Chapter V. Marine sailing.

Maritime navigation is a discipline that considers the systems of navigational equipment of the seas, the rules for using various navigational aids and the organization of the security service at sea. Manuals describing a specific navigation area are also called a sailing charter of a given sea, area; it provides information about the physiographic and navigational features of the area, local navigation rules, etc.

§ 15. Coastal zone.

Sea navigation of small vessels occurs, as a rule, in coastal areas, where the depths are shallow. Therefore, navigation in these areas is complicated and sometimes dangerous. The amateur navigator should study the navigation of this area and especially the navigational dangers present in it. To do this, he needs to know the basic terminology related to the coastal zone.

Rice. 31. Elements of the coastal zone

The main elements of the coastal zone are shown in fig. 36.

Coastline - the boundary between land and sea surface;

coast - a strip of land adjacent to the sea to the coastline;

coast - a strip of land adjacent to the coastline;

beach - accumulation of sand drifts in the surf zone.

Navigational hazards are places with shallow depths. These include:

bank - a separately located section of the shoal, the depth above which is much less than the depth around it;

bar - alluvial stranded at the mouth of the river at its confluence with the sea, lying across the entrance to the mouth;

spit - a narrow long shallow, turning into an underwater shoal of the coast;

shallow water - a large shallow area;

stranded - a place in the sea with a depth of less than 10 m;

shoal - a shoal running from the coast towards the sea;

reef - a shoal or bank of stones or corals;

dry shoal - emerging from the water at low tide;

distinctive depth - a depth that sharply differs from the circumferential depths up or down.

§ 16. Aids to navigation.

Navigationally dangerous places, both on the high seas and near the coast, are fenced off with appropriate signs or structures, which are called aids to navigation.

Aids to navigation are divided into coastal and floating.

1. Coastal aids to navigation.

Rice. 32. coastal lighthouse

Coastal aids to navigation include beacons, navigational and leading signs.

The lighthouse (Fig. 32) is a fundamental tower-type structure, equipped in the upper part with a special light apparatus. The lighthouse not only warns of danger, but also serves to determine the position of the vessel at sea. In order for the navigator to be able to identify lighthouses, they are built in various conspicuous forms and give the light of each lighthouse a special light characteristic. This helps the navigator accurately determine the location of his ship (in the event that he has studied in detail the upcoming navigation area).

A distinctive characteristic of the lighthouse are: the nature and color of the fire; the number of flashes or eclipses; flash period; Beacon visibility range in miles for an observer's eye height of 5 m; manned beacon or no; information about the technical equipment of the lighthouse; information about the available pilot and rescue stations and means of communication.

The fire of beacons can be: constant, flashing, group flashing, constant with flashes, constant with a group of flashes. The light of a beacon can be color-changing, i.e. changing color.

To ensure the safety of navigation during fog and limited visibility, beacons give sound signals using a siren, typhon, nautphone, bell, warning the navigator of an imminent navigational danger. On maps, beacons are indicated by stars with a gap in the middle and a dot in the center indicating the exact position of the beacon on the map. On the general maps, all beacon lights, regardless of their color, are depicted as yellow spots. Near the symbolic image of the lighthouse on the map, its full description and name are placed. If the beacon shines only in a certain sector, then this sector is applied as a dotted line. For example, next to the symbol

Rice. 33. Coastal leading signs

beacon on the map is the inscription GR Pr (2) (20s) 18m T (s) RMk LS. It is deciphered as follows: the beacon has a group flashing light, 2 flashes in a group, a period of 20 seconds, a fire visibility range of 18 miles, a fog signal - a siren, there is a radio beacon and a pilot station.

Navigational signs are special structures of various designs, much smaller in size than lighthouses. They can be illuminated or unilluminated. Switching on the fire on the signs is usually done automatically using photocells. The signs are constantly out of service. Illuminated navigation signs have a light characteristic that is different from other signs of the area, which, as a rule, is flashing, constant or group-flashing. In addition, illuminated signs differ in the color of the fire. The very location of the sign and the characteristics of its fire are plotted on the navigation chart. The visibility range of the lights of such signs reaches 6-8 miles in a clear state of the atmosphere.

Leading signs are installed on the shore to indicate the passage on the fairways and in narrow places (Fig. 33). They serve to ensure the safety of the passage of ships in areas with cramped navigation conditions. In addition, leading signs are installed when equipping measuring lines to indicate the direction of movement of the vessel and secant directions for measuring the speed of the vessel in various engine operating modes. Signs are wooden, metal, stone, illuminated and non-illuminated. During the day, black (white) vertical stripes are clearly visible on white (black) trapezoidal shields, and at night, lights are lit in the upper part of the shields, most often red or green, so that they can be easily distinguished from any random lights of a populated coastal area. The direction of the alignment lines on the fairway, narrowness or measured line is marked on the navigation chart. On a small-scale map, two leading signs cannot be simultaneously applied, then one sign and a line are applied, and an explanatory inscription “2 st. zn. ".

The line of deviation, restrictive and turning alignments on the map is indicated by a dotted line, and the running directions are indicated by a solid line. The values ​​of the direction of the alignments are given on the map only true.

2. Floating aids to navigation.

Rice. 34. floating lighthouse

Floating aids to navigation include lightships, buoys, buoys and milestones. Floating aids to navigation fence off a section of the water surface that poses a danger to navigation of ships, or indicate the direction of the fairway in areas where navigation is possible only along certain routes.

A floating lighthouse is a ship equipped with lighthouse equipment and anchored in a place exactly indicated on the map (Fig. 34). A lightship serves as an approach to a port, bay, bay, etc., and often has a pilot watch on it. The vessel has a distinctive coloration, and the name of the lighthouse is applied on its sides.

Rice. 35. Buoy illuminated	Rice. 36 Milestone: 1 - wooden pole; 2 - buoy; 3 - top figure; 4 - anchor

On nautical charts, a floating lighthouse is indicated by a sign that looks like a boat with a mast in the middle. Next to its designation and name on the map is a complete description of the fire. Of the floating aids to navigation, it is the most reliable. If for some reason the floating lighthouse is not in its regular place, then the established signals are raised on it: during the day two black balls, one in the bow, the other in the stern of the vessel, at night - two red lights located one at a time in the bow and stern parts of the ship. During the day, two red flags may be hoisted instead of black balloons.

Buoy (Fig. 35) - a hollow metal body of a spherical, cone-shaped or cylindrical shape with an openwork superstructure fixed on it, in which the lighting equipment is located. An anchor device is attached to the bottom of the metal case. The nature and color of the lights is set depending on the purpose of the buoy. In order to warn the navigator during poor visibility of a close navigational danger, the buoys are equipped with fog signaling means - bells, whistles or horns. On the sides of the buoy, its serial number is applied with a distinctive paint.

Buoy - a floating warning sign of a cylindrical, conical or other shape, installed at anchor to protect hazards or fairways. In order to distinguish one buoy from another, they are painted in different colors.

A milestone (Fig. 36) is a vertically anchored wooden pole with a top figure. The milestone is supported afloat by a special buoy fixed on it. The milestones have different colors and shapes, which allows the navigator to determine the safe side of the ship's passage.

3. Systems of fencing navigational hazards.

To protect individual navigational hazards or large water areas on the seas and lakes, the so-called "cardinal system" (fencing relative to the cardinal points) has been adopted. Floating fencing facilities are arranged as follows.

The northern milestone, buoy or buoy is set to the south of the danger, and when passing the vessel should be guided by the rule: "leave the sign to the north, and go from the south yourself."

The southern milestone, buoy or buoy is set to the north of the danger according to the rule: "leave the sign to the south, and go from the north yourself."

The eastern milestone, buoy or buoy is set to the west of the danger (“leave the sign to the east, and go from the west yourself”).

The western milestone, buoy or buoy is set to the east of the danger (“leave the sign to the west, and go from the east yourself”).

A cross milestone, buoy or buoy is installed directly over a small underwater hazard, for example, over a single underwater rock or bank, which means: “go around the sign from any side”.

Floating means of fencing designate the right and left edges of the fairways (in relation to the ship going from the sea to the shore). Such a system of fencing the boundaries of the fairway is called a lateral (lateral) system.

An axial system has been adopted to designate the fairway axes and recommended courses in large water areas, as well as to designate the run line in the absence of leading alignment marks on the measured line. The floating means of protection are the same, but have a special color and character of the lights. In addition to the generally accepted systems of fencing navigational hazards and marking the boundaries of fairways and recommended courses, there are signs for fencing sunken ships, fishing gear and cables, marking anchorage and quarantine sites.

Mayto- a navigation landmark representing a structure in the form of a tower, an openwork tower or a pyramid, equipped with an optical apparatus and a light source, clearly visible from the sea. The lighthouse has a solid structure with a distinctive shape and coloration.

Lighthouse towers (Fig. 124) are cylindrical, conical, prismatic, pyramidal, openwork and various mixed designs.

Lighthouses usually have personnel serving them. Many lighthouses have fog signaling facilities and can simultaneously serve as radio beacons. Lighthouses have a significant geographic visibility range.

According to their location, beacons are divided into coastal, sea and floating, and according to their purpose they are receiving, indicating and identifying, turning, warning and leading.

Coastal beacons are installed on high, protruding and clearly visible from the sea extremities of the coast (capes).

Marine lighthouses are erected far from the coast in the open sea on natural (islands) or artificial foundations.

In a clear atmosphere, the light of beacons can be seen at great distances, and in adverse weather conditions at shorter distances.

Based on many considerations, it is currently sought to locate lighthouses at an altitude of no more than 100 m above sea level.

Rice. 124. Coastal lighthouses

The following basic requirements are imposed on modern lighthouses: visibility must be good day and night, which is achieved by the height, shape and color of the tower, the luminosity of the optical apparatus; the location of the lighthouse must be accurately mapped; the beacon apparatus must be such that the possibility of mistaking the light of the beacon for an accidental coastal light is excluded; beacons having the same characteristics should not be installed closer than 80 miles from each other.

At the present stage, beacon light sources include: electric, acetylene, gas-light and laser.

At present, due to the creation of new types of incandescent lamps, which have tremendous luminous power, electric light sources are gradually replacing others.

In the lighting equipment of beacons and signs, white fire is usually used. It is also used orange, red, less often - green and very rarely - the blue color of fire.

Lights distinguish between geographical and optical ranges of visibility; The optical range of visibility depends on the intensity of the light.

During the day, beacons and signs are recognized by their appearance and color, and at night - by the characteristics of the fire.

Lights, starting with flashing, appear periodically and therefore exclude the possibility of accepting these lights as random. The duration of each fire can be checked with a stopwatch.

Periodlighting called the time during which the system goes through the entire cycle of changes inherent in it, or the period of time after which the nature of the fire repeats itself in the same sequence.

At night, the sectors (corners) of illumination of the lights serve to indicate the fairways, as well as navigationally dangerous areas. Sectors are created by special shields or light filters, which are equipped with optical devices of beacons and lights.

Lights(luminous signs) - capital structures - openwork metal or wooden trusses, equipped with a lighting device, operating automatically without constant maintenance by personnel. The visibility of the lights at night can be up to 15 miles.

Rice. 125. Navigation signs

navigationalsign- a structure lighter in construction than a lighthouse, equipped with a lighting device that operates automatically. Navigation signs (Fig. 125), like beacons, are

of various shapes and are constructed of stone, brick, concrete, reinforced concrete, metal and wood. Sometimes on rocky shores, especially in skerry areas, distinctive spots are painted instead of navigation signs. Spots are applied to stones, rocks, individual large boulders, etc. with white, black or red paint, which is clearly visible on the way.

Visibility range of navigation signs lights - up to 15 miles. Navigational signs can be luminous and non-luminous. Navigational alignments - a system of several lighthouses, navigation signs or lights, respectively located on the shore, designed to designate a narrow zone (lane or sector) that is safe for navigation.

alignments(Fig. 126) are divided into linear, sighting, slot and perspective.

Linear alignment - a system of two or three signs (lights), the axis of symmetry of which is located on one line, the direction of which coincides with the given direction (the axis of the fairway).

Aiming and slotted alignment - a system of three signs (lights) located at the vertices of an isosceles triangle, so that the height of the triangle is aligned with a given direction (the axis of the fairway). The aiming target provides navigation in a given direction within a narrow strip, and the slotted target - within a narrow sector, symmetrical with respect to the fairway axis.

Perspective alignment - a system of several pairs of signs (lights) located at regular intervals in such a way that the axis of symmetry of the entire system coincides with a given direction (the axis of the fairway).

radio beacons- transmitting radio stations that serve as reference points in determining the position or a separate line of position of the vessel. In accordance with their purpose, transmitting devices carrying a regular radio beacon service are installed at points whose coordinates are precisely known.

By the nature of the device of the radiating system (antenna), radio beacons are divided into:

1. Radio beacons of circular radiation, designed to determine the position of the vessel using the ship's radio direction finder. Circular beacons are combined into groups and usually operate on the same frequency on a schedule.
2. Directional radiation beacons used for orientation to navigators on ships that do not have a radio direction finder.
3. Omnidirectional radio beacons with a circular movement of the radiation pattern. These radio beacons include radio beacons VRM-5, "Consol". Radio beacon signals are received on a conventional ship receiver with a vertical antenna. The range of these radio beacons exceeds the range of directional radio beacons.

Information about the operation of radio beacons of each group can be found by the navigator in the manual "Radio Technical Aids to Navigation Equipment".

Coastal radars make it possible to centrally carry out operational control of the movement of ships in the coverage area of ​​the station. With the help of coastal radars, it is possible to view the entire water area of ​​the port, approaches to it at any time of the day, regardless of visibility and weather conditions. Domestic BRS "Raskat", which has high technical characteristics, has been serving as a pilot in many of our ports for many years.

The beacon illuminates the area for 15 blocks around it. Also, like other objects that emit light, the beacon can melt a block of ice or snow. It cannot be moved with a piston.

How to make a lighthouse

To make it work, you need to fulfill several requirements. In addition to a well-made structure, it is necessary that there are only transparent blocks above the lighthouse, or there are none at all.

It does not matter how much the area next to the lighthouse will be illuminated. It is necessary that the structure was in the form of a pyramid. The bottom should be from special types of blocks, and the lighthouse itself should be placed on top. The base of the building can be made of iron, gold, diamonds or iron. The structure may not be of one material, but of a variety.

How to turn on the beacon in Minecraft

When you place a block on top of a building, a large beam will appear that will illuminate the area. The higher the pyramid, the better effects can be obtained. For the maximum possible effect, the first row of the pyramid should be nine by nine blocks, and the top - seven by seven, then - five by five and three by three. A total of one hundred and sixty-four blocks should come out.

For the device to function as well as possible, the building must be four blocks high, not including itself. Thus, two positive effects will be given at once.

How to activate a beacon in Minecraft

How to use a lighthouse in Minecraft? In order to enter the control section of the block, you need to right-click on it. After that, it is necessary to fill the cell with an emerald, an ingot of iron or gold, a diamond. Next, you will have possible buffs, among which you need to choose one.

Possible effects are affected by the height of the building. The effect will be secondary and will be located near the regeneration. In order for the buff to start working, you must check the box.

It is not yet clear what the item and the blocks that were used for the construction affect. During one application, you can get one secondary and one primary effect. And if the building is low, then you will get only the primary effect.

Positive Effects

The bonus that the user will receive works for a certain period of time (nine seconds). But, until the moment the character is in the area of ​​the beacon, it will be extended indefinitely. Once every four seconds, the effect will be extended.

A beam that goes up. It can be seen from any place on the map, at the time when the chunk containing the block is loaded.

All characters have a good impact.

Territory where the effect will be given depends on how tall the building is. If it consists of one row, then the bonus will be given within a radius of sixteen blocks, after that - twenty-four and thirty-two. For a pyramid with four rows, the effect will extend over fifty blocks. It is important to note that the distance is also limited in height. In online, the effect will spread to all characters.

Interesting Facts

The pillar that comes from the lighthouse reaches a height of two hundred and fifty-five blocks.

While the chunks are loaded, the beam will be a mark on the terrain and will not disappear. In order to notice the mark from afar, you need to slightly increase the brightness in the Minecraft options.

If several buildings meet, then the lighthouse will still fully function.

In order to build the largest structure, one thousand four hundred and seventy-six ingots of iron, gold or diamonds, emeralds are needed.

In earlier versions of Minecraft instead of the usual block, the lighthouse looked the same as the bedrock, which is located under the edge crystal.

In the event that the beam barrier is made one of the non-translucent blocks, the pillar will disappear and the device will stop working. And if the path is blocked by ice, then the beam will melt it and turn it into water.

The block can be placed in the edge or in hell, but in the second case, it can only be placed using creative mode, since there is a bedrock on top that cannot be destroyed in normal mode. Is it possible to break the bedrock with a bug or get beyond the border of the world.

Even though the block looks like a diamond block, the diamond itself is not involved in crafting.

The lighthouse emits a glow, so it can be used as a lamp in Minecraft.

In the event that colored glass is placed in front of the beam, it will be painted in the color of the glass. If you place glasses of different colors, you can achieve the desired shade.

What effects can you get if you make and activate a beacon in Minecraft

Primary:

1. Speed: The character will become much faster.
2. Haste: The player will be much more active in breaking blocks and wielding a pickaxe.
3. Resistance: The damage that can be taken will decrease.
4. Improved Jump: The character will jump one and a half or two blocks higher, depending on the level of the effect.
5. Strength: The damage that the character deals will be more.

Secondary:

Regeneration: The character's health bar will fill faster.

Video

The video details how to activate the beacon.

International system of navigation barriers.
Instructions for use.

To protect navigational hazards and designate safe passages (fairways) and indicate special areas of the water area, most countries of the world use the generally accepted system of signs for navigational conditions. The standards for such signs are developed and maintained by an international organization IALA – (International Association Lighthouse Authorities). They are printed on nautical charts and help guide the ship around various hazards. The water area of ​​the world ocean is conditionally divided into two large regions: the region BUT and region AT. To the region AT belong to the regions of North and South America, Korea and the Philippines. Today we will look at the region BUT, in which we, in fact, are located and to which Europe, Asia and Africa belong.

All navigation signs have the following characteristics: shape, color, characteristics of lights and sound signals. Knowing these parameters, one can reliably identify any sign seen at sea and on a sea chart.

If the direction of the buoy is not obvious, then on the map it is indicated as follows - rice. 2. This means that if a ship follows the fairway in the direction indicated on the chart, then the red buoys should be on its port side, and the green ones on the starboard side.

Lateral marks may be in the form of a milestone, a pyramid with a wide base, a cone or trapezoidal buoys. The lateral signs of the left side of the fairway, in addition to the red color, have a truncated trapezoid as the upper figure and, in conditions of limited visibility, a red flashing light.

The signs on the right side of the fairway, painted green, are characterized by a triangular shape of the upper figure and, in conditions of limited visibility, glow with a green flashing light. On the rice. 3 you can see how the lateral signs and the direction of the buoy are shown on the charts.

II. Cardinal signs (cardinal marks) (Fig. 4)

Cardinal signs protect a navigational hazard and indicate on which side it can be safely bypassed. In this case, the danger is shoals, underwater or surface rocks, ships sunk at shallow depths, etc. Cardinal signs are associated with the main directions of the compass in parts of the world and differ from each other in color, shape of the upper figure and characteristics of the lights.

1. Northern cardinal mark (north cardinal mark) (Fig. 5)

2. Eastern cardinal mark ( east cardinal mark) (Fig. 7)

This sign tells the sailor that it must be bypassed from the east. Coloring (from top to bottom): black-yellow-black. The shape of the upper figure is two black triangles, directed by the vertices from each other. Fire Characteristics: Fast flashing white in groups of three flashes. The map is shown as rice. eight.

Tells the sailor that it needs to be bypassed from the south. Coloring (from top to bottom): yellow-black. The shape of the upper figure is two black triangles with their vertices down. Fire Characteristics: Fast flashing white in groups of six flashes plus one long flash. Shown on the map as rice. ten.

This sign should be bypassed from the west. Coloring (from top to bottom): yellow-black-yellow. The shape of the upper figure is two black triangles with their vertices directed towards each other. Fire Characteristics: Fast flashing white in groups of nine flashes. The map is shown as rice. 12.

The sign of an isolated danger is placed directly at the place of danger. It can warn of a single rock, surface or underwater dangerous shoals, etc. Coloring (from top to bottom): black-red-black. The shape of the top piece is two black balls. Light characteristic: a group of two white flashes.
How the isolated danger sign looks on the map, see rice. fourteen.

Safe water mark (Fig. 15)

Special stamps (Special marks) (Fig. 17)

These marks usually designate some special areas in the water area - for example, areas where submarine cables run, submarine ranges, as well as areas reserved for water skiers and jet skis. In any case, if on the map some zone is limited by special marks, then there, on the map, there is always an explanation of what exactly they protect ( rice. eighteen). Special stamps are colored yellow, the shape of the top figure is an oblique cross. Light characteristic: yellow flashes.

lighthouses

Lighthouse in specialized literature (light house) is a navigation landmark in the form of a tower or building of a distinctive shape and color, installed on the mainland, island or directly in shallow water, equipped with a lighting device with a long optical visibility range. A floating lighthouse (lightship)- a ship equipped with a beacon light and installed in the area of ​​dangers remote from the coast.

So, a lighthouse is a large structure equipped with a fire at the top point, with characteristics that are individual for each lighthouse. At least within a radius of a hundred nautical miles, you will not find two lighthouses with the same light characteristics. Many beacons are equipped with audible signals (usually howlers) that can be used to identify the beacon in low visibility conditions such as fog. Also, most beacons are equipped with a source of a characteristic radio signal, which allows ships to determine their position using radio navigation equipment in conditions of limited visibility.

Rules required for lighthouses:
the location of each lighthouse must be accurately mapped;
it should be clearly visible both day and night;
the light of the lighthouse shall not be mistaken for any incidental light on the shore;
the beacon must have a reliable fog alarm. Depending on the place of installation, beacons are divided into coastal and sea ones.

Coastal lighthouses, as a rule, are erected on high capes of the mainland protruding into the sea or on large islands, marine ones - on natural or artificial islands located far from the coast, or simply on an underwater rock. According to their purpose, coastal beacons are identification (indicative) and leading.

The former, as the name implies, usually serve as reception marks at the entrance to a port or channel, turning marks where passing ships usually change their course, and warning signs indicating a certain navigational danger. Leading beacons are placed to facilitate the passage of ships in narrow places or at the entrance to the roadstead, harbor or port.

So, lighthouses have a dual purpose: they help sailors determine their position at sea and warn against danger. To use a lighthouse as a navigational landmark at night, we must, firstly, see its light, and secondly, identify it. On nautical charts, beacons are marked with a magenta (purple) exclamation mark-like symbol and/or surrounded by a purple circle. The main identifying characteristics of a beacon light, such as color, period and phase, are mapped beside it.

The color of the beacon light can be white, green or red. Green light corresponds to the designation G (green), red - R (red), blue Bu (blue), purple - Vi (violet), yellow - Y (yellow). If none of these symbols is indicated, we are dealing with white fire.

In order to learn how to identify different types of beacons, let's look at a few examples.

Example 1 On the sea chart ( rice. one) we see the lighthouse Berry head, which has the following designation - Fl (2) 15s 58m 14M. Let's see what we will see in the dark, being close to him. Fl (2) denotes the phase characteristic of the lighthouse fire and stands for a group of flashes ( group flashing). The number 2 in brackets indicates the number of flashes in the group, and 15s (seconds) is the period. Thus, this beacon sequentially gives 2 flashes and after a break - again 2 flashes, etc. To make sure that we see exactly the beacon that is indicated on the map and has the above characteristics, we need to take a stopwatch, start it as soon as we see the first flash in the group, track 2 flashes, a break and stop the countdown at the time of the first flash in the next group time. If this is indeed a beacon marked in this place on the map, then the period counted by the stopwatch will be 15 seconds (15s).

What color of flash do you think you will observe? Quite right, they are white, because there are no G or R symbols in the beacon designation. The circle around the beacon and the magenta letters RG indicate the type of radio signal that this beacon emits. The symbols following the period in the designation of the lighthouse - 58m - are its height above sea level, and the mysterious 14M tell us that in good weather at night from the height of the captain's bridge of a medium ship, its light is visible from a distance of 14 nautical miles.

Example 2 lighthouse on Eddystone Rocks (rice. 2) has the following designation: Fl (2) 10s 41m 20M & F.R. 28m 13M Horn (3) 60s. Fl (2) 10s - a group of two flashing flashes with a period of 10 seconds. Since the color is not specified, it means that it is white. 41m 20M - its height is 41 m, visibility in good weather is 20 nautical miles. The symbol "&" means "and", followed by the symbols: F.R. 28m 13M. This means that the beacon is equipped with an additional permanent red light ( F.R. – fixed red), installed at a height of 28 m (28m), and visibility in good weather to 13 nautical miles (13 M). If we carefully look at the map, we will see the designated sector of this fire (arc of visibility of F.R. lt). That is, if we go in such a way that we see a red fire, then we are going to danger (7-meter shallow). Symbols Horn(3) 60s tells us that the beacon is equipped with a howler that gives 3 beeps every 60 seconds. Symbols Racon(T) (3&10cm) refers to the radio signal emitted by this beacon.

Example 3 Pay attention to two identical lights located at the top fig.3 and marked with the symbols F.G. 6M. Now you can easily decipher these lights as constantly burning green. (Fixed Green) and that their visibility in good weather is 6 nautical miles (6M). These lights are located on one straight line, the direction of which is indicated on the map as 352º45´ - naturally, this is the true bearing. The meaning of these lights is that if you go into Holcombe Bay to the anchorage, you will keep these two green lights "on target", i.e. on one straight line, you will follow the true course of 352º45´ and enter the bay, avoiding dangers. Such lights are called "leading" or leading lights.

To identify the phase characteristics of the lights, use the Admiralty Booklet 5011. Its full name is Symbols and abbreviations used on Admiralty charts 5011. You must also have a book on board. List of lights for your region. By it, you can always correctly identify the beacons that you meet on the way.