Partly for this reason, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) monitors degrees in the 40 most developed countries in the world.
The OECD has published its Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2015 report. It presents a ranking of countries based on the percentage of people who have received a degree in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM disciplines) per capita. So it's a fair comparison between countries with different populations. For example, Spain ranked 11th with 24% of science or engineering degrees.
Photo: Marcelo del Pozo/Reuters. Students take an entrance exam at a university lecture hall in the Andalusian capital of Seville, southern Spain, September 15, 2009.
10. In Portugal, 25% of graduates earn a degree in STEM sciences. This country has the highest percentage of PhDs among all 40 countries surveyed - 72%.
Photo: José Manuel Ribeiro/Reuters. Students listen to a teacher in an aeronautics class at the Institute for Employment and Vocational Training in Setúbal, Portugal.
9. Austria (25%) has the second highest number of PhDs among the working population, with 6.7 female and 9.1 male PhDs per 1,000 people.
Photo: Heinz-Peter Bader/Reuters. Student Michael Leuchtfried of the Virtual Reality Team at the Vienna University of Technology puts a quadcopter on a map with symbols.
8. In Mexico, the rate rose from 24% in 2002 to 25% in 2012, despite the removal of government tax incentives for investment in research and development.
Photo: Andrew Winning/Reuters. Medical students practice resuscitation during a class at the National Autonomous University School of Medicine in Mexico City.
7. Estonia (26%) has one of the highest percentages of women with a degree in STEM sciences, 41% in 2012.
Photo: Reuters/Ints Kalniņš. Teacher Kristi Ran helps first grade students during a computer lesson at a school in Tallinn.
6. Greece spent only 0.08% of its GDP on research in 2013. This is one of the lowest rates among developed countries. Here, the number of graduates with a scientific degree in STEM sciences has decreased from 28% in 2002 to 26% in 2012.
Photo: Reuters/Yannis Berakis. Amateur astronomers and students use a telescope to observe the partial solar eclipse in Athens.
5. In France (27%) the majority of researchers are employed in industry rather than in government organizations or universities.
Photo: Reuters/Regis Duvignau. A member of the Rhoban project team tests the functions of a humanoid robot at a LaBRI workshop in Talence, southwest France.
4. Finland (28%) publishes the most research in the field of medicine.
Photo: Reuters/Bob Strong. Students in a nuclear engineering class at Aalto University in Helsinki.
3. Sweden (28%) lags slightly behind Norway in the use of computers at work. Three quarters of workers use computers at their workplaces.
Photo: Gunnar Grimnes/Flickr. Campus of Stockholm University in Sweden.
2. Germany (31%) ranks third in the average annual number of graduates with degrees in the field of STEM sciences - about 10,000 people. It is second only to the US and China.
Photo: Reuters/Hannibal Hanschke. German Chancellor Angela Merkel (right) and Education Minister Annette Schavan (behind second from left) watch the work of laboratory assistants during a visit to the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in Berlin.
1. South Korea was among the countries with the largest decline in the number of recipients of scientific degrees from 39% in 2002 to 32% in 2012. But this country has maintained its leading position and tops the ranking of the smartest countries according to the OECD.
Photo: Reuters/Lee Jae Won. A student in Seoul at a "white hacker" competition jointly organized by the Korean Military Academy and the Ministry of Defense and the National Intelligence Service.
In general, the ranking of countries developed in the field of science looks like:
We decided to figure out in which countries the smartest people live. But what is the main indicator of the mind? Perhaps the human intelligence quotient, better known as IQ. Actually, on the basis of this quantitative assessment, our rating was compiled. We also decided to take into account the Nobel laureates living in a particular country at the time of receiving the award: after all, this indicator indicates what place the state occupies in the intellectual arena of the world.
place
ByIQ: administrative region
In general, far from one study has been conducted on the relationship between intelligence and peoples. So, according to the two most popular works - "Intelligence Quotient and Global Inequality" and "Intelligence Quotient and Wealth of Nations" - East Asians are ahead of the planet.
Hong Kong has an IQ of 107. But here it is worth considering that the administrative region has a very high population density.
The United States leads other countries in the number of Nobel Prize winners by a huge margin. 356 laureates live (and lived) here (from 1901 to 2014). But it is worth saying that the statistics here are not entirely related to nationality: in institutes and research centers, scientists from different countries receive very good support, and they often have much more opportunities in the States than in their native state. So, for example, Joseph Brodsky received a prize in literature, being a citizen.
place
IQ: South Korea
South Koreans have an IQ of 106. However, being one of the smartest countries is not easy. For example, the education system in the state is one of the most technologically advanced, but at the same time complex and strict: they graduate from school only at the age of 19, and when entering a university, there is such terrible competition that many simply cannot withstand such mental stress.
Number of Nobel laureates:
In total, the British have received 121 Nobel Prizes. According to statistics, residents of the United Kingdom receive awards every year.
place
Well, as for the winners of the prestigious award, it is in third place. It is home to 104 people who have received awards in various fields.
place
By IQ: Taiwan
In fourth place is again an Asian country - Taiwan, an island controlled by the partially recognized Republic of China. A country known for its industry and productivity, today it is one of the main suppliers of high technology. The local government has great plans for the future: they want to turn the state into a “silicon island”, an island of technology and science.
The average IQ level of residents is 104 points.
Number of Nobel laureates:
There are 57 people in France who have received the Nobel Prize. First of all, they are leaders in the humanities: there are a lot of laureates in philosophy, literature and art in the country.
place
The average IQ of the inhabitants of this city-country is 103 points. As you know - one of the advanced commercial centers in the world. And one of the most prosperous and wealthy states, even the World Bank called the best country for doing business.
Number of Nobel laureates:
Well, finally, the birthplace of Nobel himself got into the rating. There are 29 people who have been awarded awards in various fields.
place
Three countries at once have an average IQ of 102 points. Well, there’s even nothing to say here: in Germany there has never been a shortage of philosophers and scientists, in Austria there is a very disciplined and well-developed education system, but the geniuses of Italy can be counted from the time of Ancient Rome.
By number of Nobel laureates: Switzerland
Switzerland accounts for 25 Nobel Prizes, mostly in the field of exact sciences. The country is known throughout the world for its private schools and universities with excellent indicators of the level of education.
place
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
Aristotle is an ancient Greek encyclopedist, philosopher and logician, the founder of classical (formal) logic. Considered one of the greatest geniuses in history and the most influential philosopher of antiquity. He made a huge contribution to the development of logic and natural sciences, especially astronomy, physics and biology. Although many of his scientific theories have been refuted, they have contributed significantly to the search for new hypotheses to explain them.
Archimedes (287-212 BC)
Archimedes is an ancient Greek mathematician, inventor, astronomer, physicist and engineer. Generally considered the greatest mathematician of all time and one of the leading scientists of the classical period of antiquity. Among his contributions to the field of physics are the fundamental principles of hydrostatics, statics and an explanation of the principle of action on a lever. He is credited with inventing pioneering mechanisms, including siege engines and the screw pump named after him. Archimedes also invented the spiral that bears his name, formulas for calculating the volumes of surfaces of revolution, and an original system for expressing very large numbers.
Galileo (1564–1642)
In eighth place in the ranking of the greatest scientists in the history of the world is Galileo - an Italian physicist, astronomer, mathematician and philosopher. He has been called "the father of observational astronomy" and "the father of modern physics". Galileo was the first to use a telescope to observe celestial bodies. Thanks to this, he made a number of outstanding astronomical discoveries, such as the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter, sunspots, the rotation of the Sun, and also established that Venus changes phases. He also invented the first thermometer (without a scale) and a proportional compass.
Michael Faraday (1791–1867)
Michael Faraday was an English physicist and chemist, primarily known for the discovery of electromagnetic induction. Faraday also discovered the chemical effect of current, diamagnetism, the effect of a magnetic field on light, and the laws of electrolysis. He also invented the first, albeit primitive, electric motor, and the first transformer. He introduced the terms cathode, anode, ion, electrolyte, diamagnetism, dielectric, paramagnetism, etc. In 1824 he discovered the chemical elements benzene and isobutylene. Some historians consider Michael Faraday the best experimenter in the history of science.
Thomas Alva Edison (1847–1931)
Thomas Alva Edison is an American inventor and businessman, founder of the prestigious scientific journal Science. Considered one of the most prolific inventors of his time, with a record 1,093 patents in his name and 1,239 elsewhere. Among his inventions are the creation in 1879 of an electric incandescent lamp, a system for distributing electricity to consumers, a phonograph, an improvement in the telegraph, telephone, film equipment, etc.
Marie Curie (1867–1934)
Maria Sklodowska-Curie - French physicist and chemist, teacher, public figure, pioneer in the field of radiology. The only woman to win the Nobel Prize in two different fields of science - physics and chemistry. First female professor teaching at the Sorbonne University. Her accomplishments include the development of the theory of radioactivity, methods for separating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two new chemical elements, radium and polonium. Marie Curie is one of the inventors who died from their inventions.
Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)
Louis Pasteur - French chemist and biologist, one of the founders of microbiology and immunology. He discovered the microbiological essence of fermentation and many human diseases. Initiated a new department of chemistry - stereochemistry. Pasteur's most important achievement is considered to be his work in bacteriology and virology, which resulted in the creation of the first vaccines against rabies and anthrax. His name is widely known thanks to the pasteurization technology he created and named after him later. All Pasteur's works have become a vivid example of a combination of fundamental and applied research in the field of chemistry, anatomy and physics.
Sir Isaac Newton (1643–1727)
Isaac Newton was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, historian, bible scholar, and alchemist. He is the discoverer of the laws of motion. Sir Isaac Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation, laid the foundations of classical mechanics, formulated the principle of conservation of momentum, laid the foundations of modern physical optics, built the first reflecting telescope and developed the theory of color, formulated the empirical law of heat transfer, built the theory of the speed of sound, proclaimed the theory of the origin of stars and many other mathematical and physical theories. Newton was also the first to mathematically describe the phenomenon of tides.
Albert Einstein (1879–1955)
Second place in the list of the greatest scientists in the history of the world is occupied by Albert Einstein - a German physicist of Jewish origin, one of the greatest theoretical physicists of the twentieth century, the creator of general and special relativity, discovered the law of the relationship between mass and energy, as well as many other significant physical theories. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. Author of more than 300 scientific papers in physics and 150 books and articles in the field of history, philosophy, journalism, etc.
Nikola Tesla (1856–1943)
Source: Washington Profile
http://www.inauka.ru/science/article65711.html
Material sent by A. Kynin
RAND named the 16 most promising areas of scientific and technological development. Among them: cheap solar energy, wireless technology, genetically modified plants, water purification methods, cheap housing construction, environmentally friendly industrial production, "hybrid" cars (that is, using not only gasoline, but also electricity as fuel, etc.). .), medical preparations of "point" action, artificial production of tissues of a living organism, etc.
The main conclusions of the report: there are no signs that the pace of scientific and technological progress will slow down in the coming decade and a half. Each country will find its own, sometimes unique, way to benefit from this process. However, for this, many states of the world need to make significant efforts. At the same time, a number of technologies and discoveries can potentially pose a threat to human civilization.
The countries of North America, Western Europe and East Asia will continue to play the first violin in the world scientific and technological progress. In the next decade and a half, steady progress is expected in China, India and the countries of Eastern Europe. Russia's positions in this area will be slightly weakened. The gap between the leaders and the technologically backward countries of the world will widen.
The report included an overview rating of modern scientific and technological capabilities of the countries of the world, within the framework of which such factors as the number of scientists and engineers per 1 million population, the number of published scientific articles, spending on science, the number of patents received, etc. were analyzed. used data for the period from 1992 to 2004. According to this rating, the United States has the greatest potential in the creation of new materials and technologies, as well as their application in practice (received 5.03 points). The US is far ahead of its closest pursuers. Second place Japan has only 3.08 points, while Germany (third place) has 2.12. The top ten also included Canada (2.08), Taiwan (2.00), Sweden (1.97), Great Britain (1.73), France and Switzerland (1.60 each), Israel (1.53).
Russia was the first among all post-Soviet states and took 19th place in the final rating (0.89). It was overtaken by South Korea, Finland, Australia, Iceland, Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands and Italy. In turn, Russia proved to be more successful than such states with traditionally strong science as Belgium and Austria. Ukraine is in 29th position (0.32), followed by Belarus (0.29). They are ahead of the Czech Republic and Croatia. Estonia - on the 34th place (0.20), Lithuania - on the 36th (0.16), Azerbaijan - on the 38th (0.11). These countries have surpassed China, India, South Africa and Brazil, which are quite powerful in the scientific and technological sense.
Uzbekistan took 48th place and became the first country in the overall standings, whose scientific and technological potential is measured by negative values (-0.05). It is adjacent to Latvia (- 0.07). Moldova is on the 53rd place (-0.14), Armenia - on the 57th (-0.19), Turkmenistan - on the 71st (-0.30), Kyrgyzstan - on the 76th (-0.32), Tajikistan - on the 80th (- 0.34), Kazakhstan - at 85th (- 0.38), Georgia - at 100th (- 0.44). The last places in the rating are occupied by such countries as Eritrea, Chad, Laos, North Korea, Gabon, which scored - 0.51 each.
However, according to the authors of the report, the situation will change somewhat in the next 14 years. They analyzed the situation in 29 states representing different regions of the world, including the USA, Russia and Georgia. The ability of certain countries to adapt scientific discoveries was evaluated on a 100-point scale. According to this forecast, the United States, Canada and Germany (which received the highest marks) will be most effective in this area. Israel, Japan, Australia and South Korea each scored 80 points. China - 53, India - 48, Poland - 38, Russia - 30. Brazil, Mexico, Chile and Turkey - 22 points each, South Africa - 20, Indonesia - 11, Colombia - 10. The group of outsiders included Georgia, Pakistan, Chad, Nepal, Iran, Kenya, Jordan, Fiji, Dominican Republic, Egypt and Cameroon - 5 points each.
Also, on a 100-point scale, the obstacles that scientists, engineers and entrepreneurs have to overcome in finding funds for scientific developments, their introduction into production and use by the population (100 points - the maximum possible obstacles) were assessed. Here the best situation is in Canada, Germany, Australia, Japan and South Korea, which received 30 points. The USA and Israel - 40, Poland - 60. Russia, Georgia and other states included in the rating received 70 points each.
According to the authors of the report, Russia will be relatively successful in the field of practical application of new technologies in the field of healthcare, environmental protection, and security. Its results in the development of agricultural areas, the strengthening of the armed forces, and the improvement of the work of government bodies will be less impressive. In all these areas, it will be outstripped not only by industrialized countries, but also by China, India and Poland. In turn, Georgia's prospects are very vague in all areas.
Science of the world
According to the Institute for Statistics, at the end of 2004 there were 5 million 521.4 thousand scientists in the world (that is, 894 researchers per 1 million inhabitants of the Earth). The world spent $150.3 thousand per year on the work of one scientist. The lion's share (almost 71% of scientists) work in the industrialized countries of the world. There are 3,272.7 scientists per 1 million inhabitants of these states (374.3 per 1 million inhabitants of poor countries, respectively). A scientist living in a "rich" country is financed much more generously: $165.1 thousand is allocated for him a year, while $114.3 thousand is allocated for his colleague in a "poor" country of the world. The most numerous scientists are in Asia (more than 2 million). ), Europe (more than 1.8 million) and North America (almost 1.4 million). At the same time, in South America there are only 138.4 thousand of them, in Africa - less than 61 thousand.
700.5 thousand scientists work in the countries of the former USSR, most of them (616.6 thousand) are concentrated in the states located in Europe - in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. At the same time, a paradoxical situation arises: there are many scientists in the former USSR, but they are funded much worse than their counterparts in Europe, Asia and North America. For example, there are 2,979.1 scientists per 1 million inhabitants of the European states that were formerly part of the USSR, and 2,438.9 are noticeably less per 1 million citizens of the European Union. However, one European scientist spends $177,000 a year, while one Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Moldavian, etc. scientist spends $177 thousand a year. - only $ 29.1 thousand. The situation with the financing of scientific research in the post-Soviet states of Central Asia is probably the worst in the world: here $ 8.9 thousand is spent per scientist per year - in the countries of tropical Africa - $ 113.9 thousand. 8.9% of the total number of scientists in the world. According to this indicator, Russia ranks fourth, behind only the United States (22.8% of researchers), China (14.7%) and Japan (11.7%). However, in terms of the degree of funding, Russia is clearly losing. It spends $30 thousand per scientist, while the USA - $230 thousand, China - $88.8 thousand, Japan - $164.5 thousand. The world spent 1.7% of its gross domestic product (GDP) on science this year, which is about $830 billion. At the same time, funds for science are spent extremely unevenly. Most of the funds for scientific research are allocated in North America - 37% of the total global spending. In second place is Asia (31.5%), in third place is Europe (27.3%). Latin America and the Caribbean countries account for 2.6% of global spending for these purposes, Africa - 0.6%. In recent years, US and Canadian R&D spending has declined somewhat (in 1997 it was 38.2% of the world's). Similarly, the share of Europe has also decreased, while Asia has shown a constant increase in allocations. For example, a number of Asian states, such as Taiwan, Singapore and South Korea, spend more than 2% of their GDP on science. India came close to them. Accordingly, the industrialized countries of the world also receive the maximum return on investment in science. Poor countries account for just over 7% of the world's total invention patents, despite the fact that developing countries' total spending on science and technology exceeds 22% of the world's total. The report indicates that in most industrialized countries of the world, the state provides no more than 45% of scientific budgets. The rest of the funds come from the commercial sector. For example, in 2002 in the US, 66% of scientific investment and 72% of scientific research was provided by private firms. In France, business accounts for 54% of investment in science, in Japan - 69%. In turn, in India the "business component" does not exceed 23%, in Turkey - 50%. In the period from 1990 to 2004, the weight of the United States in world science gradually decreased, while the weight of the countries of the European Union and the Asia-Pacific region (Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Australia, etc.), on the contrary, increased. This conclusion was made by the American company Thomson Scientific, which analyzes trends in the field of academic science. At the end of 2004, the US accounted for approximately 33% of all scientific research (38% in 1990), the European Union for approximately 37% (respectively, 32%), the Asia-Pacific region for 23% (15%) . Russian scientists published 3.6% of the total number of scientific papers, scientists from the remaining 14 post-Soviet states - another 1%. In 2004, European scientists published about 38% of the total number of scientific papers in the world periodicals, US scientists - about 33%, scientists from the Asia-Pacific region - more than 25%. Asian scientists are most productive in the fields of physics, materials science, metallurgy, and electronics. Scientists of Europe - in the research of rheumatology, space, endocrinology and hematology. The US excels in social studies, aerospace, and biology. The top ten countries that published the largest number of scientific papers between 1990 and 2005 are the United States, England (Scotland is not included in the top ten separately), Germany, Japan, France, Canada, Italy, the Netherlands, Australia and Switzerland. On the other hand, experts from the consulting firm Global Knowledge Strategies and Partnership argue that Europe's advantage over the United States in the number of scientific publications is far-fetched. American scientists retain undisputed leadership in terms of the number of publications in leading scientific journals and the level of their citation. In addition, a significant part of US scientific publications does not fall into the field of view of the general scientific community, since up to 50% of all spending on science and technology in the US falls on the military sphere. The top twenty most frequently cited scientists whose work was published in 2005 included two Russians. Semyon Eidelman works at the Novosibirsk Institute of Nuclear Physics. G.I. Budker, and Valery Frolov at the California Institute of Technology. They are both physicists. The top twenty includes 10 scientists working in the USA, 7 - working in Japan, one each working in Russia, Germany, Great Britain and South Korea. In 2005, Japan (300.6 thousand), USA (almost 150 thousand), Germany (47.6 thousand), China (40.8 thousand), South Korea (32.5 thousand), Russia (17.4 thousand .), France (11.4 thousand), Great Britain (10.4 thousand), Taiwan (4.9 thousand) and Italy (3.7 thousand). The majority (16.8%) of patents were for computer inventions. The top three also includes telephony and data transmission systems (6.73%) and computer peripherals (6.22%). It is curious that in 2005 the American physicist James Huebner\James Huebner, an employee of the military research center Naval Air Warfare Center, expressed a hypothesis that conflicted with generally accepted ideas about science. In his opinion, technological progress peaked in 1915 and then slowed down sharply. Huebner made his conclusion on the basis of the following calculation. He used a list of 7.2 thousand major inventions and innovations (contained in the encyclopedia "History of Science and Technology" \\ The History of Science and Technology, published in 2004 in the USA), which was compared with the dynamics of the world population (for example, the wheel was invented when the world population did not exceed 10 million people) - the peak of the number of new inventions was noted in 1873. The second criterion was US patent statistics, also compared with the country's population. Here the number of granted patents peaked in 1912. Now the number of new inventions and innovations, according to Huebner, is comparable to the era of the so-called "dark ages" (the period of European history that came after the collapse of the Roman Empire and lasted until the Renaissance).
Our understanding of the world around us in the heyday of the technological era is all this, and much more, the result of the work of numerous scientists. We live in a progressive world that is developing at a tremendous pace. This growth and progression is the product of science, numerous studies and experiments. Everything we use, including cars, electricity, health care and science, is the result of the inventions and discoveries of these intellectuals. Were it not for the greatest minds of mankind, we would still be living in the Middle Ages. People take everything for granted, but it is still worth paying tribute to those thanks to whom we have what we have. This list features ten of the greatest scientists in history whose inventions have changed our lives.
Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
Sir Isaac Newton was an English physicist and mathematician, widely regarded as one of the greatest scientists of all time. Newton's contribution to science is wide and unique, and the laws he derived are still taught in schools as the basis of scientific understanding. His genius is always mentioned along with a funny story - allegedly, Newton discovered the force of gravity thanks to an apple that fell from a tree on his head. Whether or not the apple story is true, Newton also established the heliocentric model of the cosmos, built the first telescope, formulated the empirical law of cooling, and studied the speed of sound. As a mathematician, Newton also made a lot of discoveries that influenced the further development of mankind. 
Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
Albert Einstein is a German-born physicist. In 1921 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for discovering the law of the photoelectric effect. But the most important achievement of the greatest scientist in history is the theory of relativity, which, along with quantum mechanics, forms the basis of modern physics. He also formulated the mass energy equivalence relation E=m, which is named as the most famous equation in the world. He also collaborated with other scientists on works such as Bose-Einstein Statistics. Einstein's letter to President Roosevelt in 1939, alerting him to a possible nuclear weapon, is supposed to be a key impetus in the development of the US atomic bomb. Einstein believes that this is the biggest mistake of his life. 
James Maxwell (1831-1879)
Maxwell - Scottish mathematician and physicist, introduced the concept of the electromagnetic field. He proved that light and electromagnetic field travel at the same speed. In 1861 Maxwell took the first color photograph after researching in the field of optics and colors. Maxwell's work on thermodynamics and kinetic theory also helped other scientists to make a number of important discoveries. The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is another major contribution to the development of the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. 
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Louis Pasteur, French chemist and microbiologist, whose main invention was the process of pasteurization. Pasteur made a number of discoveries in the field of vaccination, creating vaccines against rabies and anthrax. He also studied the causes and developed methods for preventing diseases, which saved many lives. All this made Pasteur the "father of microbiology". This great scientist founded the Pasteur Institute to continue scientific research in many fields.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
Charles Darwin is one of the most influential figures in human history. Darwin, an English naturalist and zoologist, advanced the theory of evolution and evolutionism. He provided a basis for understanding the origin of human life. Darwin explained that all life arose from common ancestors and that development occurred through natural selection. This is one of the dominant scientific explanations for the diversity of life. 
Marie Curie (1867-1934)
Marie Curie was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (1903) and Chemistry (1911). She became not only the first woman to win the award, but also the only woman to do so in two fields and the only person to achieve it across sciences. Its main field of research was radioactivity - methods for isolating radioactive isotopes and the discovery of the elements polonium and radium. During World War I, Curie opened the first radiology center in France and also developed a mobile field x-ray that helped save the lives of many soldiers. Unfortunately, prolonged exposure to radiation led to aplastic anemia, from which Curie died in 1934. 
Nikola Tesla (1856-1943)
Nikola Tesla, Serbian American, best known for his work in the modern electrical system and AC research. Tesla at the initial stage worked for Thomas Edison - he developed engines and generators, but later quit. In 1887 he built an induction motor. Tesla's experiments gave rise to the invention of radio communication, and Tesla's special nature gave him the nickname "mad scientist". In honor of this greatest scientist, in 1960, the unit of measurement of magnetic field induction was called "tesla". 
Niels Bohr (1885-1962)
The Danish physicist Niels Bohr was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1922 for his work on quantum theory and the structure of the atom. Bohr is famous for discovering the model of the atom. In honor of this greatest scientist, the element ‘Borium’, formerly known as hafnium, was even named. Bohr was also instrumental in founding CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research. 
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Galileo Galilei is best known for his achievements in astronomy. An Italian physicist, astronomer, mathematician and philosopher, he improved the telescope and made important astronomical observations, among them the confirmation of the phases of Venus and the discovery of the moons of Jupiter. The frantic support of heliocentrism became the reason for the persecution of the scientist, Galileo was even subjected to house arrest. During this time he wrote The Two New Sciences, for which he was called the "Father of Modern Physics". 
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
Aristotle is a Greek philosopher who is the first real scientist in history. His views and ideas influenced scientists in later years as well. He was a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His work covers a wide variety of subjects - physics, metaphysics, ethics, biology, zoology. His views on the natural sciences and physics were innovative and became the basis for the further development of mankind. 
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834 - 1907)
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev can be safely called one of the greatest scientists in the history of mankind. He discovered one of the fundamental laws of the universe - the periodic law of chemical elements, to which the entire universe is subject. The history of this amazing man deserves many volumes, and his discoveries have become the engine of the development of the modern world.
