.
The USA is a developed state. It ranks fourth in the world in terms of territory. The United States borders in the south with Mexico, and also has a maritime border with Russia. The US has the largest economy in the world. Many natural resources, including energy and raw materials. High-tech production. Developed scientific research. The service sector is well developed and the industry is competitive.
The country's transport system includes more than 1.1 million kilometers of roads, ten major international and about three hundred regional and local airports, 72,093 kilometers of railways and more than 300 commercial seaports providing access to the waters of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Arctic oceans. , the waters of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River. In 2005, the country's transport sector revenue accounted for 4.2% of Canada's GDP, up 0.5% from oil and natural gas revenues.
Canada can be divided into 7 physiographic regions. Arctic mountains. Most of Ellesmere Island and the northeast coast of Baffin Island is occupied by a series of high mountains and steep slopes. This region is high latitude and extremely cold. The surface is bound by permafrost, in most of the territory - ice sheets.
Laurentian (Canadian) shield. The territory of this region is characterized by outcrops of ancient crystalline bedrocks. Local landforms are a legacy of the Ice Age. As the massive ice sheets retreated northward, they cleared and smoothed the surface. There are thousands of lakes within this area, with Hudson Bay in the center. The entire region, which has the shape of a circle, covers almost half of Canada (4.6 million km). The area is extremely rich in mineral resources; deposits of almost all elements of the periodic table have been found here.
Appalachian mountains. The Maritime Provinces and the insular Newfoundland represent the northernmost edge of the Appalachian system, which runs through the eastern United States into Canada. This is a mountainous region of ancient rocks.
Interior Plains. Bordering the Canadian Shield to the west, this region of plains and gently undulating terrain extends from the United States into the Steppe Provinces and continues northwest to the Pacific coast. The Canadian Shield and the Interior Plains are an area of low relief that covers approximately 60% of Canada and the United States.
The Rocky Mountains rise sharply along the western edge of the Interior Plains. In contrast to the gently undulating plains, the Rocky Mountains have peaks often exceeding 3,000 meters.
Intermountain regions. To the west is a relatively narrow corridor of plateaus and valleys that separates the Rocky Mountains from the mountain ranges along the Pacific coast. This area, extremely complex in geological terms, is a labyrinth of plateaus, low ridges and valleys.
Pacific mountain system. The western edge of the continent is a mountainous country stretching from Alaska through the Yukon Territory and British Columbia to the Sierra Nevada in Southern California.
The climatic regions of Canada and Russia are very similar. In the North, the tundra region extends from the Canadian archipelago through the Ungava Peninsula east of Hudson Bay and ends on the Atlantic coast of Newfoundland. South of the tundra is a vast subarctic climate region running from the Yukon and the Northwest Territories east across the country to Hudson Bay and continuing into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In the south, this zone reaches the northern shore of Lake Superior. To the south of the subarctic belt there is an area of humid continental climate, spreading through the southern part of the Steppe provinces and through the Great Lakes region to the Maritime provinces. However, all natural zones in Canada are shifted to the south compared to Russia (especially its European part). The fact is that instead of the warm Gulf Stream, its eastern shores are washed by the cold Labrador Current, and the North Pole, according to scientists, in the distant past was located on the territory of present-day Canada, where the Earth's north magnetic pole still remains. Here in much more southern latitudes than ours - sometimes even in Montreal! - you can see the northern lights. The climate in Montreal is about the same as in Moscow, although Montreal, like the capital, Ottawa, is located at the latitude of Simferopol. And at the latitude of Moscow in eastern Canada - already the tundra. As in Russia, approximately 70% of Canada's territory is usually attributed to the region of the North.
Political and geographical position of Canada:
Canada is a federal state that occupies most of the mainland of North America and the adjacent numerous islands. Today, Canada is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system, a bilingual and multicultural country where English and French are recognized as official languages at the federal level.
It is washed by the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic oceans, borders on the USA in the south and in the northwest, with Denmark (Greenland) and France (Saint Pierre and Miquelon) in the northeast. Canada's border with the United States is the longest common border in the world. Capital of Canada Ottawa.
Over the past 60 years, Canada has become an advocate for diversity, working with other countries to resolve international conflicts.
As a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Canada has a non-nuclear defensive military. There are currently 62,000 permanent military personnel in service and 26,000 personnel in reserve. The Canadian armed forces are made up of infantry, navy and air force. Most of the armament includes 1,500 infantry fighting vehicles, 34 warships and 861 aircraft.
Canada participated in the First and Second World Wars on the side of the Allies. She also participated in the Korean War on the side of the United States. Canada has been active in international missions under UN and NATO command since 1950, including peacekeeping operations, various missions in the former Yugoslavia, and supported Coalition forces in the 1st Gulf War. Since 2001, Canada has had a contingent in Afghanistan in partnership with the US Stabilization Force and the NATO International Force, supported by the UN. The emergency response team participated in three important rescue operations following the December 2004 tsunami in Southeast Asia, after Hurricane Katrina in September 2005 on the American coast, and after the October 2005 Kashmir earthquake.
Canada consists of ten provinces and three territories See Appendix 2. The newest administrative unit of Canada is the Nunavut Territory (created in 1999).
The provinces are states that exist under the Canadian constitution and have supreme power within their jurisdiction, independent of the federal government.
The Canadian territories are administrative divisions administered by the Canadian federal Parliament, which, by ordinary law, grants certain powers to their local administrations.
The ten modern provinces are: Alberta, British Columbia, Quebec, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Ontario, Prince Edward Island and Saskatchewan. Three territories: Nunavut, Northwest Territories and Yukon.
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State in the composition. Commonwealth - ten provinces and three territories. Capital -. Ottawa
EGP
. Canada belongs to the highly developed countries and ranks seventh in terms of industrial production among the most developed countries in the world
Canada is located in the northern part. North. America and occupies 2/5 of its territory. In terms of area, it is the second country in the world after. Russia. It is washed by the waters of three oceans: Northern. Arctic in the north and. Quiet in the west and. The Atlantic in the east has an extremely long maritime border, which is almost 120 thousand km. Coasts are of the greatest importance for the formation of economic ties. Atlantic Ocean and in particular the estuary of the river. Saint. Lawrence. In the West. Canada is washed by the waters. Pacific Ocean. The production potential of this region is growing every year due to the development of external relations and with. USA and countries. Eastern. Asia. Asia.
Canada has a land border only with. USA. The direct neighborhood with this country has influenced the fact that they are interconnected and complement each other. The US is the main trading partner. Canada, what does. EGP. P. Canada is relatively beneficial to them.
Population
Today the population. 1/3 of Canada is formed by immigrants. Natural population growth - 6 per 1000 people
The average life expectancy is over 77 years. More than 10% of the population is over 65 years old, and their proportion continues to grow
modern population. Canada was formed mainly from immigrants - immigrants from European countries. Indigenous people - Indians (1 million people) and Eskimos (50 thousand people) had very little influence on the formation. Canadian Coy nation. basis of the population. Canada is made up of Anglo Canadians (about 58% of the country's population) and French Canadians (31% of the population). A large number of immigrants from Germany,. Italy, Ukraine. Official languages - English and French French Canadians inhabiting the province. Quebec and from time to time put forward demands for the creation of a French-Canadian state Ukrainian make up 10% of the population of the province. Manitoba and 8% -. Saskacheva n (only about 1 million people).
The average population density in. Canada is one of the lowest in the world - a little more than three people per 1 km2. In the river valley. Saint. Lawrence and on the inter-zero plain it reaches 160 people per 1 km2. In the north, because of the badlands, there are two people for every 100 km2. Two-thirds of the population is concentrated in the lakeside parts, and 90% lives in the strip adjacent to the border with. USA.
The level of urbanization is 80%. The process of suburbanization is intensively developing. Today it is the great administrative, financial, commercial, transport, scientific and cultural centers of the country. Toronto,. Montreal,. Ottawa,. Vancouver. Edmonton,. Calgary. Winnipeg.
About 75% of the country's population is employed in the service sector
Natural conditions and resources
By diversity and total reserves of mineral resources. Canada occupies one of the leading places in the world. In its bowels there are large deposits of energy, ore and non-metallic minerals zokre rema, it ranks fifth in the world in terms of coal reserves, has significant deposits of oil and gas. Significant deposits of these types of hydrocarbon fuels have been discovered in the foothills. Cordillera. Canada is rich in uranium ores, which make up 2/5 of their reserves in the developed countries of the world.
On the territory of the state there are significant deposits of ore minerals; which are concentrated both within the Canadian crystalline shield and in the mountains. Cordillera. Particularly significant are the reserves of iron ores and various non-ferrous metal ores (especially nickel, polymetallic ores, copper, titanium, and other non-ferrous metals).
. Canada has the world's largest reserves of non-metallic minerals, namely potassium salts, which is an important prerequisite for the production of potash fertilizers here. Canada has significant deposits of a variety of building materials
In general, the territory of the country is still insufficiently developed, and its subsoil, especially in the northern regions, has been poorly explored. Recently, the state has been investing heavily in the economic development of the northern territories.
Canada has vast water resources spanning. Great lakes and rivers. St. Lawrence,. Mackenzie. Yukon,. Nelson. There are significant reserves of fresh water in the central and especially in the northern regions. Canada, where there are many freshwater lakes and full-flowing rivers. But the poor development of these regions does not contribute to the use of the water resources available here. There are many mountain rivers in Canada, so there are large reserves of hydroresources.
Approximately half (43%) of the territory. Canada is covered with forests, most of which are located in areas accessible for development. In terms of forest reserves (about 20% of the world). Canada ranks third in the world n after. Russia and. Brazil.
Variety of natural conditions. Canada is defined by its geographic location. Territory. Canada stretches from south to north for 4600 km and is located in the temperate, subarctic and arctic zones. C. From east to west, it stretches for 5200 km and is located in six time zones. Territory. Canada covers many islands and peninsulas, which are still little developed and are characterized by extreme climatic conditions. The main elements of the relief are. Appalachian mountains. Cordillera and located between them. Laurentian Upland with adjacent lowlands.
Only the southern regions. Canada has favorable soil and climatic conditions for the development of agriculture. hinders this development. The Great Plains have insufficient rainfall (250-500 mm per year). For the most part. Canadian soils are podzolic, in the south - gray forest, chernozem and chestnut 15% of the country's territory is suitable for cultivation. Almost 70 million hectares are used in agriculture.
