The artistic style of speech is the language of literature and art. It is used to convey emotions and feelings, artistic images and phenomena.

Artistic style is a way of self-expression of writers, therefore, as a rule, it is used in writing. Orally (for example, in plays), texts written in advance are read out. Historically, the artistic style functions in three types of literature - lyrics (poems, poems), drama (plays) and epic (stories, novels, novels).

An article about all styles of speech -.

Asked for an essay or term paper in literature or other subjects? Now you can not suffer yourself, but simply order a job. We recommend contacting >>here, they do it quickly and cheaply. Moreover, here you can even bargain
P.S.
By the way, they do homework there too 😉

The art style is:

2. Language means are a way of conveying the artistic image, emotional state and mood of the narrator.

3. The use of stylistic figures - metaphors, comparisons, metonyms, etc., emotionally expressive vocabulary, phraseological units.

4. Multi-style. The use of language means of other styles (colloquial, journalistic) is subject to the fulfillment of a creative plan. These combinations gradually form what is called the author's style.

5. The use of verbal ambiguity - words are chosen so that with their help not only “draw” images, but also put a hidden meaning into them.

6. Information transfer function is often hidden. The purpose of the artistic style is to convey the emotions of the author, to create a mood, an emotional mood in the reader.

Art Style: Case Study

Let's take a look at the features of the parsed style as an example.

An excerpt from the article:

The war disfigured Borovoye. Interspersed with the surviving huts, charred stoves stood like monuments to people's grief. Pillars stuck out from the gate. The shed gaped with a huge hole - half of it was broken off and carried away.

There were gardens, and now stumps are like rotten teeth. Only in some places two or three juvenile apple trees took shelter.

The village was depopulated.

When the one-armed Fyodor returned home, his mother was alive. She grew old, emaciated, gray hair increased. She sat down at the table, but there was nothing to treat. Fedor had his own, soldierly. At the table, the mother said: everyone was robbed, damned skinners! We hid pigs and hens, who are much better. Will you save? He makes noise, threatens, give him a chicken, be at least the last one. With a fright, they gave the last one. Here I have nothing left. Oh, it was bad! The damned fascist ruined the village! You can see for yourself what's left... more than half of the yards burned down. The people fled to where: some to the rear, some to the partisans. How many girls were kidnapped! So our Frosya was taken away ...

Fyodor looked around in a day or two. They began to return their own, Borovsky. They hung a piece of plywood on an empty hut, and on it in crooked letters soot in oil - there was no paint - “The board of the Krasnaya Zarya collective farm” - and it went, and it went! Down and Out trouble started.

The style of this text, as we have already said, is artistic.

His features in this passage:

1. Borrowing and application of vocabulary and phraseology of other styles ( as monuments of national grief, fascist, partisans, collective farm management, the beginning of trouble).
2. The use of visual and expressive means ( hijacked, cursed skinners, really), the semantic ambiguity of words is actively used ( the war disfigured Borovoye, the barn gaped with a huge hole).
3. they've all been robbed, you damned skinners! We hid pigs and hens, who are much better. Will you save? He makes noise, threatens, give him a chicken, be at least the last one. Oh, it was bad!).
4. There were gardens, and now stumps are like rotten teeth; She sat down at the table, but there was nothing to treat; on oil - there was no paint).
5. The syntactic structures of a literary text reflect, first of all, the flow of the author's impressions, figurative and emotional ( Interspersed with the surviving huts, charred stoves stood like monuments to people's grief. The shed gaped with a huge hole - half of it was broken off and carried away; There were gardens, and now stumps are like rotten teeth).
6. The characteristic use of numerous and varied stylistic figures and tropes of the Russian language ( stumps are like rotten teeth; charred stoves stood like monuments to national grief; sheltered by two or three teenage apple trees).
7. The use, first of all, of vocabulary that forms the basis and creates the figurativeness of the analyzed style: for example, figurative techniques and means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context, and words of a wide range of use ( grew old, emaciated, burned, letters, girls).

Thus, the artistic style does not so much tell as it shows - it helps to feel the situation, to visit those places that the narrator tells about. Of course, there is also a certain "imposition" of the author's experiences, but it also creates a mood, conveys sensations.

The art style is one of the most "borrowing" and flexible: writers, firstly, actively use language of other styles, and secondly, they successfully combine artistic imagery, for example, with explanations of scientific facts, concepts or phenomena.

Sci-Fi Style: Case Study

Consider the example of the interaction of two styles - artistic and scientific.

An excerpt from the article:

The youth of our country loves forests and parks. And this love is fruitful, active. It is expressed not only in the laying of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak forests and forests. One day, at a meeting, even chips appeared on the table of the presidium. Some villain cut down an apple tree that grew alone on the river bank. Like a lighthouse, she stood on a steep yard. They got used to it, as to the appearance of their home, they loved it. And now she was gone. On this day, the conservation group was born. They called it the "Green Patrol". There was no mercy for the poachers, and they began to retreat.

N. Korotaev

Scientific style features:

1. Terminology ( presidium, laying of forest belts, krutoyar, poachers).
2. The presence in a series of nouns of words denoting the concepts of a feature or state ( bookmark, security).
3. The quantitative predominance of nouns and adjectives in the text over verbs ( this love is fruitful, active; in the laying of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak forests and forests).
4. The use of verbal phrases and words ( bookmark, security, mercy, meeting).
5. Verbs in the present tense that have a “timeless”, indicative meaning in the text, with weakened lexical and grammatical meanings of time, person, number ( loves, expresses);
6. A large volume of sentences, their impersonal nature in conjunction with passive constructions ( It is expressed not only in the laying of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak forests and forests.).

Art style features:

1. Extensive use of vocabulary and phraseology of other styles ( presidium, laying of forest belts, krutoyar).
2. The use of various figurative and expressive means ( this love is fruitful, in vigilant protection, reckless), the active use of the verbal polysemy of the word (the appearance of the house, "Green Patrol").
3. Emotionality and expressiveness of the image ( They got used to it, as to the appearance of their home, they loved it. And now she was gone. On this day the band was born.
4. The manifestation of the creative individuality of the author - the author's style ( It is expressed not only in the laying of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak forests and forests. Here: combining features of several styles).
5. Paying special attention to particular and seemingly random circumstances and situations behind which one can see the typical and general ( Some villain cut down an apple tree ... And now it was gone. On this day, the conservation group was born).
6. The syntactic structure and the corresponding structures in this passage reflect the flow of figurative and emotional author's perception ( Like a lighthouse, she stood on a steep yard. And now she's gone).
7. The characteristic use of numerous and varied stylistic figures and tropes of the Russian literary language ( this fruitful, active love, like a beacon, it stood, there was no mercy, growing alone).
8. The use, first of all, of vocabulary that forms the basis and creates the figurativeness of the parsed style: for example, figurative techniques and means of the Russian language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context, and words of the widest distribution ( youth, reckless, fruitful, active, guise).

In terms of the variety of linguistic means, literary devices and methods, the artistic style is perhaps the richest. And, unlike other styles, it has a minimum of restrictions - with proper drawing of images and an emotional mood, you can write a literary text even in scientific terms. But, of course, this should not be abused.

There are many types of text styles in Russian. One of them is the artistic style of speech, which is used in the literary field. It is characterized by the impact on the imagination and feelings of the reader, the transmission of the thoughts of the author himself, the use of rich vocabulary, and the emotional coloring of the text. In what area is it used, and what are its main features?

The history of this style dates back to ancient times. Throughout time, a certain characteristic of such texts has developed that distinguishes them from other different styles.
With the help of this style, the authors of works have the opportunity to express themselves, convey their thoughts and reasoning to the reader, using all the richness of their language. Most often it is used in written speech, and in oral speech it is used when already created texts are read, for example, during the production of a play.

The purpose of the artistic style is not to directly convey certain information, but to influence the emotional side of the person reading the work. However, this is not the only purpose of such a speech. Achieving the set goals occurs when the functions of a literary text are performed. These include:

• Figurative-cognitive, which consists in telling a person about the world, society with the help of the emotional component of speech.
• Ideological and aesthetic, used to describe images that convey to the reader the meaning of the work.
• Communicative, in which the reader associates information from the text with reality.

Such functions of a work of art help the author to give meaning to the text so that he can fulfill all the tasks for the reader in accordance with which it was created.

Scope of the style

Where is the artistic style of speech used? The scope of its use is quite wide, because such speech embodies many aspects and means of the rich Russian language. Thanks to this, such a text turns out to be very beautiful and attractive to readers.

Art style genres:

• Epos. It describes the storylines. The author demonstrates his thoughts, external disturbances of people.
• Lyrics. Such an example of artistic style helps to convey the inner feelings of the author, the experiences and thoughts of the characters.
• Drama. In this genre, the presence of the author is practically not felt, because much attention is paid to the dialogues taking place between the heroes of the work.

Of all these genres, subspecies are distinguished, which in turn can be further divided into varieties. Thus, the epic is divided into the following types:

• epic. Most of it is devoted to historical events.
• Novel. Usually it is distinguished by a complex plot, which describes the fate of the characters, their feelings, problems.
• Story. Such a work is written in a small size, it tells about a certain incident that happened to the character.
• Tale. It is medium in size, has the properties of a novel and a story.

The following lyrical genres are characteristic of the artistic style of speech:

• Oh yeah. This is the name of a solemn song dedicated to something.
• Epigram. This is a poem with satirical overtones. An example of an artistic style in this case is “Epigram on M. S. Vorontsov”, which was written by A. S. Pushkin.
• Elegy. Such a work is also written in poetic form, but has a lyrical orientation.
• Sonnet. This is also a verse, which consists of 14 lines. Rhymes are built according to a strict system. Examples of texts of this form can be found in Shakespeare.

The types of drama include the following genres:

• Comedy. The purpose of such a work is to ridicule any vices of society or a particular person.
• Tragedy. In this text, the author talks about the tragic life of the characters.
• Drama. This eponymous type allows the reader to show the dramatic relationship between the characters and society as a whole.

In each of these genres, the author tries not so much to tell about something, but simply to help readers create an image of heroes in their heads, feel the situation described, and learn to empathize with the characters. This creates a certain mood and emotion in the person reading the work. A story about some extraordinary case will amuse the reader, while the drama will make you empathize with the characters.

The main features of the artistic style of speech

Signs of the artistic style of speech have developed over its long development. Its main features allow the text to fulfill the tasks assigned to it, influencing the emotions of people. The linguistic means of a work of art are the main element of this speech, which helps to create a beautiful text that can capture the reader while reading. The following expressions are widely used:

• Metaphor.
• Allegory.
• Hyperbola.
• Epithet.
• Comparison.

Also, the main features include the speech ambiguity of words, which is widely used when writing works. With the help of this technique, the author gives the text additional meaning. In addition, synonyms are often used, thanks to which it is possible to emphasize the importance of the meaning.

The use of these techniques suggests that during the creation of his work the author wants to use the full breadth of the Russian language. So, he can develop his own unique language style, which will distinguish him from other text styles. The writer uses not only purely literary language, but also borrows funds from colloquial speech and vernacular.

The features of the artistic style are also expressed in the exaltation of the emotionality and expressiveness of the texts. Many words in works of different styles are used in different ways. In the literary and artistic language, some words denote certain sensory representations, and in the journalistic style, these same words are used to generalize any concepts. Thus, they complement each other perfectly.

The linguistic features of the artistic style of the text include the use of inversion. This is the name of the technique in which the author arranges the words in a sentence differently than it is usually done. This is necessary in order to give more significance to a particular word or expression. Writers can change the order of words in different ways, it all depends on the overall idea.

Also in the literary language, deviations from structural norms can be observed, which are explained by the fact that the author wants to highlight some of his thoughts, ideas, emphasize the importance of the work. To do this, the writer can afford to violate phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms.

The features of the artistic style of speech allow us to consider it the most important over all other varieties of text styles, because it uses the most diverse, rich and vivid means of the Russian language. It is also characterized by verb speech. It lies in the fact that the author gradually indicates each movement and change of state. This is a good help to activate the reader's tension.

If we analyze examples of styles of different directions, then it will definitely not be difficult to identify the artistic language. After all, the text in an artistic style in all of the above features is noticeably different from other text styles.

Examples of literary style

Here is an example art style:

The sergeant strode across the yellowish construction sand, hot from the scorching afternoon sun. He was soaked from head to toe, his whole body was strewn with small scratches left by sharp barbed wire. The aching pain drove him crazy, but he was alive and walking towards the command headquarters, which could be seen in the distance three hundred meters away.

The second example of artistic style contains such means of the Russian language as epithets.

Yashka was just a little dirty trick, who, despite this, had great potential. Even in early childhood, he masterfully poked pears at Baba Nyura's, and twenty years later he switched to banks in twenty-three countries of the world. At the same time, he was able to masterfully clean them up, so that neither the police nor Interpol had the opportunity to catch him at the crime scene.

Language plays a huge role in literature, since it is it that acts as a building material for creating works. The writer is an artist of the word, forming images, describing events, expressing his own thoughts, he makes the reader empathize with the characters, plunge into the world that the author created.

Only the artistic style of speech can achieve such an effect, so books are always very popular. Literary speech has unlimited possibilities and extraordinary beauty, which is achieved through the linguistic means of the Russian language.

Lesson plan:

Theoretical block

Linguistic features of the artistic style of speech

Features of the artistic style and its signs

Spheres of use of the artistic style of speech

Art style genres

The role of the sentence in the text

Text-forming functions of a sentence

Practice block

Working with texts: determining the style of the text and highlighting the language features of each of them

Highlighting the main features of artistic style in texts

Distinguishing substyles and genres of artistic style

Analysis of artistic style texts

Compilation of texts using reference expressions

Tasks for SRO

Bibliography:

1. Russian language: textbook. allowance for students. kaz. otd. un-tov (bachelor's degree) / Ed. K.K. Akhmedyarova, Sh.K. Zharkynbekova. - Almaty: Publishing house "Kazakh un-ti", 2008. - 226 p.

2. Stylistics and culture of speech: Proc. Benefit/E.P. Pleshchenko, N.V. Fedotova, R.G. Chechet; Ed. P.P. Fur coats.–Minsk: "TetraSystems", 2001.– 544 p.

Theoretical block

Artstyle- functional style of speech, which is used in fiction. The artistic style affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of speech.

In a work of art, the word not only carries certain information, but also serves to aesthetically influence the reader with the help of artistic images. The brighter and more truthful the image, the stronger it affects the reader.

In their works, writers use, when necessary, not only words and forms of the literary language, but also obsolete dialect and vernacular words.

The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. These are tropes: comparisons, personifications, allegory, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, etc. And stylistic figures: epithet, hyperbole, litote, anaphora, epiphora, gradation, parallelism, rhetorical question, omission, etc.

The style of fiction has its own specifics. It serves the emotional and aesthetic area of ​​personality activity. The main properties of the artistic style are: a) aesthetic; b) influence on emotions: with the help of artistic images, the feelings and thoughts of readers are influenced; c) communicative: the ability to evoke a response in the mind of the reader, due to which thoughts are transmitted from one person to another.

Art style
Scope of application	The sphere of art, the sphere of fiction
Main functions	The function of emotional and aesthetic impact on the reader
Substyles	prose (epic)	Dramaturgic	Poetic (lyric)
	Novel, short story, story, fairy tale, essay, short story, essay, feuilleton	Tragedy, drama, farce, comedy, tragicomedy	Song, ballad, poem, elegy poem, fable, sonnet, ode
Main style features	Imagery, emotionality, expressiveness, appraisal; manifestation of the creative individuality of the author
General language features	The use of stylistic means of other styles, the use of special figurative and expressive means - tropes and figures

The artistic style of speech is not distinguished by all scientists. Some researchers, highlighting the artistic style among the functional styles of speech, consider its main features:

its use in works of art;

the image with its help of a living picture, object, state, the transfer to the reader of the feelings and moods of the author;

concreteness, figurativeness and emotionality of the statement;

the presence of special linguistic means: words with a specific meaning, with the meaning of comparison, comparison, words in figurative use, emotional-evaluative, etc.

Other scientists consider it as the language of fiction, and the concepts of "artistic style", "style of fiction", "language of fiction" are considered synonymous.

The stylistic stratification of speech is its characteristic feature. This stratification is based on several factors, of which the main one is the sphere of communication. The sphere of individual consciousness - everyday life - and the informal environment associated with it give rise to a colloquial style, the spheres of public consciousness with their attendant formality feed book styles.

The difference in the communicative function of language is also significant. For the presenter is for book styles - the message function.

Among book styles, the artistic style of speech stands out. So, his language is not only (and maybe not so much) but also a means of influencing people.

The artist generalizes his observations with the help of a specific image, by skillful selection of expressive details. He shows, draws, depicts the subject of speech. But you can show, draw only what is visible, concrete. Therefore, the requirement of concreteness is the main feature of the artistic style. However, a good artist will never describe, say, a spring forest directly, so to speak, head-on, in the manner of science. He will select a few strokes, expressive details for his image, and with their help he will create a visible image, a picture.

Speaking about figurativeness as a leading stylistic feature of artistic speech, one should distinguish between “an image in a word”, i.e. figurative meanings of words, and "image through words". Only by combining both, we get the artistic style of speech.

In addition, the artistic style of speech has the following characteristic features:

1. Scope of use: works of art.

2. Tasks of speech: create a living picture depicting what the story is about; convey to the reader the emotions and feelings experienced by the author.

3. Characteristic features of the artistic style of speech. The expression is basically:

Figurative (expressive and lively);

Specific (this person is described, and not people, in general);

Emotional.

Specific words: not animals, but wolves, foxes, deer and others; did not look, but paid attention, looked.

Often words are used in a figurative sense: the ocean of smiles, the sun sleeps.

The use of emotional-evaluative words: a) having diminutive suffixes: bucket, swallow, little white; b) with the suffix -evat- (-ovat-): loose, reddish.

The use of perfective verbs with the prefix for-, denoting the beginning of the action (the orchestra played).

Use of present tense verbs instead of past tense verbs (Went to school, suddenly I see ...).

The use of interrogative, motivating, exclamatory sentences.

The use of sentences with homogeneous members in the text.

Speeches can be found in any fiction book:

She shone with forged damask steel

The rivers are a cold stream.

Don was terrible

horses snored,

And the backwater foamed with blood ... (V. Fetisov)

Quiet and blissful December night. The village slumbers calmly, and the stars, like guards, vigilantly and vigilantly watch that there is harmony on earth, so that troubles and strife, God forbid, do not disturb unsteady consent, do not move people to new squabbles - the Russian side is already well-fed with them ( A. Ustenko).

Note!

It is necessary to be able to distinguish between the artistic style of speech and the language of a work of art. In it, the writer resorts to various functional styles, using language as a means of speech characterization of the hero. Most often, the conversational style of speech is reflected in the replicas of the characters, but if the task of creating an artistic image requires it, the writer can use both scientific and business in the character’s speech, and Non-distinguishing between the concepts of “artistic style of speech” and “language of a work of art” leads to the perception of any passage from a work of art as an example of the artistic style of speech, which is a gross mistake.

Art style serves a special sphere of human activity - the sphere of verbal and artistic creativity. Like other styles, the artistic one performs all the most important social functions of the language:

1) informative (reading works of art, we get information about the world, about human society);

2) communicative (the writer communicates with the reader, conveying to him his idea of ​​the phenomena of reality and counting on a response, and unlike a publicist who addresses the masses, the writer addresses the addressee who is able to understand him);

3) affecting (the writer seeks to evoke an emotional response in the reader to his work).

But all these functions in the artistic style are subordinate to its main function -aesthetic , which consists in the fact that reality is recreated in a literary and artistic work through a system of images (characters, natural phenomena, environment, etc.). Each significant writer, poet, playwright has his own, original vision of the world, and to recreate the same phenomenon, different authors use different language means, specially selected, rethought.V. V. Vinogradov noted: “... The concept of “style” as applied to the language of fiction is filled with a different content than, for example, in relation to business or clerical styles, and even journalistic and scientific styles ... The language of fiction is not quite correlative with other styles, he uses them, includes them, but in peculiar combinations and in a transformed form ... "

Fiction, like other types of art, is characterized by a concrete-figurative representation of life, in contrast, for example, to an abstract, logical-conceptual, objective reflection of reality in scientific speech. A work of art is characterized by perception through the senses and the re-creation of reality. The author seeks to convey, first of all, his personal experience, his understanding and understanding of this or that phenomenon. For the artistic style of speech, attention to the particular and the accidental is typical, followed by the typical and the general.The world of fiction is a “recreated” world, the depicted reality is, to a certain extent, the author’s fiction, which means that the subjective moment plays the main role in the artistic style of speech. The whole surrounding reality is presented through the vision of the author. But in a literary text, we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, etc. This is connected with emotionality, expressiveness, metaphor, and the richness of the artistic style. As a means of communication, artistic speech has its own language - a system of figurative forms, expressed by linguistic and extralinguistic means. Artistic speech, along with non-artistic speech, make up two levels of the national language. The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word in this functional style performs a nominative-figurative function.

The lexical composition and functioning of words in the artistic style of speech have their own characteristics. The words that form the basis and create the imagery of this style, first of all, include the figurative means of the literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of uses. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity in describing certain aspects of life. For example, L. N. Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace" used special military vocabulary when describing battle scenes. We will find a significant number of words from the hunting lexicon in the “Notes of a Hunter” by I. S. Turgenev, in the stories of M. M. Prishvin, V. A. Astafiev. In the "Queen of Spades" by A. S. Pushkin there are many words related to the card game, etc.

In the artistic style, the polysemy of the word is very widely used, which opens up additional meanings and semantic shades in it, as well as synonymy at all language levels, which makes it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meanings. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the richness of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to a bright, expressive, figurative text. The emotionality and expressiveness of the image come to the fore in the artistic text. Many words that in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech act as concrete sensory representations. Thus, the styles functionally complement each other. For example, the adjective "lead" in scientific speech it realizes its direct meaning (lead ore, lead bullet), and in artistic speech it forms an expressive metaphor (lead clouds, lead night, lead waves). Therefore, in artistic speech, phrases play an important role, which create a certain figurative representation.

The syntactic structure of artistic speech reflects the flow of figurative-emotional impressions of the author, so here you can find the whole variety of syntactic structures. Each author subordinates linguistic means to the fulfillment of his ideological and aesthetic tasks. In artistic speech, deviations from structural norms are also possible, due to artistic actualization, that is, the author's allocation of some thought, idea, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms. Especially often this technique is used to create a comic effect or a bright, expressive artistic image.

In terms of diversity, richness and expressive possibilities of language means, the artistic style stands above other styles, is the most complete expression of the literary language. A feature of the artistic style, its most important feature is imagery, metaphor, which is achieved by using a large number of stylistic figures and tropes.

trails - these are words and expressions used in a figurative sense in order to enhance the figurativeness of the language, the artistic expressiveness of speech. The main types of trails are as follows

Metaphor - trope, a word or expression used in a figurative sense, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with some other on the basis of their common feature: And my tired soul is embraced by darkness and cold. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

Metonymy - a kind of trail, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object (phenomenon) that is in one or another (spatial, temporal, etc.) connection with the object, which is indicated by the replaced word: The hiss of frothy goblets and punch blue flames. (A. S. Pushkin). The replacement word is used in a figurative sense. Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor, with which it is often confused, while metonymy is based on the replacement of the word “by contiguity” (part instead of the whole or vice versa, representative instead of class, etc.), while metaphor is based on the replacement “by similarity ".

Synecdoche – one of the types of metonymy, which is the transfer of the meaning of one object to another on the basis of the quantitative relationship between them: And it was heard until dawn how the Frenchman rejoiced. (M. Yu. Lermontov).

Epithet - a word or a whole expression, which, due to its structure and special function in the text, acquires some new meaning or semantic connotation, helps the word (expression) to acquire color, richness. The epithet is expressed mainly by the adjective, but also by the adverb (hotly love), noun (fun noise), numeral (second Life).

Hyperbola - a trope based on explicit and deliberate exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and emphasize the thought said: Ivan Nikiforovich, on the contrary, has trousers in such wide folds that if they were inflated, the whole yard with barns and buildings could be placed in them (N.V. Gogol).

Litotes - a figurative expression that downplays the size, strength, meaning of the described: Your Pomeranian, lovely Pomeranian, is no more than a thimble ... (A. S. Griboyedov). A litote is also called an inverse hyperbola.

Comparison - a trope in which there is an assimilation of one object or phenomenon to another according to some common feature for them. The purpose of the comparison is to reveal in the object of comparison new properties that are important for the subject of the statement: Anchar, like a formidable sentry, stands alone in the whole universe (A. S. Pushkin).

personification – trope, which is based on the transfer of the properties of animate objects to inanimate ones:Silent sadness will be consoled, and joy will reflect friskyly (A. S. Pushkin).

paraphrase – trope, in which the direct name of an object, person, phenomenon is replaced by a descriptive turnover, which indicates the signs of an object, person, phenomenon that is not directly named: the king of beasts (lion), people in white coats (doctors), etc.

Allegory (allegory) - conditional representation of abstract ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.

Irony - a trope in which the true meaning is hidden or contradicts (opposed) to the explicit meaning: Where can we, fools, drink tea. Irony creates the feeling that the subject matter is not what it seems.

Sarcasm - one of the types of satirical exposure, the highest degree of irony, based not only on the increased contrast of the implied and expressed, but also on the deliberate exposure of the implied: Only the Universe and human stupidity are infinite. Although I have doubts about the first one (A. Einstein). If the patient really wants to live, the doctors are powerless (F. G. Ranevskaya).

Stylistic figures – these are special stylistic turns that go beyond the necessary norms for creating artistic expression. It should be emphasized that stylistic figures make speech information redundant, but this redundancy is necessary for the expressiveness of speech, and therefore for a stronger impact on the addressee.Stylistic figures include:

Rhetorical address – giving the author's intonation solemnity, irony, etc..: And you, arrogant descendants ... (M. Yu. Lermontov)

Rhetorical question - it's special construction of speech, in which the statement is expressed in the form of a question. The rhetorical question does not require an answer, but only enhances the emotionality of the statement:And over the fatherland of enlightened freedom will the longed-for dawn finally rise? (A. S. Pushkin).

Anaphora - a stylistic figure consisting in the repetition of related sounds, words or groups of words at the beginning of each parallel row, that is, in the repetition of the initial parts of two or more relatively independent segments of speech (half-lines, verses, stanzas or prose passages):

The winds did not blow in vain,
Not in vain was a thunderstorm (S. A. Yesenin).

Epiphora - a stylistic figure consisting in the repetition of the same words at the end of adjacent segments of speech. Often the epiphora is used in poetic speech in the form of the same or similar endings of stanzas:

Dear friend, and in this quiet house
The fever hits me
Can't find me a place in a quiet house
Near a peaceful fire (A. A. Blok).

Antithesis - rhetorical opposition, a stylistic figure of contrast in artistic or oratory speech, which consists in a sharp opposition of concepts, positions, images, states, interconnected by a common structure or internal meaning: Who was nobody, he will become everything!

Oxymoron - a stylistic figure or a stylistic error, which is a combination of words with the opposite meaning (that is, a combination of incongruous). An oxymoron is characterized by the intentional use of contradiction to create a stylistic effect:

gradation – grouping homogeneous members of a sentence in a certain order: according to the principle of increasing or weakening emotional and semantic significance: I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry ... (S. A. Yesenin)

Default – deliberate interruption of speech, based on the guess of the reader, who must mentally complete the phrase:But listen: if I owe you ... I own a dagger, I was born near the Caucasus ... (A. S. Pushkin).

Polyunion (polysyndeton) - a stylistic figure consisting in a deliberate increase in the number of unions in a sentence, usually to connect homogeneous members. Slowing down speech with pauses, polyunion emphasizes the role of each of the words, creating a unity of enumeration and enhancing the expressiveness of speech: And for him they resurrected again: both the deity, and inspiration, and life, and tears, and love (A. S. Pushkin).

Asyndeton (asyndeton)- stylistic figure: construction of speech, in which conjunctions connecting words are omitted. Asyndeton gives the statement swiftness, dynamism, helps to convey a quick change of pictures, impressions, actions: Swede, Russian, cuts, stabs, cuts, drumming, clicks, rattle ... (A. S. Pushkin).

Parallelism - a stylistic figure, which is an arrangement of speech elements that are identical or similar in grammatical and semantic structure in adjacent parts of the text. Parallel elements can be sentences, their parts, phrases, words:

The stars are shining in the blue sky
In the blue sea the waves are whipping;
A cloud is moving across the sky
A barrel floats on the sea (A. S. Pushkin).

Chiasmus - a stylistic figure, consisting in a cruciform change in the sequence of elements in two parallel rows of words: Know how to love art in yourself, and not yourself in art (K. S. Stanislavsky).

Inversion - a stylistic figure, consisting in violation of the usual (direct) word order: Yes, we were very friendly (L. N. Tolstoy).

In the creation of artistic images in a literary work, not only figurative and expressive means are involved, but also any units of language, selected and organized in such a way that they acquire the ability to activate the reader's imagination, cause certain associations. Due to the special use of linguistic means, the described, denoted phenomenon loses the features of the general, becomes concretized, turns into a single, particular one, the only idea of ​​which is imprinted in the mind of the writer and recreated by him in a literary text.Let's compare two texts:

Oak, a genus of trees in the beech family. About 450 species. It grows in the temperate and tropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere and South America. The wood is strong and durable, with a beautiful pattern on the cut. Forest breed. Pedunculate oak (height up to 50 meters, lives from 500 to 1000 years) forms forests in Europe; rock oak - in the foothills of the Caucasus and Crimea; Mongolian oak grows in the Far East. Cork oak is cultivated in the subtropics. The bark of the English oak is used for medicinal purposes (contains astringents). Many species are decorative (Encyclopedic Dictionary).

There was an oak at the edge of the road. Probably ten times older than the birches that make up the forest, it was ten times thicker and twice as tall as each birch. It was a huge, double-girth oak, with boughs broken off long ago, apparently, and with broken bark, overgrown with old sores. With his huge clumsy, asymmetrically spread arms and fingers, he stood between the smiling birches like an old, angry and suspicious freak. Only he alone did not want to submit to the charm of spring and did not want to see either spring or the sun (L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace").

Both texts describe the oak, but if the first one deals with a whole class of homogeneous objects (trees, the general, essential features of which are presented in the scientific description), then the second one speaks of one, specific tree. When reading the text, an idea arises of an oak, personifying old age immersed in itself, opposed to birch trees “smiling” in spring and the sun. Concretizing the phenomena, the writer resorts to the method of personification: at the oak huge hands and fingers, he looks old, angry, contemptuous freak. In the first text, as is typical of the scientific style, the word oak expresses a general concept, in the second it conveys the idea of ​​a particular person (author) about a particular tree (the word becomes an image).

From the point of view of the speech organization of texts, the artistic style turns out to be opposed to all other functional styles, since the fulfillment of the aesthetic function, the tasks of creating an artistic image allow the writer to use the means of not only the literary language, but also the common language (dialectisms, jargon, vernacular). It should be emphasized that the use of non-literary elements of the language in works of art must meet the requirements of expediency, moderation, and aesthetic value.The writers' free recourse to linguistic means of different stylistic coloring and different functional and stylistic correlation can create the impression of "various styles" of artistic speech. However, this impression is superficial, since the attraction of stylistically colored means, as well as elements of other styles, is subordinated in artistic speech to the performance of an aesthetic function : they are used to create artistic images, to realize the ideological and artistic intention of the writer.Thus, the artistic style, like all others, is formed on the basis of the interaction of extralinguistic and linguistic factors. Extralinguistic factors include: the sphere of verbal creativity itself, the peculiarities of the writer's worldview, his communicative attitude; to linguistic ones: the possibility of using various units of the language, which undergo various transformations in artistic speech and become a means of creating an artistic image, embodying the author's intention.