Dmitry Roaldovich Baranovsky is a versatile person, constantly striving for self-improvement. He is distinguished by high efficiency, the desire to bring what he started to the end, adherence to principles and an active life position.
Born October 01, 1969 in Moscow. After graduating from high school in 1986, he entered the flight school. Then he was drafted into the ranks of the Soviet Army. He began military service in the training unit of the Airborne Forces under the command of the Hero of the Soviet Union A.P. Soluyanov. (Uzbekistan, Ferghana), after which he expressed a desire to serve in Afghanistan. Further service was held in the 9th company of the 345th separate airborne regiment under the command of the Hero of the Soviet Union Vostrotin V.A., about which director Bondarchuk F.S. made a feature film of the same name. After the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan, he took part in the settlement of ethnic conflicts in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. He was awarded by the government of the DRA with the medal "From the grateful Afghan people" (1989).
After demobilization, Dmitry actively engaged in entrepreneurial activities. In the period 1990-1995. worked first as a department head, and later as a marketing director at the American Travel Club travel company. In parallel with work, Dmitry continued his education, enrolling in the evening department of the Academy of National Economy. G.V. Plekhanov (1991-1995). Subsequently, Dmitry Roaldovich held senior positions in various commercial and state-owned companies, proving himself to be an effective manager.
* 1995-1996 - Executive Director of the JSC "Russian Mech" (Moscow).
* 1996-1998 - Deputy General Director of the State Unitary Enterprise "Moscow Autoservice Production Enterprise".
* Since July 1999 - Vice-President of the consulting company LLC International Group Sigma (since January 2003 - LLC Sigma-Consulting).
* Since September 2004 - Deputy General Director of the defense enterprise RATEP OJSC (Almaz-Antey air defense holding).
* 2006 - 2009 - served as Deputy Director for Development of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "NIISK named after Academician S.V. Lebedev" (St. Petersburg).
Despite the high workload, Dmitry Baranovsky continued his education, having completed an MBA course at the Higher Commercial School of the Ministry of Economic Development in 2001. In 2004, he defended his Ph.D. thesis in economics.
Dmitry Roaldovich Baranovsky is a versatile person, constantly striving for self-improvement. He is distinguished by high efficiency, the desire to bring what he started to the end, adherence to principles and an active life position. He inherited these qualities from his grandfather, an outstanding geneticist, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, laureate of the Lenin Prize, Hero of Socialist Labor Rapoport I.A. (http://www.rapoport-genetika.ru/course/war/?id=52).
In addition to work, Dmitry Baranovsky is actively involved in public life and is involved in charity work. He is the 1st Deputy Chairman of the Council of the Moscow City Branch of the All-Russian Public Organization of Veterans "Combat Brotherhood", Deputy Chairman of the Board of the Interregional Public Organization "Justice", and a member of the initiative group to create a Public Council for the conservation and restoration of the cultural and natural complex on Solovki.
Dmitry Roaldovich is an Orthodox and deeply religious person. At his own expense, he helps to restore Orthodox churches.
churches in a number of villages in the Pskov and Vologda regions, with his active participation, the process of restoring the Orthodox-historical complex of the Patriarchal Compound in Sokolniki (Church of the Nativity of John the Baptist in Sokolniki) began, on the basis of which a Center for Spiritual and Patriotic Education of Youth is being created. Baranovsky participated in the organization of the spiritual and patriotic action "Solovki Candle" and the annual festival of classical music "Musical Quarter" in Moscow on City Day.
Dmitry Roaldovich devotes a lot of time and effort to military-patriotic activities. He actively participated in organizing charity events for the children of South Ossetia and sports competitions in the city of Grozny. He provided assistance to the Moscow Center for the Rehabilitation of Combat Disabled Persons (Cheshire House), the Office of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation for Perpetuating the Memory of the Fallen Defenders of the Fatherland, and the Military Memorial Center of the Russian Armed Forces. Participated in the organization of the Airborne Forces Day in the Russian capital. Dmitry Baranovsky is working on the creation of the Center for Military Patriotic Education on the basis of the school museum in secondary school No. 780 in Moscow, the Museum of the Airborne Forces and Special Forces named after. Hero of the Soviet Union V.F. Margelov. Actively participated in the organization of commemorative events “Candle of Memory. June 22”, mini-football tournament GOS “Vympel” in August 2009. Thanks to Dmitry Baranovsky, an agreement was reached with the leading Russian company "HeadHunter" on the employment of veterans and invalids of military operations, charitable events "Mobile Veteran" and "Preferential Internet" for veterans of the WWII "Combat Brotherhood" were organized, helped in the creation of monuments to the fallen soldiers of Sergiev Posad OMON in the city of Segiev Posad and at the site of the death of policemen in the Zavodskoy district of Grozny. Baranovsky provides patronage assistance to law enforcement agencies and, in particular, to the 46th brigade of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, stationed in the Republic of Chechnya, he himself has repeatedly visited hot spots in the North Caucasus.
For his active work, Dmitry Roaldovich Baranovsky was repeatedly awarded state and departmental awards:
* Medal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation "200 years of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia" (2002)
* Medal of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation "For military valor" II degree (2004)
* Medal of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation "For Labor Valor" (2006)
* Medal of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation "For Strengthening the Combat Commonwealth" (2006)
* Medal of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation "General of the Army Margelov" (2007)
* Medal of the Federal Penitentiary Service "For Contribution to the Development of the Criminal Correctional System of Russia" (2008)
* Medal of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation "For merits in perpetuating the memory of the fallen defenders of the fatherland" (2008)
Dmitry Roaldovich is married and has two daughters. He is still fond of sports, preferring extreme sports (skydiving, mountaineering, alpine skiing). By nature, he is restrained, purposeful, but in resolving controversial issues he is able to show firmness. Mindset - analytical, good organizer. Dmitry Baranovsky leads an ascetic lifestyle, studies religious literature, philosophy, is truly an erudite in matters of history and socio-political topics, is fond of classical music.
"Respect for the Past"
this is the line that
separates culture from barbarism"
(A. S. Pushkin)
In the modern world, a lot of money is spent on erasing the historical memory, feelings of patriotism, moral frequency, and spirituality from the Russian people. Ivan-mi, who do not remember kinship, is easier to control, turning into zombies. And bet on youth. It is not easy to resist this massive anti-culture, but it must be done.
In the recent past, in memory of important historical events, people erected monuments, temples, and thus wrote the stone chronicle as the most durable. Many historical whirlwinds flew over Russia, sweeping away even stone structures and leaving ruins. And you have to be a true ascetic in order to set the goal of your life to preserve architectural monuments, the very historical memory - bit by bit to restore what has been lost. Such is the share of restorers. Among such ascetics of the Russian land, the name of my countryman Pyotr Dmitrievich Baranovsky deserves to be occupied.
Pyotr Dmitrievich was born in February 1892 in the village of Shuisky, Vyazemsky district, Smolensk province, in the family of a landless peasant artisan. Childhood and youth passed in the vicinity of Dorogobuzh. He graduated from the Moscow Construction and Technical School in 1912, and then in 1918. - Moscow Archaeological Institute, Department of Art History. Because of those who came in 1917. social upheavals and military events, the activity of Petr Dmitrievich was transformed into a noble and life-giving work to save and preserve monuments of material culture. In his autobiography, P.D. Baranovsky reported about himself:
1918 was appointed head of the restoration of the Yaroslavl architectural monuments.
1922 - entrusted with the organization of the museum in Kolomenskoye, until 1933. was a director, conducted research and restoration work on architectural monuments.
In 1934 repressed by the Collegium of the OGPU on April 2, 1934. under article 58 p. 10.11 and sent to the Siberian camp in the city of Mariinsk, where he was appointed assistant to the head of the construction department. In 1936 he was released ahead of schedule.
In 1937 invited as the scientific director of restoration work at the Trinity-Sergius Lavra Museum in the city of Zagorsk (now the city of Sergiev Posad).
From 1938-1941. led restoration work in the Caucasus. For his activities during the Great Patriotic War, he received government awards: by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated 5.6.1945. Medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War" n dated May 2, 1946. Medal "For the Defense of Moscow"
In 1945 he was invited to the Institute of History of the Academy of Science of the USSR as a senior fellow.
Behind the lines of his autobiography, the life that P.D. Baranovsky put on the altar of the Fatherland, all without a trace.
Looking at the map of cities and villages, where the hand and soul of P. D. Baranovsky touched the monuments of architecture, you wonder how you can do so much in one life. No less would be the list of objects of restoration with the participation of Baranovsky and his students in the capital of our Motherland - Moscow. He saved the Kazan Cathedral. Thanks to the drawings made by Peter Dmitrievich, the temple, destroyed in the 30s, was restored and lit in 1994.
P. D. Baranovsky restored 80 architectural monuments during his long life, studied more than 70 monuments. It was a romantic from the restoration.
In my opinion, the architectural appearance of my native city of Vyazma is determined by a unique architectural monument - a three-hipped stone temple of Hodegetria Ioanno - the Predtechensky Monastery, built in the 17th century.
The marvelous appearance of Hodegetria is the calling card of our city. Care for its preservation in the fate of P. D. Baranovsky can be traced throughout his life, since the uniqueness of the monument is great. He compared the Temple of Hodegetria with the Moscow Church of the Nativity of the Mother of God in Putinki, but considered it to be "offering". The Divnaya Church, similar in architecture, has been preserved in Uglich. In terms of elegance and mastery of stone work, Hodegetria surpasses even St. Basil's Cathedral in Moscow. You can read about this in the novel essay "Pa-myat" by V. Chivilikhin. Back in 1912, 1920, 1943. Baranovsky completed the measurement and restoration project of the Hodegetria temple. In 1963-1964. a technical working project was completed, research and implementation of work on the conservation and restoration of Hodegetria. In 1976 - 1980. the restoration of Hodegetria was carried out under the direct supervision of P.D. Baranovsky.
Today's magnificent view of the temple enchants everyone before whose eyes it appears. And old photographs show how time has affected the architectural monument.
In Smolensk, P.D. Baranovsky resurrected the ancient temples of the 12th century: the Archangel Michael (Svirskaya Church), the Church of Peter and Paul, took part in the restoration of the Church of St. John the Theologian.
One of the great deeds of Peter Dmitrievich was the creation of the first open-air museum in the country - Kolomenskoye. Almost all the historical buildings of Kolomenskoye were restored with the participation of Baranovsky.
However, soon Pyotr Dmitrievich incurred the displeasure of the authorities. Too zealously, he advocated the preservation of churches, monasteries, chapels, which were now considered "hotbeds of obscurantism." Despite all efforts, Baranovsky could not defend the Kazan Church on Red Square - it was demolished. But before that, Peter Dmitrievich carefully measured the entire building, and thanks to his drawings, the temple was recreated in 1993.
The demolition of the Kazan Church did not end the matter. On Red Square, which has become the site of proletarian demonstrations, there is no place for churches - this is how the government decided. It was decided to demolish the greatest monument of architecture - St. Basil's Cathedral. Pyotr Dmitrievich, with all his energy, tried to oppose this decision, turning to all instances; he even sent a telegram to Stalin himself - and was under investigation for anti-Soviet activities. Baranovsky was convicted and sentenced to exile in Siberia. Before leaving, he was allowed to see his wife. Peter Dmitrievich's first question was about St. Basil's Cathedral. Having learned that the temple was still intact, Pyotr Dmitrievich left for the place of detention with a calm heart.
After serving his term, Baranovsky returns to Moscow. In the post-war years, he was engaged in the Andronikov Monastery. This ancient monastery, where the brilliant Andrei Rublev worked, was badly damaged in the first years of Soviet power: there was a colony for homeless children in it, and the entire monastery cemetery, including Rublev's grave, was destroyed. Pyotr Dmitrievich managed to find a slab from the grave of Andrei Rublev and establish the exact date of his death.
Wherever P.D. Baranovsky was: in the North, saving the monuments of wooden architecture (the result is an open-air museum in Kolomenskoye) or in exile in Siberia, his soul returned to the cradle of the fate of the architect-restorer - to Boldino. His first work was connected with the Boldin Monastery near Dorogobuzh. Monastery founded in 1530. Gerasim Boldinsky and erected by the famous stone master Fyodor Kon, fascinated P.D. Baranovsky at the age of 12, when he visited there with his father. And at the age of 19, in 1911, on behalf of the Moscow Archaeological Society, he began to measure and study the monuments of the Boldin Monastery. In 1943 the architectural ensemble of the monastery was blown up by the German invaders. In 1963-1964. Baranovsky drew up a working project for the conservation of the ruins.
It can be said about Baranovsky that he is the founder of the Russian practical school of restoration. He highly appreciated the achievements of the Russian building school. From 1923 to 1962, he collected information about 1,700 master builders and construction managers from the 15th to the 17th centuries, including several architects of an earlier period (from the 12th century).
Baranovsky formulated the principles that have become the norm and the law for the restorers of Russia:
— the fate of a monument is determined by its historical and artistic significance;
– practical measures for the preservation and use of the monument can be carried out only by decision of the scientific collegiate body (scientific and methodological council);
– the restoration of the monument is possible only with full scientific justification;
- monuments are preserved for familiarization and study by the broad masses of the population;
Museum use is the most democratic form of adaptation of a monument.
These provisions existed in our country several decades earlier than the scientific international community legitimized them in a special document, in the so-called Venice Charter, adopted in May 1964 in Venice at the II International Congress of Specialists in the Preservation of Structures and Monuments.
The active ascetic life of Petr Dmitrievich always attracted many good, talented people to him. Thus, his student A.M. Ponomarev, who chose restoration and architecture as his life's work. He recalled Baranovsky: “I think he was with God all his life. It is unlikely that he was a church person, I have never seen him praying, and I don’t remember him being baptized when entering a functioning church. But with his whole life and service to the cause, perhaps more than any of our compatriots, he worked to save Christian culture.
The Trinity Cathedral in Boldino rises from the ruins, and the Vvedensky Church, the bell tower shine with their splendor, monastic life goes on as usual, but there is still a lot to do for young hands and souls.
The personality of P.D.Baranovsky, as well as the architectural monuments he saved, was unique. The greatest modesty, vast and deep knowledge in various fields (architecture, archeology, history, geology, materials science) amazed many. He was persistent, tireless and firm when questions concerned the preservation of monuments. Acquaintance with P.D. Baranovsky during his lifetime determined their fate for many. So it was with Viktor Evgenievich Kulakov, to whom we owe the second birth of the Khmelita estate in the Vyazemsky district.
Died P.D. Baranovsky June 12, 1984, buried in the Donskoy Monastery in Moscow. It is noteworthy that the Phoenix bird is depicted on the monument on his grave in the form of a stone block (as on the coat of arms of the city of Vyazma, Smolensk), it symbolizes the revival, I hope, of both historical memory and Russia.
“His asceticism is an example of serving the Fatherland,” is written on a memorial plaque in the homeland of P. D. Baranovsky in the village of Shuisky, these words summed up the whole life and work of P. D. Baranovsky, architect, restorer, archaeologist, historian - man .
Baranovsky Petr Dmitrievich (1892-1990), Russian researcher and restorer of architectural monuments. He developed new methods of restoration, restored monuments destroyed during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45 (the Pyatnitskaya Church in Chernigov), in the process of reconstructing Moscow, he saved masterpieces of Russian architecture from destruction (including St. Basil's Cathedral, the ensemble of the Krutitsy Compound, etc. ); According to the most accurate architectural measurements of Baranovsky, the Church of the Kazan Mother of God was restored in Moscow, and other demolished buildings are also being restored.
Baranovsky Pyotr Dmitrievich, Russian explorer and architect-restorer who recreated many completely destroyed architectural monuments; outstanding scientist in the field of architectural archeology, archeography, history of architecture, author of universal methodologies for the restoration of lost elements of ancient buildings.
Studies. Work during World War I
After leaving school in 1911 he went to Moscow, where he entered the Moscow Construction and Technical School. In 1912, twenty-year-old Pyotr Baranovsky was awarded the gold medal of the Russian Archaeological Society for the project of restoring the Boldin Monastery near Dorogobuzh, built by the famous Russian architect Fyodor Kon.
After graduating from college, Baranovsky serves as an assistant architect at the Tula iron-smelting plant, in the Construction Department of the Central Asian Railway in Ashgabat, and at the same time studies at the art history department of the Moscow Archaeological Institute.
During the First World War, mobilized into the engineering squad, with the rank of second lieutenant, he served as the head of the team that built fortifications on the Western Front.
In the first post-revolutionary years, Baranovsky explores, measures, photographs, partially restores or draws up projects for the restoration and renovation of Russian architectural monuments in Uglich, Rostov the Great, Mologa, Zvenigorod, the village of Elizarov, Yaroslavl Region, Arkhangelsk, and also participates in large expeditions in the Russian North. During his life, Baranovsky made ten expeditions to the North - along the White Sea coast, Onega, the Northern Dvina, Pinega, Novgorod, Solovki, and Karelia.
In the spring of 1918, having graduated from the Moscow Archaeological Institute with a gold medal, he wrote a dissertation on the monuments of the Boldin Monastery.
Post-war work
In 1918, after returning from the front, Baranovsky proposed a project for the liberation of the Kitai-Gorod wall from outbuildings that distorted it. In the autumn of the same year, the restoration of the unique monuments of the Yaroslavl Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery, destroyed and burned during the civil war, began.
In the same years, Baranovsky met I. E. Grabar, who launched restoration work in the Kremlin. He includes Pyotr Dmitrievich in the composition of the Kremlin restoration commission.
At the first opportunity, Baranovsky begins the restoration of his beloved Church of the Epiphany in Boldino. Here, for the first time, he uses the method of restoring decorative decoration on the remaining "tail" parts of the bricks. Taking the size of a brick as a module, Baranovsky restores the hewn window openings of the refectory chamber with a high degree of accuracy. So for the first time he applied the method, which today has become a truism for architects-restorers.
Work in Kolomenskoye
In 1920, Baranovsky, at the Academic Council of the Central State Restoration Workshops, made a report “On the Tasks of Organizing an Outdoor Museum of Russian Wooden Architecture in Kolomenskoye”. For ten years, being the director of the museum organized at his suggestion, he has been restoring the churches of the Ascension in the village of Kolomenskoye and St. John the Baptist in the village of Dyakovo (16th century).
Here Baranovsky for the first time implements the idea of concentrating authentic masterpieces of Russian wooden architecture in the open air. Six monuments brought from the White Sea and other places laid the foundation for a unique museum.
Restoration of the Golitsyn Palace
In 1923, Baranovsky made a remarkable discovery in Moscow: under the unremarkable plastered facade of a two-story house in Okhotny Ryad, the researcher discovers the rich stone decor of the palace of the favorite of Tsarina Sofya Alekseevna, Vasily Golitsyn. For five years of painstaking restoration work, a luxurious palace (1658) in the Moscow Baroque style was returned to Moscow in its original form. Along with the palace, the Church of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa was also restored, built a year later and also in the Moscow baroque style. Later, according to the project for the reconstruction of the center of Moscow, the Golitsyn Palace and the Church of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa were destroyed.
In 1923, as part of a scientific expedition, Baranovsky ended up in Solovki, where a concentration camp was organized in an ancient monastery. The restorer takes measurements of the cathedral, the refectory, the White Tower, and the fortress walls.
Restoration of the Kazan Cathedral
Since 1925, Baranovsky has been engaged in the restoration of the Kazan Cathedral (17th century), located on Red Square in Moscow, restoring its original appearance. This cathedral, built on the initiative and at the expense of the leader of Russian soldiers and militia Dmitry Pozharsky, was a monument to the war of 1612.
Baranovsky believed that the Kazan Cathedral was built according to the design of Fyodor Kon. The time of construction of the temple coincided with the last years of the life of the Russian architect. Patriarch Filaret consecrated the cathedral on October 22, 1625. There is evidence that after the fire of 1630, the Kazan Cathedral was restored by Fyodor Kon's disciple, Ambrosim Maximov. Being an admirer of the work of Fyodor Kon, Baranovsky in this monument felt the spirit and hand of the great architect. Having tied himself with a rope, like a rock climber, he examined all the rows of kokoshniks and all the architectural details. Moving along the domed drum, he opened the ancient architectural forms from layers and carefully examined, restoring the lost.
In 1930, the restoration was suspended due to the fact that the Moscow Council was considering the demolition of the Kazan Cathedral and the Resurrection (Iberian) Gates, but at that moment the cathedral survived. It was demolished after six years.
In 1933 Baranovsky was repressed (he served a 3-year sentence and exile). In the camp, the restorer creates an agricultural museum, builds a power plant.
After early release (May 1936) without the right to reside in Moscow, he lives in the city of Alexandrov, Vladimir Region. Every day at 17.30 he was supposed to report to the detective, and yet, at the risk of being late for registration, every day he takes the first train to Moscow to Red Square, where he takes measurements of the dismantled Kazan Cathedral.
All this time, Baranovsky does not leave his cherished dream of creating an extensive open-air museum in Kolomenskoye and submits a note “Program and scientific method for organizing a museum town of folk architecture” to the presidium of the USSR Academy of Architecture.
During the Great Patriotic War
In 1941, living in Moscow on "bird's rights" (working under temporary certificates of the Academy of Architecture of the USSR), he became the initiator of the use of vaulted premises to shelter people and art treasures from bombardments.
Later, the Academy of Architecture was evacuated from Moscow. Baranovsky's stay in the capital became completely illegal, and he leaves for Ivanovo, where he becomes an inspector for the protection of monuments in the region, which until 1944 included Suzdal, Vladimir, Yuryev-Polskaya.
In the same years, he became an expert of the Extraordinary State Commission for the Investigation of the Atrocities of the Nazis in the Occupied Territory of the USSR. As part of this commission, he travels to Smolensk, Vitebsk, Polotsk, Kyiv, Chernigov.
In Chernigov, where Baranovsky arrives on September 23, 1943, a day after the liberation of the city, he is engaged in the restoration of the Cathedral of the Pyatnitsky Monastery, barbarously destroyed by bombing. For almost 20 years of his life, Baranovsky has been studying and restoring Chernihiv Friday, returning it to its original appearance. Only in 1962 these works, which opened a new chapter in the history of Russian architecture, were completed.
Spaso-Andronikov Monastery
Having received in February 1944 the post of head of the restoration department of the GUOP, Baranovsky was finally able to obtain a Moscow residence permit, which gave him the opportunity to continue the restoration of monuments. One of them was the Spaso-Andronikov Monastery, which was in a deplorable state after the war. At that time, there was not enough housing in Moscow, and all the buildings of the monastery were occupied by communal apartments. Baranovsky and his like-minded people ensured that in 1947, by a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the territory of the monastery was declared a museum-reserve. The grand opening of the Andrei Rublev Museum took place in 1960, when the 600th anniversary of the birth of the great painter was celebrated.
Restoration of the Krutitsy Compound
Since 1947, Baranovsky has been engaged in the restoration and restoration of the complex of monuments of the Krutitsy Compound - the former residence of the Metropolitan of Zaraisk and Podonsk. The Krutitsy Compound is a complex of various architectural monuments of the late 16th century: picturesque chambers, temples, bell towers, porches, passages and the fabulous “Krutitskiy Terem” of the late 17th century. The Krutitsa restoration project was ready by the beginning of 1950, after which Baranovsky has been engaged in its restoration and restoration for many years.
Rescue of monuments
In 1960-1962, as the author of the project for the restoration of the Pyatnitskaya Church, he worked in Chernigov as the chief architect of the republican scientific and production workshop of the Gosstroy of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1961, he participated in the work of the commission that dealt with the fate of the chambers of the icon painter Simon Ushakov (in Moscow) - they interfered with the construction of new buildings of the Central Committee of the CPSU and were about to be demolished. The chambers adapted for housing by this time were in a catastrophic state. Thanks to Baranovsky, who took care of Simon Ushakov's chambers from the 1920s, they were preserved and restored.
Baranovsky also tried to save the fortress tower in Zaryadye near the Church of the Conception of Anna in the Corner, but unsuccessfully, but he managed to save this church itself, along with the archaeological remains of the fortress wall, as well as all the churches and chambers along Varvarka Street.
By this time, an alarming situation had developed with the preservation and protection of historical and cultural monuments. There was news about the dismantling of churches in Suzdal, Vladimir, Pskov and other cities. Petr Dmitrievich initiated a meeting with Minister of Culture Furtseva. It was at the end of 1964, when old buildings were being destroyed in full swing in Moscow and the Moscow region in anticipation of the approval of a new master plan for reconstruction. On the part of the Minister of Culture, Baranovsky did not meet with understanding - everything "that hinders the construction of communist cities" should be demolished.
In 1965, the Government of the RSFSR decided to establish the All-Russian Voluntary Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments (VOOPIIK). Peru Baranovsky owns the first charter of the Society. In 1966, he set about organizing a restoration workshop in Krutitsy at the Moscow branch of the VOPIIiK.
Last years
In the late 1970s, Baranovsky's eyesight deteriorated sharply, but he continued to actively work on the restoration of the Krutitsy Compound. It was here that his 75th, 80th, 85th anniversaries were celebrated. The ninetieth birthday of Pyotr Dmitrievich was already celebrated in the Novodevichy Convent, where he lived most of his life (since 1939), where he died in the building of hospital wards. He was buried in the Donskoy Monastery. The most valuable archive, collected over many years, he transferred (during his lifetime) to the State Museum of Architecture. A. V. Shchuseva.
There is a famous story - either a tale or a true story - about how Lazar Kaganovich, the ideological inspirer of the general reconstruction of Moscow, removed St. Basil's Cathedral from the model of Red Square, but Comrade Stalin gently asked his zealous ally to put the cathedral "in place".
The extended version of this story has many faces, like a folk epic about a miracle hero: they say that they were already going to demolish the temple, even the equipment was adjusted, but there was a certain restorer Pyotr Baranovsky, who climbed into the bucket of an excavator (option: he stole the keys to the cathedral and barricaded himself there), who sent telegrams to Stalin demanding not to destroy the monument, as well as threatening to commit suicide if the temple was nevertheless demolished. Threats had an effect on the leader, and St. Basil's Cathedral was saved.
So Petr Dmitrievich Baranovsky became part of the hundredth legend about Stalin. Few people know today that Baranovsky himself is a legendary man. He was not a miracle hero: thin, even frail, with a hoarse, muffled voice, with poor, very poor eyesight. Neither ranks, nor titles, nor services to the Soviet fatherland - do not consider the salvation of ancient churches in the era of almost victorious socialism as such. So Baranovsky did not refute the legends about his methods of influencing leaders and officials, and he even initiated some, like the wonderful story of the salvation of St. Basil's Cathedral: he told this particular story already in the 1960s to the well-known journalist Peskov, who published it in an all-Union newspaper , so the legend went to the people. And the legendary reputation sometimes helps to win the battle even before it starts.
Few knew the bitter truth about the battles lost. When in 1936 the Kazan Cathedral and the Iberian Gates with a chapel were demolished from the same Red Square, Baranovsky himself was already serving time in the camps - by no means a mythical price that he paid for a conflict with the authorities. But he never threatened suicide - what was not, that was not. “Nonsense, they would only be happy if I committed suicide,” recalled the words of Baranovsky, his student, restorer Alexander Ponomarev. And there would not have been enough lives for all the objects that Pyotr Dmitrievich saved and defended. What he could not save, he measured, photographed, sketched. Every time risking his life - in the truest sense of the word.
There are even more versions of the reasons for the arrest, recorded according to Baranovsky. The most popular is a direct conflict with Kaganovich over the demolition of St. Basil's Cathedral. By and large, the arrest for any of the listed reasons was natural according to the logic of that time.
Pyotr Dmitrievich spent the next three years in a camp in Mariinsk, Kemerovo Region. “Three years of camps fade, despite all the difficulties, before the nightmarish tragedy of interrogations, skillful deceit, sick consciousness and moral torture experienced in the inner prison,” Baranovsky wrote in a letter to the KGB from 1964, when the process of his rehabilitation will go on.
Indeed, it was not the camp that became Baranovsky's most painful memory of those times. During interrogations, the investigator tortured him with reports of destroyed monuments and arrested friends. The transfer to the camp was a relief.
Baranovsky later laughed that he received the best reference from the head of the camp. In exile, he worked as an assistant to the head of the construction unit. Architects in the camps have always been valued, they had an undoubted chance to survive there. Baranovsky continued to work as a builder and architect in Mariinsk, in particular, he built the building of the agricultural museum. For exemplary work, they knocked off his term - they gave him six years, and he spent three years, - says the professor Sergey Zagraevsky according to his father, Wolfgang Kavelmacher, who worked with Baranovsky.
The story of how Pyotr Dmitrievich, upon his return from the camp, first went to Red Square, has already become canonical. I saw the intact St. Basil's Cathedral and the workers dismantling the Kazan Cathedral. The same ones who helped restore it six years earlier. Anyone else would have dropped their hands or broken the psyche. What Baranovsky did - and this is already pure reality - speaks more about his character than any legends.
Every morning he rode the first train to Moscow from Alexandrov (101st kilometer, there was a ban on living in Moscow for former exiles) and photographed the dismantled Kazan Cathedral from the window of the Historical Museum. As soon as the opportunity presented itself, he took measurements - during the restoration of the late 1920s, he did not take care of detailed documentation. By half past five I was returning to Aleksandrov to check in with the local detective in the ledger. And so every day for months.
Two years before his death, Baranovsky handed over all the materials on the Kazan Cathedral to his student, Oleg Igorevich Zhurin. At the first opportunity, in 1990-1994, Zhurin restored the cathedral. The Boldin Monastery, the Kazan Cathedral… There will also be a third monument that has been resurrected from non-existence thanks to Baranovsky.
Baranovsky never boasted: they say, if it were not for me, then the monument would not exist. He just worked, was uncompromising. Each loss was for him not just a failure, a failure. It was like the death of a loved one, a child. It cannot be said that when the Kazan Cathedral was dismantled before his eyes, Baranovsky experienced more than when some monument in Siberia was destroyed. The soul ached for absolutely all the monuments. In the presence of good health, each loss caused him almost physical pain, - recalls his teacher Sergei Alexandrovich Gavrilov.
His legacy
Baranovsky's daughter, Olga Petrovna, recalled that her father never brought money into the house - only stones, drawings and fragments of decoration.
It was difficult to live and work with such an obsessive as Baranovsky. He knew no mercy for himself or for others. He did not know how to bypass obstacles, he did not master diplomacy, he made enemies among officials. And yet fate was kind to him in its own way.
The war and the first post-war decade became a "thaw" for restorers. Half the country lay in ruins - just have time to restore. Baranovsky and his vast experience were remembered first of all. He was again supported by colleagues, for the first time after his release, he had official "crusts" and powers. Already in 1942, Pyotr Dmitrievich was appointed an expert of the Extraordinary State Commission to investigate the atrocities of the Nazis in the occupied territory of the USSR. As part of the ChGK, he traveled to Smolensk, Vitebsk, Polotsk, Kyiv, Chernigov ... In Chernigov, in front of Baranovsky, a German pilot accurately bombed the ancient Pyatnitsky Cathedral.
Friday in Chernigov is the third monument united with the Boldin Monastery and the Kazan Cathedral by a common denominator: Pyotr Baranovsky did everything for their posthumous resurrection. But only Chernigov Friday was the only one, the restoration of which Peter Dmitrievich personally brought to the end. It took 20 years.
In post-war 1947, Baranovsky was entrusted with a major project: the restoration of the Krutitsy Compound in Moscow. The magnificent medieval ensemble in the Taganka region was in a deplorable state. In addition to the actual restoration - Baranovsky participated in this work one way or another until the end of his life - Pyotr Dmitrievich created a school-workshop in Krutitsy, where masons, woodcarvers, and gilders were trained. Masters of the highest class, without which no practical restoration could do. At the same time, another "school" was formed in Krutitsy - a community of direct students of Baranovsky, who became the stars of national restoration.
Great patrons and philanthropists
5.086 Pyotr Dmitrievich Baranovsky, "a great citizen of his Fatherland"
In 2011, celebrations were held in Moscow on the occasion of the 450th anniversary of the Orthodox Church - the Cathedral of the Intercession on the Moat, better known as St. Basil's Cathedral. The cathedral, which is one of the main symbols of Russia, was built in 1555-1561. at the behest of Ivan the Terrible by architects Postnik and Barma (it is assumed that this is one person).
They say that before his death, the foolish Basil the Blessed gave the king all the money that the people gave him to build the temple.
Celebrations might not have been, because. in the 1930s they wanted to demolish the cathedral in order to make room for parades on Red Square.
According to legend, the 1st secretary of the Moscow city committee of the CPSU (b) L.M. Kaganovich, demonstrating I.V. Stalin gave the model of Red Square, removed the model of the temple from it. The General Secretary cooled his ardor: “Lazar! Put it in place!"
According to another version, the cathedral survived thanks to the architect Pyotr Dmitrievich Baranovsky (1892-1984), who, on the eve of the demolition, closed himself in it, intending to die along with the temple. When this was reported to Stalin, he ordered that both the cathedral and Baranovsky be left alone. There are other interpretations of this event. According to one of them, Baranovsky spoke sharply with Kaganovich, and then sent a "daring" telegram to the leader.
In another way, he appeared at the Central Committee of the party, where he defended the temple from demolition. On the third - threatened to commit suicide ...
It's hard to separate fact from fiction, but that's not the point. The main thing is that thanks to the courage of Baranovsky, the temple was left on Red Square. True, the architect himself was not forgiven for this.
But first things first. Just one thought. Isn't this charity when a person donates his own life to save a priceless national treasure? When his call to his students: “We must fight to the death for the monuments of the Fatherland!” did not part with his affairs, and turned the very life of a teacher into a monument to philanthropy?
The future Russian researcher and restorer of architectural monuments, rescuer of many masterpieces of Russian architecture, "a great worker and a great citizen of his Fatherland" (V. Chivilikhin) was born on January 28 (February 10), 1892 in the village. Shuyskoye, Vyazemsky district, Smolensk province. in the family of a landless Dorogobuzh peasant-craftsman Dmitry Pavlovich and Maria Fedotovna Baranovsky.
After graduating from the Moscow Construction and Technical School in 1912, Peter worked for 2 years at construction sites in Tula and Ashgabat.
During the First World War, military engineer Baranovsky built fortifications on the Western Front. When, after the two revolutions of 1917, the soldiers moved home, Baranovsky remained at the place of service, sealed the warehouses and guarded them until the arrival of representatives of the new government.
In 1918, Petr Dmitrievich received a second diploma in art history (with a gold medal) from the Moscow Archaeological Institute and was accepted as a member of the Moscow Archaeological Society. He taught at Moscow University; restored the buildings of the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery and the Metropolitan's Chambers in Yaroslavl, which suffered during the defeat of the White-SR rebellion. Having organized a restoration commission and a workshop in this city, Baranovsky restored architectural monuments in Yaroslavl, Uglich, Rostov the Great, Zvenigorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Solovki, Karelia, Belarus and other places.
In the 1920s it was possible to save temples from destruction only by organizing museums in them. To this end, Baranovsky compiled reports on objects in need of repair and restoration, on the opening of museums in them, and handed it over to the government.
In particular, the restorer obtained from the People's Commissariat of Education the consent to create a museum of Russian architecture in the village of Kolomenskoye. Having collected a large number of exhibits on Russian architecture from all parts of the country (the house of Peter I, the Mokhovaya tower from the Sumy prison, the wooden mead factory from the village of Preobrazhensky, the passage tower of the Nikolo-Korelsky monastery, etc.), Baranovsky opened the exposition and organized the exhibition "Technique and art of building affairs in the Muscovite state. In Kolomenskoye, the architect developed his own school of restoration.
In parallel, the scientist worked in other regions and regions. On many trips and in 10 major expeditions, Baranovsky traveled all over the country, from the Solovetsky Islands to the Transcaucasus, explored, described, measured and photographed hundreds of monuments of Russian wooden architecture. He opened several ancient temples - say, in the Azerbaijan SSR in the village of Lekit a basilica temple, and in the village of Kum - the Round Temple of the 5th-7th centuries; collected many icons with images of architectural monuments; collected unique information about 1700 ancient Russian architects. According to Ak. I.E. Grabar, an erudite architect like Baranovsky, was not in all of Europe.
Petr Dmitrievich created a method for reconstructing destroyed buildings using fragments of bricks preserved in the masonry (the so-called tails); introduced reinforced concrete connections into the channels left over from rotten wooden parts; engaged in the conservation of the ruins and the restoration of fragments of fallen brickwork. Baranovsky's method is today adopted by all architects-restorers of the world.
The architect often carried out his work at the risk of his life. So, in 1930, he almost died when he fell off while measuring the church from a 10-meter height, and in 1943 in Chernigov he measured a dilapidated church during a German air raid on the city.
During his long life, the architect restored about a hundred monuments of national architecture. St. George's Cathedral in Yuryev-Polsky, Peter and Paul Church in Smolensk, Holy Trinity Gerasim-Boldinsky Monastery in Boldin, Borovsky Pafnutiev Monastery, monuments of Alexander Sloboda, Church of John the Baptist in the village of Dyakovo, Trinity-Sergius Lavra in Zagorsk, Nukhinsky Palace in Baku, church Paraskeva Pyatnitsa, the palaces of Prince Golitsyn and the boyar Troekurov in Okhotny Ryad in Moscow, etc.
Baranovsky was offered the chair more than once, but he always believed that "it is better to save one monument than to read a hundred lectures or write ten books."
The priceless archives of the scientist keep hundreds of folders with the results of measurements of many, incl. monuments destroyed in the 1930s and during the war years, which alone made it possible to restore them. So, according to the drawings of Baranovsky, the Kazan Cathedral on Red Square was restored in 1993,
In 1933, Baranovsky was awarded the title of Honored Scientist, and a few months later he was arrested. After serving 3 years in the Siberian camps, Baranovsky designed and built several buildings in the city of Mariinsk.
In the late 1930s Baranovsky found the burial place of the great Russian icon painter Andrei Rublev in the St. Andronikov Monastery in Moscow, which prevented the destruction of the temple. The architect became the initiator of the creation in the monastery of the Museum-Reserve. Andrei Rublev (opened in 1960).
At the initiative of Baranovsky, in 1940, a body was created at the Academy of Architecture, which was engaged in research, protection and restoration of monuments.
Before the war, Baranovsky drew up restoration projects and began to restore the New Jerusalem Monastery on Istra, the monuments in Pereslavl-Zalessky, the Serpukhov Kremlin, the Golden Gate in Vladimir, the Bishop's House in Suzdal, the Genoese fortress in the Crimea and many other monuments.
With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945), Baranovsky organized work to save monuments in Vladimir and the Ivanovo region; became the initiator of the use of vaulted rooms to shelter people and art treasures from bombardments.
As an expert of the Extraordinary State Commission on accounting for the damage caused by the Nazis, the architect examined Smolensk, Vitebsk, Polotsk, Kyiv, Chernigov.
In the destroyed Chernigov, Petr Dmitrievich obtained from the bureau of the city party committee and from the secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine the re-equipment of the brick factory workshop for the production of thin plinth bricks for the restoration of the Chernigov church of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa. “In the opinion of professional architects, restorers and historians, the restoration project of this church and its implementation have become the world standard for restoration” (http://www.moscow.org/). Paraskeva Pyatnitsa was restored by an architect for 20 years.
One of the most large-scale post-war projects of Baranovsky was the restoration of the Krutitsy Compound in Moscow. The architect managed to restore the original appearance of Krutitsy.
It is also worth mentioning that the chambers of the Borovsky Compound of the icon painter Simon Ushakov, preserved by the restorer and intended by the Moscow authorities for demolition, the Church of the Conception of Anna in the Corner, all the churches and chambers along the street. Varvarka, two-story residential chambers of the 17th century. on Prechistenka and others.
Most of his life, Peter Dmitrievich lived in the Novodevichy Convent. There, in the building of hospital wards, he died at the age of 92 on June 12, 1984. He was buried in the Donskoy Monastery behind the altar of the Great Cathedral.
The most valuable archive, collected over many years, he transferred (during his lifetime) to the State Museum of Architecture. A.V. Shchusev.
P.S. “Words are water, shaking the air. You need work, work and more work. (P.D. Baranovsky).
“As for personal gain, Baranovsky never looked for it. His motto was the words of Gogol: “We are not called into the world for holidays and feasts. We are called here to fight” (V.A. Desyatnikov, artist, art critic).
