The upcoming 2017 is the Year of Specially Protected Natural Territories. The corresponding Decree was signed on August 1, 2016 by the President. Specially protected natural territories and objects are a national property. They are presented in the form of areas, the surface of the water and the air space above them. Within their limits there are complexes that have cultural, scientific, recreational, aesthetic, health-improving value. The Federal Law “On Specially Protected Natural Territories” in force in the country contains their list and characteristics, and establishes rules for their use.

Categories

AT specially protected natural territories of Russia included:

1. Protected forest areas.
2. Reserves.
3. Reserves.
4. National parks.
5. Resort and health zones.
6. botanical gardens.
7. Dendrological parks.

Normative regional or municipal acts may provide for other types of specially protected natural areas.

Value

Main the importance of specially protected natural areas- preservation of valuable botanical, geological, hydrological, landscape, zoological complexes. According to international organizations, at the end of the 90s. of the last century, there were about 10 thousand large valuable sites all over the world. The total number of national parks was about 2 thousand, and biosphere reserves - 350. Significance of specially protected natural areas determined by their uniqueness. They are of great value for educational tourism. This allows us to consider them as recreational resources, the operation of which should be strictly regulated.

Characteristic

Each specially protected natural area is endowed with its own functions. Within its limits, specific rules of stay are provided, as well as the procedure for using resources. In the hierarchical structure, each specially protected natural area has the ability to prevent the destruction and serious change of the complex or its individual components. To protect them from negative anthropogenic factors, zones or districts can be formed in adjacent areas. They have a special regime of specially protected natural areas.

reserves

They act as research, environmental, environmental education institutions. Their goal is to preserve and study the natural course of processes and phenomena, unique and typical ecosystems, the gene pool of the plant world. Reserves are considered as the most common and typical specially protected natural areas. Animals, plants, ecosystems, subsoil located in them are completely withdrawn from circulation and economic use.

prescriptions

The property of reserves belongs to the category of federal property. Plants, animals, subsoil, water are provided for the possession of institutions on special rights. Structures, historical, cultural and other elements are transferred to the reserves for operational management. "does not allow the withdrawal or other termination of rights to sites and other resources located within them. The provision determining the status of a particular reserve is approved by the Government.

Permissible Activities

They are provided Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories"". Within the reserve, activities and events aimed at:

1. Ensuring the conservation of complexes in their natural state, restoration and prevention of changes in them and their elements under the influence of anthropogenic factors.
2. Maintenance of sanitary and fire safety conditions.
3. Prevention of factors that can cause disasters that threaten the lives of the population and the area where they live.
4. Implementation of environmental monitoring.
5. Implementation of research tasks.
6. Performance of control and supervisory functions.

Protection of specially protected natural areas carried out in accordance with the Regulations. Any activity that is not consistent with the tasks of the reserve, contrary to the established rules, is prohibited. Introduction (resettlement) of living organisms for acclimatization is not allowed.

Zones

The specially protected natural area of ​​the reserve, unlike the national park, has a rather limited recreational use. Mostly, it serves educational purposes. This situation is reflected in the functional zoning of reserves. In particular, 4 territories are distinguished within their borders:

1. reserved regime. In them, representatives of flora and fauna develop without human intervention.
2. Scientific monitoring. In this zone, researchers monitor the development and state of natural objects.
3. environmental education. In this area, as a rule, place a museum. Regulated trails are laid here, along which tourist groups lead to get acquainted with the features of the complex.
4. Economic and administrative zone.

national park

This specially protected natural area has historical, cultural, ecological and aesthetic value. The national park is used for educational, scientific purposes, as well as for regulated tourism. Objects that are located within the territory are transferred for use in accordance with applicable regulations. Historical and cultural complexes under state protection are transferred to national parks in agreement with the authorized bodies.

Nuances

Within some areas of the national park there may be sites of third-party users and owners. The administration of protected areas has the exclusive right to acquire land at the expense of federal funds or other sources not prohibited by regulations. National parks are state property. Structures, buildings, historical, cultural and other complexes are transferred to the administration for operational management. A particular park operates in accordance with the Regulations. It is approved by the authority in charge of the territory, in agreement with the authorized body operating in the field of nature protection.

Tasks of the national park

Along with environmental protection activities, conditions for regulated recreation and tourism are being created on the territory. Special zones are established within the national park:

Reserves

These specially protected natural territories of Russia are represented in large numbers. Reserves operate in almost all regions of the country. The assignment of the territory to this category is carried out with the withdrawal of sites from users, owners, owners or without it. Reserves may be federal or regional jurisdiction. These territories are of particular importance for the restoration or preservation of natural complexes or their components, as well as for ensuring the ecological balance. Reserves may have different purposes. Landscape are designed to restore and preserve complexes, biological - for endangered and rare representatives of fauna and flora, paleontological - for fossil objects, hydrological - for aquatic ecosystems, geological - for elements of the inanimate environment.

Botanical gardens and dendrological parks

These environmental institutions perform various functions. Among them, in particular, the creation of collections of plant species to enrich the flora and preserve its diversity. Educational, scientific and educational activities are carried out in botanical gardens and dendrological parks. The territories on which these institutions are located are intended for the implementation of their direct tasks. The sites are transferred for permanent use to parks, educational or research organizations under their jurisdiction. These institutions carry out the introduction of plants into the natural environment, study their ecology in stationary conditions. Parks and gardens develop the scientific basis for ornamental gardening, landscaping, landscape architecture, breeding techniques and so on. These institutions may be federal or regional jurisdictions. Their creation is under the jurisdiction of the executive power structures.

Monuments of nature

These complexes are considered the most common in the country. Natural monuments are irreplaceable, unique, scientifically, ecologically, aesthetically and culturally valuable objects. They can be artificial or natural. Areas of water space and land, single elements can be declared as natural monuments. The latter include, among others:

1. Scenic areas.
2. Reference territories of untouched nature.
3. Areas dominated by the cultural landscape. For example, they are alleys, ancient parks, ancient mines, canals, etc.
4. Habitats and growths of relic, valuable, rare, small and endangered animals and plants.
5. Forest tracts and their separate areas, which are of value in terms of their characteristics. For example, plants with a unique species composition, genetic qualities, productivity, etc., can grow on them.
6. Samples of achievements of forestry practice and science.
7. Complexes that play an important role in maintaining the hydrological regime.
8. Unique relief forms, landscapes associated with them. These include, for example, mountains, gorges, groups of rocks and caves, canyons, moraine-boulder ridges, glacial cirques, dunes and dunes, hydrolaccoliths, giant ice floes, etc.
9. Geological outcrops with unique properties and scientific value. Among them, in particular, are stratotypes, reference sections, outcrops of rare rocks, fossils, and minerals.
10. Geological and geographical polygons, classical areas, where there are especially expressive traces of seismic phenomena, outcrops of folded and discontinuous rock formations.
11. Areas containing particularly valuable or rare paleontological objects.
12. Hydromineral natural complexes, mineral and thermal springs, mud deposits.
13. Areas of lakes, rivers, wetlands, marine areas, ponds, small river flows with floodplains.
14. Coastal facilities. These include spits, islands and peninsulas, isthmuses, bays, lagoons.
15. Separate objects of inanimate and living nature. This category includes nesting places for birds, plants with bizarre shapes, long-lived trees, as well as those of historical and memorial value, etc.

Natural monuments may have regional, federal or local significance depending on their environmental, cultural, aesthetic and other value.

Nature, both living and non-living, is a great value on our planet. We are in excellent conditions for life. If you look at the planets closest to us, then the big difference in the appearance of the Earth and the rest of the planets is impressive. A huge volume of clean fresh and salt water of the oceans, life-giving atmosphere, fertile soils. The richness of the plant world that surrounds almost our entire planet, as well as the animal diversity, are surprising: it is impossible to study all kinds of living beings in a person's life.

However, it is precisely such diversity and such environmental conditions that are necessary for the harmonious state of the entire planet, for the balance of substances on it.

Harmony of nature

People by their activity transform nature more than any other kind of organisms. Moreover, the rest of the organisms are so merged with the natural environment that they even help to maintain the original balance on the planet. For example, a lion hunting an antelope is likely to catch the weakest individual, thus maintaining the survival of the herbivore population. The earthworm, making numerous holes in the soil, does not spoil the fertile surface layer. It loosens the ground, so that the air will only better reach the roots of the plants.

The economic activity of Homo sapiens

Man has a developed brain. The development of human economic activity is going faster than the evolutionary processes of nature. She does not have time to adapt to the changes caused by people.

Many years ago, the population of Australia herded cattle on a small mainland too intensively. According to this hypothesis, numerous deserts of the continent were formed precisely because of human activity.

Since ancient times, trees have been intensively cut down for the construction of houses. Nowadays, forests are shrinking just as fast: we still use wood for various purposes.

The world's population is huge and, according to scientists, will grow even faster. If people populate or use the entire area of ​​the planet in their economy, then nature, of course, will not withstand such a load.

History of protected natural areas

Already in ancient times, people kept intact certain parts of the territory on which they lived. The faith of people in the gods made them tremble before sacred places. Even the protection of such sites was not required, the people themselves treated these sacred territories with care, believing in something mysterious.

In the era of feudalism, the lands of the nobility came to the fore in terms of inviolability. The property was protected. In such territories, hunting was forbidden, or even simply visiting other people's parts of the forest or other biotope was prohibited.

In the nineteenth century, the industrial revolution made it necessary to think seriously about the preservation of natural resources for future generations. Protected areas are being created in Europe. Natural monuments became the first of the specially protected natural areas. Preserved ancient beech forests and some of the sights, such as unusual objects of geology.

In Russia, the first protected areas were organized at the end of the 19th century. They weren't government yet.

What is a protected area

These are areas of land or water on which the economic activity of people is partially or completely prohibited. How is the abbreviation deciphered? As "Specially Protected Natural Territories".

Types of protected areas according to IUCN

Nowadays, there are about 105,000 specially protected natural areas on the planet. For such a large number of objects, classification is necessary. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has identified the following types of protected areas:

1. Strict natural reserve. The protection of such a territory is especially strict, all economic activities are prohibited. Visiting only with a document permitting being on the site. The nature of this territory is the most integral.
2. National park. It is divided into areas with strict protection and areas where tourist routes are laid.
3. Monument of nature. An unusual well-known natural object is protected.
4. Managed natural reserve. The state takes care of the conservation of species of living organisms and habitats for their habitat. A person introduces activities to help in a fairly rapid reproduction and maintenance of offspring.
5. Protected marine and territorial landscapes. Recreational facilities are preserved.
6. Protected areas with monitoring of resource consumption. It is possible to use natural resources if the activity does not cause major changes on the site.

Types of protected areas according to the law of the Russian Federation

The Russian Federation uses a simpler classification. Types of protected areas in Russia:

1. State natural reserve. The strictest security regime is maintained. Visit only for the purpose of work on the conservation of ecosystems or training in the territory.
2. National park. It is divided into ecological zones according to the possibility of using natural resources. In some areas, ecological tourism is developed. There are areas for the work of national park personnel. There may be sites for recreation of the population, as well as for the overnight stay of visitors passing the tourist route.
3. Nature Park. Created to save ecosystems in the conditions of mass recreation of the population. New methods of nature conservation are being developed.
4. State natural reserve. Natural resources are not only preserved, but also restored. In the reserve, active work is being carried out to restore the former natural wealth of the area. Ecotourism is possible.
5. Monument of nature. Significant natural or artificial natural complex. Unique education.
6. Dendrological parks and botanical gardens. In the territories, collections of plant species are created in order to preserve the species diversity of the planet and replenish lost species of land.

Wrangel Island

The UNESCO World Heritage Sites include 8 sites located on the territory of the Russian Federation. One of such protected areas is the Wrangel Island nature reserve.

The protected area is located in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. This is the northernmost of all protected natural areas in Russia. The protected area consists of two islands (Wrangel and Herald) and the adjacent water area. The area of ​​protected areas is more than two million hectares.

The reserve was organized in 1976 to preserve the typical and unique flora and fauna. Nature, due to the location of the islands remotely from the mainland and because of the harsh climate, is preserved in an almost untouched form. Scientists come to the site to study local ecosystems. Thanks to the creation of the reserve, such rare animals as the polar bear and walrus are protected. A huge number of endemic species inhabit this area.

The islands are inhabited by the local population. It has the right to use natural resources, but to a strictly limited extent.

Lake Baikal

The most valuable lake in the world is also a World Natural Heritage Site. The protected area data system is the largest reservoir of clean fresh water.

The huge number of endemic species surprises scientists. More than half of the animals and plants growing here are found only on Lake Baikal. In total, there are about a thousand endemic species. Of these, 27 species of fish. The Baikal omul and golomyanka are well known. All nematodes living in the lake are endemic. The crustacean epishura purifies the water in Baikal, which also lives only in this lake.

It makes up 80% of the biomass of plankton of animal origin.

Baikal was included in the World Natural Heritage List in 1996. The Baikal Reserve itself was founded in 1969.

The UNESCO World Heritage Site "Lake Baikal" is 8 protected areas located directly at the famous lake. Many scientists believe that Baikal is expanding every year, increasing the water area due to the drift of lithospheric plates.

Kronotsky Reserve

Another example of protected areas is the Kronotsky State Natural Biosphere Reserve. It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Volcanoes of Kamchatka".

Moreover, this protected area is a biosphere reserve. The UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Program highlights protected areas around the world that are almost untouched by human activities. The state is obliged to maintain a self-regulating natural system if the object is located on its territory.

The Kronotsky Nature Reserve is one of the earliest in Russia. In 1882, the Sable Reserve was located on this territory. Kronotsky State Reserve was established in 1934. In addition to the territory with numerous volcanoes, hot springs and geysers, the Kronotsky Reserve includes a significant area of ​​water area.

Currently, tourism is actively developing in the Kronotsky Reserve. Not at all times it was allowed to visit him.

Reserve "Kedrovaya Pad"

Another example of protected areas in Russia is the Kedrovaya Pad Nature Reserve. This is the first reserve in the Far East. He is one of the oldest in Russia. The Far Eastern leopard lives here - a rare subspecies of leopards that has reduced numbers in the past. Now it is in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, has the status of "endangered".

The reserve itself was created for the conservation and research of liana coniferous-deciduous forests. The massifs are not disturbed by anthropogenic impact. There are many endemic species here.

Elk Island National Park

One of the very first in Russia. Founded in 1983 on the territory of Moscow and the Moscow region.

It includes 5 zones: reserved (access is closed), specially protected (visiting with a permit), protection of historical and cultural monuments (visiting is allowed), recreational (occupies more than half of the area, free access) and economic (ensures the operation of the park).

Legislation of the Russian Federation

The federal law on protected areas (1995) states that protected areas must have federal, regional or local significance. Reserves and national parks always have federal significance.

Any reserve, national park, natural park and natural monument must have a security zone. It additionally protects the object from destructive anthropogenic influence. The boundaries of protected areas, as well as the boundaries of the buffer zone, are determined by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Anyone can visit the territory of the protected zone. However, it is also protected.

The lands of protected areas are a national property. It is forbidden to build houses, roads, and cultivate land at federal facilities.

To create protected areas, the state authorities reserve new lands. Further, such lands are declared protected areas. In this case, the law prohibits further cultivation of land in this area.

Protected areas are an important component of our planet. Such territories preserve invaluable wealth for future generations. The balance of the biosphere is maintained, the gene pool of living organisms is protected. The inanimate nature of such territories is also preserved: valuable water resources, geological formations.

Specially protected natural territories have not only environmental significance, but also scientific, as well as environmental and educational. It is on such objects that the most educational tourism for connoisseurs of nature is organized.

The world's population is growing at an ever faster pace. Mankind needs to think more actively about maintaining nature, to take a more responsible approach to the conservation of natural resources. Every person should think about this and contribute to maintaining the health of the planet.

In accordance with the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories", specially protected natural territories are plots of land, water surface and air space above them, where natural complexes and objects of special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health significance are located.

At the same time, when establishing one or another type of specially protected natural areas, it is planned to satisfy certain public interests. Let us consider them in relation to certain types of such territories. In accordance with Art. 2 of the Law “On Specially Protected Natural Territories”, taking into account the peculiarities of the regime of these territories and the status of environmental institutions located on them, the following types of these territories are distinguished.

a) State natural reserves, including biospheric ones. Specially protected natural complexes and objects (land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna) on the territory of the reserve have environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance as samples of the natural environment, typical or rare landscapes, places of conservation of the genetic fund of flora and fauna. State natural reserves are nature protection, research and environmental education institutions aimed at preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems.

State natural biosphere reserves are created for the purpose of conducting scientific research, environmental monitoring, as well as testing and implementing methods of rational nature management that do not destroy the environment and do not deplete biological resources.

The following tasks are assigned to state natural reserves:

Implementation of the protection of natural areas in order to preserve biological diversity and maintain protected natural complexes and objects in their natural state;

Organization and conduct of scientific research, including the maintenance of the Chronicle of Nature;

Implementation of environmental monitoring within the framework of the national environmental monitoring system;

environmental education;

Participation in the state environmental review of projects and schemes for the placement of economic and other facilities;

Assistance in the training of scientific personnel and specialists in the field of environmental protection.

b) National parks. They are nature protection, environmental education and research institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, and are intended for use in environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and for regulated tourism.

National parks are entrusted with the following main tasks:

Preservation of natural complexes, unique and reference natural sites and objects;

Preservation of historical and cultural objects;

Environmental education of the population;

Creation of conditions for regulated tourism and recreation;

Development and implementation of scientific methods of nature protection and environmental education;

Implementation of environmental monitoring;

Restoration of disturbed natural and historical-cultural complexes and objects.

c) Natural parks. These are environmental recreational institutions under the jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of significant environmental and aesthetic value, and are intended for use in environmental, educational and recreational purposes. The following tasks are assigned to natural parks:

Preservation of the natural environment, natural landscapes;

Creation of conditions for recreation (including mass recreation) and preservation of recreational resources;

Development and implementation of effective methods of nature protection and maintenance of ecological balance in the conditions of recreational use of territories of natural parks.

d) State natural reserves - territories (water areas) that are of particular importance for the conservation or restoration of natural complexes and their components and maintaining the ecological balance. State natural reserves can have a different profile, including being: complex (landscape), intended for the conservation and restoration of natural complexes (natural landscapes);

Biological (botanical and zoological), intended for the conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of plants and animals, including species valuable in economic, scientific and cultural terms;

Paleontological, intended for the conservation of fossil objects;

Hydrological (marsh, lake, river, marine) designed to preserve and restore valuable water bodies and ecological systems;

Geological, designed to preserve valuable objects and complexes of inanimate nature,

e) Monuments of nature - unique, irreplaceable, valuable in ecological, scientific, cultural and aesthetic terms, natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin.

f) Dendrological parks and botanical gardens are nature protection institutions whose tasks include the creation of special collections of plants in order to preserve the diversity and enrichment of the flora, as well as the implementation of scientific, educational and educational activities.

g) Therapeutic areas and health resorts. These may include territories (water areas) suitable for organizing the treatment and prevention of diseases, as well as recreation for the population and possessing natural healing resources (mineral waters, therapeutic mud, brine of estuaries and lakes, healing climate, beaches, parts of water areas and inland seas, other natural objects and conditions). Medical and health-improving areas and resorts are allocated for the purpose of their rational use and ensuring the preservation of their natural healing resources and health-improving properties.

Specially protected natural areas(abbr. protected areas) - these are areas of land or water surface, which, due to their environmental and other significance, are completely or partially excluded from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established. According to the Federal Law “On Specially Protected Natural Territories”, these include: state nature reserves, including biosphere reserves; National parks; state nature reserves; monuments of nature; dendrological parks and botanical gardens.

The share of all specially protected natural areas in Russia accounts for about 10% of the territory. In 1996, the government of the Russian Federation adopted a resolution on the procedure for maintaining the state cadastre of specially protected natural areas. The state cadastre is an official document that contains information about all specially protected natural areas of federal, regional and local significance. The regime of these territories is protected by law. For violation of the regime, the legislation of the Russian Federation establishes administrative and criminal liability.

State natural reserves are territories completely withdrawn from economic use. They are environmental, research and educational institutions. Their goal is to preserve and study the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, unique ecosystems and individual species and communities of plants and animals. Reserves can be comprehensive and special. In complex reserves, the entire natural complex is protected to the same extent, and in special reserves, some of the most specific objects. For example, in the Stolby nature reserve, located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, unique rock formations are subject to protection, many of which are shaped like pillars.

Biosphere reserves, unlike ordinary ones, have an international status and are used to monitor changes in biospheric processes. Their selection began in the mid-70s of the last century and is carried out in accordance with the UNESCO program "Man and the Biosphere". The results of observations become the property of all countries participating in the program and international organizations. In addition to observations of biological objects of ecosystems, the main indicators of the state of the atmosphere, water, soil and other objects are also constantly recorded. At present, there are more than three hundred biosphere reserves in the world, of which 38 are in Russia (Astrakhan, Baikal, Barguzinsky, Lapland, Caucasian, etc.). On the territory of the Tver region, the Central Forest Biosphere State Reserve is located, in which work is underway to study and protect the ecosystems of the southern taiga.

National parks are vast territories (from several thousand to several million hectares), which include both completely protected areas and those intended for certain types of economic activity. The goals of creating national parks are ecological (preservation of natural ecosystems, development and implementation of methods for protecting the natural complex in conditions of mass admission of visitors) and recreational (regulated tourism and people's recreation).

There are more than 2300 national parks in the world. In Russia, the system of national parks began to form only in the 80s of the last century. Now in Russia there are 38 national parks. All of them belong to objects of federal property.

State natural reserves are territories intended for the conservation or restoration of natural complexes or their components and maintaining the ecological balance. Within their limits, economic activity is limited in order to protect one or many species of organisms, less often - ecosystems, landscapes. They can be complex, biological, hydrological, geological, etc. There are reserves of federal and regional significance. material from the site

Monuments of nature are unique, irreplaceable, ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of artificial or natural origin. These can be centuries-old trees, waterfalls, caves, habitats of rare and valuable plant species, etc. They can be of federal, regional and local significance. In the territories where natural monuments are located, and within the boundaries of their protected zones, any activity that entails a violation of the preservation of a natural monument is prohibited.

Dendrological parks and botanical gardens are environmental institutions whose tasks include creating a collection of plants, preserving diversity and enriching the plant world, as well as scientific, educational and educational activities. On their territories, any activity that is not related to the fulfillment of their tasks and entails a violation of the safety of floristic objects is prohibited. In dendrological parks and botanical gardens, work is also being carried out on the introduction and acclimatization of plant species new to the region. Currently in Russia there are 80 botanical gardens and dendrological parks of various departmental affiliations.

Type of lesson (type of lesson): lesson-journey

Target

Training:

• give an idea of ​​nature reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, natural monuments, botanical gardens and World Heritage sites;
• to form an idea of ​​the unity of the world, that "specially protected natural territories" are the property of all mankind.

Developing:

• develop analytical skills, the ability to draw their own conclusions.

Educational:

• to cultivate ecological culture, a sense of patriotism and responsibility for the fate of nature.

Intersubject communications:

• ecology,
• biology,
• story,
• Russian language

Ensuring the lesson.

Visual aids:

• multimedia presentation,
• video film

Technical training aids:

• multimedia projector,
• a computer,
• screen.

During the classes

I.Organizing time.

Greetings. Checking for absentees. Announcement of the topic and purpose of the lesson.

II. Explanation of new material.

The most effective forms of protection of biotic communities, as well as all natural ecosystems, include the state system of specially protected natural areas. Specially protected natural areas, the law on which was adopted by the State Duma on February 15, 1995, are designed to maintain an ecological balance, preserve the genetic diversity of natural resources, the most complete reflection of the biogeocenotic diversity of the country's biomes, the study of the evolution of ecosystems and the influence of anthropogenic factors on them, as well as for solving various economic and social problems.

Specially protected natural areas- plots of land, water surface and air space above them, where natural complexes and objects are located that have a special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health significance, which are withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in whole or in part from economic use and for which special protection regime is established.

Basic goals:

• preservation of unique natural landscapes;
• protection of the gene pool of endangered, relic species of plants and animals;
• provision of ecological conditions for their evolution;
• protection and protection of recreational ecosystems, etc.

According to the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories", the following main categories of these territories are distinguished:

a) state natural reserves, including biospheric ones;

b) national parks;

c) natural parks;

d) state nature reserves;

e) monuments of nature;

f) dendrological parks and botanical gardens.

g) health-improving areas and resorts.

Reserves.(Cslides 2-4, application)

Today we will get acquainted with some of them. We will start our journey through protected natural areas with reserves.

To command... Since ancient times, this word has meant in our language the desire of people to pass on to future generations in an intact, original form all the most valuable, the most beautiful, created by man or nature itself.

The history of the creation of reserves in Russia has its roots in the Middle Ages. Already from the 13th century there was a reserve Belovezhskaya Pushcha, intended for the Grand Duke's hunting, in the 18th century. the royal hunt "Izmailovo" was organized, and in the 19th century. - Imperial hunting "Kuznetsovo". From the middle of the XIX century. Count Strogonov in the Urals organized about 80 protected areas with a total area of ​​30 thousand hectares.

Modern reserves began to be organized at the beginning of the last century, in particular in 1916. "Kedrovaya Pad" (Primorsky Territory), "Barguzinsky" (Buryatia) and "Sayansky" (Krasnoyarsk Territory). Over time, a whole system of reserves arose in our country. Today, there are about 100 reserves operating in Russia, covering an area of ​​34 thousand hectares (or 2.2% of the territory of Russia). The sizes of reserves vary greatly. The largest Big Arctic has an area of ​​4.2 million hectares, and the forest-steppe reserve "Galichya Gora", located in the Don valley, is only 231 hectares.

The reserve is a specially protected area where any economic activity (including tourism) is completely prohibited in order to preserve natural complexes, protect animals and plants, and also monitor the processes occurring in nature.

With the help of reserves, three main tasks are solved:

• protection of flora, fauna and ecosystems;
• conducting scientific work;
• work on the restoration of rare and endangered species of plants and animals.

biosphere reserves- are part of a number of state nature reserves and are used as a background reserve-reference object in the study of biospheric processes. A unified global network of more than 300 biosphere reserves has now been created in the world, of which 16 are in Russia (Caucasus, Sikhote-Alin, Central Forest, etc.), which work according to the agreed UNESCO program and conduct constant monitoring of changes in the natural environment influenced by human activities.

Thus, thanks to the reserves, "islands" of wild nature, surrounded by a sea of ​​anthropogenic landscapes, rare species of plants and animals are preserved; ecological balance is maintained.

National parks. (Cslides 5-6, application)

National natural parks- these are specially protected natural complexes withdrawn from economic use that have ecological, genetic, scientific, environmental and educational, recreational value as typical or rare landscapes, habitats for communities of wild plants and animals, places of recreation, tourism, excursions, education of the population.

The main goal of national parks is the preservation of natural complexes and objects in combination with the organization of environmental education of the population in the process of direct acquaintance with typical and unique landscapes, plants and animals. As in reserves, they protect the standards of natural complexes and the gene pool of typical and rare organisms. Like nature reserves, these parks protect the resources of the animal and plant world, valuable and unique landscapes or their individual components. But at the same time, the specific tasks of national parks, which distinguish them from other categories of protected lands, are the preservation of unique recreational resources in relatively untouched nature and the creation of conditions for educational tourism and the organization of environmental education.

There are currently 35 national parks in Russia with a total area of ​​about 70,000 sq. km.

The most famous natural national parks in Russia include Losiny Ostrov (a district of St. Petersburg), Sochi, Elbrus, Valdai, Russian North.

Topic: "Buzuluk forest - the pearl of the Orenburg region."

Reserves. (Cslides 7-10, application)

“Order” is a very old Russian word and means a prohibition on something. "Ordered" means "don't touch or do it wisely".

Sanctuaries are areas of natural areas within which (permanently or temporarily) certain types and forms of economic activity are prohibited in order to ensure the protection of one or more valuable objects of wildlife or scenic types of landscape.

At the same time, the economic use of other resources is allowed, but in a form that does not adversely affect the protected species or group of species.

For example, in the Tikhvinsky district of the Leningrad region, there is the Vienna Forest reserve, in which virgin spruce forests are taken under special protection, at the same time hunting and tourism are not prohibited.

There are several types of reserves. The most common:

• Landscape (or complex), designed to preserve and restore natural complexes (natural landscapes);
• Hydrological (sea, river, lake, swamp) designed to preserve and restore valuable water bodies and ecological systems;
• biological (botanical, zoological); intended for the conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of plants and animals, including species valuable in economic, scientific and cultural terms; the latter can include special reserves for growing medicinal herbs, for the reproduction of cedar forests, for increasing the number of valuable fur-bearing animals, etc.

Currently, there are more than 4,000 reserves in Russia.

They can be of various purposes - federal, republican, regional, regional.

Orders are created for a specific period(in some cases permanently) to save or restorenatural complexes or their components and maintaining ecological balance. After the restoration of the population density of animal and plant species, natural landscape, etc., the reserves are closed.

Monuments of nature.(Slides 11-12, appendix)

In accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Specially Protected Natural Territories" dated February 15, 1995, natural monuments are unique, irreplaceable, environmentally, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin. These can be: caves, canyons, gorges, waterfalls, lagoons, geysers, ancient trees, etc.

The main purpose of declaring natural complexes and objects as natural monuments is to preserve their natural state. Sometimes reserves are created around them to preserve the most valuable natural monuments. For example, in order to preserve the most beautiful cascading waterfall Kivach on the Suna River (in Karelia), the Kivach Nature Reserve with an area of ​​102 km2 was created.

Monuments of nature may have federal, regional or local significance, depending on the environmental, aesthetic and other value of protected natural complexes and objects.

The most common natural monuments are at the regional level, there are only 39 natural monuments of federal significance with a total area of ​​28.0 thousand hectares, of regional significance - more than 9 thousand with a total area of ​​4.15 million hectares.

Botanical gardens and dendrological parks.(Slides 13-15, Appendix)

The state standard of Russia defines Botanical Garden as "Special Purpose Landscaped Area, which hosts collections of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants for scientific research and educational purposes."

As a rule, auxiliary institutions operate at botanical gardens - greenhouses, herbariums, libraries of botanical literature, nurseries, excursion and educational departments.

The first botanical garden was founded at the beginning of the 14th century. in Italy at the medical school in Salerno. In Western Europe, monastic gardens laid the foundation for botanical gardens, and in Russia - "apothecary gardens". The first botanical garden in Russia was founded by Peter I in 1706 at the Moscow State University and was called the Apothecary Garden, and in 1714 - the Imperial Botanical Garden in St. Petersburg.

Botanical gardens, in which trees are mainly studied, are called dendrological parks (arboretums).

Arboretum- (from the Greek Dendron - tree) a plot of territory where woody plants (trees, shrubs, lianas) are cultivated in open ground, placed according to systematic, geographical, ecological, decorative and other features.

Arboretums have a scientific, educational, cultural and educational or experimental production purpose. The territories of dendrological parks and botanical gardens are intended only to fulfill their direct tasks, while land plots are transferred for perpetual (permanent) use either to parks or to research or educational institutions in charge of which they are located.

Direct tasks are:

• study of plant biology and ecology under stationary conditions;
• scientific foundations of ornamental gardening, landscape architecture;
• introducing wild plants into cultivation;
• breeding methods and techniques to create sustainable decorative compositions;
• plant acclimatization.

Currently, there are more than 80 botanical gardens and dendrological parks in Russia, which are under the jurisdiction of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In Russia, the richest collections of tree species are collected in the arboretum of the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow), the Forest Engineering Academy (St. Petersburg), and in the Sochi Arboretum.

Now we will make a video tour of the Sochi arboretum.

Video tour of the Sochi Arboretum (fragment of the popular science film "Sochi Arboretum").

Monuments of the World Heritage.(Slides 16-18, appendix)

In 1972, the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization of UNESCO adopted the International Convention.

The purpose of the convention is to create an effective system of collective protection of cultural and natural heritage of outstanding and universal value, organized on a permanent basis and in accordance with modern scientific methods.

World Heritage Site status provides the following benefits:

• increases the prestige of the territory and creates additional guarantees for the safety and integrity of unique natural complexes and cultural and historical sites;
• ensures priority in attracting financial resources to support World Cultural and Natural Heritage sites, primarily from the World Heritage Fund;
• contributes to the organization of monitoring and control over the state of conservation of natural objects.

By joining the convention, each state undertakes to preserve the World Heritage sites and sites located on its territory. Thus, the preservation of such objects for future generations becomes a responsible task for both the state itself and the entire international community.

As of July 1, 2009, there are 890 objects in the World Heritage List (including 689 cultural, 176 natural and 25 mixed) in 148 countries: individual architectural structures and ensembles - Acropolis (Greece), Versailles (France), the historical center of Warsaw ( Poland) and St. Petersburg (Russia), the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square; cities of Brazil and Venice, natural: Galapagos islands, Yeluston National Park, Lake Baikal, volcanoes of Kamchatka, etc.

Currently, 15 cultural and 8 natural sites have the status of a World Heritage Site in Russia: the virgin forests of Komi, Lake Baikal, volcanoes of Kamchatka, the golden mountains of Altai, the Western Caucasus, the Sikhote-Alin nature reserve, Wrangel Island.

The most unique is Lake Baikal. This is one of the greatest lakes on the planet: the deepest (1637 m), the oldest (about 25 million years), with the most diverse flora and fauna among fresh water bodies.

Student presentation accompanied by a slide show or multimedia presentation.

Topic: "Lake Baikal - the greatest lake on the planet."

World heritage sites included in the special list of UNESCO are of great interest to the entire population of the planet. Unique natural and cultural objects make it possible to preserve those unique corners of nature and man-made monuments that demonstrate the richness of nature and the possibilities of the human mind.

IV. Conclusion:

Nature is the greatest wonder of our planet. It is infinitely diverse and beautiful, but also vulnerable to the onslaught of rapidly developing technological progress. To control the degree of anthropogenic changes in nature and their consequences, it is necessary to preserve the standards (samples) of untouched territories.

Conducted scientific research and accumulated world experience in using the status of specially protected areas - this effective form of conservation of natural ecosystems - indicate the need for a significant increase in their area in our country in the coming decades.

V. Fixing material:

In order to see how you have learned the material, we will play a game. In front of you are 12 colored buttons with numbers behind which questions are hidden. Each column is a command. A representative of each team in turn chooses a question that appears on the screen. You have 5 seconds to think about your answer. If the respondent does not know the correct answer, then the team can help him, but in this case the question is worth half a point. After the spoken answer, the correct answer is displayed on the screen, and if the answers match, the team receives a point. And the right to move is given to the next team. The maximum you can score is 4 points.

1. A specially protected area, within which it is strictly forbidden to stay, is called ... nature reserve
2. Which protected natural areas are transferred for perpetual use to research or educational institutions. botanical gardens
3. What ancient and primitive cereal is of great interest in the Sochi Arboretum? Bamboo
4. What specially protected areas are created for a certain period and closed after the restoration of the population of animals or plants? Reserve
5. Protected areas where economic activity is not allowed, but organized recreation, tourism, excursions are allowed are called ... national parks
6. To what category of protected natural areas can 350-year-old pine trees located in the Buzuluk forest be attributed. To natural monuments
7. What is the name of the organization that approved the list of World Heritage sites (monuments)? UNESCO
8. What is the status of unique natural areas of great interest to the entire population of the planet? Objects (monuments) of the World Heritage.
9. What type of protected natural areas allowed to restore the number of beaver and bison in our country? Reserve
10. Which protected area was previously intended for the Grand Duke's hunting? Reserve
11. Buzuluk forest is a specially protected natural area and has the status of… national park
12. Which category of protected natural areas include geysers, waterfalls, caves? natural monuments

VI. Homework:

Using definitions, make a comparative description of protected natural areas