But most of all, the khan, of course, cared about his own benefits. The Circassians, seeing the weakening of the power of the Crimean khans, began to refuse to pay them an "erroneous tribute" by slaves. Meanwhile, another source of khan's income - robberies and raids on Christian neighbors - was drying up due to changed circumstances. Kaplan-Gerai, we have seen, has already paid the price for his excessively predatory plans against the Circassians; but this did not stop his successor from continuing what his predecessor had begun. At the beginning of 1132 (1720), he asked Porta for permission to raid the Circassians, which was given to him. Khan, along with permission, was granted under the name of "expendable" - "khardzhlyk" - from the Sultan 8000 gurush, and an order was given to join the Tatar Khan's army of auxiliary forces from the Ottoman troops located within the Crimea. Khan, having received the authority to manage all Circassian affairs at his own discretion, invaded Kabarda with a large army and spent about two years there. In a brief Turkish essay on the "Crimean History" and in Govordz, it is said that Seadet-Gerai was captured during this campaign and, after returning from captivity, was deposed; meanwhile, in other sources there is not a word about the captivity of the khan. A relatively more detailed account of this campaign by Seadet-Gerai Khan can be found in the Brief History, although not entirely consistent with other sources. Seyyid-Muhammed-Riza, for example, says that the khan, upon returning to the capital, sent his son Salih-Gerai to rescue the rebellious Bakhty-Gerai from his shelter and place him in the Rumelian regions. But Salih's campaign was unsuccessful, and then the khan decided to move personally; but also without any success and only in vain lost precious time: this was followed by unrest and unrest in the Crimea itself, which led to the overthrow of the khan, about which Riza tells, as usual, ornately verbose. In the end, the khan, seeing total treason around him, left everything to the will of God, and he himself went to Porto, where he was expelled; The khanate was offered "with certain conditions" to Kaplan-Gerai, who was brought to Porto, but he refused, and in 1137 (1724 - 1725) he was made Khan Mengly-Gerai-Khan II.

Sayyid-Mohammed-Riza calls the letter sent by the rebels to Seadet-Gerai Khan "unusual", and the slander sent by them with a deputation in Porto "obscene and illiterate." In fact, this slander of the Crimeans can rather serve as evidence of their impudent arbitrariness than an exposure of the abuse of power by the khan. The motives of their dissatisfaction with Seadet-Gerai are apparently too weak to serve as a sufficient basis for his overthrow. But every age and every nation has its own views on the moral duties of man in general and the ruler in particular. The historian Halim-Gerai characterizes Seadet-Gerai in this way: “He was famous for his generosity and mercy, but he was blamed for his lack of courage and bravery. He was fond of hunting and spent most of his time traveling through the steppes and meadows, under the pretext of hunting, catching gazelles in the arms of beauties. In the early years of his youth, he stood out from his peers with his handsome appearance and stately figure, and, like the royal standard, towered among the people, and in the end, due to the obesity and massiveness of the body, as rumors circulated, he could neither walk nor move. This means that Seadet-Gerai-khan was a sybarite, which only teased the carnal appetite of the Tatar nobles, without giving them, however, the means to satisfy this appetite. This was all his guilt towards them.

The dignitaries of the Sublime Porte had more than once secretly discussed how they should proceed in this case. For the Crimea, a khan was needed who, according to Seyyid-Muhammed-Riza, could "put out the fire of turmoil by the power of power and justice." There were two suitable candidates for the khanate - the retired Khan Kaplan-Gerai and his younger brother Mengly Gerai-Sultan, who at one time was a Kalga. At the beginning of 1137 (October 1724), the Supreme Vizier Ibrahim Pasha summoned both of them to a council in the vicinity of Istanbul on measures to stop the Crimean unrest. The grand vizier himself and the kapudan Mustafa Pasha came secretly to this council, under the pretext of hunting. The Gerai brothers also kept a strict incognito. Mengly-Gerai captivated the great vizier with his sweet speech and was recommended to the padishah as khan. At the end of Muharrem (mid-October), he was solemnly brought into the capital and, with the observance of well-known ceremonies, was promoted to khan. Other historians say that Kaplan-Gerai himself refused the khanate offered to him now, because he was already old, and did not want to "stain the faithful clothes of his purity with the blood." As for the secrecy with which negotiations were conducted on the appointment of a new khan, it must be assumed that it was necessary in view of the presence of the Crimean delegation in Istanbul, from which for the time being it was necessary to hide the views of the Porte.

Mengli-Gerai-khan II (1137-1143; 1724-1730) indeed, as it turned out, had a whole plan in his head about bringing the obstinate rebels into obedience: it was not for nothing that the great vizier liked his speeches. Seeing that neither with the help of his khan's authority nor open military force could do anything with them, the new khan took the path of cunning and deceit. In order to avert the eyes of the main leaders of the rebels at first, he approved them as if nothing had happened in their former positions - Abdu-s-Samad as a kady-esker, Kemal-aga - in the rank of first minister and Safa-Gerai in the rank of kalgi , sending letters of this ahead of himself to the Crimea, and then he himself appeared. Pretending to be affectionate to his opponents and indifferent to the people to whom he was disposed in his soul, Mengli Gerai Khan scouted and recognized enemies and waited for a favorable moment to deal with them. Such a moment soon came in the form of a war that began at the Porte with Persia. According to the Sultan's firman, the khan had to send a ten thousandth army on a campaign against Persia. The Khan sent a detachment of six thousand Tatars under the command of the Kalga Safa-Gerai, seconding to him such persons as Pursuk-Ali and Sultan-Ali-Murza, and in this way removing troublemakers and instigators of unrest from the Crimea. Another equally dangerous person - Mustafa, who was in the position of silyakhdar (squire) at Kemal-aga, he sent to Circassia. With this deft maneuver, the khan managed to disperse the rallied rebels and deal with them in parts. In the month of zi-l-kade in 1137 (July-August 1725), the entire Tatar band crossed the Bosporus to the Anatolian side, received the usual gifts from the Turks there, and moved on to their destination.

In this case, it is noteworthy that Porta, who had always been angry with the Crimean khans if they did not personally lead their army, and looked askance at such a deviation from their primordial duty, did not even notice the retreat of the khan from the established order. Changed circumstances forced her to give more freedom of action to her vassal, if only he could keep in obedience to the restless horde, which now often became a burden for her. Moreover, this freedom should have been granted to Mengly-Gerai, since he entered the khanate with an independent program of appeasing the region, and not at all as a simple executor of the instructions allegedly given to him by the sultan, as some historians report.

Following the principle of divide et impera, Mengli-Gerai II, having sent one part of the restless heads abroad, began to think about ways to finally tame those who remained at home. He mainly wanted to take on Hadji-DzhanTimur-Murza, who, according to the Ottoman historian Chelebi-zade-efendi, had been self-willed for forty years, not obeying either the khan's authority or the orders of the Porte and causing all sorts of oppression to his compatriots. To this end, the khan composed a council of Kara-Kadir-Shah-Murza, Murtaza-Murza, Abu-s-Suud-Effendi and other emirs and ulemas who belonged to the party hostile to the formidable Dzhan-Timur. They decided that it was necessary to put an end to him, and even threatened that if the khan did not carry out the proposed massacre, they would have to leave the Crimean borders and from there already fight their enemy. Dzhan-Timur, having learned through his minions about the danger that threatened him, wrote a denunciation, accusing Kadir-Shah and Murtaza-Murza of rebellious plans. The Khan sent him a label, inviting him to Bakche-Saray and asking him to be appeased. At the same time, he invited the Kharatuk, Salgyr ayans and other nobility, called kapy-kulu, to the capital. At the meeting that took place in the Khan's palace, Merdan-Khadji-Ali-aga, the sworn enemy of Dzhan-Timur, made a speech in which he proved the inconsistency of the actions of the Shirinsky murzas and the need for their resolute curbing by force of arms, for which he offered the respected members of the assembly, especially those who were among the kapa-khalka (life guards), to demonstrate loyalty to the khan. The eloquence of the old minister had such a convincing effect on those present that they immediately took an oath to follow his proposal. The meeting was also attended by adherents and comrades of Jan-Timur - Kemal-aga, Er-murza, the son of Porsuk-Aliagi Osman, Kemal's brother Osman and others from among the kapy-kulu. Anticipating the possibility of their escape, the Khan began to think about how to block their path. In the month of zi-l-kade 1138 (July 1726) Kadir-Shah and Jan-Timur with their armed followers stood on both sides of Bakche-Saray. The Khan ordered an ambush of selected shooters so that they would seize and immediately kill the rebels when they came to the sofa at the invitation. But DzhanTimur, through spies and frivolous people initiated into the secret, found out about the trap that was being prepared for him and immediately fled; other associates followed him. Kadir-Shah-Murza with his accomplices rushed after him. Khan, counting on the possibility of capturing them at the Dnieper or Azov crossing, did not give his consent to an open battle in the narrow Bakche-Saray valley, so that innocent people would not get into this dump; but then, nevertheless, having a desire to exterminate the opponents, he sent Merdan-Khadzhi-Ali-aga and Salih-Murza, but they hesitated. Dzhan-Timur crossed the Kazandib crossing and passed under the Azov fortress thanks to the assistance of the Azov Janissaries.

In the framework of the work of guides and tour guides, policy issues are far from being the main thing, but still an important place. Against the backdrop of quite banal questions: “Is Crimea Russian or Ukrainian?” one has to answer more serious questions about the history of ethnic relations in Crimea, and even more serious questions about the possibility of recreating an independent state in Crimea. As a subject of the Russian Federation, Crimea has become close to the republics of the Volga region and the North Caucasus, with which it has much in common.

Without going into particularly controversial details, we will try to present in this review the main materials on the history of statehood in the Crimea, associated with the dynasty Giray (Gerai, Geray).

1. The Girey House in the 20th and 21st centuries

2. Speech by Jezar-Girey (a descendant of the dynasty of the Crimean Khans (Gireys-Genghisids) at the Kurultai of the Crimean Tatars (Simferopol, 1993)

3. Addressed to the Majestic Tatar people, which is the Famous Golden Horde. Jezzar Giray (2000)

4. Addressed to the clan (dynasty) Girey. Jezzar Giray (2000)

5. Short about the Crimean Giray dynasty, origin and genealogy. Crimean khans and the territorial heritage of the Golden Horde

7. Hierarchy of power in the Crimean Khanate

10. Chechen line Girey.

11. Weights in the Russian Taurida province and Soviet Russia

1. The House of Girey in the 20th and 21st centuries

Let's start with very relevant materials about the real contender for the Khan's throne of Crimea.

The currently living descendants of the Gireys:
A well-known figure of that time, Prince Sultan Kadir Giray(1891-1953) was a colonel in the tsarist army, wounded during the civil war on 01/05/1920. He emigrated from the Caucasus in 1921 to Turkey, and from there to the USA, founded the "Circassian-Georgian Society" in the USA.

His son Genghis Giray(1921-) became even more famous than his father.
Genghis attended the prestigious Yale University on the same course as future President George W. Bush.

During the Second World War, Genghis served in American intelligence. Chingiz Giray was also a writer and poet, author of the book " In the shadow of power» (« The Shadow of Power), which became a bestseller at the time.
As a young officer in the American Army during World War II, he had to play a responsible role - Head of the Russian Section of the Department of Communications between the American and Soviet Commands in Austria . After the war he participated in the American delegation to the Peace Conference in Moscow in 1947 .

Azamat Girey(08/14/1924-08/08/2001), the youngest son of Sultan Kadyr Giray. Declared himself the head of the house of Girey. He was married twice: the first wife - Sylvia Obolenskaya(1931-1997). From this marriage (1957-1963) were born a daughter, Selima (born January 15, 1960), a son Kadyr Devlet Giray(born March 29, 1961) and son Adil Sagat Giray(born 03/06/1964). The second wife is Federica Anna Sigrist. From this marriage was born Caspian Giray(genus 03/09/1972).

Selima married Derek Godard in 1996 and had a daughter, Alice Leila Godard, in 1998.

Kadyr Devlet Giray married in 1990 to Sarah Wentworth-Stanley. He has a son Genghis Karim Sultan Giray(b. 1992) and daughter Tazha Sofia (b. 1994).

Adil Sagat Giray married in 2001 Maria Sarah Peto. In 2002 he had a son Temujin Serge Giray.

Kadyr Devlet Giray and Adil Sagat Giray are professional musicians who played in the band Funkapolitan . Adil Sagat Giray is a composer, writes soundtracks and melodies in various genres. (www. www.sagatguirey.com)
Sunshower played by Sagat Guirey: Guitar. Arden Hart:Keyboard.Winston Blisset:Bass.Louie Palmer:Drums.28.2.08 At The Island 123 College Road Nw10 5HA London. www.islandpubco.com bass and keys from Massive Attack.

After the death of Azamat Giray in the Bahamas, the head of the house of Girey became Jezzar Raji Pamir Giray. He graduated from Oxford. On July 28, 1993, he came to the kurultai of the Crimean Tatars in Simferopol and spoke to them as the prince of the Girey family. Jezzar Giray is the owner Giray Design Company. Requests to provide their genealogy and take (anonymously) a DNA test were not answered.

skurlatov.livejournal.com

In itself, the origin of Jezzar Giray makes us perceive the idea of ​​restoring the monarchy (in the cultural and historical ceremonial aspect - as a memory of the monarchy!) In Crimea, not at all in a primitive nationalist way.

Their Highness Crown Prince of Crimea and the Golden Horde Jezzar Raji Pamir Giray is the grandson of Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna Romanova, and also a relative of many mountain princes of Kabarda and Chechnya.

2. The speech of Jezar-Girey (a descendant of the dynasty of the Crimean Khans (Gireys-Genghisids) at the Kurultai of the Crimean Tatars ( Simferopol, 1993)

“NOBLE Crimean Tatars, ladies and gentlemen, participants of the Kurultay, honorable friends of the Tatar people and the heroic leader Mustafa Dzhemil-Ogly!

It is a great honor for me, as a member of the Girey clan and a son of the Tatar people, to stand here, on the Crimean land, in front of the Kurultai of the Crimean Tatars in the Ak-Mosque (...) The world should know that it is not by chance and the mercy of fate that we can come together today .

The annexation, repressions and horrors of 1944 did not tame the unshakable spirit of the noble Tatar people. Your tireless diligence, determination, unity and self-sacrifice have made it possible for this day to come. I am here to pay tribute to the heroic achievements of a great people.

I can assure Kurultai that not only the Tatar diaspora is following the rapid course of events in Crimea with trepidation and with bated breath. The eyes of the whole world are looking at you. You, the noble Tatar people, are a source of inspiration for all the repressed peoples of the world.

The inalienable right of the Crimean Tatar people, the noble sons of the Golden Horde, is a peaceful and unhindered return to the land of their ancestors. This is our fair and honorable cause.

The Diaspora watched your sufferings with horror and pain, and in particular, the injustice that befell you in that terrible year of 1944. These events have become the honor of a tragic catechism: one cannot remember without tears the knocking on the door in the middle of the night, the streams of women and children torn from their homes and loaded into overcrowded and dirty cattle cars. Half of our people died, the rest were exiled

Our tragedy lies in the fact that of all the expelled peoples, only the Crimean Tatars were not allowed to return, of all the people who suffered injustice, only the Crimean Tatar people were not apologized.

The main merit of the Crimean Tatars is that, despite all the horror of the inhumanity of some people towards others, the violation of justice, they managed to rise above their oppressors and tragic circumstances. The beauty and nobility of our soul about the people lies in the fact that they forgave their oppressor and began peaceful labor in accordance with the existing legislation, even if the law is not on their side.

Our great and heroic leader Mustafa Cemil-Ogly was imprisoned for 15 years, and now he has forgiven his executioner and, as always, is making efforts to peacefully work within the law for our cause. His leadership is a glimmer of light for all repressed people on the planet.

In our tense and unstable world, especially in the lands of the former Soviet Union, this is a lesson that all people should pay attention to. We are all children of God, brothers and sisters from the very beginning.

(…) I would like to extend a hand of friendship to our Russian and Ukrainian brothers and sisters. Moreover, I would like to express my gratitude to the Russian and Ukrainian governments for allowing us to return. I would like to welcome Crimeans of Russian and Ukrainian nationality. Together we will work to build a healthy and happy community as an example to the whole world.

The time has come for the Crimean people to regain their national identity. We must do this by exploring our rich history, heritage and traditions (…)

Our once brilliant intellectual and cultural traditions and heritage, which were buried in the tsarist and later communist eras, must now be brought back from oblivion. The truth lies buried under the rocks. But the stones also have voices, and we must listen.

We all know that an attempt was made to destroy all traces of the Crimean Tatars: monuments were razed to the ground, mosques turned to dust, cemeteries destroyed and filled with cement. Tatar names have been removed from the maps, our history has been distorted, and our people have been forcibly expelled into disgusting exile.

Our former statehood was based on three fundamental and unchanging pillars (…)

The first and most important was our hereditary succession of Genghisides. Communist propaganda tried to separate the Tatars from their Great Father, Lord Genghis Khan, through his grandson Batu and eldest son Juche. The same propaganda tried to hide the fact that we are the sons of the Golden Horde (!…)

I am proud to announce that a prominent academician of the University of London, who spent his whole life studying the origins of the Crimean Tatars, has published the results of his research, which return to us our rightful rich heritage.

The second pillar of our statehood was the Ottoman Empire (...) We are all part of a large Turkic nation with which we have strong and deep ties in the field of language, history and culture.

The third pillar was Islam. This is our faith. We must now develop a new self-awareness based on the careful preservation of our past, which we must always be proud of, in honesty on these three fundamental pillars, as well as absorbing new demands and modern world currents.

The examples of our past greatness and our contribution to human civilization are innumerable. The Crimean Tatar people were once (and not so long ago) a superpower in the region. We must remember that until the reign of Peter the Great, known as Peter the Great, at the end of the 17th century, the Romanovs continued to pay tribute to the Khanate. The military heroism and courage of our soldiers and horsemen became legends all over the world. Tatars, Russians, Ukrainians, Ottoman Turks, Poles, and others all made their mark both culturally and militarily during those tumultuous romantic times.

The Crimean Tatar people at the very beginning of the century led the Muslim and Turkic world in its philosophical search. We will return this intellectual leadership. I want to assure Kurultai that in our search for what should be a proud and noble Crimean Tatar people, in creating a prosperous Crimean community and, most importantly, in our honorable cause, which is our divine right to return home - in all these undertakings, the Crimean - The Tatar people have many friends both abroad and in the "near abroad" who are striving to help us achieve these lofty goals.

I would like to express my love and recognition to the noble Crimean Tatar people, my loyalty to our heroic leader Mustafa Dzhemil-Ogly, my friendship to our Russian and Ukrainian brothers and wish the very best for the successful holding of the Kurultai session.”

Translation from English,

3. Addressed to the Majestic Tatar people, which is the famous Golden Horde

There are few peoples in the world who can lay claim to such a grand heritage as you can. There are also several peoples who have endured such tragic suffering with such dignity. All who have witnessed the events of the last few years since Perestroika experience a feeling of admiration and they treat with reverence your characteristic industriousness and emotional self-control.

Presented before your majestic example, I am equally overwhelmed with feelings of sadness and joy. But as we enter the new millennium, we have no room for sadness.

Our great history was born on the threshold of the last millennium with the glorious life of our progenitor, the ruler Genghis Khan. But not only did our majestic Sovereign conquer the world and create the largest empire in world history, stretching from the heart of Europe to the shores of Korea, but he was also the founder of the greatest civilizations in the history of mankind, which included the Yuan dynasty in China, the Mughals in India, the Hulagids in Persia. and of course our own Golden Horde.

We must look to the future and we have a lot to strive for this. Undoubtedly, the blood of the Lord Genghis Khan flows in our veins. The revival of all Tatars will begin with the new millennium!

Your humble servant, Jezzar Giray

4. Addressed to the clan (dynasty) Girey:

(2000, translation from English)

As you know, King Arthur saw two dragons fighting in mortal combat, and realized that the mythical city of Camelot would be founded on this place. Seeing the most amazing omen, our majestic progenitor realized where Bakhchisarai would be erected. As you know, a rotunda with two fire-breathing dragons meets the visitor at the gates of Bakhchisaray.

However, King Arthur and Camelot are pure mythical fiction. The victorious Golden Horde, the descendants of the most majestic Lord Genghis Khan, and the beautiful city of Bakhchisaray are historical realities. Years of distorting the facts of our history convinced the Kazan Tatars to think that they were not Tatars in everything but Bulgars, and the same propagandists successfully convinced the world that the Golden Horde was destroyed by Ivan the Terrible when its existence was ended in Bakhchisarai in 1783.

The world believes that Bakhchisarai, like Camelot, is the fruit of a rich imagination. Only with a clear and unambiguous understanding of our own identity can we truly believe in the success of reappearing on the world stage from the haze of myth and folklore. A lot of work needs to be done! - this is our duty and the duty of every Tatar, wherever and whoever he may be.

Your devoted son Jezzar Giray

Their Highness Crown Prince of Crimea and the Golden Horde Jezzar Raji Pamir Giray currently resides in London.

5. Briefly about the Crimean Giray dynasty, origin and genealogy. Crimean khans and the territorial heritage of the Golden Horde

Girey (Gerai, Giray; Crimean. Geraylar, گرايلر‎; singular - Geray, گراى) a dynasty of khans (Genghisides, descendants of the khans of Jochi and Batu), ruled the Crimean Khanate from the beginning of the 15th century until it was annexed to the Russian Empire in 1783.

The founder of the dynasty was the first Khan of Crimea Hadji I Giray, as a result of the military and political assistance of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, who achieved the independence of Crimea from the Golden Horde. Probably, the help of the daughter of Khan Tokhtamysh, Nenke-jan Khanum, as well as military assistance and close economic cooperation from the Orthodox Principality of Theodoro, played a big role in the creation of an independent Crimean Khanate.

1. With 1428 years of attempts to manage the Crimean ulus of the Golden Horde were repeatedly made by Hadji Giray and his father Giyas-ad-din Tash Timur.
2. XIV - ser. XV century - the wars of the Genoese with the Principality of Theodoro for the lands of the southern coast of Crimea. Numerous fortifications appear on the mountain passes of the Main Range - Isars, fortresses of Kamara, Funa. AT 1433 year, the Orthodox population of Chembalo (Balaklava) raises an uprising with the support of the Theodorites. Prince Theodoro Alexei II rules the city. AT 1434 a military expedition of Carlo Lomellino of 6,000 mercenaries knocks him out of the city, then Avlita and Kalamita (Inkerman) and move to Solkhat along with 2,000 Genoese from Kafa. In the tract, which is now called Frank Mezar (Tomb of the Catholics), the Tatar cavalry Hadji Davlet Giray utterly smashes the Italian troops. In this or another battle, Prince Alexei I perishes. Soon, two hundred Tatars set off for Chembalo and free the new Prince Alexei II.
3. 1441 (1443) year - the formation of an independent Crimean Khanate based on the military forces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (commanded by Marshal Radziwill). In alliance with Alexei II, Prince of the Orthodox Principality Theodoro Hadji Davlet Giray successfully pushes the Genoese, gets access to the sea (the port of the Theodorites Avlita near Inkerman) and the city of Gezlev (Evpatoria). At the court of Davlet Giray, Ulubey-Grek was brought up - the heir of the Mangup prince Prince Isaac, then the son-in-law of the Khan and Prince Theodoro from 1456 to 1475.
4. 1467 — 1515 years - Mengli Giray I (the third son of Haji Davlet Giray) spent his childhood as an honorary hostage (amanat) in the Cafe and received a comprehensive education there, with the support of his wife's father, the powerful Bek, Shirin was established on the Crimean throne for a long time.
5. 1475 year - the Ottoman fleet and army (commanded by Gedik Ahmed Pasha) conquers the Genoese possessions and the principality of Theodoro (in the defense of Theodoro, the cavalry of Mengli Giray fights against the Turks). Then the Crimean Khanate falls into vassal dependence on the Ottoman Empire. After some time, Mengli Giray received the support of the Ottomans, regained the khan's throne, founded a new capital - the city of Bakhchisarai between several former cities (Kyrk-or, Eski-Sala, Salachik, Kyrk-er), Ashlama-saray palaces were being built and under the sons Mengli Giray - Khan-shed (1519). In a military alliance with the Moscow kingdom, Mengli Giray expands his influence to the north and east from the Crimea. The main rival of Mengli Giray Khan of the Golden Horde Akhmat, he is supported by the king of the Commonwealth, Casimir IV. AT 1482 Mengli Giray's troops, at the request of Ivan III, drive the Polish-Lithuanian troops out of Kyiv. AT 1502 In 1999, the troops of the Crimean Khanate and the Tsardom of Moscow finally destroyed the Golden Horde, which subsequently led to a series of wars for the right to control the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates, in which only Tsar Ivan the Terrible (great-grandson of Emir Mamai) put an end to them, capturing Kazan in 1552 and Astrakhan in 1556 .

About the origin of the name Giray no exact information. As a dynastic name, only the third Crimean Khan Mengli Giray, the founder of Bakhchisaray, began to use it.

There are several versions of the genealogy of Hadji Girey, causing controversy both among the Gireys themselves and among historians. According to the most common version, the Gireys descend from the Tugatimurids from Janak-oglan, the younger brother of Tui Khoja oglan, the father of Tokhtamysh. The eldest son of Janak oglan, Ichkile Hasan oglan, father of Ulu Mohammed, founder of the dynasty of Kazan khans.

Some representatives of the dynasty also occupied the throne of the Kazan, Astrakhan and Kasimov khanates. Moreover, the Crimean princes (sultans) captured the Kazan and Astrakhan Khanate by military force. And on the throne of the Kasimov Khanate dependent on Moscow, and then after the conquest of Kazan and Astrakhan, and to the highest positions in these cities, Genghisides from the Girey clan were appointed by Ivan the Terrible.

Devlet I Giray is known for his wars with Ivan the Terrible. The last Giray on the Crimean throne was Shahin Giray, who abdicated, moved to Russia, and then to Turkey, where he was executed. There was a side line Choban Gireev, one of whose representatives - Adil Girey - occupied the Crimean throne.

Many representatives of the dynasty moved to the Western Caucasus and joined the Adyghe aristocracy. This was facilitated by the long tradition of educating the heirs of the Crimean throne among the atalyks (- an educator, literally "paternal") from the Kabardian military (Circassian) aristocracy, as well as the fact that most of the Crimean khans were married to daughters from the princely families of Kabarda.

Crimean khans and the territorial heritage of the Golden Horde

“Finally, after the fall of the Golden Horde in 1502, a number of independent states appeared on its territory, each of which was headed by a khan. However, the alignment of forces in them is fundamentally different than it was in the Ulus of Jochi during the period of multiple powers. If all the khans of the disintegrating Golden Horde were considered equal and claimed the status of “emperors” in relations with Europe, now relations are established between the rulers of various Tatar khanates as between elders and juniors, which is immediately reflected both in official documents and in the testimonies of contemporaries.
The actual successor of the khans of the Golden Horde was the Crimean Khan. It was the Crimean ruler Mengli-Girey who in 1502 finally defeated Khan Sheikh-Ahmad, which marked the fall of the Golden Horde. However, the formal cessation of the existence of Ulus Jochi or Ulug Ulus (this is what the Golden Horde was called in official documentation) was not recorded. On the contrary, back in 1657, the Crimean Khan Muhammad-Girey IV referred to himself in a message to the Polish king Jan-Kazimir " The Great Horde and the Great Kingdom, and Desht-Kipchak, and the throne Crimea, and all Tatars, and many Nogays, and Tats with Tavgachs, and Circassians living in the mountains, the great padishah I, the great Khan Mohammed Giray» . The inclusion of the elements of the "Great Horde" and "Desht-Kipchak" in the title of khan unequivocally testifies to the claims of the Crimean khans for a full-fledged succession from the khans of the Golden Horde.
And Western monarchs perceived them as such. In particular, the Polish kings continued to recognize their vassalage from the Crimean khans to the southern Russian lands, receive labels from them and pay tribute to Crimea for them - despite the fact that the Moscow sovereigns were still at the turn of the 15th-16th centuries. conquered these territories and were not going to cede them to either the Crimean khans or the Polish kings. Polish historian of the early 16th century. Matvey Mekhovsky calls the Crimean Khan Muhammad-Giray "the Sovereign of Perekop" and the "Crimean Emperor"; another Polish-Lithuanian historian of the mid-16th century. Mikhalon Litvin also calls the Crimean Khan caesar (Caesar, that is, again, the emperor).
Undoubtedly, both the Crimean monarchs and their Western European diplomatic partners had reason to consider the Crimean Khan the main successor of the Golden Horde khans: in the first half of the 16th century. the Crimean khans began to pursue an active policy of "gathering the lands" of the Ulus Jochi under their rule: back in the first half of the 1520s. Muhammad-Girey I captured Astrakhan and installed his son Bahadur-Girey as khan there (albeit for a very short time), and in Kazan his brother Safa-Girey. Thus, almost all the possessions of the Golden Horde from the Volga region to the Black Sea region ended up in the hands of one family of the Jochids. However, with the death of Muhammad Giray (1523), his ambitious plans collapsed, and the unification of the Ulus of Jochi in one hand did not take place. Nevertheless, Crimea, as we had the opportunity to make sure, for centuries retained the right of succession from the Golden Horde khans, recognized in Europe .... "

Pochekaev Roman Yulianovich , K. Yu. in Economics, Associate Professor, Department of Theory and History of Law and State, St. Petersburg Branch of the National Research University Higher School of Economics (St. Petersburg). Work "Status of the Khans of the Golden Horde and their successors in relations with the states of Europe"

6. STATE AND PUBLIC ORGANIZATION OF THE CRIMEAN KHANATE

The form of government of the Crimean Khanate can be defined as class-representative, limited monarchy , although during the Middle Ages most of the states, especially Muslim ones, were absolute monarchies. In this regard, the Crimean Khanate was more like a European monarchy of the English model. The Crimean Khan concentrated great power in his hands, but it was limited to such a collegial body as Sofa(State Council), having control and supervisory functions, as well as noble and powerful beys. Khan could not change the privileges of the nobility. Representatives of different estates had a certain independence in front of the khan and the beys.

In order to strengthen the newly created khanate, Haji Giray clearly indicates the place, significance and rights of each group of its population. So, label(by decree) of 1447, he defines 2 categories of "rulers" - military and civil. The first included (by seniority) beys and oglans (princes), temniks, thousanders and centurions; to the second - judicial ranks: qadis and kadiaskers. All the rest, except for the clergy, belonged to the taxable class. They paid yasak (tax in kind), as well as taxes for pastures, for a trading place, from urban crafts, merchants paid a fee for the import and export of goods to both the khan and the beys. The subjects of the khanate were free people. There has never been serfdom in Crimea.

Already under Haji Gerai, the foundations of the state structure of the Crimean Khanate were laid, which had the features of a decentralized state. Its territory was divided into administrative-territorial districts - beyliki, covering a significant part of the territory of the former ulus and were feudal principalities. The head of the beylik was the senior representative of the bey family. The beylik was arranged according to the model of the khan's possession: there were a Divan, a kalga, a Nureddin, a Mufti, and justice was administered. The beys had their own banner, coat of arms (tamga), seal, commanded military formations, which were subordinate to the khan as the supreme commander in chief. Some influential beys could enter into relations with neighboring states on their own behalf, but the envoys of the khan had the prerogative to represent the interests of the state. Sometimes foreign missions did not recognize the statements of the khan, if it was not supported by exactly the same statements of the beys - moreover, on behalf of the beys themselves.

The most famous families representing the tribal aristocracy were Shirin, Baryn, Yashlav, Argyn, Kypchak, Mansur, Mangyt, Sidzheut . Crimean beys had a great influence on the election of khans from the ruling dynasty. There were cases when the khan was elected, not waiting for the Sultan's approval of the candidate, but raising him, according to the Horde custom, on a felt mat. Then the Turkish sultan, by his decision, approved the choice of the Crimean aristocracy.

In addition to the tribal aristocracy - the beys - under Sahib Gerai (1532-1551), the service nobility appeared - kap-kulu , who received hereditary privileges for diligence and personal devotion to the Khan. The kapi-kulu were part of the khan's own guard, created by him on the model of the Turkish janissaries.

7. Hierarchy of power in the Crimean Khanate

Khan. The Gerai descended from Genghis Khan, and the Genghisid principle of succession of power was preserved throughout the history of the Crimean Khanate. Khan determined the first (kalga) and second (nureddin) heirs. Khan enjoyed the right of supreme ownership of the land. But the khan also had his own domain, located in the valleys of Alma, Kacha and Salgir. Khan also owned all the salt lakes and uncultivated lands - mevat. He could only distribute some of these possessions to his vassals. The Crimean Khan had personal bodyguards and mounted bodyguards, many servants, kept a magnificent courtyard, was the commander-in-chief of all the troops of the Khanate, and had the exclusive right to mint coins. The khan's income consisted of taxes: the khan's raising tax, tithe from the harvest of bread and livestock, tax from the settled population, charged for cultivated land. Christians, moreover, paid a special tax "kharaj".

The powers of the khan were quite broad. He drew up international treaties, declared a state of war or peace, submitting his decisions to the Divan, and provided military assistance to neighboring states. The Khan issued labels that regulated the circulation of the national currency and taxation, granted lands to his subjects. Khan appointed Qadi judges, had the right to pardon, but could only sentence to death according to the decision of the Divan. Khan had the right to appoint and dismiss senior officials: kalgi, Nureddin, op-bey, seraskers, vizier, mufti, etc.

Khan signed the documents as " Great Khan of the Great Horde and the Throne of Crimea and the Kypchak Steppes". Some khans pursued an independent policy, regardless of the will of the Sultan. So, Islam III Giray, when he was elected khan, said to the vizier of the Sultan: “ Do not besiege me with warning letters not to frown with such and such a giaur, to show a kind of disposition to such and such, not to get along with such and such, not to upset such and such, to do so with such and such, giving orders from here behind the scenes on local affairs; do not confuse me so that I know how I should act". The Crimean khans enjoyed great respect in Istanbul. Their influence especially increased at the court of the Sultan during the wars of the Ottoman Empire, in which the Crimean Khan participated with his army.

From the second half of the XV century. the order of succession to the khan's throne began to be influenced by the Turkish sultan, who had political (according to the treaty of 1454) and religious (as the caliph - the head of the Muslims of the world) grounds for this.

Khan approval procedure was as follows: the sultan, through his courtier, sent the future khan an honorary fur coat, a saber and a cap decorated with precious stones sable, as well as a personally signed order (hattisheriff), which was read to the Crimean beys gathered in the Divan. The khan who ascended the throne was given a special banner and a khan's bunchuk.

Kalga. Kalga-sultan is the heir of the Geraev family officially declared by the khan. This dignity was first introduced by Mengli I Gerai. The Turkish sultan usually respected the will of the khan and almost always appointed the one pointed out by the Crimean ruler.

Kalga- the first dignitary after the khan. Kalga went through a peculiar practice of government under the ruling khan. If the khan could not or did not want to take part in a military campaign, the kalga took command of the troops, and in his absence, Nureddin. His permanent residence and administration were in Aqmescit (modern Simferopol). Kalga had his own vizier, treasurer-defterdar, judge - qadi. Kalga led the meetings of his Divan, in which various court cases were considered. The protocols of the trials were sent to the Khan's Divan, where the final verdict was passed. The kalga's orders to bring someone to court, his military orders, passes and all orders had the power of the khan.

Kalga did not have the right to mint coins. He received a significant inheritance (kalgalyk), which included land in the upper reaches of the Alma up to Chatyrdag, as well as the northern slope of the mountain and the Salgir valley. Kalgalyk was state property and could not be inherited. Kalga could only grant land to his entourage for temporary use. Kalga received part of his income in the form of a salary from the Turkish Sultan.

Nureddin. Nureddin Sultan followed the kalga in the Crimean hierarchy, usually it was the brother of the khan. He was also considered the heir to the throne after the kalga. In the absence of the khan and kalga, he took command of the army. His official residence was at the Kachi-Saray Palace in the Kachi Valley. He, like the kalga, had his own vizier, treasurer - defterdar, judge - qadi and could not mint a coin. Nureddin also received a salary from the Sultan.

Great Bey- a representative of one of the famous and influential bey clans, endowed by them with the status of the most authoritative bey. After determining the status, the great bey was appointed by the khan to a high state position. The task of the great bey was to be "the eye and ear of the khan", that is, to perform the duties of his active vizier, performing the functions of the first minister of state. He is the supreme guardian of the khan's property, all state affairs were in his hands. The Bey received a third of the annual commemoration (tribute) - this was his ancient privilege, as well as the duty to command the Khan's personal guard. Bey kept order in the capital and its district. Sometimes the power of the great bey exceeded in practice the competence of Nureddin.

Mufti- the highest spiritual person, the supreme interpreter of Sharia. The judges in their decisions proceeded from the Mufti's explanation of certain provisions of Islamic law. The mufti interpreted the laws and adopted fatwas (decisions, conclusions), being a kind of supervisory body. If the decisions taken by the khan did not comply with the norms of the Koran, the mufti ruled on their invalidity and declared them illegal, thus limiting the power of the Crimean khan.

If gifts came to Crimea from foreign rulers, then the mufti received them on a par with the khan. He carried on his own correspondence. He and his closest assistants and other significant clerics owned possessions in various parts of the Crimea, which were part of their spiritual domain (Khojalyk). The number of Khodjalyk villages reached twenty. Another form of spiritual immovable property was waqf lands, that is, lands transferred to the Muslim community by a true Muslim. Incomes from the vaqf lands were used to maintain a particular mosque, madrasah, mektebe, a shelter for lonely old people, sometimes even a secular structure - a road, a bridge, a cheshme fountain. The mufti exercised supreme supervision over the use of waqf lands strictly for their intended purpose, the size of which reached 90,000 acres.

Op-bay. The duties of the op-bey included maintaining the external security of the state, monitoring the safety of its borders. He also oversaw all the khanate hordes that lived outside the Crimean peninsula. His residence was in the fortress of Op-Kapy (Perekop), located on the isthmus that connected the peninsula with the mainland. Op-Kapy defended the Crimea from the invasion of enemy troops, therefore Shirinsky beys were usually appointed to the position of op-bey for their proximity to the Geraev dynasty. 18th century French diplomat Paysonel writes that this position was considered one of the most important in the khanate. Op-bey had income from salt mines.

Seraskers. Seraskers were the princes of the Nogai hordes - Edisan, Budzhak, Yedichkul (or Yedishkul), Dzhamboyluk and Kuban - who roamed outside the peninsula. They were both the rulers of these territories and the commanders of the troops under the control of the commander-in-chief - the khan. Subordinating to the khan, they often got out of his control, going on unauthorized campaigns, entering into separate relations with their neighbors, especially with the North Caucasian rulers. Often it came to direct armed struggle with the khans. Despite the sometimes unpredictable policy of the seraskers, the khans too valued the military prowess and strength of the Black Sea hordes. Therefore, taking care of the economic condition of the hordes and the development of religious and public institutions in them, protecting the hordes from attacks by neighboring peoples and using a wide range of diplomacy, they kept the seraskers in line with the national policy. After all, the seraskers could lead almost more horsemen into the field than the khan himself.

Widths and other famous Bey families. Heads of the four Bey clans: Shirin, Yashlav, Baryn, Argyn - formed the council Karachi (karaji). In fact, it was they who elected the khan. As a rule, not a single important state issue could be resolved by the khan without their consent. Shirin Bey did not always defend the interests of this highest aristocracy, and often adhered to tribal politics. Shirin Bey carried on personal correspondence with foreign state rulers, had his own administrative apparatus, as well as his own kalgu and Nureddin.

Beyliks - specific possessions of the beys of the main Crimean clans

Yashlav oversaw diplomatic relations with Moscow. Any murza or agha was ready to support his bey, counting on land and other grants. The aristocracy, relying on their murzas, sometimes opposed the khan if he violated their rights and interests. Istanbul tried to support the opposition to the khans and defended the ancient equality of the karachi and the khan - after all, the beys restrained the khan's aspirations to strengthen the central government and to become independent from the empire. The possessions of Karachi were called beyliks, the beys administered justice here. Beylik Shirin included lands from the city of Karasubazar (Karasubazar) to the city of Eski-Krym (Eski-Kyrym) and from Sivash to the northern slopes of the Middle Ridge. To the west of the possessions of Shirin were the beyliks of his allies Baryn and Argyn. AT Beylik Yashlav included land between the rivers Alma and Belbek. Each of the beys had his own army.

In order to strengthen his independence from the aristocracy, Sahib I Gerai (1532-1551) decided to make a support for himself the Mangyt Bey clan that had recently arrived on the peninsula. Mansour , which had tens of thousands of nomads behind it. Since that time and until now, the Crimean Tatars call the territory between Dzhankoy and Tarkhankut, where the nomads settled down. Mangyt eri. A fierce struggle for supremacy in the khanate began between the clans of Mansur and four Karachi. As a result of this struggle, the strength and influence of the Mansur clan actually equaled the powerful Shirin clan. But even during periods of weakening of the Shirin clan, its official status remained higher than that of the Mansur clan.

Ana-beyim, ulu-hani. Position ana-beyim ( valid) was occupied by the mother or sister of the ruling Giray. The position of ulu-hani was usually given by the khan to one of his elder sisters or his daughters. These two dignitaries were quite influential at the khan's court, had a narrow circle of courtiers, income from subject villages, as well as deductions from the khan's treasury.

Kadiasker- the supreme judge, he transferred all court verdicts to the Divan for a final decision and was in charge of all litigations that arose among the murzas. Kaznadar-bashi- the great treasurer - kept records of all the income of the khan. Defterdar-bashi- chief controller - kept records of all state expenditures. Efendi sofa- Secretary of the Sofa, keeper of all lists and letters. During the meeting of the Divan, he read the letters and documents appointed by the khan for reading.

Sofa
Divan - the State Council, the highest authority that performed the combined functions of the executive, legislative and judicial authorities. It included: Khan, Mufti, Kalga, Nureddin, Beys (Seraskers of the Three Hordes, Or-Bey, Karachi), Vizier, Kadiasker, Kaznadar-Bashi, Defterdar-Bashi and other senior officials.

It was in the Divan that the final responsible decisions were made on such issues as the declaration of war and peace, the provision of military assistance to foreign states. Foreign ambassadors were presented in the Divan, letters of foreign states were read out.

The Divan was also the court of the highest instance, finally considering civil and criminal cases, as well as cases of disputes between murzas. Only Divan could pass the death sentence. In the Divan, the procedure for taking office or removing the Crimean Khan from office most often took place. Kadiasker pronounced the verdict by the decision of the mufti, and the khan issued an order in conclusion.

The sofa determined the size of the content allocated to the khan's court and palace. A divan in a narrower composition (kuchuk Divan): khan, kalga, nureddin, or-bey, seraskers, vizier, kadiasker, five beys - decided the fate of the next military campaign and the number of troops needed. The decisions of the Divan were binding on all Crimean Tatars, regardless of the composition of the Divan. But there were cases when the khan could not assemble the Divan: its members did not appear to paralyze the implementation of this or that initiative of Giray.

Elvedin CHUBAROV

8. Sultan Khan Giray researcher of the culture of the Adyghe peoples, author of "Notes on Circassia"

Born in the family of a pro-Russian Bzhedug prince (1808), at an early age, after the death of his father, he fell into the hands of the commander of the Separate Caucasian Corps, General A.P. Yermolov, who "took care of the young Girey", entrusting him to the director of the local gymnasium.

A graduate of the cadet corps Khan Giray participated in the Russian-Iranian (1826-1828) and Russian-Turkish wars (1828-1829), where he was awarded a silver medal. After serving in the Life Guards of the Black Sea Squadron, Khan-Giray was transferred to the Life Guards of the Caucasian Mountain Half Squadron, where Sh.B. Nogmov, S. Kazy-Girey, M. Kodzokov (father of D.M. Kodzokov) and others. His entire short life was connected with this semi-squadron, where he rose to the rank of colonel, became an adjutant wing and commander of the Caucasian Mountain semi-squadron.

Having shown himself not only as a brave officer on the battlefield, but also as a broad-minded public and political figure, a patriot of the Caucasus and Russia, he thinks about how to ensure this accession by peaceful means. To this end, on behalf of Emperor Nicholas I, he writes his historical and ethnographic work " Notes about Circassia».

During the seven years of scientific and literary activity, he wrote several more works, including " Circassian legends», « Mythology of the Circassian tribes», « Hitting Kunchuk" and etc.

But the economic problems and economic prospects of the Adyghe peoples are the focus of the main work of S. Khan-Giray "Notes on Circassia", where the second section of the second part of the book is called "Industry". In this part of the book, Khan Giray covers various aspects of the "people's industry" - agriculture, cattle breeding, traditional crafts, trade, etc.

The transition of the people from nomadism to settled life, the skills of agriculture among the Circassians, according to Khan Giray, go back to ancient times. Finding it difficult to determine "when this people passed from the state of the shepherd to the state of the farmer," he only notes that arable farming has been introduced in Circassia since very ancient times. This is also indicated by folklore and ethnographic data: “In the descriptions of the deities of the mythology of this people, we saw that in Circassia they honored a certain Sozeresh, the patron of arable farming, and at a certain time they brought thanksgiving prayers to him.”

More: S.A. Aylarova, L.T. Tebiev. Sultan Khan Giray about the economic culture of the Adyghe peoples http://svarkhipov.narod.ru/pup/tebi.htm

9. Sultan Girey Klych - commander of the highlanders in the Cossack Corps of General P. N. Krasnov as part of the Nazi troops

Among the mountain Gireys, Kelich-Sultan-Girey is famous ( Sultan-Girey Klych, tour. Sultan Kılıç Girey - Colonel, head of the Circassian Cavalry Division

Born in 1880 in the village of Uyala (foot. Gnezda), according to other sources in Maykop). He graduated from the cadet corps and military school. Participant in the suppression of the revolution of 1905.

Klych began the First World War as a captain and commanded the 3rd hundred of the Circassian cavalry regiment, and in this position he ended the war as a colonel and commander of this regiment, having received all possible awards in his position, including Order of St. George and Arms.

In the summer of 1917 - colonel, participant in the Kornilov speech. On March 25, 1918, on the proposal of the commander of the troops of the Kuban Territory, he was promoted to major general for military distinctions. In the Volunteer Army, by the autumn he was appointed commander of the 2nd brigade of the 1st Cavalry Division, and on December 21 - head of the Circassian Cavalry Division (" Wild division»). In 1920, after the defeat and evacuation of the AFSR to the Crimea, together with the remnants of his division, he crossed the border of the Georgian Republic with the permission of the Georgian government, where he was interned. Then he left for the Crimea, and from there, on the orders of General Pyotr Wrangel, to the Karachaev region of the North Caucasus, to organize "white-green" detachments. Commanding the formed detachments, in battles with the Red Army, he was defeated and again fled to Georgia. In the spring of 1921 he emigrated abroad.

In exile, he became one of the leaders of the nationalist " People's Party of Highlanders of the North Caucasus”, who fought for the separation of the North Caucasus from the USSR and the creation of the North Caucasian Republic. He was a member of its Central Committee, was a member of " Caucasus Independence Committee”, which consisted of leaders of Georgian, Armenian, Azerbaijani and mountain nationalists.

During World War II, together with other Caucasian and Transcaucasian nationalists, he organized a number of "National Committees" and took an active part in the formation of military mountain units and commanded the highlanders in the Cossack Corps, Gen. P. N. Krasnova. At the beginning of 1943, he created Caucasian division was transferred to Italy, where in May 1945 she was interned by the British in Oberdrauburg. May 29, among 125 Caucasian officers, he was taken to Judenburg, handed over to the NKVD and transferred to Moscow. Together with General Krasnov and other Cossacks, by the verdict of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, he was sentenced to hanging and executed in Moscow on January 16, 1947 .

10. Chechen line Girey

Denikin ruler of Chechnya Aliev Eris Khan Sultan Giray

During the civil war in the North Caucasus in 1919, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the South of Russia, Anton Denikin, appointed General Iriskhan Aliyev as the “ruler of Chechnya”.

By origin, Aliyev came from the village of Ersenoy and was married to the daughter of a Chechen General Artsu Chermoev, Princess Salima.

At that time, the highest ranks in the military hierarchy were considered to be a cavalry general, an artillery general, and an infantry (infantry) general. Having a very high military rank of artillery general, Eris-Khan Aliyev became famous as the commander of an artillery brigade in the Russian-Turkish war of 1904. In addition, he participated in the Russian-Japanese and in the First World War, at one time commanding even the Russian corps (a huge formation consisting of several divisions). Highlander as a commander of the Russian army corps - a huge rarity for that time.

General of artillery Aliyev Eris-Khan Sultan-Girey born April 20, 1855, graduated from the military Konstantinovsky and Mikhailovsky artillery schools, promoted to second lieutenant of the Caucasian Grenadier Artillery Brigade.

After graduating from the Mikhailovsky Artillery Academy, Aliyev successively commanded the 7th Battery of the Guards of the 3rd Artillery Brigade, a division and the 5th East Siberian Rifle Division. The first company in which Aliyev participated was the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, and here he is awarded the Order of Stanislav and St. 3rd degree with swords and bow. For participation in the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-05, during the Mukden battles, Aliyev was awarded a golden weapon. At one time, during the battles for Mukden, he was even appointed (instead of General Litsevich, who was out of action) as interim commander-in-chief of the Russian Front. For participation in this war, Aliyev was awarded golden weapons and orders: St. George 4th class, Stanislav and Anna 1st degree with swords.

In his book Notes of a Russian Officer, Denikin describes the defeat of the Russian army in one of the battles in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904. As the author writes, the army trembled and began to retreat. It was about getting away. And there were no large reserves in order to stop the offensive of the Japanese. The Russian army, according to Denikin's description, "is about to run" ... Suddenly, the warring parties heard the sounds of music with amazement. And they saw Aliyev's brigade, which rolled out onto a hillock with their guns. Everyone thought he was crazy. A brigade is, of course, more than a regiment, but it is not able to stop the retreat of such a colossus as an army! However, Aliyev ordered the artillery to come forward. Artillerymen began to impudently shoot the advancing Japanese. There was confusion in the enemy ranks. Brave warriors, the Japanese, apparently did not expect such a turn of events. They decided, most likely, that some larger-scale action would soon follow, that the reserve forces of the Russian army were going on a counteroffensive. It never occurred to them that audacious artillery fire was nothing more than a psychological attack. And she achieved her goal: the Japanese faltered. These few hours turned out to be sufficient to organize the retreat of individual military formations. Even then, Eris-Khan Aliev came to the attention of Anton Denikin.

Aliyev was one of two generals during the abdication of Emperor Romanov (the second general was Hussein-Khan Nakhichevan, an Azerbaijani by birth.). Both of them remained true to their oath to the end.

In May 1918, Aliyev left Petrograd, where he was at the disposal of the Supreme Commander, to Chechnya. In the Caucasus, he offered his services to the government of the mountaineers of the Caucasus and in November 1918 was placed at the disposal of the Commander-in-Chief of the Volunteer Army. In March 1919, after the occupation of Chechnya by units of General V.P. Lyakhov, Aliyev arrived in Grozny and was elected the Supreme Ruler of Chechnya at the congress of the Chechen peoples. As the general believed, the Bolsheviks bring destruction and death to small peoples. Therefore, he agreed to the proposal of Anton Denikin to become the White Guard ruler of Chechnya.

Denikin came to the Caucasus in January-February 1919, when the Bolsheviks had already established power in the region. As you know, Chechnya became the epicenter of military conflicts with the Whites. Ingushetia and later Dagestan. And here, in Chechnya, he faced fierce resistance, which had its own background. The point is not that the Chechens and Ingush shared the views of the Bolsheviks, were their supporters by conviction. The essence is different, participating in hostilities against Denikin, the Vainakhs fought against the Cossacks, on whom the White Guard general relied. The reason for the confrontation was the land issue. Among other things, during the reign of Denikin, Chechen villages were defeated, which did not recognize the authority of the Volunteer Army. In protest against the cruelty and violence against the highlanders by General Erdeli, as well as the condemnation of the mountaineers' response by the volunteers, General Aliyev announced his resignation.

Most ordinary people, believing the Bolsheviks, joined them. Therefore, the fate of supporters of the independence of the North Caucasian republics such as Tapa Chermoev and those who hoped for the restoration of great-power Russia in the person of Ibragim Chulikov and General Eris-Khan Aliyev was predetermined.

After his resignation, General Aliev moved away from Denikin, and precisely because of his sharp disagreement with the actions of the volunteer army on the territory of not only Chechnya, but the entire North Caucasus. According to a number of researchers, Denikin's defeat in the fight against Bolshevism was to some extent due to the fierce resistance that the residents of the republics of the North Caucasus put up to the White Army. After the retreat of the Volunteer Army from the Terek region, the artillery general, an outstanding personality - Eris Khan Sultan Girey Aliyev was arrested by the Bolsheviks and placed in a Grozny prison and shortly after that was shot by the verdict of the Revolutionary Tribunal, along with his sons Eglar-Khan and Eksan-Khan. More on the site Chechen Republic http://info.checheninfo.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18:aliev&catid=56:gzl&Itemid=110

In the history, or rather in the culture of the Russian Crimea, an outstanding role belongs to the nephew of the last Crimean Khan Shagin Giray, his name Alexander Ivanovich Sultan Krym Giray entered the history of the Crimean charity. But he became famous, first of all, as the discoverer of the Scythian Naples.

Alexander Ivanovich grew up in London, where he received a Protestant education and upbringing, and then, together with his English wife, came to Simferopol. Having received significant hereditary lands, this married couple carried out extensive charitable work. The most famous in it are Alexander Ivanovich Sultan Krym Giray and his son, also a major public figure - Nikolai Alexandrovich Sultan Krym Girey. Two events in the history of Simferopol are associated with these glorious names.

AT 1827 year Alexander Ivanovich became the discoverer of the capital of the state of the late Scythians - Naples. He sent to the Odessa Museum of Antiquities two slabs with bas-reliefs of horsemen, which were discovered among the ruins of an old fortress on the Petrovsky Rocks plateau near the town of Ak-Mechet (present-day Simferopol). At the end of the 19th century Nikolai Sultan Krym Giray free of charge transferred to the ownership of Simferopol the Sultan's Meadow belonging to him. For a long time the best part of Simferopol - Boulevard Crimea Giray bore this glorious name, but with the annexation of Crimea to Ukraine, the boulevard, unfortunately, was renamed Ivan Franko Boulevard.

Vasily Dmitrievich Simov-Girey (1879 — 1978)
One of the brightest descendants of the Crimean khans, naval engineer Vasily Dmitrievich Simov-Girey, son of Dmitry (Devlet) Simovkhan Selim-Girey.

Vasily studied at Norfolk, Bern, Zurich universities, worked on the construction of the Panama Canal, then - in Egypt, Germany, Central America, Japan. He is a holder of the orders of Stanislav, Anna, Vladimir. As a well-known engineer, V.D. Simov-Girey was seconded to the Headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army in the First World War. For participation and speech at a rally in Mogilev after the February Revolution, he was expelled from the army and sent to work on the Kola Peninsula. He took part in the construction of the Kashirskaya power plant and the Belomor Canal. He came to Stepnyak (Kazakhstan) on an urgent business trip, and lived here for 25 years until his death. Unfortunately, he has no descendants.

Engineer Giray left behind biographical records of great historical interest. His correspondence with the artist from Bakhchisarai Elena Nagaevskaya, which was published as a separate book, has also been preserved.

On pages 13 to 16, V. D. Simov-Girey gives the following description of his biography (the style of the author of the letter is preserved): “... My father Dmitry Vasilyevich is a military sailor, captain of the 1st rank. Sailed first on the Caspian Sea and then on the Black. Since my father was not a monarchist and was hostile to the policy of the Russian Government, he was removed from command of the ship and appointed to the post of Naval Agent in England (now such agents are called attaches). While serving on the Caspian Sea, and often visiting Astrakhan, his father fell in love with a Russian girl - the daughter of a wealthy Astrakhan nobleman Andrei Ignatievich Koprov, Tatyana Andreevna. She loved him too. My father, not being a true Muslim, was critical of religion and, yielding to the Koprovs, converted to Orthodoxy and married Tatyana Andreevna.

Before baptism, the father's name was Devlet, and after baptism, Dmitry. At baptism, the commander of the Astrakhan Admiralty, Rear Admiral Vasily Aleksandrovich Iretskoy, was the recipient - his name was given to my father as a patronymic. I don't remember the year of my parents' marriage. Parents died in Libava (now Liepaja), father in 1904, and mother in 1911. They were buried at the Lazarevsky cemetery.

I was born in 1879 year in Old Crimea(1st residence of the Gireys in the Crimea until 1519). I received my education not in Russia, but in England, Germany and German Switzerland. Began studying at Norfolk College in London (simultaneously with Churchill).

For the transfer of his father from England to Germany, he graduated from high school in Berlin and entered the University there. He studied there for 2 years (together with Goebbels and Crown Prince Henry, the eldest son of Wilhelm II).

I did not like studying at the University, because I was convinced there that the University mainly trains future officials, and not the creators of a new, more humane and just life, which I considered exclusively industrial and agricultural. workers. Therefore, I moved to Zurich to the Polytechnic Institute, where I graduated from the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanical Engineering at the age of 21, that is, in 1900, and, being very well off, plunged into the field of studying life and work in different countries of the world.

In 1911 he returned to Russia and no longer traveled abroad, except for visits to Poland, Austria and Germany during the 1st Imperialist War.
Answering questions: “ Why didn't I run abroad? Why did I accept the Soviet system?”, given to him in a letter by E. Nagaevskaya, V. Simov-Girey writes the following:

“... By my rank and origin, I was very close to the court. I especially had friendly, kind-hearted relations with Nikolai's mother, Maria Fedorovna, which allowed me to closely observe the life of the entire Romanov family. It should be noted that the state of education was very low for all family members. The only enlightened and highly educated person in the family was Maria Feodorovna, the daughter of the late Danish King Christian XII by education as a doctor, an enlightened person.

As for the education of the rest of the family, led by Nicholas, the deep conviction of the former government was that no special education was required for the imperial family. It was quite enough to be able to effectively write your name.

The state of literacy is not more than 4-grade school. School attendance was considered unacceptable. Therefore, an educator from old officials was appointed to each future emperor. Nicholas II was tutored by the evil genius of Russia, the terrifying hater of enlightenment Pobedonostsev (Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod), who conjured Nicholas not to allow the formation of the people in order to preserve the dynasty. This attitude to education was in previous times. The foundation of education was to speak French well, a little German, to dance well, and to maintain a good, patronizing tone and graceful manner. The Russian language was neglected. Nikolai perfectly mastered the “education” and he turned out to be a spectacular drunkard and a high-profile hooligan, which his quality was appreciated in the highest degree in Tokyo by a police blow to the head with a saber. This was caused by a drunken Nikolai brazenly molesting passing women.

This episode, Elena Varnavovna, if you do not know it, I can describe it in detail in the next letter, if you wish.

Nikolai during a conversation (when sober) was usually polite, correct, but it was impossible to trust him, because he was very hypocritical and, moreover, not smart.

It should be noted that all members of the Romanov dynasty were rude, uneducated to the point of surprise, and most of them mediocre, incapable of working life. Nikolai's nephew, Prince Dmitry Pavlovich, after Nikolai's abdication, became a priest. And before that, he was fond of singing at divine services in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra. Observing all this aristocratic and mediocre life and observing the life of the people and seeing the flagrant injustices towards the people, I set out to study the people and their life closer.”

Of course, taking into account the country of residence and taking into account the time when the author of the letters was written, one can objectively understand the reasons for such a negative assessment of the royal family. It seems that in reality the judgments of Simov-Giray, a man who lived in England, Germany, Switzerland, in Russia during the tsarist period, were hardly such.

Let what he wrote about the royal family remain on his conscience, and future researchers, having studied his “Memoirs” (on 1000 pages), about the preparation of which he writes in his letters, will be able to draw objective conclusions. As Vasily Dmitrievich Simov-Girey writes in a letter dated February 19, 1968, he handed over his “Memoirs” in 2 volumes to the literary critic N.S. Reshetninov.

AT 1966 year in the newspaper "Izvestia" was published an article by I. M. Buzylev " Girey's Odyssey". It was after the publication of this material that the name of V. D. Simov-Girey became widely known in the Soviet Union. In this regard, a very curious fact is described in a letter dated February 19, 1966: one night two men broke into his house, introducing themselves as engineers, but in fact, as Simov-Girey writes, “they were terry monarchists.” They accused him of being friends with F. F. Yusupov, the murderer of G. Rasputin, the “guardian angel of the Russian Empire,” as his visitors described him. It is not known how this story would have ended if the neighbors had not come running to the noise. According to the author of the letter, "uninvited guests had to urgently retreat."

Unfortunately, from the correspondence of V.D. Simov-Girey it is impossible to understand the degree of kinship between him and the last Crimean Khan Shagin Giray. But, apparently, he had information that shed light on both the family secrets of the Russian ruling Romanov dynasty and the Crimean court. Thus, in a letter dated January 1, 1968, he speaks of marriage of the last Crimean Khan Shahin Giray on a relative of the Russian poet M. Yu. Lermontov, Princess Maria Tarkhanova . Characterizing this fact, a descendant of Genghisides writes that the marriage was cleverly arranged by a court gang led by Catherine II with the aim of further annexing the Crimea.

Another point worth noting is given in a letter dated April 24, 1967. Simov-Girey writes: "... I bought a map of Moscow, but although it was new, it turned out to be incorrect."

Apparently, it was not clear to an elderly person who was educated in the best European educational institutions that maps in the era of the Soviet Union were classified as strategic information material, they were deliberately distorted, just in case, to confuse the enemy.

In a letter dated March 7, 1968, he, answering E. V. Nagaevskaya about her admiration for the former architecture, writes: “You are delighted with Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, with the beauty of its ancient architecture. I also really like to wander around the ancient settlements and remember the past life of bygone centuries.

In modern populated areas, I no longer meet much of the beauty that would attract with its beauty of architecture, planning and combination of the beauty of the surrounding area.

When I drive through the streets of Moscow and see the rapid destruction, instead of repair, of old buildings, old architectural ensembles, I have a strong feeling of annoyance that this former beauty is being replaced by modern, ridiculous box-like, skyscraper architecture. Is it possible that the primordial Russian architectural thought has become so impoverished that it has lost its creativity and is carried away by a sense of imitation of Europe and especially America, which are not passionate about beauty, but profit. Admire Moscow, the former beauty. What modern architects are turning it into, who, apparently, have lost their heads in the fascination with their box houses and their exotic character.

I will undoubtedly be declared a conservative and I will not be surprised at this, because I think it is better to be a conservative in architecture than a progressive in absurd and even harmful imitation.

Vasily Dmitrievich Simov-Girey lived a long and multifaceted life. He died in 1976 year at the age of 98 in Moscow. The well-known Crimean Tatar journalist Timur Dagdzhi told the author of these lines that after the death of Simov-Girey, he sought out his son. From his words, it became known about the posthumous desire: scatter his ashes on the territory of Crimea . Apparently, the “call of the ancestors” on the paternal side woke up in him, who for a long time were formidable rulers of this ancient land.

The intertwining of the historical destinies of Russia and the Crimea was symbolically reflected in the difficult fate of Vasily Simov-Girey. It is interesting that those currently living in London direct descendants of Genghis Khan and the Crimean khans in the male line - brothers Jezzar and Guven Gerai, are both grandchildren Xenia Alexandrovna Romanova, the sister of the last Russian Emperor Nicholas II.

It seems that further study of the rich epistolary heritage of Vasily Dmitrievich Simov-Girey would allow historians of the future to clarify new details of Russian and Soviet history.

Server Ebubekir

12. Russian princes Genghis - Siberian (Kyrgyz) line of Gireys

The Kirghiz Khan Abul-Khair in 1717 accepted Russian citizenship, and in 1748 he died, leaving three sons: Nur-Ali-Khan, Eir-Ali-Khan and Aychuvak. Nur Ali Khan ruled under Elizabeth and Catherine II, in 1790, leaving three sons: Ishim, Buka and Shigai.

After the death of Nur-Ali Khan, his eldest son Ishim ruled until his death in 1797, and then Nur-Ali's younger brother, Aichuvak, until 1800, when control was entrusted to Bukei Khan, who on May 1, 1812 received a letter confirming the dignity of the khan Russian government.

The charter, among other things, says: “For the good we judged, satisfying the general desire of the Kirghiz-Kaisak Lesser Horde of sultans, beys, elders, Tarkhans and the people to establish in this Horde by their voluntary election and naming of two khans: one over the Kirghiz-Kaisaks, wandering in Trans-Ural steppes and belonging to the Ural line, as well as among the steppes of Astrakhan, and another - to control the same Horde of the Kirghiz, located nomadic from the Upper line of the Orenburg to the Syr-Darya river and throughout the entire expanse of the steppes to Khiva and Bukhara. And as the sultans of the Astrakhan country named Khan Bokey, then in respect of his voluntary election, We, the great sovereign, in rendering him our royal pleasure, honored him with approval in this position and ordered him to give the established signs of his dignity. These signs are: a saber with a scabbard, a sable fur coat and a hat made of black-brown fox. (for a long time in the Steppe, only the direct descendants of Genghis Khan in the male line had the right to wear a black-brown fox hat, a note from Zverozub)

Khan Bukei was appointed in 1825, leaving three sons - gireys: Dzhanger (12 years old), Adil and Mengli (even younger). Therefore, until the age of Dzhanger, his uncle, Bukei's brother, Shigay, ruled the Horde, and on June 22, 1823, with the execution of Dzhanger's 20th birthday, his government confirmed the dignity of the khan with a letter and the transfer of gifts. Dzhanger, having the rank of major general of the Russian service, 42 years old, on August 11, 1845, on a summer wandering along the Torgun River, within the Saratov province, leaving two daughters Khoja and Zyuleyka (after Colonel Tevkelekhy) and sons from marriage with the daughter of the Orenburg mufti - Gireev-Chingisov: Sahib, Ibragim, Akhmet and Gubodul Sahib-girey, chamber-page, on June 25, 1847 he was elevated to the dignity of khan, and two years later (1849) the place of the khan was taken by the second brother of the deceased, khan Ibrahim (23 February 1853), from the cornets of the Life Guards Hussars. Ibrahim's younger brother (third) Sultan Akhmet-Girey Genghis, colonel of the Russian service, released from the Corps of Pages (1852), b. 1834, in 1870 on August 30 he was elevated to the princely dignity of the Russian Empire and lives in the Samara province in his estate Torgu, in the Novouzensk district, and in 1873 he was given the coat of arms, which we placed.

The shield is divided by a lowered perpendicular into three parts. In the first part (in the upper half of the shield) in a black field there are bow and arrows, like a common weapon among the Kirghiz; in the second part (lower right) in an azure field, a silver sign (x) of the tamga of Genghis Khan, indicating the origin of the princely family from this conqueror; and in the third part (lower left) in the red field there is a tamga of Bukeev kind (t) in gold. Shield holders are warriors in oriental weapons.

“Take history away from the people - and in a generation it will turn into a crowd, and in another generation they can be controlled like a herd”

Paul J. Goebbels.

The city of Bukhara, its gates, quarters, mosques, schools. School founded by Empress Catherine. Their purpose is to be a hotbed of fanaticism, not learning. Bazaars. The police system is stricter than anywhere else in Asia. Bukhara Khanate. Inhabitants: Uzbeks, Tajiks, Kirghiz, Arabs, Mervians, Persians, Indians, Jews. Control. Various officials. political division. Army. Essay on the history of Bukhara.

I was told that it would take a whole day to go around Bukhara, but in fact it turned out that in the circumference of Bukhara it takes no more than four miles. Although its environs are well cultivated, Khiva still surpasses Bukhara in this respect.
There are 11 gates in the city: Darvaza-Imam, Darvaza-Mazar, Darvaza-Samarkand, Darvaza-Oglan, Darvaza-Talipach, Darvaza-Shirgiran, Darvaza-Karakol, Darvaza-Sheikh-Jalal, Darvaza-Namazgah, Darvaza-Salahane, Darvaza-Karshi .
It is divided into two main parts: Deruni-Shahr (inner city) and Beruni-Shahr (outer city) and into various quarters, of which the most significant mahalla is Juybar, Khiaban, Mirekan, Malkushan, Sabungiran.
The reader has already formed an idea of ​​the public buildings and squares of the city from the previous chapter, but nevertheless we will try to present our notes on this subject.

History of Bukhara.

The founder of Bukhara is Afrasiab, the great Turanian warrior. Various fables replace early history, and we can only conclude that the Turkic hordes from ancient times were a storm of those places whose Persian population was separated from their Iranian brothers already in the time of the Pishdadids.
The first thread of the real story begins with the time of the Arab occupation, and we can only regret that the brave adventurers left no other information than that scattered in the "Tarihi Tabari" and some other Arabic sources. Islam could not take root as easily in Maverannahr (the country between the Oxus and Jaxarth rivers) as in other countries, and the Arabs had to constantly repeat conversions as soon as they returned to the cities after a long absence.

Before the conquest by Genghis Khan (1220) of Bukhara and Samarkand, as well as the cities of Merv (Merv-i Shah-i Jihan, i.e. Merv, the king of the world), Karshi (Nakhsheb) and Balkh (Umm-ul-Bilad, i.e. the mother of the government, and Timur, the lame conqueror of the world from Shahrisyabz (Green City), wished to make Samarka-gorods) belonged to Persia, despite the fact that the province of Khorasan, as it was then called, was issued from Baghdad with a special firman on investiture.
With the invasion of the Mongols, the Persian element was completely supplanted by the Turkic, and the Uzbeks everywhere seized the reins and the capital of all Asia. But his plans died with him, and the actual history of the khanate begins with the house of Sheibani, whose founder Abulkhair Khan broke the power of the Timurids in their own states. His grandson Sheibani Muhammad Khan expanded the borders of Bukhara from Khujand to Herat, but when he wanted to capture Mashhad, he was defeated by Shah Ismail and died in battle in 916 (1510)
One of his most capable successors was Abdulla Khan (born in 1544). He reconquered Badakhshan, Herat and Mashhad, and, thanks to his concern for the development of culture and trade, deserves to be placed next to the great ruler of Persia, Shah Abbas II. During his reign, there were caravanserais and beautiful bridges on the roads of Bukhara, and cisterns in the deserts; all the ruins of such structures bear his name.
His son Abd al-Mumin did not stay on the throne for long, he was killed (1004 (1595)]. After the invasion of the Persian leader Tekel, who devastated everything in its path, the last descendants of the Sheibanids soon died. In a series of long turmoil and civil wars that followed the main contenders who contested the throne were Vali Mohammed Khan, a distant relative of Sheibani on the collateral line, and Baki Mohammed.
After Baki Mohammed fell in battle near Samarkand in 1025 (1616), Vali Mohammed Khan founded his own dynasty, which, as they say, existed before Abu-l-Faiz Khan, who begged Nadir Shah for peace (1740). .). During this period, Imam Quli Khan and Nasir Muhammad Khan (1650) stood out more than other rulers. Their generous support of the Ishan class greatly contributed to the fact that religious fanaticism in Bukhara and even throughout Turkestan rose to a level that it had not reached anywhere and never in the entire history of Islam.
Abu-l-Fayz Khan and his son were treacherously killed by their vizier Rahim Khan. After the death of the killer, who continued to independently rule the state as a vizier, Daniyal-biy seized power, followed by the emirs Shah Murad, Said Khan and Nasrullah Khan.
Since the history of the last three rulers has already been told by Malcolm, Burns and Khanykov, and we could add little new, we will no longer follow the events of this era, but rather talk in the next chapter about the wars waged by Bukhara and Kokand in the last three decades.

Mosques of Bukhara.

Bukharians say that there are 360 ​​large and small mosques in their hometown, so that a pious Muslim can go to a new mosque every day for entertainment. I was able to find hardly half of the number named, of which only deserve mention:
1) Masjidi-Kalyan, built by Timur and restored by Abdullah Khan. Here the emir, with a large crowd of people, performs a Friday prayer,
2) Masjidi-Divanbegi, which was ordered to be built in 1029 (1629) by a certain Nasr, Divanbegi (Secretary of State) of Emir Imam Kuli Khan, along with the pond of the same name and madrasah,
3) Mirekan,
4) Masjidi-Mogak, underground, where, according to legend, some say, the first Muslims gathered, according to others, the last fire worshipers. The first version seems to me more correct, because, firstly, fire worshipers could find a suitable place outside the city in the open air, and secondly, many Kufic writings testify to their Islamic origin.

Madrasah (school) of Bukhara.

Bukharians also like to show off a lot of madrasahs and again name their favorite number - 360, although there are no more than 80 of them. The most famous are:
1) Kukeltash madrasah, built in 1426, it has 150 hujras, and each costs 100-120 till. (After the madrasah is built, the hujras are given away for free, but in the future they can only be purchased for a certain price.) Pupils of the first class have an annual income of 5 till;
2) Mirarab madrasah, built in 1529, it has 100 hujras, each costs 80-90 till and gives 7 till of income;
3) Kosh-madrasah of Abdullah Khan, built in 1572, it also has about 100 hujras, but they are cheaper than in previous madrasahs;
4) Djuibar Madrasah, built in 1582 by the grandson of the great scientist and ascetic of the same name. It receives the richest content, since each hujra gives 25 tills of income, but there are few people in it, because it stands on the outskirts of the city;
5) Tursinjan madrasah, where each hujra has an annual income of 5 tills;
6) the Ernazar madrasah, which Empress Catherine ordered to establish through her envoy, there are 60 hujras in it, and each gives an income of 3 tills.
In general, it was the schools of Bukhara and Samarkand that were the reason for the prevailing idea of ​​the extraordinary scholarship of the higher schools of Central Asia, which for a long time existed not only in the countries of Islam, but even here, in Europe. A superficial observer could easily take the willingness to donate in the construction of such establishments as a sign of lofty motives.
Unfortunately, blind fanaticism lies at the basis of all these motives; both in the Middle Ages and now in these schools, in addition to the principles of logic (mantika) and philosophy (hikmet), only the Koran and questions of religion are studied. (Sometimes it happens that some people want to take up poetry or history, but they have to do it in secret, as it is considered shameful to waste time on such trifles.).
I was told that the total number of disciples was five thousand. They flock here not only from all corners of Central Asia, but also from India, Kashmir, Afghanistan, Russia and China. The poorest receive an annual stipend from the emir, because thanks to the madrasah and the strict observance of Islam, Bukhara exerts such a powerful influence on all neighboring countries.

Bazaars of Bukhara.

You will not find such bazaars as in the main cities of Persia here. Only a few of them have arches and are built of stone, the largest are covered with wood or reed mats laid on long poles.
There are several markets:
Tim-i Abdullah Khan, built after the Persian model by the ruler of the same name after his return from Mashhad (1582);
Restei-suzengeran, where they sell sewing supplies; Restei-Sarrafan, where money-changers and booksellers stand;
Restei-Sergeran - goldsmiths; Restei-Chilingeran - the place of locksmiths;
Restei-Attari - spice merchants;
Restais-Kannadi-traders of sugar and sweets;
Restais-Tea-furushi-tea merchants;
Restei-Chitfurushi, Bazari-Latta, where linen merchants are located;
Timche-Darayfurushi, where the grocers stand, etc. Each bazaar has its own headman, who is responsible to the emir for order and prices. In addition to the bazaars, there are about 30 small caravanserais, which partly serve as warehouses for storing goods, partly are used as housing for visitors.

Bukhara police.

Bukhara has the strictest police of all Asian cities known to us. During the day, the rais himself travels around the bazaars and public places, or sends numerous policemen and spies there, and about two hours after sunset, no one dares to appear on the street anymore.
The neighbor cannot visit the neighbor, and the patient is forced to die because there is no medicine, since the emir gave permission to arrest even himself if the mirshabs (night watchmen) meet him on the street at the forbidden time.

Bukhara Khanate.

Residents of the Bukhara Khanate. At present, the khanate borders in the east with the Kokand khanate and the cities of Badakhshan, in the south, along the Oxus, with the regions of Kerki and Chardzhou lying on its other bank, in the west and north the border is formed by the Great Desert.
The borders cannot be considered established, and it is impossible to determine the number of inhabitants. Without exaggeration, one can name the figure of 2.5 million. The inhabitants are divided into settled and nomads, and by nationality - into Uzbeks, Tajiks, Kirghiz, Arabs, Mervtsy, Persians, Hindus and Jews.
1. Uzbeks. They consist of the same 32 tribes that we listed in the section on Khiva, but differ markedly from their fellow tribesmen in Khorezm both in face and character. The Bukhara Uzbeks lived in closer contact with the Tajiks than the Khiva Uzbeks with the Sarts, and at the same time lost many features of the national type and the modest simplicity characteristic of the Uzbeks. The Uzbeks are the ruling people in the khanate, since the emir himself is also an Uzbek from the Mangyt tribe, and therefore they make up the country's armed forces, although the highest officers very rarely come out of their ranks.
2. Tajiks, indigenous people of all cities of Central Asia; there are most of them here, so Bukhara is the only place where a Tajik is proud of his nationality. He considers the borders of his former fatherland, ancient Khorasan, (Chor in the ancient Persian language means "sun", son - "region", Chorasan means, thus, "sunny country", i.e. East.) in the east of Khotan (in China ), in the west - the Caspian Sea, in the north - Khujand, in the south - India.
3. Kirghiz,(Kir means "field", giz or ges - the root of the verb gismek, i.e. "wander", "wander". The word "Kyrgyz" means in Turkic, thus, "a person wandering in the field", "nomad" and is applied as a common name to all peoples living in this way.
The word "Kyrgyz", of course, is also used as a designation for a tribe, but only for a subgroup of Kazakhs living in Kokand in the vicinity of Khazreti-Turkestan.) Or Kazakhs, as they call themselves.
There are very few of them in the Bukhara Khanate, however, taking this opportunity, we will present our modest notes about this people, the largest in number and the most remarkable in Central Asia in terms of the originality of nomadic life.
During my wanderings, I often met separate groups of Kirghiz wagons, but when I tried to find out from the inhabitants about their number, they always laughed at my question and answered: "First, count the grains of sand in the desert, then you can count us, the Kirghiz."
It is also impossible to determine the boundaries of their residence. We know that they live in the Great Desert lying between Siberia, China, Turkestan and the Caspian Sea, and this area, as well as their social conditions, sufficiently prove how wrong it is to transfer the Kirghiz under either Russian or Chinese rule. Russia, China, Kokand, Bukhara or Khiva rule over the Kirghiz only as long as their officers, sent to collect taxes, live among the nomads. The Kirghiz look upon the collection of taxes as a gigantic foray, to which they should be grateful that the collectors are content with a tenth or some other part.
Since the revolutions that have taken place in the world for centuries, and perhaps even millennia, have had very little effect on the Kirghiz, among this people, who we met only in small groups, one can find a true picture of those mores and customs that characterized the Turanian peoples in ancient times and which are a bizarre mixture of virtue and cruelty.
The strong attraction of all these peoples to music and poetry is striking, but their aristocratic pride makes the greatest impression. If two Kirghiz meet, the first question they ask each other is: "Yeti atang kimdir?", i.e. "Who are your seven fathers (ancestors)?" The one who is asked, even a child in the eighth year, always knows the exact answer, otherwise he will be considered extremely ill-mannered and undeveloped.
In regard to bravery, the Kirghiz are far behind the Uzbeks, and especially the Turkmens; and Islam among them has a more shaky foundation than among the last two peoples. Usually only wealthy beys hire a mullah in the cities, who, for a certain salary paid in sheep, horses and camels, takes the place of teacher, clergyman and secretary.

For us, Europeans, the Kirghiz, even if contacts with them were frequent, are always an amazing phenomenon. Before us appear people who daily, in scorching heat or in deep snow, wander for several hours with all their belongings, looking for a new refuge, again, only for a few hours; these are people who have never heard of the existence of bread, all their food consists only of milk and meat.
The Kirghiz considers the inhabitants of cities and all other people living in one place to be sick or crazy and pities all those who do not have a Mongolian type of face. According to his aesthetic concepts, the Mongolian race is the highest manifestation of beauty, since God, pushing forward the facial bones, made its representatives look like a horse, and the horse in the eyes of the Kirghiz is the crown of creation.
4. Arabs. These are the descendants of those warriors who under Kuteib, during the third caliph, participated in the conquest of Turkestan and subsequently settled there. However, apart from facial features, they retained little from their brothers living in the Hijaz and Iraq. Only a few, I found, speak Arabic. Their number, according to rumors, reaches 60 thousand. Most of them are residents of the surroundings of Vardanzi and Vafkend.
5. Dead people. These are the descendants of those 40 thousand Persians, whom Emir Saidkhan around 1810, after the conquest of Merv with the help of the Saryks, resettled in Bukhara. In their origin, in fact, these are the Turks from Azerbaijan and Karabakh, whom Nadir Shah brought from their old homeland to Merv.
6. Persians. Partly they are slaves, and partly those who, having redeemed themselves, remained to live in Bukhara, where, despite all sorts of religious oppression, since they can only secretly perform the rites of the Shiite sect, they are willingly engaged in trade or crafts, because life is cheaper here, and it is easier to earn money than in their homeland.
The Persians, who are far superior in mental abilities to the inhabitants of Central Asia, usually rise from their slave position to the highest official positions; there is almost no provincial governor who has not been occupied in one position or another by Persians who were previously his slaves and remained loyal to him; Persians also swarmed around the Emir, and the first dignitaries of the Khanate belonged to this nation.
In Bukhara, the Persians are considered people who communicated more with the Frengi and better comprehended their diabolical mindset. However, Emir Muzaffar ad-Din would have had a hard time if Persia had taken it into his head to threaten him with an invasion, as it had already happened, because he would hardly have achieved much with an army where the commandants of the garrisons were Shakhurkh Khan and Muhammad Hasan Khan, and topchubashi (heads of artillery) - Beynel-bek, Mehdi-bek and Leshker-bek; all five are Persians.
7. Hindus. True, there are only about 500 of them; they live scattered, without families, in the capital and provinces, and in some amazing way they hold the entire money circulation in their hands.
There is not a single bazaar in any village where a Hindu usurer has not appeared with his sack. Showing the deepest humility, like an Armenian in Turkey, he terribly robs an Uzbek, and since the pious qadi mostly has common affairs with a worshiper of Vishnu, he often becomes his victim.
8. Jews. There are about 10 thousand of them in the khanate. They mainly live in Bukhara, Samarkand and Karshi and are more engaged in handicrafts than trade. By origin, these are Persian Jews, namely from the first captivity.
They moved here 150 years ago from Qazvin and Merv and live in the greatest oppression, despised by all. They do not dare to go further than the threshold when they come to the faithful, but if he comes to the Jew, then the Jew hurriedly leaves his own house and stands at the door. In the city of Bukhara, they annually pay 2,000 tills of jizya (tribute).
This amount is delivered by the head of the community; at the same time, he receives for the whole community two light slaps in the face, prescribed by the Koran in the form of a sign of humility. Having heard about the privileges granted to Jews in Turkey, some of them left for Damascus and other parts of Syria, but this happened in deep secrecy, since in the usual case the desire to emigrate is punishable by confiscation of property or death.
It is amazing that they maintain postal communication through the hajjis who annually depart from Turkestan to Mecca; my companions also brought several letters and all of them were delivered to the addressees.

Administration of the Bukhara Khanate.

The form of government in Bukhara has retained very few ancient Persian or Arabic features, as the Turkic-Mongolian element predominates. The state structure, based on a hierarchical system, is military in nature, at the top of power is the emir as a generalissimo, ruler and religious head.
The military and civilian authorities are divided into the following groups: a) katta-sipahi, i.e. senior officials, b) orta-sipahis, i.e. middle officials and c) ashags-sipahis (sabits).
In the first two groups, in accordance with the rules, only urukdars should be accepted, i.e. representatives of noble families, as they enter their office by label, i.e. written order, and billig, (Yarlyk and billig are ancient Turkic words. The first means "letter", "writing"; the root is jer, Hungarian ir, Turkish jas.
The second means "sign", in Hungarian belyeg.) i.e. sign; but Persians, who were formerly slaves, have also been honored with these positions for a long time. The following list lists all the ranks, in the order they come from the emir and down.
capa-sipahi…
1) Atalik
2) divanbegi (Secretary of State)
3) parvanachi, more correctly farmanachi or farmanchi, the bearer of the khan's decree orta-sipahi ...
4) tokhsaba, actually tugsakhibi, i.e. "bearing like a banner, tight" (ponytail)
5) otherwise
6) mirahur (master of the ring) ashags-sipahis (sabits)...
7) chukhragashi, actually chekhreagasi, i.e. "facial", because during public audiences he stands opposite the emir
8) mirza-bashi (senior clerk)
9) yasaulbegi and karagulbegi
10) yuzbashi
11) Punjabashi
12) onbashi
In addition to those listed, we should also mention those who are part of the emir's court staff. Here the top is made up of kushbegi (vizir), mehter, dostorkhonchi (head waiter) and zekatchi (tax collector). Zakatchi acts simultaneously as the minister of finance and the emir's majordomo.
This is followed by mehrems (personal servants), whose number increases or decreases depending on the circumstances; they are also sent as emergency commissioners to the provinces. Any subject dissatisfied with the decision of the governor can apply to the emir, after which he is appointed a mehrem, who becomes, as it were, his lawyer and goes with him to his province; he investigates the matter and presents it to the emir for a final decision.
In addition, there are also odachi (gatekeeper or master of ceremonies), bakaul (provider) and salamgazi, who during public processions answers the greeting instead of the emir: "Be alaikum es selam."
however, these positions and ranks exist under the present emir only nominally, since he is an enemy of pomp and left many posts unoccupied.

Political division of the Bukhara Khanate.

The political division of the khanate, as in Khiva, corresponds to the number of large cities. Currently, Bukhara consists of the following districts (the order in which they are listed depends on their size and number of inhabitants):
1) Karakol,
2) Bukhara,
3) Karshi,
4) Samarkand,
5) Kerki,
6) Hisar,
7) Miyankal or Kermine,
8) Katta-Kurgan,
9) Charjou,
10) Jizzakh,
11) Ura-Tyube,
12) Shahrisyabz;
the latter is equal in size to Samarkand, but because of its constant enmity with the emir, it can only partially be ranked as a khanate. Governors, who by their rank are divanbegs or parvanachis, receive a certain share of the income of the province they govern, but in exceptional cases they must refuse it. Each governor directly reports tokhsaba, mirza-bashi, yasaulbegi and several mirahurs and chokhragasis.

Armed forces of the Bukhara Khanate.

The permanent army of the khanate consists of 40 thousand horsemen, but can be increased to 60 thousand. The largest contingent is supplied by Karshi and Bukhara; people from Karshi are especially famous for their courage, so they told * * me in Bukhara.
However, I found these data very exaggerated, because during the campaign against Kokand, when his army consisted of at most 30 thousand people, the emir had to maintain auxiliary troops, paying them a considerable salary, which, of course, the stingy Muzaffar al-Din did not would do if the above number were correct. The salary, paid only in wartime, is 20 tenge (16 shillings) per month, for which the rider is obliged to support himself and the horse.
In addition, half of the booty belongs to the warriors. However, it is really incomprehensible why, with such a significant number of subjects, the emir does not gather a larger army, and it is also strange why he does not take auxiliary troops from 50 thousand Ersari, but prefers to go to the teka and even keeps the Saryks in the fate, paying them annually 4,000 salaries.

Roads in the Bukhara Khanate and its environs.

1. From Bukhara to Herat.
Bukhara - Khoshrabad 3 tash, Meimene - Kaisar 4 tash, Khoshrabat - Tekender 5, Kaisar Naryn 6, Tekender - Cherchi 5, Naryn - Chichaktu 6, Cherchi - Karahindi 5, Chichaktu - Kale-Veli 6, Karahindi - Kerki 7, Kale- Veli - Murgab 4, Kerki - Seyyid (well) 8, Murghab - Derbend 3, Derbend - Qalayi-Nau 8, Seyid-Andkhoy 10, Qalayi-Nau-Sarcheshme 9, Andkhoy - Batkak 5, Sarcheshme - Herat 6, Batkak - Meimene 8. Total 08 tashes. This distance can be covered on horseback in 20 to 25 days.
2. From Bukhara to Merv.
You have to get through Chardzhou, there are three different roads from this city through the desert
a) through Rafatak, there is a well on the way, the length of the road is 45 farsakhs;
b) through Uchhaji; on the way there are 2 wells, the length is 40 farsakhs;
c) through Yolkuyu, this is the eastern road 50 farsakhs long.
3. From Bukhara to Samarkand (ordinary road).
Bukhara - Mazar 5 tash, Mir - Katta-Kurgan 5, Mazar - Kermiye 6, Katta-Kurgan - Daula 6, Kermine - Mir 6, Daula - Samarkand 4, Total 32 tash.
On wagons, usually loaded, it takes 6 days to travel along this road; riding a good horse this distance can be covered in 3 days, and couriers travel only 2 days.
4. From Samarkand to Kerka.
Samarkand - Robati House 3 tasha, Karshi - Faizabad 2 tasha, Robati House - Naiman 6, Faizabad - Sangzulak 6, Naiman - Shurkutuk 4, Sangzulak - Kerki 6, Shurkutuk - Karshi 5. Total 32 tasha.
5. From Samarkand to Kokand through Khujand.
Samarkand - Yangi-Kurgan 3 tasha, Nay - Khojent 4 tasha, Yangi-Kurgan - Jizzakh 4, Khojent - Karakchikum 4, Jizzakh - Zamin 5, Karakchikum - Mehrem 2, Zamin - Jam 4, Mehrem - Besharyk 5, Jam - Sabat 4 , Besharyk Kokand 5, Sabat - Oratepe 2. Total 46 tash. Oratepe - Hay 4.
You have to travel 8 days in a wagon along this road, but you can also shorten the path, as is usually the case for the most part, getting from Oratepe directly to Mehrem in 8 hours and winning 6 tashi.
6. From Samarkand to Tashkent and the Russian border:
Samarkand - Yangi-Kurgan 3 tasha, Chinaz - Zengi-Ata 4 tasha, Yangi-Kurgan - Jizzakh 4, Zengi-Ata - Tashkent 6, Jizzakh - Chinaz 16. Total 33 tasha.
From here, another 5 days drive to Kale-Rakhim, where the first Russian fort and the last Cossack outpost are located.

The Khanate of Bukhara on the map of Turkestan at the end of the 19th century

A.G. Nedvetsky
RULERS OF BUKHARA

The article was supplemented by the site "Library of Khurshid Davron" ("Khurshid Davron kutubkhonasi"

Bukhara is the pearl of the East, one of the oldest and most beautiful cities in Central Asia. The fate of many outstanding scientists and thinkers, poets and craftsmen of bygone centuries is connected with the name of this city. This is the city where many masterpieces of Muslim architecture were created and preserved.

One of the Bukhara proverbs says: “All over the world, light descends from heaven, and only in Bukhara does it ascend from the earth.” The people of Bukhara say this because thousands of righteous people and Muslim saints are buried in the land of this sacred city. For centuries, Noble Bukhara remained one of the main centers of Islam in Central Asia, the center of Muslim theology, and its rulers called themselves "emirs of the faithful."

In the last century of its existence, the Bukhara Khanate was ruled by rulers from the Uzbek Mangyt dynasty. Today we know very little about the last Bukhara emirs. After the establishment of Soviet power in Central Asia, many pages of the history of the states that existed there were forgotten. In many modern books devoted to the history of the Bukhara Khanate in the last century, sometimes the names of the emirs who ruled there are not even mentioned. And even more so, contemporaries do not imagine what the last rulers of Noble Bukhara looked like, the highest dignitaries of the khanate, the beks who ruled various regions.

Today, thanks to research conducted in the archives of Russia and Uzbekistan, and unique photographs found there, taken at the end of the last century, we have the opportunity to reveal one of the little-known pages in the history of this state.

EMIR'S FAMILY

Mir-Muzaffar ad-Din Bahadur Khan, Emir of Bukhara, ruled in 1860-1885 The fourth emir from the Mangyt dynasty, the son of emir Nasrallah, was born in the early 1920s. last century (in 1821 or 1824). Muzaffar spent his young years in the city of Karshi. According to the Hungarian traveler G. Vamberi, "already early he was distinguished by diligence in his studies, as well as brilliant abilities." However, as Vamberi wrote, “Despite this, Muzaffar ad-Din was already early a prick in the eye for his father, who ... was always afraid in the face of his offspring of a dangerous rival to the throne. The ghost of a conspiracy always rose before him from Karshi, and in order to get rid of this constant nightmare, he appointed his son as governor in Kermin, in order to better look after him in the immediate vicinity. Having become the governor of Kermine at the age of 20, Muzaffar remained in this position for 19 years, until the death of his father, living "in contented alienation and disgrace." Surprisingly, the future emir never met his father - Nasrallah never called in Kermin and did not call his son to Bukhara.

Having received a message about the death of his father (Nasrallah died in Bukhara on October 20, 1860, having been ill for about a year), Muzaffar arrived in the capital, where he took part in the funeral of the emir. A few months later, he went to Samarkand, where on the famous gray (kok tash) a ritual of lifting on a felt mat was performed, symbolizing the entry into the kingdom. There he took the oath from his governors-beks and officials of the khanate.

For a quarter of a century of Muzaffar ad-Din's reign, many different events took place in the history of Bukhara, and assessing the personality of the emir, his contemporaries gave him very different, sometimes directly opposite, characteristics. So, for example, the historian Mirza Abd al-Azim al-Sami believed that Muzaffar "showed a commendable course of action and showed good character", and the classic of Tajik literature Ahmad Donish believed that the emir "was by nature stupid and limited", that he “stupid and bloodthirsty”, “libertine and bloodthirsty tyrant”. Another author noted that the emir "was distinguished by isolation and religiosity."
A very expressive portrait of the emir in his notes was drawn by V. Krestovsky, a Russian officer who met Muzaffar in 1883: “The emir’s face retained the remnants of its former beauty ... He has a small black beard, thin eyebrows, a thin he, probably out of habit more, leaves slightly squinted, and only occasionally, throwing up his eyes at someone, reveals them to their full size. In general, the expression of this person is very friendly. .. The beard of the emir, according to the Persian fashion, is somewhat tinted, casting into the light either a reddish, or even a lilac-brown color.

As the nephew of the emir Mir-Seyid-Ahad-khan, who lived in Tashkent, told one of the Russian authors, Muzaffar "was a great admirer of female beauty." In addition to four legal wives, he also had an extensive harem, consisting of 150-200 women. His eldest wife was the daughter of the Shakhrisyabz bek Daniyar-atalyk, but he had no children from her.
In 1883, Muzaffar ad-Din was awarded the Russian Order of St. Anne, 1st class, adorned with diamonds, in response to the award to Emperor Alexander III of the Order of the Rising Star of Bukhara. The award was delivered to Bukhara by a special embassy headed by Major General Prince Wittgenstein.

In August 1885, the emir, who made an annual detour of his possessions, became infected in Karshi, as they then wrote, with an “epidemic high-grade fever”, Muzaffar, interrupting his trip, returned to Bukhara and stayed at his country residence Shirbudun, where he spent almost two months. The disease almost passed, but on September 28 it suddenly resumed with renewed vigor. The closest courtiers of the emir - Astanakul-bek-biy and Muhammadi-biy kushbegi - decided to transport the patient to the Bukhara citadel - Ark. And it was in Ark, 40 minutes before dawn on October 31, 1885, that Muzaffar ad-Din died.

The emir was buried at the Imam Imly cemetery near Bukhara, in the Mangyt family mausoleum (this mausoleum has survived to this day).

Sayyid Abd al-Ahad Bahadur Khan, Emir of Bukhara, ruled in 1885-1910 Emir Abd al-Ahad was born on March 26, 1859 (according to other sources - in 1857) in Kermin. The emir's mother, a Persian slave named Shamshat, was distinguished, according to contemporaries, by a rare mind and was the beloved wife of Emir Muzaffar. She died in Kermin in 1879, living with her son, whom she had hardly left since his appointment as bek in this city. In addition to her son, she had another daughter, Saliha, whom Emir Muzaffar married to his nephew Amanullah. From the age of 14 (according to other sources ~ from 18) Abd al-Ahad was the bey of Kermine. According to Russian travelers who visited him, he led a rather simple lifestyle. In 1882, he had only one wife, and he kept a harem more for show. The young Abd al-Ahad was a big fan of riding and was considered one of the best riders of the khanate. His favorite pastimes were stallion taming, falconry, and riding a kok-buri (goat-fighting). However, in 1882, the future emir fell seriously ill - he had a guinea worm in his leg - and was forced to leave his practice of this sport. After that, for several years he suffered from a "disease of the legs", which usually worsened at the end of winter, until in 1892 he was helped by Russian doctors.

Emir of Bukhara Seyid Abdul-Ahad Khan. 1895 engraving

The Emir was quite well educated, he spoke Persian and a little Russian and Arabic.
In 1882, by the will of his father, Abd al-Ahad was sent to Moscow, where he was officially recognized as the heir to the throne of Bukhara, about which Emperor Alexander III then notified Emir Muzaffar in writing. On a trip to Russia, the future emir was accompanied by his father's courtier Astanakul-bek-biy kuli kushbegi. In October 1885, having learned about the death of his father, Abd al-Ahad left Kermine and, accompanied by 1000 horsemen, went to Bukhara. On the way, in the town of Malik, he met with the representative of the Russian authorities, Lieutenant General Annenkov, who assured him of Russia's support in the event of any political complications due to possible claims of other sons of Muzaffar to the throne of Bukhara. Before entering Bukhara, the emir visited the Bahauddin mazar, where he performed a prayer. On the same day, he attended his father's funeral. On November 4, 1885, the ceremony of raising the emir on a felt mat took place in the Bukhara Ark - he officially ascended the throne. Thus began the long reign of the penultimate emir of Noble Bukhara, which was marked by many important events and changes in the life of the khanate.

The first years of his reign, the emir lived in the capital. In the city itself, he spent no more than six months, usually leaving for several months in Shakhrisyabz and Karshi in winter, and living in Kermin in June and July. Returning to Bukhara, Abd al-Ahad usually stopped not at the Ark, but at his country palace, Shirbudun. In 1894, having quarreled with the Bukhara clergy, the emir settled in Kermin and never returned to Bukhara until his death.

Emir loved to travel. Having visited Russia for the first time in 1882, he then repeatedly visited Moscow and St. Petersburg: in 1893 he brought his son Alim Khan to the capital of the Russian Empire, in 1896 he came to the celebrations on the occasion of the coronation of Emperor Nicholas II. Here is how the St. Petersburg “Motherland” (1893. No. 3, p. 88, 91-92, 105-106.) tells about this: “Showered by the graces of His Majesty the Sovereign Emperor and now visiting St. -Abdul-Akhat-Khan is an extremely personable, beautifully built brunette, with a very expressive face and a large, jet-black, bushy beard.

The emir brought with him a lot of valuable materials, jewelry and horses for gifts, and the cost of everything brought, part of which arrived back in the summer, is estimated at 2 million rubles.

Seid-Abdul-Ahad-khan was last in St. Petersburg shortly before his death and solemnly celebrated there the twenty-fifth anniversary of his stay on the throne of Bukhara. In addition, he visited Kyiv, Odessa, Yekaterinoslav, Baku, Tiflis, Batum, Sevastopol, Bakhchisarai. Almost every summer, Abd al-Ahad rested in the Caucasus, on Mineralnye Vody, or in the Crimea, in Yalta, where he built a palace for himself (in Soviet times there was a sanatorium "Uzbekistan").

This is how the Crimean newspapers described Seyid-Abdul-Ahad-Khan: “The Emir is taller than average, he looks no more than 45 years old. Very well built. Has a pleasant chest baritone voice; big black eyes shine from under his snow-white turban, and his chin is decorated with a small full beard. Good rider. Possesses extraordinary physical strength…”

The Emir of Bukhara was very fond of rewarding even for minor services or just a person he liked. It is not surprising that when he regularly began to run into Yalta, many prominent citizens were able to sparkle with the orders of the Golden Star of Bukhara, which the emir generously handed out. One of the most curious stories associated with such an award occurred in the Yusupov family. They often visited the Emir of Bukhara in Yalta, and he visited them several times in Koreiz. During one of these visits, a representative of the younger generation, Felix Yusupov, decided to demonstrate a Parisian novelty for pranks: cigars were served on a dish, and when the emir and his retinue began to smoke them, the tobacco suddenly caught fire and ... began to shoot firework stars. The scandal was terrible - not only because the distinguished guest was in a ridiculous position, at first both the guests and the family, who did not know about the draw, decided that an attempt had been made on the ruler of Bukhara. But a few days later, the Emir of Bukhara himself celebrated reconciliation with Yusupov Jr. ... awarding him with an order with diamonds and rubies.
The ruler of Bukhara often visited Livadia when the imperial family came there, as well as in Suuk-Su, with Olga Mikhailovna Solovieva. This place of magical beauty (now it is part of the children's camp "Artek"), the Emir of Bukhara was simply subdued. He even wanted to buy it and offered the hostess 4 million rubles for the dacha - huge money for those times, but Olga Solovyova did not agree to part with Suku-Su.

It is not surprising that, having fallen in love with the southern coast of Crimea, the Emir of Bukhara decided to build his own palace here. He managed to buy a plot in Yalta, where a garden was laid out and a magnificent building was built (later it became one of the buildings of the sanatorium for the sailors of the Black Sea Fleet). Interestingly, at first it was planned to give an order for construction to the famous Nikolai Krasnov, thanks to whom the South Coast was decorated with many architectural gems. In the funds of the Alupka Palace-Museum, two sketches and estimates for them, made by Krasnov for the Emir of Bukhara, have been preserved. One is an Italian villa, the second is an oriental palace with lancet windows and oriental ornaments. But either the Bukhara ruler did not like both options, or he wanted to support the city architect of Yalta Tarasov, whom he knew well, but the latter began to build the palace. The building with domes, towers and pavilions really adorned Yalta, the emir himself called the estate "Dilkiso", which means "charming" in translation. It survived both its illustrious lord and the chaos of the Civil War, in which many estates did not survive, the Nazis burned it down during the retreat in 1944, but nevertheless this memory of the Emir of Bukhara was preserved in Yalta.
Becoming a seasonal resident of Yalta, Seid-Abdul-Ahad-khan immediately became interested in the social life of the city: he was a member of the Society for Assistance to Inadequate Pupils and Students of Yalta Gymnasiums, donated money to the Society for Assistance to Poor Tatars of the South Shore, was interested in preserving the antiquities of Crimea, was several times participant of livestock exhibitions. The fact is that the high position did not prevent the Emir of Bukhara from being an expert in sheep breeding, his herds of astrakhan sheep were the best in his homeland, he personally traded astrakhan, supplying about a third of the products to the world market.
In 1910, with his own money, he built a city free hospital for visiting patients. It was a very generous gift to the city, in a large two-story house there were laboratories, rooms for employees, surgical and gynecological rooms, a reception room for a hundred people. On the eve of the opening of the hospital, he once again paid a visit to the family of Nicholas II in Livadia to ask the highest permission to name the hospital after Tsarevich Alexei. For many years, the Emir of Bukhara was a kind of symbol of generosity for Yalta, for his services to the city he was elected an honorary citizen and even one of the streets was named after him.
By the way, many other cities, not only in the Crimea, had something to thank the Emir of Bukhara for - in St. Petersburg, for example, he built the Cathedral Mosque, which cost him half a million rubles. During the Russo-Japanese War of 1905, Seid-Abdul-Ahad-Khan donated one million gold rubles for the construction of a warship, which was called the Emir of Bukhara. The life of this ship was turbulent, but short-lived: during the revolution, the crew went over to the side of the Bolsheviks, then fought in the Caspian Sea (by that time it was renamed Yakov Sverdlov) and in 1925 was cut into metal.

Under Emir Abd al-Ahad, torture was abolished in the khanate and the death penalty was limited, and the most cruel types of them (for example, when a convict was thrown from the highest Kalyan minaret in Bukhara) were prohibited. Under him, industrial mining of copper, iron, gold was started in the khanate, railways and telegraph lines were laid, trade was actively developing. The emir himself actively participated in the trade in karakul, occupying third place in the world market in terms of the volume of trade operations with this valuable raw material. According to some information, about 27 million gold rubles were kept on the emir's personal accounts in the Russian state bank, and about 7 million more in private commercial banks in Russia.

Emir of Bukhara Seyid Abdul-Ahad Khan at the celebration of laying the foundation of a mosque in St. Petersburg on February 3, 1910. Next to the emir is the head of the Muslim clergy, Akhun G. Bayazitov. Photograph by K. Bull

Abd al-Ahad paid much attention to the armed forces of his khanate. Even in his youth, being the Bek of Kermine, he personally engaged in the drill of his garrison and kept the Kermine fortress in excellent condition, which was noted by the Russian officers who visited him. During one of these visits, the emir wished to see the construction of the Cossack convoy that accompanied the Russian embassy, ​​meaning to adopt the Russian experience. Returning from a trip to Russia in 1893, in Ashgabat, the emir saw the Turkmen militia, trained by the Russians, and in no way inferior in training to the Cossacks. It was then, in his own words, that he came up with the idea of ​​the need to reorganize the Bukhara army, which he carried out two years later. And in the future, the emir did a lot to improve the military training and armament of his troops: for example, bypassing the decisions of the Russian government, which imposed restrictions on the supply of small arms to Bukhara, the emir bought rifles for his soldiers through Russian merchants.

All Russian authors who wrote about the emir noted his active charitable work. For example, in 1892, the emir donated 100,000 rubles for disaster victims in various regions of the Russian Empire, and in 1904, during the Russo-Japanese War, allocated 1 million rubles for the needs of the Russian fleet. Abd al-Ahad provided material assistance to the 5th Orenburg Cossack regiment, of which he was the chief, and once presented several ancient gold coins for the collection of the Turkestan archaeological circle. Emir was an honorary member of the Turkestan charitable society. In a special place for the emir was the concern for the affairs of the Muslim faith. So, the possessions transferred by him to the waqf in favor of the shrines of Mecca and Medina brought up to 20 thousand rubles of annual income, and in the early 30s. Abd al-Ahad donated several thousand rubles in gold for the construction of the Hijaz railway (at the same time, his closest courtiers allocated 150 thousand rubles for the same purpose). Under him, the number of ulema in Bukhara increased from 500 to 1,500 people, and income from special waqfs was intended for their maintenance.

Finally, the emir played an absolutely exceptional role in the construction of a Muslim mosque in St. Petersburg - the largest mosque in Europe. -Abd al-Ahad not only obtained permission from the tsarist government to build a mosque, but also donated 350,000 rubles for the purchase of a land plot for construction and another 100,000 for the construction itself. In addition, he organized a fundraiser for this purpose among the Bukhara merchants (more than 200 thousand rubles were collected in total).
As if responding to the courtesy and attention of the Emir of Bukhara, the authorities of St. Petersburg and Russian Muslims even timed the date of laying the foundation of the mosque to the 25th anniversary of the reign of Abdul-Ahad Khan. This is what the St. Petersburg popular magazine Niva tells us (No. 8, 1910).

“On the third of February, the Muslims living in our capital had a big holiday: on this day, the solemn laying of the first mosque took place. There are several thousand Tatars and other non-Muslims in St. Petersburg, but until now they did not have their own Temple and were forced to rent private premises. For many years they dreamed of a mosque, but they did not have the opportunity to realize this dream, there were no funds to purchase the necessary plot of land and build a decent building. The all-Russian subscription (collection of donations. - editorial note) opened some time ago, although it provided the Muslims of St. Petersburg with some funds for this, but still not enough. And only the generous gift of the Emir of Bukhara, who arrived in St. Petersburg, immediately moved things forward and gave the St. Petersburg Mohammedans the opportunity to create a temple befitting the capital for themselves.

The laying of the mosque took place in the presence of the Emir of Bukhara and was timed to coincide with the 25th anniversary of his reign. A plot of land along Kronversky Prospekt, near the Trinity Bridge, was chosen as the site for the construction of the mosque, and on the day of the celebration a special tent with an entrance portico in the East Asian style was erected here. The tent, the portico, and the whole place were decorated with flags. The foundation of the mosque had already been erected earlier, and on it was prepared (under a special canopy) a place for the official laying, where lay the traditional hammer and spade, a silver mortgage board and white marble bricks. All around were placed special shields with Arabic inscriptions from the Koran.
Almost the entire Muslim world of the capital gathered for the celebration of the laying of the mosque. (...) The celebration began with prayers and the speech of Akhun Bayazitov. In his speech, Bayazitov said. Incidentally, the following: "The Qur'an says:" God is beautiful and loves beauty. Our mosque will be beautiful and will serve as the glory of architecture and the beauty of the city. There is no such mosque as there will be in St. Petersburg either in Paris or London. The mosque is beautiful, there is no need for it to shine with more than just external beauty, and we must pray to Allah that this mosque reproduce us in spiritual and moral beauty.”

At the end of the akhun's speech, the Emir of Bukhara went up to the place where the stone was laid and laid the first stone. After that, the reception of deputations began from the Muslim parishes of the capital, from Kronstadt, Moscow, from the Caucasus, etc. And then in the office of the building there was a breakfast with toasts and speeches, and lemonade was served instead of champagne. The emir proclaimed the first toast in Russian for the Sovereign Emperor - and in response, “Hurrah” burst out ... ".

As the publication wrote, the emir was completely happy and very pleased with the way he was received by the population of St. Petersburg. Leaving, he declared that "on this joyful day for him, as a Muslim, he donates 5,000 rubles for the poor of the capital."

Cathedral Mosque of St. Petersburg, modern view

Another rather unexpected touch to the portrait of the Emir is that Abd al-Ahad was seriously fond of poetry. He was not only a great admirer of belles-lettres, but also compiled a "Divan" of his own poems, in which he described the events and moods he experienced, especially during his trips to Russia. The emir wrote poetry under the pseudonym Ojiz (weak, helpless).

The Emir of Bukhara had the Russian court rank of adjutant general, was a cavalry general of the Russian service, the chief ataman of the Terek Cossack troops, and the chief of the 5th Orenburg Cossack regiment. He bore the title of "Highness" and was awarded all Russian orders up to and including the highest imperial order of St. Andrew the First-Called with a chain, as well as the Order of the Italian Crown of the 1st degree, the French Orders of the Legion of Honor and the Grand Officer's Cross and others.

Contemporaries assessed the personality and activities of Zmir Abd al-Ahad differently. Most Russian authors called him "a sincere friend of Russia", "cautious and thoughtful politics". However, there were those who believed that “those features of softness that Russians attribute to him, who do not know what he really is, are completely alien to his character, which is in many ways extremely cruel and does not tolerate any contradictions and innovations.”

Emir died on the night of December 22-23, 1910 in Kermin, possibly from kidney disease. Some authors believed that the death of the emir was brought closer by worries about the bloody clashes that occurred in Bukhara between Shiites and Sunnis in 1910. Abd al-Ahad had four sons. Two of them - Sayyid Mir-Hussein (born in 1888 or 1884) and Sayyid Mir-Abdallah, whom the emir intended to send to study in St. Petersburg in 1888 - died in 1889 from diphtheria (or malaria ). The youngest son, Seyid Mir-Ibrahim, was born in 1903. The fourth son, Mir-Alim-khan, became the last emir of Bukhara.

Seyid Mir-Alim-khan (Tyurya-jan), Emir of Bukhara, ruled in 1910 - 1920. The second son of Emir Abd al-Ahad Mir-Alim was born on January 3, 1880 (according to other sources - in 1879). We don't know much about his childhood years.
In January 1893, Mir-Alim, together with his father, arrived in St. Petersburg, where an agreement was reached that the young Bukhara "prince" would be assigned to study in the Nikolaev Cadet Corps. The Emir personally visited the corps, "where he met with the commanding officials of this higher military educational institution and for some time talked with them about the education" of Mir-Alim.

At the same time, Alexander III, the Russian emperor, officially approved Mir-Alim as the heir to the throne of Bukhara. After receiving a paper about this from the Minister of War, the emir left for a trip around the country, and Mir-Alim remained in St. Petersburg under the supervision of his "uncle" Osman-bek guard-begi and the teacher appointed by the emperor, Colonel Demin.
When assigned to the corps, the emperor promised the emir that Mir-Alim would receive education in strict accordance with the norms of Islam. Alexander personally outlined the training program for the heir to the throne of Bukhara. However, in the future, the emir wished that his son's education be completed according to an accelerated program by the summer of 1896 and that it be limited to the study of the Russian language and traditional subjects. Abd al-Ahad did not want Tyurya-Dzhan to become particularly involved in the achievements of civilization and, in particular, to study astronomy and electricity.

At the age of fifteen, he took the post of governor of Nasef, having stayed in it for twelve years. He ruled the northern province of Carmina for the next two years, until the death of his father in 1910. In 1910, Emperor Nicholas II granted the Khan the title of Highness. In 1911 he was promoted to the retinue of His Imperial Majesty major general.

He ascended the throne in 1910. The beginning of the reign was promising: he announced that he did not accept gifts, and categorically forbade officials and officials to take bribes from the people and use taxes for personal gain. However, over time, the situation has changed. As a result of the intrigues, the supporters of the reforms lost and were sent to Moscow and Kazan, and Alim Khan continued to rule in the traditional style, strengthening the dynasty.
Among the famous people who were surrounded by the emir until the spring of 1917 was one of the first Uzbek generals of the tsarist army of Russia, Mir Khaidar Mirbadalev.

With the money of the Emir of Bukhara in St. Petersburg, the House of the Emir of Bukhara was built. On December 30, 1915, he was promoted to lieutenant general in the Terek Cossack army and appointed adjutant general.
He was awarded the orders of St. Alexander Nevsky and St. Vladimir (in the given color photograph on the emir's robe, the star of this order with the motto "Benefit, honor and glory" is clearly visible).

Unlike his father, Mir-Alim was honored with the most derogatory characteristics of his contemporaries. Some authors said that he was “a completely colorless person, without any high demands”, others even argued that the last Mangyts emir “was so unpleasant in his habits and vices ... that the correct collection of material on his life is rather the work of psychopathologists” .

On September 1, 1920, Emir Mir-Alim was overthrown from the throne as a result of the occupation of Bukhara by the Red Army. The emir fled first to mountainous Bukhara, where he tried to organize resistance to the new government, and then to Afghanistan. For almost 10 years, the deposed emir led the armed resistance on the territory of the former khanate from Afghanistan. Mir-Alim died in Kabul.

Numerous offspring (about 300 people) are scattered around the world: they live in the USA, Turkey, Germany, Afghanistan and other states[.

One of the sons of the Emir of Bukhara Shahmurad (he took the surname Olimov) renounced his father in 1929. He served in the Red Army, participated in the Great Patriotic War (in which he lost his leg), in the 1960s he taught at the Frunze Military Academy

The son of the Emir of Bukhara Said Alimkhan, Major General Shakhmurad Olimov

BROTHERS OF EMIR ABD AL-AHAD

Now it is almost impossible to say exactly how many children Emir Muzaffar al-Din, the father of Abd al-Ahad, had in total. We managed to find data on eleven of his sons, but it is known that he had several more sons who died during his lifetime, about whom nothing is known today.

The eldest son of the emir, Seyid Abd al-Malik Mirza Katta-Tyurya (1848-1909), was born from one of the four legal wives of the emir, the Persian Hasa-Zumrat, and was married to the daughter of the Afghan king Shir-Ali-khan. In the 60s. of the last century, he held the position of Bek Guzar. In 1868, after the defeat of the emir's troops near Samarkand (this was the largest battle with the Russians), he tried to seize his father's throne in Bukhara, but was defeated and fled first to Karshi, where he had many supporters, and then, in December 1868 ., to Khiva. After that, he lived for some time in Kashgaria, in the fortress of Yangi-Hisar (1873), then in Kabul (1880), and finally settled in India, where he lived on an English account. Abd al-Malik was considered a serious contender for the throne of Bukhara until the accession of Emir Abd al-Ahad. Katta-Tyurya died in 1909 in Peshawar.

The second son, Seyid Nur ad-Din-khan (1851-1878), in 1867-1868 was the Bek of Karshi, and then was appointed the ruler of Chardzhuy. Muzaffar wanted to make this smart and talented young man the heir to the throne, but he unexpectedly died.

Sayyid Mir-Abd al-Mumin (1852-1898 or 1894) in 1869 replaced his older brother Nur ad-Din as the Bek of Karshi, and then from 1871 to 1886 he was the governor of the large bekdom of Hisar. After the accession of the emir, Abd al-Ahad began to intrigue against him, for which in July 1886, by a special decree of the emir, he was transferred to Baysun, where he lived with his family in a fortress under the supervision of the emir's agents. He was only nominally a bek—in fact, officials appointed by the emir ruled the vilayet—and in fact he was a prisoner of the emir. In 1891, the representative of the Bukhara government, Astanakul-biy, told the Russian political agent P. Lessar that Abd al-Mumin was going to flee to Afghanistan, and on another occasion, that the latter had lost his mind. However, according to Lessar, these rumors were spread by the emir, who did not like his brother, specifically in order to deal with Abd al-Mumin (they even talked about a possible execution). The Emir feared that his brother might have fled to Russian possessions, where he would be out of reach for him.

Finally, in 1891, Abd al-Mumin was summoned to Bukhara and settled in Ark, where he was kept under house arrest until his death. The children of Abd al-Mumin continued to live without a break in Ark until 1920. The personal seals of his son Ii'matullah are kept in the funds of the Bukhara local history museum in Ark.

Emir Muzaffar's favorite son was Seyid Abd al-Fattah Mirza (1856/57 - 1869). In 1869 he was sent by the emir to an honorary embassy in St. Petersburg. The embassy, ​​headed by the brother of the Emir's wife Abu al-Kasim-biy and whose secretary was the writer Ahmad Donish, carried gifts to the Russian emperor. Abd al-Fattah stayed in St. Petersburg from the beginning of November until December 10 and was received by Emperor Alexander II.

Muzaffar ad-Din intended to ask the emperor to approve Abd al-Fattah as heir to the throne of Bukhara, but this young prince also died unexpectedly.

Sayyid Mir-Abd as-Samat (beginning of the 60s -?), the sixth son of Muzaffar (the fifth was Abd al-Ahad), in 1880 was the Bey of Chirakchi. He was given by his father under the full supervision of a local judge - qadi for immodest behavior and extravagance. A Russian officer V. Krestovsky, who visited him in 1882, was confronted by "a thin young man of about 20 years old, still beardless and beardless, and very similar to his younger brother Seyid Mir-Mansur." Krestovsky noted that "the emir did not like him for his frankness, and even when he was in Shakhrisyabz, he did not stop by Chirakchi." Emir Abd al-Ahad did not favor his brother either. On the night of September 4, 1886, Mir-Abd al-Samat was arrested and sent to Bukhara. In the future, he lived in the capital, in the Khoja Gafur quarter under "house arrest".

Seyyid Muhammad Mir-Siddiq Khan (Khishmat) was the Bey of Karshi since 1871. After the death of Nur ad-Din in 1878, Muzaffar ad-Din appointed him as the Bey of Charjui. In 1885, after the accession of Abd al-Ahad, Mir-Siddiq Khan, like the other brothers of the emir, fell into disgrace: he was deprived of his post and recalled from Charjuy. The Bukhara dignitary Muhammad Sharif inak told the Russian political agent Charykov that Emir Muzaffar also wanted to recall Siddik Khan for his depraved behavior. In 1885, he was arrested, then released, but was eventually placed in the Bukhara Ark, where he spent many years in home confinement. In recent years he lived in Bukhara in the Raugangaron quarter, and in 1920 he emigrated to Afghanistan.

After leaving the political arena, Mir-Siddiq Khan devoted himself to literary activity. Being a rather mediocre poet, he was at the same time a major connoisseur of literature, the author of several unfinished tazkire. About 30 manuscripts of his works are stored in the archives of the Institute of Oriental Studies of Uzbekistan.

Another brother of Abd al-Ahad, Seyid Mir-Akram-khan, was the only son of Muzaffar who did not lose his post after the accession of Abd al-Ahad. Appointed as Bey of Guzar under Muzaffar, he remained in this post at least until 1908. The fact that one of the daughters of Abd al-Ahad was married to the nephew of the son of Mir Akram Khan speaks of the emir's benevolence towards this brother.

Seyid Mir-Mansur (1863-March 1918), the ninth son of Muzaffar, from the second half of the 70s. of the last century he lived in Russia, in St. Petersburg, where he studied in the Corps of Pages. Together with him in the capital of the Russian Empire was his tutor Mirza Abd al-Vasi toksaba: during these years, Petersburgers often met a young Bukhara "prince" walking with his tutor in the garden of the Mikhailovsky Palace.

Upon entering the corps, Mir-Mansur received as a gift a gold watch with the monogram of Emperor Alexander II, which he kept until his last day. According to the highest order of December 15, 1876, the tsarist government allocated 500 rubles a year for the maintenance of Mir-Mansur and his tutor, of which 310 rubles were given personally to Mirza Abd al-Vasi to pay for the apartment and current expenses. According to teachers, Mir-Mansur studied "decently" and had good behavior - "his success in the sciences is very favorable." When he was in the 3rd grade, he was exempted from learning the German language, which was difficult for him. The freed time was devoted to intensive study of other European languages, as well as the native language and Muslim religious literature.

In the summer of 1881, Mir-Mansur went on vacation to the Crimea and Odessa, in September 1882 he visited his father in Bukhara, from where he returned in December with gifts from the emir.

In the last years of his stay in the Corps of Pages, the teacher at Mir-Mansur was Mirza Nasrallah-biy toksaba, who, according to contemporaries, spoke Russian very well.

On April 13, 1886, after graduating from the Corps of Pages, Mir-Mansur was promoted to cornet and assigned to the 3rd Sumy Dragoon Regiment in Moscow. In addition to the usual officer maintenance, Mir-Mansur also annually received 2,400 rubles from Emir Abd al-Ahad. In 1892, Mir-Mansur had the rank of lieutenant. Together with the officers of the Sumy regiment in December 1892, he arranged a picnic in honor of Emir Abd al-Ahad, who was passing through Moscow. In 1895, Mir-Mansur was already a staff captain, and in 1899 he retired from the regiment in the same rank. The tsarist government paid off his debts and gave him a lifetime pension.

After that, Mir-Mansur continued to live in Russia for several years. He was married to Princess Sofya Ivanovna Tsereteli, they had several children. The eldest son, Nikolai Mikhailovich Tsereteli (born around 1890) in the twenties was one of the leading actors of the Tairov Chamber Theater in Moscow, the main partner of the famous actress Alisa Koonen. In 1906, together with his father, he came to Bukhara, where he visited his grandmother. The second son of Mir-Mansur was a military man. He was in the Russian military service, was awarded several Russian orders. He died in March 1918 during the assault on Kermine. In addition, Mir-Mansur also had a daughter and younger sons Georgy and Valery, the younger daughter Tamara.

After returning to Bukhara, Mir-Mansur was appointed bek of Kermine. In March 1918, during the so-called Kolesov events, when units of the Tashkent Socialist Army captured Kermine, defeating the Bek's five thousandth detachment, Mir-Mansur was mortally wounded and captured along with his wife, three young children and their teacher.

Mir-Mansur was buried in Katta-Kurgan with the assistance of Emir Mir-Alim Khan. All the property of his family (starting from orders, expensive weapons, family jewels and ending with Marx's Capital, which belonged to the children's teacher) was plundered. In September 1918, S.I. Tsereteli, the widow of Mir-Mansur, received from the Bukhara government 200 thousand rubles (for the upbringing of three young children) as compensation for the damage suffered, and another 100 thousand rubles for furnishing.

Very little is known about the last two brothers of Abd al-Ahad. The first of them, Seyid Mir Azim Khan, lived in the Bukhara Ark at the beginning of the 20th century, having no right to leave it. The second, Seyid Mir-Nasir Khan (born around 1869), was also kept in Ark under "house arrest". Emir Alim Khan married his daughter to his son, Arab Khan. However, no one was let out of Ark. Nasir Khan lived in Ark until 1920. During the years of the Bukhara People's Republic, he was a member of the Historical Society of Bukhara. He wrote the essay "History of the Bukhara Ark", written in 1921. In 1922 Nasir Khan left for Afghanistan.

COURTIES

Muhammad Sharif inak (c.1837-1888) was one of the highest dignitaries of the Bukhara Khanate. Under Emir Muzaffar, he served as chief zakatchi (“minister of finance”) and governor of Bukhara. He was the son of one of the closest dignitaries of Muzaffar Mulla Muhammadi-bey and a former slave of the emir.

Fourth from the right - Muhammad Sharif inak. Photo by Orde, late 1880s.

Mulla Muhammadi-biy (1811 or 1813-1889), a Persian by birth, went from a slave (he was bought by Emir Nasrallah) to the head of the Bukhara administration: he held the post of kushbegi (“prime minister”). Until the last hour, he was next to the dying emir Muzaffar, took part in the rite of raising the new emir, Abd al-Ahad, on a felt mat. Muhammadi-biy continued to hold the post of kushbegi under Abd al-Ahad until his death.
After the opening of the Russian Imperial Political Agency in Bukhara, Muhammad Sharif inak, while continuing to be the chief Zakyatchi, was responsible for communication between the Bukhara government and the political agent. The political agent of Russia, Charykov, spoke of him very flatteringly.

In 1888, Muhammad Sharif, by order of the emir, came to the official Gaib Nazar to confiscate his property for some misconduct, but was killed by the last shot from a revolver. His murderer, according to ancient custom, was handed over to the relatives and servants of the murdered man and put to death by them after long tortures.

Under Emir Abd al-Ahad, important government posts were also held by the sons of Muhammad Sharif: Astanakul-biy, Mir-Haydarkul-bek-biy and Latif-bek. Khaidarkul-bek-biy dadha in 1888 was appointed bek of Charzhui. During the departure of his elder brother Astanakul-biy with the emir to Russia in 1893, he replaced him as the chief zakyatchi. In 1902, together with the emir, he traveled to St. Petersburg. Khaydarkul remained at the post of governor of Chardzhui until at least 1902. Then he acted as a hazinachi (state treasurer). In the event of his absence from Bukhara, his younger brother Latif-bek replaced him in this post.

Astanakul-biy dadha - one of the most famous dignitaries of Bukhara during the time of Emir Abd al-Ahad, the grandson of the kushbegi Mulla Muhammadi-biy and the son of Muhammad Sharif. As early as 1882, Astanakul-biy was the Bey of Karshi. V. Krestovsky, who visited him in Karshi, wrote that he was then about 20 years old, he was “a very young man, not only very handsome, but also of pleasant appearance, with a small dark beard, a healthy matte complexion, an open smile and kind brown eyes.

On November 15, 1885, Astanakul-biy was appointed as the new emir to the post of viceroy of Chardzhuy, the most important post in the provincial administration of the khanate, instead of the disgraced brother of the emir Siddik Khan. After the murder of his father Muhammad Sharif in 1888, the emir, according to the historian al-Sami, “by his mercy, by royal order, appointed his son, Astanakulu-biy divanbegi, the position, rank and service that he desired, and even better than he desired." Then Astanakul received the rank of inak and the position of chief zakyatchi, which his father had previously held. Just like his father, he carried out communication between the Bukhara government and the Russian political agency, signed various official protocols, agreements, etc. on behalf of the emir, and negotiated various issues. Subsequently, he simultaneously held the posts of zakyatchi and kushbegi, retaining these positions until 1910, when he was replaced by the heir to the throne, Mir Alim Khan.
The reason for the displacement was the permission of Astanakul for the Bukhara Shiites to openly celebrate the religious holiday of Ashura, which led to a bloody Sunni-Shiite massacre that continued in Bukhara for several days and was stopped only due to the introduction of Russian troops into the city.

Astanakul-biy accompanied the emir more than once on his trips to Russia (for example, in 1893 and 1903). He was awarded many Bukhara and Russian orders.

Emir Abd al-Ahad, heir to the throne of Mir-Alim and the retinue of the emir in the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. Standing: third from the left - Astankul-biy parvanchi, fourth from the right - Durbin-biy kul kushbegi, extreme right - Sh.R. Asfendiarov. Photo by V. Yasvoin, January 1893 (Winter Palace, St. Petersburg)

Emir's trip to St. Petersburg in 1393. The emir's trip to Russia in 1393 had a specific purpose - he was carrying with him the heir to the throne, Mir Alim Khan, whom he intended to appoint to study.

Going on a trip, the emir entrusted the conduct of all affairs to a council of three persons - qazi kalyan (chief judge), commandant of Ark and serkerdar. In addition to the chief zakatchi Astanakul-biy, the emir’s retinue included several top dignitaries of the khanate, including Durbin-biy kushbegi, a Persian by birth, who was bought by the emir in childhood and went from a slave to one “of the closest persons to the emir.” According to V. Krestovsky, in 1832 he was over fifty years old (according to some sources, he was born in 1827), he had the rank of monk and occupied one of the high court positions. Under Abd al-Ahad, he did not hold any specific position, but he took part in managing the treasury, and also always accompanied the emir on his travels. He was awarded several Russian orders.

In addition, a large staff of servants was with the person of the emir, as well as the personal translator of the Turkestan governor-general, captain Sh.R.

On December 27, 1892, the emir and his entourage left Chardzhuy by rail and arrived in Moscow, where he met with his brother Mir-Mansur. Arriving in St. Petersburg, the emir stopped at the Winter Palace. Accompanied by Astanakul-biy and Sh.R. Asfendiarov, he paid visits, visited theaters, went to the bathhouse daily, and also received visitors himself, met with Emperor Alexander III. Having completed negotiations on the formation of Mir-Alim-khan and left him in St. Petersburg, the emir returned to Bukhara via Odessa and Tiflis.

BEKI

[…] The emir often changed beks, and now it is almost impossible to say exactly who is depicted in this or that archival photograph. We have detailed information only about the bek of Hisar - Astanakul-bek-biy kuli kushbegi.

He was one of the most senior dignitaries of the Khanate under Emir Abd al-Ahad. The son of Abbas-bey, the vizier of Emir Nasrallah, and the half-brother of Emir Muzaffar, Astanakul-bey-bey held high positions during his father's lifetime, and after his father's death he reached the highest ranks and positions, so that some of his contemporaries called him a "shelter of hope", the title of sovereigns.

In 1882, Astanakul-bek-biy had the rank of parvanachi and served as governor of Shakhrisyabz. V. Krestovsky, who visited him this year, wrote that he was “an important man, good-naturedly simple, affable, but essentially indifferent to everything in the world, except for himself and his sovereign, to whom, obviously, he is very devoted. In the whole character of his appearance, it somehow immediately showed that this man is not only smart, but also knows his own worth.

In 1882, Astanakul-bek-biy accompanied the future emir Abd al-Akhad on a trip to Moscow. In 1885, as a personal envoy of Emir Muzaffar, he traveled to St. Petersburg, where he met with Emperor Alexander III. In the days of illness, Muzaffar ad-Din, together with Mulla Muhammadi-biy, actually exercised supreme power in the khanate. After the transfer in 1886 from Hisar to Baysun of the disgraced brother of Emir Abd al-Mumin, Astnakul-bek-biy was appointed governor of the Hisar vilayet. Darvaz, Kulyab and Karategin were also under his control.

In 1887, he received the highest rank - atalyk, and therefore his bekdom was expanded: five more counties were attached to it. It should be noted that under the last Bukhara emirs, no one in the khanate, except for Astanakul-bek-bey, had the rank of atalyk.

According to V.I. Lipsky, who visited Hisar in 1896, Astankul-bek-biy was not only the most distinguished, but also “the richest man in all of Bukhara. In addition to gold and silver (the latter he had in sacks in the cellars), he had a herd of horses, herds of sheep. His herds were met in the summer in remote places in the mountains, even within Russian borders. ("Turkestan Gazette", No. 183, 1907)

Astanakul-bek-biy remained the Bek of Hissar until his death in 1906. After his death, his body was taken out of Hissar and buried in the family mausoleum of the Mangyt emirs, the Hazrat Imam mazar, located at the Imam imlya cemetery near Bukhara.

Sources, literature, periodicals

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35. Rock-Ten, Prisons in Bukhara, - "Turkestan Courier", 1910, No. 197
36. Sami, Mirza ‘Abdal’azim, Tarikh-i Salatin-i Mangitiya (History of Mangit Sovereigns). Ed. text, prev., trans. and approx. L.M. Epifanova, M., 1962
37. Semenov A.A., Bukhara treatise on ranks and ranks and on the duties of their bearers in medieval Bukhara, - Soviet Oriental Studies, vol. V, 1948
38. Semenov A.A., Essay on the structure of the central administrative Bukhara Khanate of later times (Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR, v.25), Materials on the history of Tajiks and Uzbeks Cf. Asia, vol. 2, Stalinabad, 1954
39. St. Petersburg News, No. 122, 1896
40. Sukhareva O.A. Bukhara XIX - early XX century. (Late feudal city and its population), M., 1966
41. Tukhtametov T.G., Russian-Bukhara relations at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, Tashkent, 1966
42. Friedrich N.A., Bukhara. Ethnographic essay, S.Pb., 1910
43. Khamraev M., Essays on the history of the Hissar Bekstvo of the late XIX and early XX centuries, - Proceedings of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the Tadzh.SSR, vol. CXIV, Stalinabad, 1959
44. Khanykov I., Description of the Bukhara Khanate, S.Pb., 1843
45. Shubinsky P.P., Ochenki Bukhara P. Shubinsky, S. Pb., 1892
46 Olufsen O., The Emirof Bukhara and his country, London, 1911

Archival documents:

I. Office of the Turkestan Governor-General, - Central State Historical Archive of the Uzbek SSR, Fund No. I-1, Inventory No. 29
II. Office of the Turkestan Governor-General, - Central State Historical Archive of the Uzbek SSR, Fund No. I-1, Inventory No. 34
III. Russian Imperial Political Agency in Bukhara, - Central State Historical Archive of the Uzbek SSR, Fund No. I-3, Inventory No. 1
IV. Russian Imperial Political Agency in Bukhara, - Central State Historical Archive of the Uzbek SSR, Fund No. I-3, Inventory No. 2
V. Office of the kushbegi of the Emir of Bukhara, - Central State Historical Archive of the Uzbek SSR, Fund No. I-126, Inventory No. 1 (book 1)
VI. Office of the kushbegi of the Emir of Bukhara, - Central State Historical Archive of the Uzbek SSR, Fund No. I-126, Inventory No. 2 (book 1)

Photo archives

a) St. Petersburg branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg)
b) Russian Geographical Society (St. Petersburg) c) Institute of the History of Material Culture (St. Petersburg) d) State Film and Photo Documents Archive of the Uzbek SSR (Tashkent)
e) Bukhara Regional Museum of Local Lore (Bukhara)

ADDITION

The state structure of the Bukhara Emirate
Material from Wikipedia

The head of state was the emir (Persian امیر‎), who had unlimited power over his subjects.

Islambek kushbegi - minister of Bukhara. Photo by Orde, 1894

State affairs were managed by kushbegi (Turk. قوشبیگی), a kind of prime minister. The entire ruling class of the Emirate of Bukhara was divided into secular government officials - Amaldars (Pers. عملدار‎) and spiritual - Ulama (Pers. ﻋﻠﻤﺎ‎). The latter included scholars - theologians, lawyers, teachers of madrasas, etc. Secular persons received ranks from the emir or khan (Mong. خان), and the spiritual ones were elevated to one or another rank or rank. There were fifteen secular ranks, and four spiritual ones.

In administrative terms, the Emirate of Bukhara at the beginning of the 20th century. was divided into 23 beks (Persian بیکیﮔرى‎) and 9 fogs (Mong. تومان). Until the last quarter of the 19th century. Karategin and Darvaz were independent shahs ruled by local rulers - shahs (pers. ﺷﺎه‎). In Karategin during the period under review, there were five amlyakdarstvo (Persian املاک داری‎), in Darvaz - seven. Having annexed Karategin and Darvaz, the Emirate of Bukhara transformed them into beks (Persian بیکیﮔرى‎), which were ruled by officials appointed by Bukhara - beks (Turk. بیک). The beks, in turn, were subordinated to divanbegs (Turk. دیوان بیگی), yasaulbashi (Turk. یساولباشی), kurbashi (Turk. قورباشی), qazi (Arab. قاضی‎‎) and rais (Arab. ر؀ی).

The majority of the population was made up of a taxable estate - fukara (arab. فقرا‎‎). The ruling class was represented by the land-feudal nobility, grouped around the local ruler. Under local rulers, this class was called sarkarda (Pers. سرکرده‎) or navkar (Mong. نوکر), and during the period of Bukhara rule - sipahi (Pers. سپاهی‎) or amaldar (Pers. عملدار‎). In addition to the two specified classes (rich and poor), there was a numerous social stratum that was exempt from taxes and duties: mullahs, mudarrises, imams, mirzas, etc.

Each bekstvo was divided into several small administrative units - amlyak (Arabic املاک‎‎) and Mirkhazar (Persian میرهزار‎), headed by the Amlyakdars (Persian املاک دار‎) and Mirkhazars (Persian میرها‎) respectively. The lowest rank of the village administration was the arbab (arab. ارباب‎‎ - headman), usually one for each village.

There were four shahsts in the Western Pamirs. Each shahship was divided into administrative units called sada (Persian صده‎ - one hundred) or panja (Persian پنجه‎ - five). Shugnan and Rushan were divided into six gardens each. At the head of each garden or panja was an aksakal (Turk. آقسقال - elder), and in smaller administrative units - arbab or mirdeh (pers. میرده‎). The entire population of the upper reaches of the Pyanj was divided in class terms into two main categories: the ruling class and the taxable class, called raiyat (Arabic رعیت‎‎) or fukara. The next, lower category of the ruling class was the service estate - navkar or chakar, who were chosen and appointed by the peace or the shah from people with military and administrative abilities.

RECENT TRAGEDY IN BUKHARA
(Information about the episode presented below was collected by us personally, when we were in Bukhara, in June of last year.)
Historical Bulletin, No. 5. 1892

"If someone offends you, offend him as he offends us."
Qur'an, chapter II, verse 190.

Infinitely great is the discord that still separates us in everyday, social, religious and moral terms from our closest neighbors in the far east. The Koran and Sharia, which form the sole basis of the beliefs and concepts of the Muslims of Central Asia beyond our control, are, as it were, a wall protecting them from the spirit of the times and the influence of civilization. Limited on our territory, in its immediate application, by the sphere of religious practices and the autonomy of the people's court, Islamic-Sufficient tendencies find wide scope for their development on the soil of our neighbors, the semi-independent khanates of Bukhara, Khiva and Afghanistan, related to them in language and religion. The state and social system of these countries, religion, the way of life of the people, mores, customs, legal proceedings and education - all this follows from the two main principles of Islam: the Koran and Sharia. These two creations of the great Muslim prophet and his closest follower are still the only two truths that the Mohammedan of Central Asia believes in, by which he lives and from which he draws all his worldly wisdom.

Numerous and influential Muslim clergy do their best to support the charm of the religious ideas of Islam among the people. Jealously guarding the state and social system that developed over a millennium ago, under their influence, from any modern innovations, it is a powerful opponent to those new ideas that poured into Central Asia from Europe in a wide wave through the open gates of the Turkestan region. It, apparently, is fully achieving its goals so far, because the inertia in which the Muslim world is not subject to us extends to such an extent that even the powerful influence of Russia, combined with the good desire of the rulers of the khanates, is sometimes powerless to change their the internal system is one or another condition created by the millennium-old traditions of Islam.

Strange, almost unbelievable for our time, these burning hotbeds of religious fanaticism, obsolete ideas and outdated traditions are an anachronism!

We cannot help but welcome that noticeable desire to bring into this dark world the ideas of state and social order, education and humanity, which of late has been especially felt in our policy in the far east. Undoubtedly, these aspirations are only the first attempts at the realization of that highly humane task, which, contrary to the assurances of our British rivals, Russia is completely unselfishly pursuing in relation to the peoples of Central Asia subject to it.

At the same time, it is desirable that the tragic episode cited below constitute a single fact in the history of the reign of Emir Seyid-Abdul-Akhat-Khan, whose noble motives and good intentions cannot be doubted.

__________________________

A few years ago, a related group of dignitaries of Persian origin, consisting of the elderly kush-begi Mulla-Mehmet-Biya, was of paramount importance among the state ranks of the Bukhara Khanate (The title of kush-begi, in its internal meaning in the Bukhara Khanate, can be equated to the title of our minister of foreign affairs and chairman of the state council. It is associated, at the same time, with the title of governor of Bukhara and commandant of the palace of the emir. The highest position in Bukhara "atalyk" has remained unfilled since the time of emir Nasr-Ullah, who made the ruler of Shakhrizyabsky the last time (Murza-Shamen-Bukhari, Notes, pr. 13, p. 60)), his son, the chief Bukhara zaketchchi Mukhamed-Sharif-divan-begi (The title of divan-begi can be equated to the title of secretary of state; the position of chief zaketchi - to the position of Minister of Finance and head of the treasury and economy of the Emir.), and grandson, bek of Chardzhuy, Astanakul-inak (Bek is the head of the city and lay down Inak-military rank, equivalent to the rank of colonel).

This group was considered the most powerful and influential in the country, both in its direct significance and in the trust and disposition that the young emir Seyid-Abdul-Akhat-khan showed her, bound in relation to kush-begi by a sense of gratitude for his ancient devotion to the house Mangyt (The dynasty reigning in Bukhara traces its lineage, along the female line, from Tamerlane. (Myrza-Shamsi-Bukhari, Notes, note 15, p. 61). As for men, it comes from the Uzbek clan Mangyt, from the Tuk branch. (Khanykov , Description of the Khanate of Bukhara, p. 58) Among the Mongols, the name “tuk” defined a detachment of warriors of 100 people (Marco Polo, translated by Shemyakin, p. 181)) and to him personally, and with his son, the bonds of friendship. At the same time, this group was considered to be at the head of the party of Bukhara dignitaries most sympathetic to Russia, the counterbalance of which was the old Bukhara, Uzbek, party. It goes without saying that this powerful family, as elsewhere in the East, had numerous relatives, proteges and adherents at various levels of the state ladder.

The head and patriarch of this family, Mulla-Mehmed-Biy, a Persian by birth from the town of Karay, near Mashhad, was captured by the Turkmens as a boy of ten or twelve years old and in 1820 brought by them for sale in Bukhara.

Here he was bought for several chervonets by the famous Hakim-kush-begi (Hakim-kush-begi played an outstanding role in the history of the Bukhara Khanate of the first quarter of the current century, personifying the treacherous type of courtier at the court of the Central Asian despots. Emir-Seid owed all his well-being , he poisons him, wanting to deliver his second son, Nasr-Ullah, an opportunity to seize the throne of his father, in addition to his older brother, Hussein Khan. poisoning him as well. Having sworn, then, to the younger son of Emir-Seid, Omar-khan, appointed by Hussein Khan as his successor, he treacherously betrays him and the city of Bukhara into the hands of the rebellious Nasr-Ullah, who reigns in the capital of the khanate on March 22, 1826 year, under the name of Nasr-Ulli-Baghadur-Khan-Melik-El-Mumenin. This treacherous man was adequately punished for his shameful deeds. In 1837, emir Nasr, who was enthroned by him, Ullah confiscates all the untold riches he has stolen, and imprisons him himself, where he was stabbed to death in 1840. (Khanykov, History of the Khanate of Bukhara, pp. 224-230; Borns, Journey to Bukhara, part 2, pp. 382-388 and others; Vamberi, History of Bukhara, ch. XVIII, pp. 136-140)).

After the death of this latter under Emir Nasr-Ullah, in 1840, he, along with his other slaves and property, entered the treasury and was added to the staff of the heir to the throne of Seid-Muzafar-Eddin (Emir Seid-Muzafar-Eddin was born in 1823 , ascended the throne of Bukhara in 1860, died on October 31, 1885), under which he was a servant. His outstanding abilities drew the attention of Muzafar Eddin to him and, during his accession to the throne, in 1860, Mulla Mehmed Biy was successively appointed to the positions of mirshab (police official), mirab (irrigation manager) and serkerd (battalion commander) . In his last rank, he participated in the battles at Jizzakh, Samarkand and Zerabulak, sharing with his master the heavy blows inflicted by Russian weapons on the power of the ruler of the faithful in Central Asia.

At the end of the war, Mulla-Mehmed-Biy was appointed bey in Shakhrizyabz, where he managed to declare himself a capable, active and energetic administrator, and in 1870 the emir granted him the remaining vacant position of kush-begi (In this position he was seen and wrote about him: Vsevolod Krestovsky (Visiting the Emir of Bukhara, ch. VII, pp. 292-296) and Dr. Yavorsky (Journey of the Russian Embassy in Afghanistan and the Bukhara Khanate in 1878-1879, vol. II, pp. 334-336).

Kush-begi Mulla-Mehmed-Biy lived to a ripe old age, maintaining good spirits until the last minute and taking a direct part in the affairs of the state. His nineteen-year stay in power was marked by deep devotion to the interests of the people and both emirs, whose trust and favor he enjoyed, despite the intrigues and intrigues of natural Bukharans, who hated him as an alien and a Shiite.

The population of the capital respected and loved him. According to the testimony of persons who were intimately familiar with the state of affairs in the khanate, no complaints were ever heard of oppression, intrigue or injustice on his part.

In 1886, Mulla-Mehmed-Biy, together with his family and other slaves in the Bukhara Khanate, was freed from slavery, forever destroyed by Emir Seid-Abdul-Akhat-Khan in his possessions.

The son of Mulla-Mehmed-Biya, Mukhamed-Sharif-divan-begi, holding the position of the chief Bukhara zyaketchy even at the court of the late emir Muzafar-Eddin, managed to establish himself with outstanding abilities and special devotion to the reigning dynasty, in particular to Seyid-Abdul-Akhat- khan. Among the other services rendered by him to the last services was that he hid from the people the death of Emir Muzafar until from Kermine (the city of Kermine and the district adjacent to it constitute, as it were, the inheritance of the heirs of the Bukhara throne, where they settle upon reaching adulthood, ruling the district for rights of beks. and inevitable in such cases in the East family strife.

Upon the accession of the young emir on November 4, 1885, Mohamed-Sharif became his closest personal adviser. In addition, Seyid-Abul-Akhat entrusted him with the management of all affairs related to the relations of Bukhara with the Russian government.

In this state of affairs, the whole country and the emir himself looked at Mukhamed-Sherif-divan-begi as the future successor of his father Mulla-Mehmed-Biya in the rank of kush-begi.

The youngest representative of this outstanding family was the son of Mukhamed-Sharif, the twenty-eight-year-old Chardzhui bek Astanakul-inak (currently the chief Bukhara zaketch, Astanakul-parkanachi). Gifted with a remarkably handsome appearance, handsome and intelligent, he soon attracted the attention of the emir, who entrusted him with the important post of head of the Chardzhui district bordering on Russian possessions. In this position, he managed to provide serious services to the Russian government during the construction of the Trans-Caspian railway, for which he was awarded the Order of St. Anna 2nd degree.

Under such circumstances, this family finds the year 1888, which had a fatal meaning for them.

At that time, a certain Gaib-Nazar, an Afghan by origin, lived in Bukhara, who under Emir Muzafar held the position of amlyakdar in Kermine (Amlakdar is a tax collector. In the Bukhara Khanate, the annual amount of tax from the land is determined by spring shoots, which, of course, opens a wide path to all kinds of abuses on the part of officials of the tax administration.), when the heir to the throne, the current emir Seyid-Abdul-Akhat-khan, ruled this bekstvo. Shortly after the death of Murafar, Gaib-Nazar was dismissed from his post for concealing part of the state revenues of the district entrusted to him. Suspecting Mukhamed-ІІІarifa-divan-begi as the main culprit of the misfortune that befell him, he harbored a deep hatred for him and, having settled in his house in Bukhara, where he enjoyed the reputation of a man with means, he waited only for an opportunity to take revenge on his enemy.

The emirs of Bukhara have a habit of going around their possessions once a year, stopping for some time in the most populated districts, such as Kermine, Qakhshi, Shakhrizyab possessions and Chardzhuy.

During one of these trips of Seyid-Abdul-Akhat-khan to Shakhrizyabz, in the spring of 1888, Khaid-guard-run, brother of Gaib-Nazar, who served in the Bukhara troops and was sent, for a while, with some assignment from Shakhrizyabz to Bukhara , brought to the emir Gaib-Nazar's denunciation of Mukhamed-Sharif-divan-begi and other senior officials who remained in the capital.

This denunciation infuriated the emir and caused an order to arrest Gaib-Nazar and confiscate his property. The execution of this order was entrusted by the emir to Muhamed-Sharif-divan-begi.

On March 21, 1888, at 8 o'clock in the morning, Mukhaned-Sharif, accompanied by two servants, arrived at Gaib-Nazar's house to announce to him the will of the emir and make an inventory of his property. Having entered the mima (mehman)-khan (reception room), he conveyed the command to Gaib-Nazar, adding, for his part, words of consolation and a promise to intercede with the emir for his forgiveness. Gaib-Nazar silently listened to the divan-bey and, when the latter had finished, told him that among his property were valuable things given to him for preservation, which he, first of all, wanted to present. Then he went into another room and, a minute later, returned from there with a revolver in his hand, with the words: “a dog, a Shiite, a traitor!” fired two shots at Mohammed Sharif. This last one, already mortally wounded, rushed at him. A struggle ensued, which was only stopped by a crowd that ran to the noise and seized and beat the criminal.

The dying man was put on a cart and taken home, but he still found enough strength in himself to order the release of the murderer from the hands of the angry mob and take him to his apartment, where he placed him in a room next to him, fearing that he would be torn to pieces by the people before production. investigations on him.

On March 22, at 6 o'clock in the morning, Mukhamed-Sharif-divan-begi died, despite the medical assistance provided to him by Dr. Geifelder, who was sent to the scene by the builder of the Trans-Caspian Railway, Lieutenant General Annenkov, who was at that time on official business near Bukhara.

The death of this outstanding person sincerely upset not only the emir and the population of the capital, but also all the people of our Turkestan administration who came into contact with him on official business. Bukhara lost in him a capable, energetic administrator, and Russia lost a man sincerely devoted to Russian interests, otherwise contributing to a change for the better in the state of affairs in the khanate.

Upon learning of the death of Muhamed-Sharif, the emir wrote a heartfelt letter to the grief-stricken elderly Kush-begi, in which, among other things, he mentioned that he had never looked at the deceased as a servant, but as an older brother, and that now he would try to replace Mulle-Mehmed -Beating his lost son.

The venerable elder did not survive this sad event for long: he died on November 10, 1889, at the age of 81.

The son of the deceased Mukhamed-Sharif, Astanakul-inak, was appointed emir to his father's place immediately after his death, and in the rank of parvanachi and chief zaketchia is now one of the most devoted and useful servants of Seyid-Abdul-Akhat-khan.

As for the murderer of the divan-begi, Gaib-Nazar, then, by order of the emir, he was handed over to the relatives of the murdered.

One must know the history of the Bukhara people and those bestial instincts, greed and ambition that are inherent in them, one must finally take into account that, according to established custom, the death or removal of some state dignitary in the Bukhara Khanate entails the removal of all his subordinates and the replacement of their henchmen by a newly appointed person in order to explain to himself the terrible execution that awaited the criminal. Without a doubt, it was invented not by one person, but by a whole corporation of people who tried to take out on the killer of sofa-runs the bitterness that was in them, which was caused by the death of this man, who took with him to the grave the chances of success, wealth and honors, perhaps , not one generation of people close to him and relatives.

This execution, worthy of the times of Caracal and Nero, consisted of the following: the murderer was tied to the tail of a horse and, with a huge crowd of people, we thus carry through the streets, squares and bazaars of the city. Then, they crushed the bones of his arms and legs and threw him alive behind the city wall, to be eaten by dogs.

The main details of this inhuman execution, as always, were carried out on the vast cathedral square of Bukhara, in view of the majestic buildings of the Mir-Arab madrasah and the Mosque-i-Kalyan, these mute witnesses of so many bloody historical events, starting with the invasion of Genghis Khan and the triumphant Timur’s entry, until the recent execution of two innocent instruments of English greed and harassment in Central Asia - Conoli and Stoddart (Colonel Stoddart and Captain Conoli, sent by the British government to Bukhara and Kokan with the aim of forming a coalition hostile to Russia from the Central Asian khanates, were captured by the emir Nasr-Ullah and, at his command, were executed in Bukhara, in 1842.).

P.P.S.

New Emir of Bukhara
Niva magazine, 1886, No. 7. Pages: 177-178

After the second capital of the Khanate Samarkand was taken, under the gene. Kaufman in 1868 with our troops and they took possession of the sources of Zaryavshan, which fed Bukhara - the Russians have the ability to divert water, and this would be the death of the country. Completely defeated by Russian troops on June 2, 1868, the emir declared himself in obedience to the White Tsar and since then Bukhara has been in vassal relations to Russia.

After the death of the late Emir of Bukhara, Muzaffar Khan, which followed on October 31 last year, his eldest son Seid-Abdul-Agad Khan (whose portrait is placed here) became the ruler of Bukhara. His brother, Seyid-Mansur, is brought up in Russia, in the Page Sib. corps, and the current emir Abdul-Agad attended the sacred coronation in Moscow and spent some time in St. Petersburg. Seid-Abdul-Agad-khan is now no more than 27 years old. Here is how one of our travellers, who saw him when he was in Bukhara, describes him: “Seid-Abdul-Agad-khan himself stood before us. Taking two steps towards us, he cordially extended his hand to each of us. In appearance, he is a handsome man, taller than average, strongly built. His handsome swarthy face is pubescent with a black, medium-sized beard; small mustaches set off thin, energetically pursed lips. Black and large eyes are very expressive. Their gaze is sharp and penetrating. The arches of the eyebrows very characteristically slightly rise from the inside above the bridge of the nose, adjoining two small longitudinal wrinkles. In general, his face has a serious expression of an inquisitive mind and a strong character. It somehow involuntarily affects a large supply of energy, willpower and perseverance. It cannot be said that this face was one of the kind, in the sense of kindness, although there is nothing repulsive in it - on the contrary, it is rather even sympathetic; you only immediately feel that you are dealing with an internally strong person who will not think about anything to achieve his goal. He is not at all prone to harem promiscuity - he has one legal wife. In his everyday environment, he prefers simplicity, even with a somewhat stern tint, which we could also notice, at least from the atmosphere of his waiting room. They say that his favorite pastime is falconry and the taming of semi-wild, hot and evil horses, which he rides under himself. He also does a lot of military work.”

Seid-Abdul-Agad Khan was in Moscow, as we said, at the coronation celebrations of 1883. On his return from Moscow, he said in Tashkent, among other things, that this trip was of great benefit to him in the sense that he had a good opportunity to see for himself the enormous forces and means of Russia. Recognized in his rights by the All-Russian Emperor, he no longer needs any parties to support power.

Mixture. Gifts from the Emir of Bukhara.
Niva, 1893, No. 3 (2), p. 74

Gifts from the Emir of Bukhara presented to the Sovereign Emperor, the Sovereign Empress and other Members of the August House. Among these gifts are many expensive fabrics and carpets - works of Bukhara and, in general, the East: astrakhan furs, golden bowls and dishes with niello, belts studded with precious stones, a silver service with niello, necklaces with precious stones, walking sticks strewn with diamonds, silver enameled caskets and many other precious items. Particularly distinguished were: a saber in a golden scabbard with a hilt strewn with diamonds, presented by the Emir to the Sovereign Emperor, and an umbrella sewn entirely with pearls for the Empress, the handle of which was strewn with precious stones.

Then the emir brought 17 horses of various breeds for gifts to the Highest Persons: Teke, Turkmen, Uratyuben and Kungrad. Each of them is saddled with a Turkmen saddle, with gold and silver forged stirrups. Expensive velvet chapraks are embroidered with silks and gold; the bridle, breastplates and tailpieces are richly trimmed with gold set. Some of the horses are very small and resemble the breed of our southern steppe horses, but all of them are distinguished by remarkable endurance and speed, during the race they seem to spread along the ground. One of the stallions intended for the Sovereign Emperor, of the Teke breed, red with white stockings on all four legs, is considered the best horse of Bukhara, about which the Bukhara people say that “only one wind will overtake him.” The horses have not yet been given names; all of them are placed on the main royal stable. For the Sovereign Emperor, actually 5 horses were given: 2 stallions of a red color, Tekin, growth of 2 arshins and 2 vershoks, 1 stallion of a karak color with a golden tan, Turkmen breed, a strong strong horse 2 arshins and 2 vershoks tall, and a pair of gray stallions of the Bukhara breed, about 2 arshins tall, all six years old. Sovereign Empress - 3 horses: 1 gray stallion Turkmen, height 2 arshins 1 vershok, a very beautiful graceful horse, and a pair of black stallions of the Bukhara breed of small stature. One of these stallions is very kind, almost tame and a little trained: he gives a leg, puts his head on his shoulder, with remarkably intelligent eyes. The heir to the Tsarevich also has 3 horses: 1 red-haired Turkmen without marks, a slender, light, as if chiseled stallion, 2 arshins with a small stature, can argue on a gallop with a Tekin horse brought to the Sovereign Emperor. Tekinets will probably be called "Wind", and this Turkmen "Wind"; then a pair of smaller Bukhara stallions. Grand Duchesses Xenia and Olga Alexandrovna were brought a pair of piebald stallions of the Bukhara breed of very good disposition. Grand Duke Georgy Alexandrovich - a pair of black stallions of the Uratyubensky breed. On the main stable, there are a pair of dark bay stallions intended for Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich. Since all horses are exclusively steeds, it is likely that some of them will be harnessed in threes for a draw; the roots will be picked up by pacers. In addition to these 17 horses, the emir presented a pair of stallions to the Grand Dukes Vladimir and Alexy Alexandrovich and Mikhail Nikolaevich.

Throne chair for the Emir of Bukhara.
Niva, 1893, No. 33, p. 752, 753

By order of the Turkestan Governor-General by the Lizere firm in St. Petersburg. the throne armchair in the old Russian style was made of gilded wood (maple), covered with red plush and trimmed with gold galloon. The armchair is intended for the Emir of Bukhara and is very characteristic, as can be seen from the attached drawing. It was executed according to the drawing of V. Scherzer, by Russian workers.

His Grace Emir of Bukhara.
Magazine "Motherland". St. Petersburg, 1893. No. 3, p. 88, 91-92, 105-106.

Showered with the graces of His Majesty the Sovereign Emperor and now visiting St. Petersburg, His Grace Emir of Bukhara Seyid-Abdul-Akhat-Khan is an extremely imposing, beautifully built brunette, with a very expressive face and a large, jet-black, bushy beard.

Like all the faces of his retinue, he wears a colorful Bukhara costume, a turban and a lot of stars. The Emir is at the head of the Khanate of Bukhara, covering an area of ​​31/2 thousand geographical miles, with a population of 11/2 million engaged in agriculture and trade. There are 15 thousand people in the Bukhara army. On November 4, 1885, the emir succeeded his father's throne, being his fourth son, because the elder brother, bribed by the British, rebelled against his father, was defeated with the help of Russian troops, fled and is now in India. In 1883, the Sovereign Emperor granted the request of the father of the current Emir, Mozafar Eddin, to recognize our today's guest, Seyid-Abdul-Akhat, as the heir to Bukhara. Emir has been married since the age of 13, and from the age of 18 he already ruled the bekstvo (district) in Kermin and earned common love with his fairness and accessibility. The emir's predominant passion is horses, and he is reputed to be the best rider in Bukhara.

In Russia, the emir was, as the heir to Bukhara, at the coronation celebrations of 1883. The high attention and gracious address of the Sovereign and the Royal Family, as well as everything seen in Russia, deeply sunk into the soul of the future heir to the throne of Bukhara, and upon accession to the throne, he first became transfer our culture to his native country. He abolished slavery, reduced the army to facilitate finances, destroyed underground prisons, torture and brutal executions, did a lot to streamline the tax system and develop trade in his country. An extremely lively, active temperament distinguishes the emir among the Bukharians and evokes in them a well-deserved tribute of surprise and respect for their head.

Together with the emir, his ten-year-old son, Seid-Mir-Alim, arrived in St. Petersburg, whom his lordship, with the permission of the Highest Sovereign Emperor, will assign to one of the St. Petersburg military educational institutions.

In the retinue there are 7 dignitaries, 6 officials, a representative of the Bukhara merchant class and masses of servants. Among the seven dignitaries of the emir are three generals "parvanchi", of which two are ministers - Astapa Kulbek parvanchi and Durban Kumberg parvanchi. This is followed by Tural-Kul parvanchi, Khabarit-Kulbek-Tonova, Makhalot-Yunas-Marahat-bachi, Haji-Abdul and Murza-Akhat-mushi.

The emir brought with him a lot of valuable materials, jewelry and horses for gifts, and the cost of everything brought, part of which arrived in the summer, is estimated at 2 million rubles.

Bukhara before and now. History reference.
Niva, 1893, No. 4, p. 94, 95

Comparison of the former state of Bukhara with the present can serve as a striking example of the enormous influence of civilization that it can have on the structure and life of the state. In the forties, Bukhara represented the pure type of Asiatic despotic kingdom. Any of the relatives of the ruler, incurring suspicion of not sympathizing with his system of government, was immediately eliminated. Most often he was imprisoned in disgusting underground prisons, very common then in Bukhara. The emir Seyid-Nassr-Ulla, the grandfather of the current emir, acted in the same way. He eliminated all adherents of a strong party opposed to him, including Kush-Begi, Gakim-Bai and Ayatsa-Bai. During the reign of Seyid-Nassr-Ulla, Bukhara occupied a central and main place among the surrounding khanates. Therefore, it is quite understandable that Russia and England paid attention to it. England wanted at all costs to subjugate the emir to her influence and restore him against Russia. All her intrigues, however, were unsuccessful. They even ended very sadly for her diplomatic agents, Colonel Stoddart and Conolly. Both of them paid with their lives for their diplomatic inexperience and partly disregard for the mores and customs of the local population. They endured a painful prison sentence and remained alive for the time being, thanks only to the intercession of the Russian diplomatic agent Butenev. Stoddart was forced to convert to Islam out of fear.

Following the departure of Bugenev, Emir Seid-Nassr-Ulla received the news that all British troops in Afghanistan had been destroyed. Realizing that now there was nothing to be afraid of England, he ordered, on June 17, 1842, that these two unfortunate Englishmen be put to shameful execution in the square. They were brought there from prison. Colonel Stoddart was the first to be beheaded. Then the executioner stopped, knowing that Conolly had been promised life if he converted to Islam. But Conolly, noticing this, said contemptuously: “Stoddart became a Muslim and you still executed him. I'm ready to die." With these words, he coolly offered his neck to the executioner, who with one blow separated his head from his body.

In 1860, after the death of the emir, he was succeeded by his son, Seyid Motsaffar Eddin Khan. As the guardian of the minor Kokand Khan, in the rank of Tamerlane's successor, suzerain of other khanates, and, finally, as a zealot of the Mohammedan faith, in 1865 he joined the war of the Kokand people against General Chernyaev. The emir continued this war with the successors of Chernyaev, generals: Romanovsky in 1865, Kryzhanovsky and Manteuffel in 1867, Count Vorontsov-Dashkov in 1867 and von Kaufmann in 1886. Their victories over the emir led to the conclusion of peace, finally breaking the military pride of the Bukharians. Since that time, friendly relations between Russia and Bukhara began to be established. Little by little, the emir became convinced both of the disinterestedness of these relations, and of the strength and power of our homeland. When his eldest son and heir Abul-Melin-Kati-Tiur rebelled against him, wanting to overthrow him from the throne, Russia, in the person of General Abramov, with his detachment, rendered him active assistance - returned to him by armed force the possessions of Shari seized from him. Siabts, Kitab and Kasshi. This finally made him lose all faith in England's false intimidation against Russia. After all these events, together with the accession to the throne of the current emir, a new, bright, peaceful period of her life begins for Bukhara.

Emir Seyid-Abdul-Akhat-khan took over the government of the country, which was in a miserable, chaotic state. His energetic nature did not give way. the prevailing order of things and gave him the strength to radically transform his state on the basis of humanity and justice. He drew attention to the prevailing in the country bribery, embezzlement, burdening the people with unbearable taxes and taxes, terrible injustice in the courts and other ulcers of the state organism. Emir Seid-Mozaffar-Eddin, his father, who was completely reconciled with all the troubles in the country, died on October 31, 1885. From that time on, the current emir, then a young man of 28 years old, began to rebuild the state in his own way. At first, he met energetic resistance from the former adherents of his father and the clergy. His only support was the confidence that Russia would help him in his civilizing activities, especially since her activities in Asia were of exactly the same nature. Firmly relying on Russia, he ignored all threats from the most influential and closest people, he boldly and unceasingly followed the path of beneficent reforms. The first order of this kind was the abolition of slavery for all time in all provinces. From ten thousand, mostly Persians, the heavy fetters of slavery were broken. His second measure was the order to bring the army to the number of 13,000 people, constituting 13 infantry battalions, 800 people. artillery with 155 guns, 2,000 irregular horsemen and 4 squadrons of cavalry. These two measures were followed by the order to fill in the tsindana (underground pits and dungeons), where criminals and victims of the wrath of the rulers languished, and to fill in and stone the siah-gara or kenne-khan (black well), which served as the underground Bastille, in which they writhed from torture unfortunate prisoners. In this regard, torture was abolished, and the death penalty was significantly limited. In addition, he took a lot of measures to raise people's morality by prohibiting the use of opium and other narcotic plants (Kunara-Nasha) and stopping the immoral dances of bachy (boys). Then he created a whole series of orders for the destruction of bribery and usury, with the threat of subjecting those responsible to punishment and a fine. Thus, the emir achieved that the population became convinced of the benefits of his innovations and took his side. Having brought the affairs of the state into some order, the emir wished, in 1886, that Russia would send its special diplomatic agent to Bukhara, as a sign of the special favor of the Sovereign Emperor to him. His wish was fulfilled, and Charikov was appointed such an agent, later replaced by the famous explorer of Central Asia P.M. Lessar.

In this way, trade relations between Russia and Bukhara began, and the latter found a place for the sale of its raw products. In addition, thanks to the laying of the Trans-Caspian railway through Bukhara, but along its entire railroad, villages and factories for processing Bukhara wool and silk arose. At the same time, Bukhara was connected by a telegraph network with Russia. All this strengthened Russia's relations with Bukhara as closely as possible and at the same time forced everyone to change their view of Bukhara as a country dominated by arbitrariness and lawlessness. Bukhara is growing every day higher and higher in the row of district khanates, and under the rule of such an energetic and intelligent monarch as the present Emir, it has all the makings for future brilliant prosperity.

G.B. Our colonies. New-Bukhara.
Niva, 1899, No. 13, p.

New-Bukhara, - a Russian settlement in the eastern part of the Bukhara Khanate, 12 versts to the south-east. from the city of Bukhara, at the Trans-Caspian railway, in the area of ​​Kogan, located at an altitude of 235 meters above the sea, was founded in 1888. Ten years ago this area was a wild steppe, and now there are 2,500 inhabitants in Novaya Bukhara.

Twelve versts from the khan's capital of Bukhara, along the Karshi tract, a desert steppe lay in a strip - a plain: the earth densely saturated with salt is completely barren. With the cessation of spring rains, the salt marsh accumulated on the surface of the soil is deposited and, drying up, covers the steppe with a hard, grayish-white bark; the earth takes on a deathly pale tone. In such places, only occasionally does a bright green thorn, camel's manna, break through the salt marsh... This plant is so unpretentious and tenacious, its grassy stem is so strong and resilient that in Bukhara one can often observe how from under the plaster of a recently rebuilt building , suddenly a tender, pale green, ugly branch of a thorn with thin, sharp thorns breaks into the light of God. Only the mighty power of this wild plant, with creeping bushes of bright greenery in places, enlivens the overwhelming lifelessness of the saline steppe.

When the Trans-Caspian railway was being built, here in 1888, the “Bukhara” station was opened - and, as the nearest point of the railway to Bukhara, the station was revived by the influx of people along the railway on the one hand and the influx of the native population on the other. Station "Bukhara" has become a major cargo point. From all sides different luggage arrives here in whole batches. A transport and commercial and industrial company is starting up warehouses near the station, opening their offices. The hitherto desolate area revived unusually. Here railway buildings were built, huts were somehow molded there, wooden huts were hastily knocked together - temporary dwellings of people. Immediately, in a clumsy hut - in a dirty wagon - under a felt canopy, a buffet opened, a food shop, clothing stores, various trades were started ...

On June 23, 1888 (according to the Muslim account, on the 25th shaval, 1305), the Russian government signed an agreement on the establishment of Russian settlements in the Bukhara Khanate at railway stations and steamship piers, and in the same year, the Russian colony “New Bukhara” was founded in the Kogan area . Here were laid the houses of the Russian Imperial Political Agency in Bukhara, whose residence used to be in the Khan's capital. The Bukhara government started the construction of the Gostiny Dvor, which now gives its owner a good profit. Various entrepreneurs, commercial and industrial companies and individuals quickly began to buy land in the nascent city and build. By virtue of the aforementioned contractual agreement, the land is sold from the Bukhara government, but the price is about 50 kopecks. (three Bukhara tents) per sq.m. fathom. A purchase of a fortress for possession is made through a political agency.

By the way, we note that the purchase of plots here was for some time a specially commercial enterprise for other resourceful people: they bought, by choice, the best places and then resold them for a triple price.

In 1890, there were already several transport offices, several shops and shops, a post and telegraph office in Novaya-Bukhara; in 1892, an Orthodox church arose, a parish school was opened, and a world court was established, and in 1894 a branch of a state bank and then a customs office were opened.

Management in the city is administrative and police. An official appointed by the Turkestan governor-general represents here the police, and administrative, and judicial-executive authorities, and is in charge of the city economy. The annual budget of the city government in the first years after the founding of Novaya Bukhara reached 2,000 rubles, and now it exceeds 12 thousand. The main sources of urban income are privately owned immovable property, trade, industry, and carting. More than 300 horses are constantly occupied by carriage for cargo and light communication between Novaya-Bukhara and the Khan's capital. All drivers, in complexity, earn about 600 rubles a day.

A large branch of the local industry is the transport of various goods coming from Russia to Bukhara and back. Four transport offices of different companies operate here: “Nadezhda”, “Caucasus and Mercury”, “Eastern Society” and “Russian Society”; These offices have their branches and agents in Old Bukhara and other places of the Khanate. Bukhara mainly exports cotton, wool, leather, intestines. Five steam factories in Novaya-Bukhara process cotton; they clean it on special machines (guzlomka and gin) from the husk and seeds and press it into a bale for shipment to Russia. A pood of pressed cotton is equal in volume to one cubic foot—that's how tightly it's pressed. More than a million poods of cotton are processed annually in Novaya-Bukhara, partly going to Moscow, partly to Lodz. A lot of old cotton (wool), which was already in use, is also taken out of here. Worn-out and useless wadded robes, blankets, mattresses, pillows and all sorts of wadded waste produce about 50,000 poods of this material a year. This rubbish is bought up in Bukhara for next to nothing, about 40 kopecks. pood, and it goes into production on a par with pure cotton. In Łódź, at Poznansky's factories, bumazeya (warm cloth) is made from old cotton, and the last waste is processed into lower-grade cotton wool, which is sold in Russia at 25-10 kopecks per pood.

Industry in New-Bukhara is not developed. Despite the good quality of the local grapes and their abundant harvests, the only winery of the merchant Bakhtadze is still in the city, producing about 7,000 buckets of cheap grape wine per year. Several small industrialists make up to 2 thousand buckets of wine in a handicraft way.

The match factory produces matches worth about 50,000 rubles; the tobacco factory does not have much demand for its products. Craft establishments serve only for local orders. They bring here from Russia mainly sugar, kerosene, iron, building materials *) manufactory and haberdashery goods. The city has several good shops with different goods; two good hotels with rooms are kept very decently, quite in a European way. There is a social club, a public library and reading room, a printing house and a bookbinding workshop. On holidays, folk readings with foggy pictures are held in the parish school.

The primary element of the population in the city are officials, then agents and clerks of various commercial and industrial firms, in general the people are servicemen and, probably, as a result of this, there is no social life in the city, no incentives for social activity. They live - the majority with a good income, but everything is monotonous and boring. The composition of the population is extremely diverse in terms of nationalities. Thus, out of 2,500 inhabitants, there are: 545 Russians, 50 Poles, 30 Germans, 10 Greeks, 40 Georgians and Ossetians, 155 Armenians, 115 Kirghiz, 345 Jews, 345 Persians and 865 Sarts; of this number 1,939 are men, 284 are women and 277 are children. The difference between the male and female gender is striking: there are almost 7 men for one woman.

Novaya-Bukhara spreads wide, it stretches for two versts along the railway line, opposite the Bukhara railway station. This is the main part of the city, where all state and private institutions, commercial and industrial establishments and shops are located, and on the other side of the railway there are factories and plants, military barracks and several private houses. Immediately, a little further away, a hundred sazhens along the Bukhara highway from the station rises the rich palace of the Emir of Bukhara, the construction of which cost 300,000 rubles. The palace was built in the Moorish style, but not quite seasoned. Rich decorations of alabaster and many columns and turrets give it a very distinctive look. Around the palace there is an extensive park with a variety of tree species, decorative and fruit.

Until now, however, the city has retained the character of scattered and unfinished buildings. On the space of two squares. versts (500,000 sazhens) are spread out to the sides in less than a hundred yard places: entire sections lie wasteland, without any buildings, and correctly divided, straight streets are lost in places in empty space. Now there are only 113 houses in the city, big and small. The houses are almost exclusively brick, one-story, with flat Asian roofs; most are given over to plastering. Raw brick, often used as a cheap material, is often used for buildings, but buildings made of such material are always damp and not durable; in three or four years they are already destroyed. Buildings made of baked bricks are also exposed, although not so quickly, to the destructive influence of the sun. The particles of the sun contained in the brick mass are saturated in wet weather with atmospheric moisture, which expands from frost in winter, destroying the brick mass: the brick becomes porous, loose and unstable. The only stone building in the city is the house of the merchant Bakhtadze, built of hewn limestone and costing more than 40 thousand rubles. There are not more than fifty houses that are well arranged with good apartments, in a European way, where the apartments have wooden painted floors and the walls are covered with wallpaper. A significant part of the houses is poorly arranged: cheap apartments of such houses on brick and earthen floors are uncomfortable and not hygienic.

Near the streets in the city during the rains and in winter they are covered with deep mud; the loess soil turns into greasy, sticky mud and literally forms a swamp ... There is so much salt in this mud that when it dries, the streets are covered with a thick white coating, and it seems as if it had just snowed. Shoes soaked in mud, drying out, are covered with salt hoarfrost, consisting of needle-like crystals. Due to the scattered houses, there are no sidewalks on other streets at all. Some streets are densely lined with trees. The boulevard street leading from the station to the city is paved with stone. Along this street in the middle of the city, the city garden is beautifully spread, which, with careful care, is well maintained and represents the best decoration of the city in summer.

Breeding plants is worth a lot of work here. Planted trees on salty soil are not accepted, perish and are replaced by new ones every year, until the soil under the trees is freed from solonetz through careful loosening and leaching by repeated and abundant flooding with water. The city suffers a great need in the summer, from a lack of water for irrigation. There is no rain at all in the summer, and the water, carried out for 20 versts through the diversion channel from the Zeravshan River, is allowed into the city only once a week for two days: on these two days, the townspeople use water according to a special schedule. Shallow canals were built along the city streets, and swimming pools (in Sart, hauz) were built in the courtyards of the homeowners, connected by pipes to the city canal. During the water flow, each homeowner opens the sluice of his water pipe for a certain hour and lets water into the yard pool. The water from the pool is used for various yard needs, but it is not suitable for drinking, as it is muddy and dirty. In the very drought, when there is little water, the sluices at the water pipes are locked and the keys are kept by the city gardener, who is in charge of the passage and distribution of water supply - so as not to give one much and not leave others completely without water.

Due to lack of water, the streets are not watered and the dust in the city is terrible, salty and caustic; thin as powder, light as fluff, it rises high into the air and stands over the city in a white cloud. In summer, a northeasterly wind blows almost constantly during the day; strong gusts of it sweep in the form of a hurricane. Then even in the houses there is no escape from dust, as the air penetrates imperceptible wells and during the day everything in the house is covered with a light white coating. But often there are wonderful summer nights. The wind usually subsides in the evening, the temperature sometimes drops to 160 R, the dust settles ... Clean, dry air, coolness and a completely cloudless sky ...

The climate in New-Bukhara is hot, extremely dry and highly variable. The highest temperature in summer (according to Réaumur) is +18, the lowest is +16; in winter, the highest +13, the lowest -16; average annual -18. Summers are extremely dry, winters are damp. The air humidity in summer at noon is 0, at night 25 - 10, and in winter: during the day 65, at night 75 - 80. The average number of days with rain and snow per year is about 50. Snow occurs at the end of December, in January and February, but does not lie melts long and fast. The seasons do not differ in characteristic changes: hot summer imperceptibly passes into winter.

The summer heat has a relaxing effect on the human body: a severe fever rages from time to time all summer, various inflammatory diseases appear in autumn and spring: pneumonia, typhoid fever, bronchitis, and so on. But still, in comparison with other cities of the Transcaspian region - in climatic and sanitary terms - a great advantage remains with New-Bukhara.

In the Khanate of Bukhara, in addition to N.-Bukhara, there are two more Russian colonies - New-Chardzhui and Kerki on the Amu-Darya River.

The article by A.G. Nedvetsky was supplemented by the site "Library of Khurshid Davron" ("Khurshid Davron kutubkhonasi"

(Tashriflar: umumiy 2 563, bugungi 1)

SOCIO-POLITICAL STRUCTURE OF THE CRIMEAN KHANATE

A characteristic feature of nomadic, in particular Tatar, feudalism was that relations between feudal lords and peoples dependent on them for a long time existed under the outer shell of tribal relations.

Back in the 17th and even in the 18th century, the Tatars, both Crimean and Nogai, were divided into tribes, divided into childbirth. At the head of the birth were beys- the former Tatar nobility, who concentrated in their hands huge masses of cattle and pastures captured or granted to them khans. Large yurts - destinies(beyliks) of these clans, which became their patrimonial possessions, turned into small feudal principalities, almost independent of the khan, with their own administration and court, with their own militia.

A step lower on the social ladder were the vassals of the beys and khans - murza(Tatar nobility). A special group was the Muslim clergy. Among the dependent part of the population, one can single out the ulus Tatars, the dependent local population, and at the lowest step were slave slaves.

SOCIAL LADDER OF THE CRIMEAN KHANATE

KARACH BEI

Mufti(clergy)

MURZA

DEPENDENT TATARS

DEPENDENT NETATARS

SLAVES

Thus, the tribal organization of the Tatars was only a shell of relations typical of nomadic feudalism. Nominally, the Tatar clans with their beys and murzas were in vassal dependence on the khans, they were obliged to field an army during military campaigns, but in fact the highest Tatar nobility was the master in the Crimean Khanate. The dominance of beys, murz was a characteristic feature of the political system of the Crimean Khanate.

The main princes and murzas of the Crimea belonged to a few specific families. The oldest of them settled in the Crimea long ago; they were already known in the 13th century. Which of them occupied the first place in the XIV century, there is no unequivocal answer to this. First of all, the family of Yashlavskys (Suleshev), Shirinov, Barynov, Argynov, Kipchaks can be attributed to the oldest.

In 1515, the Grand Duke of All Russia Vasily III insisted that Shirin, Baryn, Argyn, Kipchak, i.e., the princes of the main families, be singled out by name for the presentation of commemoration (gifts). The princes of these four families, as you know, were called "karachi". The institute of Karachi was a common phenomenon in Tatar life. In Kazan, in Kasimov, in Siberia, the main princes of the Nogais were called Karachi. At the same time - as a rule, allowing, however, an exception - there were four karaches everywhere.

But not all Karachi were equal in their status and importance. The most important was the title of the first prince of the Horde. The concept and title of the first prince or the second person in the state after the sovereign is very ancient among the peoples of the East. We also meet this concept among the Tatars.

The first prince in the Crimean Khanate was close in position to the king, that is, to the khan.

The first prince also received the right to certain incomes, the commemoration had to be sent in such a way: two parts to the khan (king), and one part to the first prince.

The Grand Duke, in his position as a courtier, approached the elected, court princes.

As you know, the first among the princes of the Crimean Khanate were the princes of Shirinsky. Moreover, princes from this family occupied a leading position not only in the Crimea, but also in other Tatar uluses. At the same time, despite the dispersion in separate Tatar kingdoms, a certain connection, a certain unity, remained between the entire Shirinsky family. But the main nest, from where the family of these princes spread, was the Crimea.

Shirinov's possessions in the Crimea stretched from Perekop to Kerch. Solkhat - Old Crimea - was the center of Shirinov's possessions.

As a military force, the Shirinskys were one thing, they acted under a common banner. The independent Shirin princes, both under Mengli Giray and under his successors, often took a hostile position towards the khan. “And from Shirin, sir, the tsar does not live smoothly,” the Moscow ambassador wrote in 1491.

“And from Shirina, he had great strife,” added the Moscow ambassadors a century later. Such enmity with the Shirinskys, apparently, was one of the reasons that forced the Crimean khans to move their capital from Solkhat to Kyrk-Or.

The Mansurovs' possessions covered the Evpatoria steppes. The beylik of the Argyn beys was located in the region of Kaffa and Sudak. The beylik of the Yashlavskys occupied the space between Kyrk-Or (Chufut-Kale) and the Alma River.

In their yurts-beyliks, the Tatar feudal lords, judging by the khan's yarlyks (letters of letters), had certain privileges, they did justice and reprisals against their fellow tribesmen.

Nominally, the Tatar clans and tribes with their beys and murzas were in vassal dependence on the khan, but in fact the Tatar nobility had independence and was the real master in the country. The beys and murzas severely limited the power of the khan: the heads of the most powerful clans, the karachis, made up the Divan (Council) of the khan, which was the highest state body of the Crimean Khanate, where domestic and foreign policy issues were resolved. The sofa was also the highest court. The congress of the khan's vassals could be complete or incomplete, and this did not matter for its eligibility. But the absence of important princes and, above all, the tribal aristocracy (karach-beys) could paralyze the implementation of the decisions of the Divan.

Thus, without the Council (Divan), the khans could not do anything, the Russian ambassadors also reported about this: “... a khan without a yurt cannot do any great deed, which is due between states.” The princes not only influenced the decisions of the khan, but also the elections of the khans, and even repeatedly overthrew them. The beys of Shirinsky were especially distinguished, who more than once decided the fate of the khan's throne. In favor of the beys and murzas, there was a tithe from all the cattle owned by the Tatars, and from all the booty captured during predatory raids, which were organized and led by the feudal aristocracy, which also received proceeds from the sale of captives.

The main type of service of the service nobility was military service, in the Khan's guard. The Horde can also be regarded as a well-known fighting unit, headed by the Horde princes. Numerous uhlans commanded the khan's cavalry detachments (the old Mongolian term was still applied to them - lancer right and lancers left arms).

Khan's governors of cities were the same service khan's princes: prince of Kyrk-Or, Ferrik-Kermen, prince Islam of Kermen and Ordabazar governor. The position of governor of a particular city, like the title of prince, was often passed on to members of the same family. Among the feudal lords close to the Khan's court was the highest clergy of the Crimea, which, to one degree or another, influenced the domestic and foreign policy of the Crimean Khanate.

The Crimean khans have always been representatives of the Girey family. They themselves appropriated extremely pompous titles like: “Ulug Yortning, veTehti Kyryining, ve Dashti Kypchak, Ulug Khani”, which means: “Great Khan of the Great Horde and the throne [of the state] of Crimea and the steppes of Kypchak”. Before the Ottoman invasion, the Crimean khans were either appointed by their predecessors or elected by representatives of the highest aristocracy, primarily the Karach-beys. But since the Turkish conquest of the Crimea, the election of a khan has been extremely rare, this was an exception. The High Porte appointed and dismissed khans depending on their interests. It was usually enough for the padishah, through a noble courtier, to send one of the Gireys, destined to be the new khan, an honorary fur coat, a saber and a sable hat studded with precious stones, with a hatti sheriff, that is, an order signed with his own hand, which was read collected in the Divan kyrysh-begal; then the former khan abdicated the throne without grumbling and opposition. If he decided to resist, then for the most part, without much effort, he was brought to obedience by the garrison stationed in Kaf-fe, and the fleet sent to the Crimea. Deposed khans were usually sent to Rhodes. It was something extraordinary if the khan kept his dignity for more than five years. During the existence of the Crimean Khanate, according to V. D. Smirnov, 44 khans were on the throne, but they ruled 56 times. This means that the same khan was either removed from the throne for some kind of offense, then again installed on the throne. So, Men-gli-Girey I, Kaplan-Girey I were enthroned three times, and Selim-Girey turned out to be a “record holder”: he was enthroned four times.

The khan's prerogatives, which they enjoyed even when under Ottoman rule, included: public prayer (khutba), i.e. offering to him "for health" in all mosques during Friday worship, issuing laws, commanding troops, minting coins, the value of which he raised or lowered at will, the right to impose duties and tax his subjects at will. But, as mentioned above, the power of the Khan was extremely limited by the Turkish Sultan, on the one hand, and the Karach Beys, on the other.

In addition to the khan, there were six highest ranks of the state dignity: kalga, nuraddin, orbey and three seraskira or nogai general.

Kalga Sultan- the first person after the khan, the governor of the state. In the event of the death of the khan, the reins of government rightfully passed to him until the arrival of a successor. If the khan did not want or could not take part in the campaign, then the kalga took command of the troops. The residence of the kalgi-sultan was in the city not far from Bakhchisarai, it was called Ak-Mechet. He had his own vizier, his own divan-effendi, his own qadi, his court consisted of three officials, like the khan's. Kalgi Sultan sat every day in his Divan. The sofa had jurisdiction over all crime decisions in his district, even if it was a death sentence. But the kalga had no right to give the final verdict, he only analyzed the process, and the khan could already approve the verdict. Kalga Khan could appoint only with the consent of Turkey, most often when appointing a new Khan, the Istanbul court also appointed Kalga Sultan.

Nuraddin Sultan- second person. In relation to the kalga, he was the same as the kalga in relation to the khan. During the absence of the khan and kalga, he took command of the army. Nuraddin had his own vizier, his divan effendi and his qadi. But he did not sit in the Divan. He lived in Bakhchisarai and moved away from the court only if he was given any assignment. On campaigns he commanded small corps. Usually a prince of the blood.

A more modest position was occupied orbey and seraskirs. These officials, unlike the kalgi-sultan, were appointed by the khan himself. One of the most important persons in the hierarchy of the Crimean Khanate was mufti Crimea, or kadiesker. He lived in Bakhchisarai, was the head of the clergy and the interpreter of the law in all controversial or important cases. He could depose the Cadians if they judged incorrectly.

Schematically, the hierarchy of the Crimean Khanate can be represented as follows.