The use of comparative analysis in the epic "Dobrynya and the Serpent" and the modern blockbuster "Dobrynya Nikitich and the Serpent Gorynych".
Gymnasium No. 2, Neryungri
The talented Russian people in the distant past contributed to the treasury of world culture such riches that arouse in us a feeling of national pride. Such wealth, left to us by our ancestors, are epics - a special kind of ancient Russian folk epic songs of historical content. Heroic epics have come down to us from time immemorial.
The level of informatization of modern society is now very high, it is increasingly turning to scientific and journalistic publications, and if modern society pays less attention to the classics, then the epic is completely forgotten. As a revival of Russian folklore, various methods are used, including modern animation.
It is unlikely that there will be at least one child who does not like to watch cartoons. Cartoons for children are a fascinating immersion in the magical world, vivid impressions. The modern film industry, both domestic and foreign, is striking in its diversity, including cartoons.
Many psychologists believe that the heroes of their favorite cartoons for children are a fairly effective educational tool. Heroes from the screens actively influence the children's imagination, demonstrating how to behave in a given situation. Children very often imitate the behavior and manner of speech of cartoon characters. Cartoons influence the formation of a child's personality.
Bright, spectacular, imaginative on the one hand and simple, unobtrusive, accessible on the other hand, cartoons are close in their developing, educational opportunities to a fairy tale, game, live human communication. Cartoon characters show the child a variety of ways to interact with the outside world. They form ideas about good and evil, standards of good and bad behavior. The events taking place in the cartoon allow him to develop his thinking and imagination, to form his worldview.
In the cartoon, Dobrynya Nikitich is listed in the service of the Prince of Kyiv, as befits the heroes. He honestly and diligently fulfills his duties, strictly fulfilling the instructions of the Prince. Dobrynya protects the Principality of Kiev, collects tribute from enemies and subordinate principalities, and in general - does everything that the service of the hero of the Russian land requires. Dobrynya Nikitich, an accomplished family man, is the only cartoon character of this kind whose story does not end with a noisy wedding at the end of the cartoon. Dobrynya has been serving the Prince of Kyiv for many years, without doubting the validity of his orders. But another request from the Prince forces Dobrynya to doubt her honesty. Like a true hero, Dobrynya Nikitich resolves the conflict, despite all the obstacles, difficulties and obstacles. Dobrynya patiently treats her annoying and very talkative companion Elisha, teaching him the wisdom of heroic science. Dobrynya is a colorful, bright and most noticeable cartoon character. He embodies the most characteristic features of the collective image of the hero. By definition, it carries calmness, confidence, power and reasonable courage. Dobrynya Nikitich can be both serious and funny at the same time, he is able to surprise with his spontaneity and sincerity, he admires as the most ingenuous cartoon character. Even in the complex and ambiguous situation of the cartoon, Dobrynya Nikitich remains the same honest and kind hero who will be able to find the truth even among the most ingenious machinations and dishonest tricks. In Dobryn Nikitich, you can recognize the features of all famous Russian heroes - sincerity, kindness, courage, calmness, valor and, of course, boundless courage. Comparison of the plots of the two works.
The text of the epic | Cartoon |
There is no mention of the battle of Dobrynia with the Mongol-Tatars | There is a fragment of the battle of Dobrynia with the Mongol-Tatars |
Zmey Gorynych, after kidnapping Zabava, takes her to his lair | Serpent Gorynych, after the kidnapping of Zabava, gives it to the merchant Kolyvan |
The kidnapping of the niece for the prince is a complete surprise | Prince Vladimir makes a deal with a merchant and allows Zabava to be stolen |
Dobrynya saves Fun alone | Together with Dobrynya Zabava Putyatichna goes to save the messenger Yelisey |
The serpent is the sworn enemy of the hero | At the end of the film, the Serpent Gorynych helps Dobrynya |
Ends up saving Fun | Ends with the wedding of Elisha and Fun |
It can be concluded that epics are characterized by a special purely tonic epic verse (which is based on the commensurability of lines by the number of stresses, which achieves rhythmic uniformity). Although the storytellers used only a few melodies when performing epics, they enriched the singing with a variety of intonations, and also changed the timbre of the voice.
Unlike the epic, the cartoon is made in the style of the so-called "parody of a fairy tale", the ancestor of which is "Shrek" and has all its characteristic elements:
Ø General humorous tone, Ironic inconsistency of some characters and actions with their fairy-tale "prototypes" (for example, Serpent Gorynych turns out to be a "good guy" and a friend of Dobrynia).
Ø Using clichés from popular films: Serpent Gorynych evades Dobrynya "The Matrix",
Ø Kolyvan pronounces the phrase “And now - humpbacked! I said: humpbacked! "Meeting place can not be Changed"
Ø The phrase “What is the strength, brother?”, which Dobrynya says, is borrowed from the “Brother” dilogy.
Ø Phrases “Well, what are we going to do with him?” and "Chop off his head!" - an illusion on the novel by M. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita".
Ø Mentions about things that are characteristic of the present time, and therefore comical (Dobrynya: “You don’t know what to do? You fell, did push-ups! Ten times! .. Twenty! Let’s go back, I’ll appoint you to the squad. They will teach you everything!” meaning the modern army) or
Ø Kolyvan in exchange for services promises Baba Yaga "Dacha near Kyiv").
Ø There is also a hero from the cartoon "Alyosha Popovich and Tugarin the Serpent". A portrait of Tugarin the Serpent hangs in the background at the checkpoint of the Basurmans in the main yurt of Khan Becket.
Ø In addition, Elisha passes Rostov (the city of Alyosha Popovich) when he delivers a letter to Dobrynya. Also, the wedding table in the final scene passed through Rostov.
Ø The figurine that Khan Becket takes from the quitrent is a symbol of the Oscar.
To the question "Why is it more interesting to watch a cartoon than to read an epic?" respondents gave the following answers:
Difficult text to understand; when reading an epic, it is difficult to imagine the heroes; you won’t read the epic on your own;
The cartoon is interesting to watch, there are a lot of jokes; you immediately see the heroes;
The cartoon can be watched many times by yourself.
Conclusion.
1. The heroes of the epic and the cartoon are imprinted with the time in which they were created, which makes them different from each other.
2. The purpose of creating texts is different. The epic "Dobrynya and the Serpent" has an educational character. The blockbuster "Dobrynya Nikitich and the Serpent Gorynych" is an entertaining character.
3. The plot of the epic practically does not coincide with the plot of the cartoon.
4. This heroic blockbuster does not convey to the modern viewer the ideological content of the epic "Dobrynya and the Serpent".
5. In the modern interpretation of this epic, there is an almost complete divergence from the epic language.
6. The characters in the cartoon are interpreted in a completely different way than in the old Russian epic.
7. New characters have been added to the cartoon, which complicates the plot and changes the relationship between the characters.
We, Russian people, are proud of our country. Our present is infinitely dear and close to us, we believe in a bright future, but we value and honor our past, which must be remembered in order to learn from it.
We believe that this cartoon is funny, interesting, but more created for adults than for children. First, a patriotic worldview should be formed in children thanks to Russian epics, and then you can watch an animated film for fun.
Literature
1. and others. Historical local history: Textbook for students ist. fak. ped. in-comrade. - 2nd ed. - M.: Enlightenment, 1980.
2. . Epics / Comp., intro. Art., prepared. texts and comments. . - M., 1988.
3. New student reference book. 5-11 grade. Universal allowance. T.1. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House "VES", 2002.
4. http://dobrinya.3bogatirya. ru, http://ru. wikipedia. org
5. Mythological dictionary / ch. ed. . - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990.
6. . Propp heroic epic. M., 1999
Mother used to say to Dobrynushka,
Yes, mother punished Nikitich:
“You don’t go far into the open field,
Do not trample on the young serpents,
Don't help out the Russians,
Do not swim, Dobrynya, in the Puchay River -
Puchay-river is very ferocious,
The middle stream, like fire, cuts!
Dobrynya did not obey his mother,
As he rides far into the open field,
On that mountain on Sorochinskaya,
He trampled the young serpents,
He bailed out full of Russians!
His heroic heart flared up,
He sent his good horse,
He is a good horse and to the Puchai River,
He got down, Dobrynya, from the goodness of the horse,
Yes, Dobrynya took off a colored dress,
He wandered for a stream for the first,
Yes, I wandered over the stream for the middle one,
He himself said yes this is the word:
“To me, Dobrynushka, mother used to say,
To me, Nikitich, my mother punished:
Why don't you go far into the open field,
On that mountain on Sorochinskaya,
Do not trample on the young serpents,
Do not help out the full and Russian
And do not swim, Dobrynya, in the Puchay River -
Puchay-river is very ferocious,
The middle stream, like fire, cuts;
And Puchay-river - she is meek and meek,
It’s like a puddle of rain!”
Dobrynya did not have time to say a word:
There is no wind - but a cloud has caused,
There are no clouds - yes, as if the rain is raining,
But there is no rain - only thunder rumbles.
Thunder rumbles and lightning whistles:
How the Serpent Gorynishche flies
About those twelve about trunks!
Dobrynya Snake will not shrink,
The cursed serpent says to him:
“Now you, Dobrynya, are in my hands!
I want - you, Dobrynya, now I will drown,
I want - you, Dobrynya, now I'll eat-eat
If I want - I'll take you, Dobrynya, in my trunk,
I’ll take it into the trunk, I’ll take Dobrynya into the hole ... "
The Serpent falls to the fast river,
And Dobrynushka was a lot of swimming, after all:
He will dive onto the bank there,
He will dive to the local bank;
Yes, Dobrynushka has no good horse,
Yes, Dobrynya does not have colored dresses -
Only one downy cap lies,
Pooh cap and Greek land,
By weight, that cap and as much as three pounds!
How he grabbed the cap of the Greek land
Let him throw in the Serpent in the damned -
He knocked the Serpent off all twelve trunks!
Then the Serpent fell into the feather-grass.
Dobrynushka had a turn on the leg,
He will jump on snake-like and white breasts;
Dobrynya had a damask knife on the cross,
He wants to flatten his white breasts,
And the Serpent to him, Dobrynya, will pray:
“Oh, you are Dobrynya, son of Nikitich!
We will lay with you a great commandment:
You do not go far in the open field,
On that mountain on Sorochinskaya,
Do not trample more young serpents,
Do not bail out and full of Russians,
Do not swim, Dobrynya, in the Puchai River,
And I can't fly to holy Russia,
I don’t wear people more than Russians,
Do not save me full of Russians.
He released the Serpent as if from under his knees,
The Serpent rose up and up under the clouds,
He happened to fly past Kyiv-grad,
He saw Knyazev's niece,
Young fun daughter Putyatichna
On the street and on the wide
Then the Serpent fell down to the damp earth,
He captured Knyazev's niece
And he took it into a deep hole;
Then the sun Vladimir Stolnokievsky -
Yes, for three days he called the cry,
He called heroes and glorious knights,
Who could go far into the open field,
On that mountain on Sorochinskaya,
Go down a hole and into a deep one,
Get him, Knyazev, niece,
Alyoshenka Leontievich said:
“Oh, you are the sun, Vladimir Stolnokievsky!
Throw on this great service
On that Dobrynya on Nikitich:
After all, he has a commandment with the Serpent,
Why should he not fly to holy Russia,
And he does not travel far in the open field,
Do not trample on the young serpents
Yes, do not help out full of Russians -
So he will take Knyazev's niece,
Without a fight, without a fight, bloodshed.
The sun is here Vladimir Stolnokievsky
How did I throw this great service
On that Dobrynya on Nikitich -
Him to go far into the open field
And get him Knyazev's niece,
Young Zabava daughter Putyatichna;
He went home, Dobrynya, twirled,
Dobrynya twirled, mourned;
Meets him yes dear mother,
"Oh, you are my child,
Young Dobrynya son Nikitich!
Are you not merry from the feast?
Know that the place was not for you,
Know that they brought you a spell at the feast
Did the fool make fun of you?"
Dobrynya son Nikitich said:
“Oh, you are the empress, dear mother,
You are an honest widow Efimya Alexandrovna!
The place was right for me,
They didn’t surround me with a charm at the feast,
The fool didn't laugh at me, after all;
And threw a great service
The sun, Vladimir Stolnokievsky,
What to go far into the open field,
On that mountain and on a high one,
I have to go into a deep hole,
I can get Knyazev's niece,
Young Zabav daughter Putyatichna.
Mother says Dobrynya,
Honest widow Efimya Alexandrovna:
"Go to bed early in the evening,
The evening will be wiser."
He got up early in the morning,
He washed himself white,
He was well equipped
Yes, and went to the stable on the standing;
And he takes a bridle in his hands,
And he takes grandfather's good horse;
He gave Burke a drink of honey to drink,
He fed millet and beloyarova,
He saddled Burka in a Cherkasy saddle,
He put sweatshirts on sweatshirts,
He put felts on sweatshirts,
He put a Cherkasy saddle on felts,
Vzsekh tightened twelve tight girths.
He laid the thirteenth yes for the sake of the fortress,
So that a good horse does not jump out from under the saddle
He did not throw out the good fellow in an open field;
The girths were silk,
And the pegs at the girths are all damask,
Buckles at the saddle and red gold;
That silk does not tear, but the damask steel does not rub,
Red gold does not rust
Well done on a horse - yes, he does not age!
Dobrynya son Nikitich went,
At parting, his mother gave him a whip,
She herself said this:
“How will you be far in the open field,
On that mountain and on the high one,
You will trample the young serpents,
Help out the Russians and the crowds,
How are those young serpents -
They will undermine Burke's hooves,
That Burushko will no longer be able to jump,
And shake off the snakes from the legs, -
You take this silk whip,
And you beat Burka and between the legs,
Between the legs, yes between the ears,
Between the legs and between the rear:
Your Burushko will begin to jump,
You will trample everyone to the last."
How he was far away in an open field,
On that mountain and on the high
He trampled the young serpents;
How are those young serpents -
They sharpened Burke's hooves,
That Burushko can no longer jump,
Serpents from the legs and he shakes off,
Here young Dobrynya son Nikitich -
He takes a silk whip,
He beats Bourque and between the ears,
Between the ears, yes between the legs,
Between the legs and between the rear:
Then his Burushko began to jump,
And shake off the snakes from the legs,
He trampled down everyone!
The Cursed Serpent came out
From that hole from deep
He himself said this:
“Oh, hey Dobrynushka Nikitich!
You, know, violated your commandment:
Why did he trample the young serpents,
Why are you helping out the Polons and the Russians?”
Dobrynya son Nikitich said:
“Oh, hey, you Serpent, you damned one!
Did the devil carry you through Kyiv-grad:
Why did you take Knyazev's niece,
Young fun daughter Putyatichna?
Give me Knyazev's niece
Then the Serpent yes he is damned
He spoke to Dobrynya and Nikitich:
"I will not give you the prince's niece
Without a fight, without a bloody fight!
He started a great fight-fight;
They fought for three days
But Dobrynya Snake could not kill;
Dobrynya wants to get behind the Serpent here,
As from heaven Dobrynya the voice says:
“Young Dobrynya son Nikitich!
You fought with the Serpent for three days,
Fight with the Serpent for another three hours -
You will beat the Damned Serpent!”
He fought the Serpent for another three hours,
He beat the Serpent and the damned one!
Here the Serpent - he went with blood;
He stood at the Serpent for three days,
Dobrynya could not wait out the blood,
Dobrynya wanted to lag behind the blood,
From heaven Dobrynya again the voice says:
“Oh, hey Dobrynya, son of Nikitich!
You stood in the blood for three days,
Stay in the blood and three more hours,
Take your spear and Murzametsky
And hit with a spear and into the damp earth,
Speak with a spear yourself:
“Part aside, mother earth cheese,
Part four and you are a quarter!
You devour this blood and all the snake's!
Mother earth parted,
She devoured the blood and all the snake;
Then Dobrynya went into the holes,
Into those burrows and into deep ones;
There sit forty kings, forty princes,
Forty kings and queens
And there is no simple force of that account!
Then Dobrynushka Nikitich -
He said to the kings and he to the princes
And to those kings and queens:
“You go now to where you were brought from,
And you, young Zabava daughter of Putyatichna,
For you I have now wandered,
You'll go to the city to Kyiv,
Ay to the gentle prince to Vladimir!
He took the young Zabava Putyatichna,
And on that path - a wide path,
He saw a trail and a horse:
The horse walked up to its knees in the damp earth!
He caught up with Alyoshenka Popovich,
He himself said yes this is the word:
“You are Alyoshenka Leontyevich!
You take this Knyazev's niece,
Young Fun daughter Putyatichnu,
Take me to the sun and to Vladimir,
To Vladimir yes you are safe,
I will follow this horse track!
He rode this horse track,
Caught up with a great glade;
And he, Dobrynya, will shrink on a horse
“Dobrynya has all the courage in the old way,
The oak is about three fathoms thick;
He struck his club into the damp oak
Yes, after all, he smashed the raw oak into chips!
And he himself said yes this is the word:
And, it’s true, Dobrynya’s courage is not the old way!
I caught up with the great glade,
Hit with his damask club
That clearing on a violent head -
That meadow will not look back,
He, Dobrynya, will shrink on a horse
And he himself said yes this is the word:
“That Dobrynya has the courage in the old way,
It’s true, Dobrynya’s strength is not the same as before!
He went back, Dobrynushka,
Dobrynya came to oak cheese -
The oak was six fathoms thick;
He hit with his damask club,
And after all, he crushed the raw oak into chips!
He himself said yes this is the word:
“Dobrynya has all the power in the old way,
It’s true, Dobrynya’s courage is not the same as before!
He caught up with the glade for the third time,
He hit with his damask club
That clearing on a violent head -
The meadow will look back,
She herself says yes, this is the word:
“I thought mosquitoes bite,
And this mighty Russian hero clicks!
She grabbed Dobrynya by her yellow curls,
She put Dobrynya in a deep pocket,
Deep into the pocket of Dobrynushka and with his horse;
And she carried Dobrynushka for three days;
As her good horse will say,
He told her in a human voice:
“Young Nastasya daughter Nikulichna!
That the hero’s horse is equal to me,
The strength of the hero is equal to yours:
I can’t carry you anymore with the hero!”
Nastasya's daughter Nikulichna says:
“If the hero is old,
I will cut off the head of the hero;
If the hero is young,
I will take the hero in full;
If the hero falls in love with me,
I will marry a hero!”
Takes the hero out of his pocket
Here she liked the hero;
Nastasya da Nikulichna says:
“You are a young Dobrynya son of Nikitich!
We will go with you to the city to Kyiv
Yes, to the affectionate to the prince to Vladimir,
We will accept a crown of gold with you.
Then they came to the city of Kyiv
And I am affectionate to the prince, to Vladimir,
They accepted yes by a crown of gold;
There were three days of feasting
In honor of the young Dobrynia and Nikitich!
Here they sing about Dobrynya for a century -
And to the blue sea and to silence,
And you, good people, have fun!
Dobrynya Nikitich is a brave hero in Russian epics. Dobrynya Nikitich is the main character of many Russian epics. The brave hero served with the troops of Prince Vladimir.
He had a wife - the most beautiful girl in Russia Nastya, who was the daughter of another famous hero Mikula Selyanovich. Dobrynya Nikitich often fulfilled the orders of the prince, for which other members of the princely regiment did not dare to undertake.
Prince Vladimir appreciated Dobrynya Nikitich because he was never afraid of difficulties and, together with his friends, boldly passed those tests that frightened others. According to legend, the hero Dobrynya Nikitich died in battle near the Kalka River, and was buried with great honors on the mound, which today is called Dobrynin Mound.
Epics about Dobrynya Nikita
In ancient Russian literature, there are about 50 stories in which Dobrynya Nikitich appears. This hero was also mentioned in epics about other heroes, in particular, about Ilya Muromets and Alyosha Popovich.
About Dobryn Nikitich survived to this day eight Russian epics:
- 1. "Duel of Ilya Muromets and Dobrynya Nikitich"
- 2. "Dobrynya and the Serpent"
- 3. "Dobrynya and Nastya"
- 4. "Dobrynya and Marinka"
- 5. "Dobrynya and Vasily Kazemirovich"
- 6. "Dobrynya and Alyosha Popovich"
- 7. "Duel Dobrynya Nikita with Danube Ivanovich"
- 8. "How Dunay Ivanovich and Dobrynya Nikitich were looking for a bride for Prince Vladimir."
The most famous epic about Dobrynya Nikitich is “Dobrynya and the Serpent”, it tells about the courageous battle of Dobrynya with the evil monster serpent who lived in Novgorod.
The character and prototypes of Dobrynya Nikitich
The image of Dobrynya Nikitich in Russian epics is depicted very vividly. This hero, unlike other heroes of his time, has not only dozens of physical strength, but also a sharp mind. Prince Vladimir sent Nikita Dobrynya not only to fight with enemies, but also to resolve diplomatic issues with neighboring states.
Nikita Dobrynya was educated and courteous, which helped him protect the interests of his prince and the entire state without bloodshed. Epics about Dobrynya Nikitich are based on historical references to a relative of Prince Vladimir, a courageous hero - the governor.
The annals mention that the voivode Dobrynya was able to tame the Novgorod snake, which tormented all the local residents. It is also reliably known that the governor Dobrynya was able to find a beautiful wife Rogneda for Prince Vladimir, which became the basis of the Russian epic cycle “How Danube Ivanovich and Dobrynya Nikitich were looking for a bride for Prince Vladimir”.
There are also historical facts that Dobrynya's beloved, Marina, was famous throughout the Russian land as a strong sorceress. In the epic Dobrynya Nikitich Marina, we see a girl - a sorceress who knows all the wisdom of ancient magic.
Nikitich- the second most important hero of epics Kyiv cycle. He came to replace the ancient Danube, but he is not only a hero-serpent fighter, but also a hero-diplomat. In a number of epics, Dobrynya performs various diplomatic missions for Prince Vladimir.
In the epic "Dobrynya and the Serpent" he accomplishes a feat of arms - he defeats the Serpent, who brought a lot of grief to the Russian land. The plot of the epic came out of ancient fairy-tale folklore. The epic begins with a story about how the mother does not tell Dobrynya to go to the Puchay River to swim:
Mother said to Dobrynya, Yes, mother punished Nikitich: , Dobrynya, in the Puchay River - The Puchay River is very ferocious, The middle stream cuts like fire. 2
Fairy tales usually begin with this fabulous prohibition. Just like in a fairy tale, Dobrynya does not listen to her mother's advice and swims far. At this moment, the Serpent flies at him:
There is no wind, but a cloud has fallen, There is no cloud, but it seems to rain, But there is no rain, but only thunder rumbles, Thunder rumbles and lightning whistles. How the Snake Gorynishche flies And there are twelve about trunks. 3
The battle of the hero with the Serpent is depicted briefly: Dobrynya the Serpent hit, knocked off all his "trunks" and took his word not to fly to Russia anymore. Returning to Kyiv, Dobrynya learns that the Serpent again flew through Kyiv and carried away the niece of Prince Vladimir - Zabava Putyatichna.
Dobrynya sets off on a long journey to the Zmeya Caves. But, unlike the fairy tale hero who fights the monster for his own personal interests (liberation of the bride), he represents a new hero who advocates public interests in the struggle for the integrity of Russia and its borders. The fairy-tale motif of the struggle for a woman becomes the motif of the struggle for the Russian polonyanka. In the epic, Dobrynya is presented as the liberator of the Russian land. The bylina sings the glory of the hero, who freed not only Vladimir's niece, but also many other prisoners who languished in the Serpent's dungeon:
Then Dobrynya went into a hole, Into those holes and into deep ones. There sits forty kings, forty princes, Forty kings and princes, And there is no simple force - there is no estimate. Then Dobrynyushka Nikitinich He said to the kings and he to the princes And to those kings and princes: “You go there now, you’ve been brought to your cell. ii to the affectionate prince to Vladimir. 4
Dobrynya in all epics expresses his heroic qualities, jealously protects the dignity of the Russian warrior, he is reasonable in speeches, restrained, tactful, caring son and faithful husband. In all epics, these features of his appearance are revealed.
Read also other related articles "Russian heroic epic. Epics":
- Epic "Dobrynya and the Serpent"
Introduction
Dobrynya Nikitich is depicted in epics as the second strongest and most important hero after Ilya Muromets. A fairly extensive set of stories about the origin, service and exploits of this hero are recorded in a number of epics: “Dobrynya and the Serpent”, “Dobrynya and Marinka” and “Dobrynya and Alyosha”, etc.
By origin, Dobrynya Nikitich is of a princely family, which, nevertheless, did not prevent him from winning love and recognition from the common people, who, in their epic tradition, endowed him with many virtues: in epics, the hero is educated, tactful, courteous, knows how to walk in ambassadors, masterfully plays the harp. The main business of his life is the military service of Russia.
As an average hero, Dobrynya is included in the heroic trinity along with Ilya Muromets and Alyosha Popovich. Dobrynya Nikitich’s “middle” position explains the emphasis on the connecting function of this character: thanks to his efforts and talents, the heroic trinity remains restored even after Ilya Muromets and Alyosha Popovich are separated . In some epics, Dobrynya performs in a community with Ilya and / or Alyosha, in others - with other heroes (Danube, Vasily Kazimirovich), in others - alone. Of all the bogatyrs, he is closest to Prince Vladimir the Red Sun: sometimes he turns out to be his nephew, often stays with Vladimir and directly fulfills the prince’s instructions, wooes a bride for him, conducts, at the request of the princess, negotiations with passers-by, etc.
Folklorists showed great interest in this image, as evidenced by a large number of works on this topic by such authors as V.Ya. Propp, B. Rybakov, V. Miller, A.F. Hilferding and others.
Thus, the purpose of our work is to consider the interpretations of the image of Dobrynya Nikitich in the epic epic by various research authors.
The object of study in our work is the process of incarnation of the character of the hero in epics.
The subject is the specificity of the hero's personality.
Consider the main interpretations of the origin of the image of Dobrynya;
To identify the character traits of the hero as a hero-serpent fighter;
To analyze the main personality traits of Dobrynya Nikitich, reflected in various epics.
The practical significance of our work lies in the fact that the material presented in it can be further used in the study of the course of traditional Russian folklore, folk poetry of the Russian people, as well as in the preparation of special courses and special seminars on epic folk art.
The historical basis of epics about Dobryn Nikitich
Dobrynya is dedicated to several widespread epic stories, such as “Dobrynya and the Serpent”, “Dobrynya and Vasily Kazimirovich”, “Dobrynya Nikitich and Alyosha Popovich” (“The Marriage of Alyosha Popovich to Dobrynya's Wife”), “Dobrynya and Marinka” and others.
Not all of these epics appeared at the same time. The earliest, according to many scientists, is the epic "Dobrynya and the Serpent", the latest - the epic "Dobrynya and Marinka". The prototype of Marinka is seen in the wife of Dmitry the Pretender Marina Mnishek. Zueva T.V., Kirdan B.P. Russian folklore: A textbook for universities. - M.: Flinta, Nauka, 1998. S. 197.
Researchers agree that the image of Dobrynya has a very real historical prototype - this is Vladimir I's maternal uncle, who lived at the beginning of the 11th century. Vladimir's mother, the housekeeper of Princess Olga Malusha, is Dobrynya's sister (Vladimir is Svyatoslav's natural son). Azbelev S.N. Historicism of epics and the specifics of folklore. L., 1982. S. 112. Being older than Vladimir, Dobrynya was his mentor, then an associate in military campaigns and other matters of national importance. There are chronicles about him, similar to epic stories. For example, the epic Dobrynya is the matchmaker of Prince Vladimir. Historical Dobrynya acted in this role in 980, when Vladimir I decided to marry the Polotsk princess Rogneda.
The connection of Dobrynya Nikitich with the reality of the late X - early XI century. does not mean that all the epics about him were generated by the historical events of that time. Having become an epic hero, Dobrynya lives according to the laws of the oral epic: he assimilates the features of more ancient heroes, enters works that previously existed and were later composed. It is possible that most of the ancient songs about Dobrynya have long been forgotten. However, the place of Dobrynya among other heroes of the Russian epic indicates that he was the main character of epic songs that cycled around the Kyiv prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich.
Thus, it becomes clear that the epic did not invent the name of Dobrynya, she only captured him in the memory of the people. In the book of Academician B.A. Rybakov "Ancient Russia", in the chapter devoted to the Vladimir cycle of epics, we will find the subchapter "Dobrynya Nikitich", which contains a detailed analysis of the coincidences of epic and chronicle information about Dobrynya Rybakov B. Ancient Russia. Tales, epics, annals. M.: Ed. ANSSSR, 1963. S. 178. Science has already found out more than a hundred years ago that the epic Dobrynya and the first Dobrynya, mentioned in Russian chronicles in the 10th century, are one and the same person.
Dobrynya Nikitich was born around 935 in Korosten. Now it is a small town in the Zhytomyr region, and in the 10th century it was the capital of the Drevlyane land. The city was famous for its impregnable oak walls, stretching, according to local legend, for several miles.
Dobrynya was the crown prince of the Drevlyane land. His father's name was Mal Drevlyansky. The fact that Dobrynya is the son of Prince Mal is silent in the chronicle (there were dynastic and political reasons for this). But the Drevlyan origin of Dobrynia was unraveled in 1864 by the historian D.I. Prozorovsky in the article “On the relationship of St. Vladimir by mother "Mythological Dictionary / ch. ed. EAT. Meletinsky. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. S. 95 ..
Bylina knows the Drevlyane and princely origin of Dobrynia. Researcher T.N. Kondratieva noticed that in the epics he is either a boyar or a prince. Bylina also knows Dobrynya's father, the hero Nikita Zaleshanin (which was also noted by the outstanding Russian scientist A.A. Shakhmatov) Zuev T.V., Kirdan B.P. Russian folklore: A textbook for universities. - M.: Flinta, Nauka, 1998. S. 199.
In 945, Mal Drevlyansky raised an uprising against the despotic Igor Rurikovich, who reigned in Kyiv. The civil war in the state lasted for a whole year. But military happiness is changeable, and Mal Drevlyansky was captured by his family. And the crown prince of the Drevlyans Dobrynya falls into slavery, in humiliation becomes a groom.
The bylina notes Dobrynya's ten years of slavery in her youth and her slow ascent from more humiliating slave positions to less humiliating ones. Only in the tenth year did Dobrynya finally receive a horse, i.e. freedom.
Together with Dobrynya, his sister Malusha was also captured. Chronicles note her position under Princess Olga - the housekeeper.
Dobrynya and Malusha received their freedom around 955. The next chapter in the biography of Dobrynya is undoubtedly connected with Kyiv. The gradual elevation of the children of Mal and then their release was no accident. Olga had far-reaching plans. A far-sighted and courageous politician, she learned lessons from the Drevlyan uprising.
At the end of the fifties (about 958 or 959), Olga, in the face of the Slavic gods, put the hand of her son, sovereign Svyatoslav, into the hand of the daughter of Mal, who executed his father, into the hand of the sovereign princess Malusha of Drevlyanskaya! Dobrynya, of course, attended the ceremony in Kyiv of this important dynastic marriage for his family and beneficial for the whole country. And Mal too. Both of them have now received the rank of Kievan boyars. For a whole decade, the life of Dobrynya, who became the brother-in-law of Sovereign Svyatoslav, was connected with the Kyiv court. And in 970, a new turn came in it: Svyatoslav sent Dobrynya to Novgorod, handing him the regency under his young nephew Vladimir.
The next period in the life of Dobrynya Nikitich leads abroad - the brother-in-law and son of Svyatoslav with his companions received asylum in Sweden, where they had to spend three long years. Dobrynya in 980 finally returned to Russia.
Thus, it can be noted that the epic Dobrynya, when compared with the chronicle Dobrynya, Vladimir's uncle, seems to have nothing in common with him. While the chronicle Dobrynya occupies almost a leading role before Vladimir's accession to the throne of Kyiv and for a long time after that, Dobrynya byliny occupies a secondary role at Vladimir's court. Moreover, the epic Dobrynya complains to his mother about his fate: he regrets that his mother did not give birth to him with a combustible pebble, that she did not throw this pebble to the bottom of the blue sea, where he would lie calmly and would be spared the need to drive across an open field .
This dissimilarity can be explained by the fact that under the name of Dobrynya, not only Dobrynya, Vladimir's uncle, but also a number of other Dobrynyas, who were mixed with the first, are sung in epics. So, in the Tver Chronicle, next to Alexander Popovich (Alyosha Popovich bylin), his friend Dobrynya (Timonya) Zlatopoyas is mentioned; and the Nikon chronicle mentions Alexander Popovich, his servant Torop and Dobrynya Razanich Golden Belt Azbelev S.N. Historicism of epics and the specifics of folklore. L., 1982. S. 115.
Some epics about Dobryn really take him out of Ryazan; his father is a trading guest Nikitushka Romanovich.
In any case, there are some features in the epics about Dobrynya that may have a connection with Vladimir's historical uncle: obtaining a bride for Vladimir is an undoubted echo of the story with Rogneda.
Researcher Yu.I. Smirnov notes that the chronicles link at least seven Dobryns Mythological Dictionary / ch. ed. EAT. Meletinsky. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. S. 97.:
Dobrynya, the uncle of Vladimir I Svyatoslavovich, is mentioned several times in the information on the 10th century;
By the 11th century - Dobrynya Raguilovich, governor of Novgorod;
By the 12th century - the Novgorod posadnik Dobrynya, the Kyiv boyar Dobrynka and the Suzdal boyar Dobrynya Dolgiy;
According to the XII - century Dobrynya Galician and Dobrynya Yadreykovich, Bishop of Novgorod.
The choice is quite large - almost four centuries, and theoretically it is impossible to exclude any of these "prototypes" or reduce all Dobryns to the first of them. Annalistic news has been preserved about each of these historical Dobryns, and literary works about some of them. Yu.I. Smirnov speaks of the times of pre-Mongol Russia, but even later, in the 15th-17th centuries, this name remained among the most common ancient Russian names. It should be borne in mind that it belonged to the number of "non-calendar" names, it could not be given at baptism. And this means that for all the Dobryns listed above, it was either the second - a pagan name received for certain qualities: kindness, beauty, greatness. All this was invested in the ancient Russian name Dobrynya.
In the pre-Tatar period, there were legends and songs in which a relative and governor of Prince Vladimir Dobrynya played a significant role. The most ancient motif attached to the name of Dobrynya Nikitich in epics is his role as a snake fighter and matchmaker. In both stories, some historical echoes can still be noted.
The first plot was processed into an epic, apparently in the north, in the Novgorod region, as evidenced by the Novgorod legend about the snake. Gilferding A.F. Olonets province and its folk rhapsody // Russian folklore: Reader for universities / Comp. S.I. Mints., E.V. Pomerantsev. - M .: Higher School, 1965. S .. 175.
In the epic "Dobrynya and the Serpent", according to some researchers, the chronicle story about the baptism of Novgorodians by Dobrynya Froyanov I.Ya., Yudin Yu.I. received a poetic refraction. Russian epic epic. Kursk, 1995. S. 28. Based on the similarity of some names, Vs. Miller believes that the bathing of Dobrynia in the Puchay River means baptism, which, according to legend, took place in the Pochayna River. (Although this river is associated with the baptism of not Novgorodians, but Kyivans.) Governor Putyata, who accompanied Dobrynya (according to the chronicler), received a response in the epic in the name of Prince Vladimir's niece, Zabava Putyatichna. Soviet researchers do not agree with Miller's interpretation of V.Ya. Propp Russian heroic epic. M., 1999.S. 576. However, it is still possible that the theme of the baptism not of Novgorodians, but of the entire Russian people in general, was reflected in a peculiar way in this fictional plot.
Serpent fighting is the oldest motif in world folklore, it is found in other epics, in fairy tales, traditions, and legends. The image of the Serpent as the personification of forces hostile to the Russian people and the state is interpreted by scientists in different ways: foreign enemies, paganism as a system of beliefs of the past, opposed to Christianity. The latter interpretation is supported by the fact that the epic Dobrynya beats the Serpent with a hat of the Greek land, from where a new faith came to Russia, and the historical Dobrynya was an active participant in the Christianization of Russia. The double plot of the epic (Dobrynya fights the Serpent twice) reflects the process of transforming the Serpent as the ruler of the elements into an enemy of the “state”, and Dobrynya (or a hero with a different name) from a character of a fairy-tale-mythological epic into a hero defending the interests of the Russian land, acting on behalf of Prince Vladimir. And this is the attachment of an epic plot to a historical place and time. The popularity of the name of the historical Dobrynya contributed to the consolidation of this name for the epic hero.
The main epic about getting a wife (Rogneda) for Vladimir by Dobrynya Nikitich may also have developed in the north and then entered the Kyiv cycle. The epic about Dobrynya Nikitich on departure is nothing but an oriental tale attached to the name of Dobrynya; the unseemly role of Alyosha Popovich indicates a late time (not earlier than the 16th century) when this tale was included in the epic epic, when it entered the repertoire of buffoons.
Epic about Marina - a fairy tale story about a sorceress wife converted into an epic. If the name of Marina is at the same time the transformation of the fairy tale into an epic (which is quite likely due to the lack of name options and some details, for example, Marina's conversion to a magpie), then the epic may have been composed in the 17th century.
Finally, the name of Dobrynya Nikitich is also included in the nameless song, which is not related to epics. This is a song about a good fellow and the Smorodina River Anikin V.P. Russian heroic epic. M., 1964. S. 214. The motive for introducing the name of Dobrynya Nikitich (instead of a good fellow) was that Dobrynya in epics is also in danger of drowning in the Puchai River.
