However, this list differs greatly from the official data on the composition of the first Council of People's Commissars. First, writes the Russian historian Yuri Emelyanov in his work “Trotsky. Myths and personality”, it includes people's commissars from various compositions of the Council of People's Commissars, which have changed many times. Secondly, according to Yemelyanov, Dikiy mentions a number of people's commissariats that never existed at all! For example, for cults, for elections, for refugees, for hygiene ... But the real people's commissariats of communications, post offices and telegraphs are absent in the list of Wild at all!
Further: Dyky claims that the first Council of People's Commissars included 20 people, although it is known that there were only 15 of them.
A number of positions are not specified correctly. So, the chairman of the Petrosoviet G.E. Zinoviev actually never held the post of People's Commissar of Internal Affairs. Proshyan, whom Dikiy calls "Protian" for some reason, was the People's Commissar for Posts and Telegraphs, not for agriculture.
Several of the mentioned "members of the Council of People's Commissars" never entered the government. I.A. Spitsberg was an investigator of the VIII liquidation department of the People's Commissariat of Justice. Who is meant by Lilina-Knigissen is not at all clear: either the actress M.P. Lilin, or Z.I. Lilina (Bernstein), who worked as the head of the department of public education at the executive committee of the Petrosoviet. Cadet A.A. Kaufman participated as an expert in the development of land reform, but he also had nothing to do with the Council of People's Commissars. The name of the People's Commissar of Justice was not Steinberg at all, but Steinberg ...
The SNK is the highest government body that exercised executive power in Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1946. This abbreviation stands for Council of People's Commissars, since this institution consisted of the heads of people's commissariats. This body first existed in Russia, but after the formation of the Soviet Union in 1922, similar entities were formed in other republics. The following year after the end of the war, it was transformed into the Council of Ministers.
emergence
The Council of People's Commissars is a government that was originally created as a temporary body of representatives of peasants, soldiers and workers. It was assumed that it was to function until the convocation of the Constituent Assembly. The origin of the name of the term is unknown. There are points of view that it was proposed either by Trotsky or Lenin.
The Bolsheviks planned its formation even before the October Revolution. They invited the Left SRs to join the new political entity, but they refused, as did the Mensheviks and the Right SRs, so a one-party government was convened as a result. However, after the Constituent Assembly was dissolved, it turned out that it became permanent. The Council of People's Commissars is a body that was formed by the country's highest legislative institution - the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.
Functions
He was in charge of the general management of all the affairs of the new state. It could issue decrees, which, however, could be suspended by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Decisions in this governing body were made very simply - by a majority of votes. At the same time, the chairman of the mentioned legislative institution, as well as members of the government, attended the meetings. The Council of People's Commissars is an institution that included a special department for managing cases that prepares questions for consideration. His staff was quite impressive - 135 people.
Peculiarities
Legally, the powers of the Council of People's Commissars were fixed by the Soviet Constitution of 1918, which stated that the body should be engaged in the management of general affairs in the state, in some sectors.
In addition, the document stated that the Council of People's Commissars should issue bills and decrees necessary for the proper functioning of public life in the country. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee controlled all adopted resolutions and, as mentioned above, could suspend their action. In total, 18 commissariats were formed, the main ones were dedicated to military, foreign and maritime affairs. The people's commissar was directly in charge of the administration and could single-handedly make decisions. After the formation of the USSR, the Council of People's Commissars began to perform not only executive, but also administrative functions.
Compound
The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was formed in very difficult conditions of political change and the struggle for power. A. Lunacharsky, who took the post of the first people's commissar of education, argued that its composition turned out to be random. V. Lenin had a great influence on his work. Many of its members were not specialists in the fields they were supposed to lead. In the 1930s, many members of the government were repressed. According to experts, the Council of People's Commissars consisted of representatives of the intelligentsia, while the Bolshevik Party declared that this body should be workers' and peasants'.
The interests of the proletariat were represented by only two people, which subsequently gave rise to the so-called workers' opposition, which demanded representation. In addition to the above layers, the working group of the institution included nobles, petty officials, the so-called petty-bourgeois elements.
In general, the national composition of the SNK is still controversial among scientists. Among the most famous politicians who held positions in this body, there are such names as Trotsky, who was in charge of foreign affairs, Rykov (he was in charge of the internal affairs of the young state), as well as Antonov-Ovseenko, who served as People's Commissar for Naval Affairs . The first chairman of the Council of People's Commissars is Lenin.
change
After the formation of the new Soviet state, there were changes in this body. From a Russian institution, it turned into an all-Union government. At the same time, his powers were distributed among the allied authorities. Local republican councils were created on the ground. In 1924, the Russian and All-Union bodies formed a single department for affairs. In 1936, this governing body was transformed into the Council of Ministers, which performed the same function as the Council of People's Commissars.
The revolutionary events of October 1917, rapidly developing, required clear action on the part of the leaders of the new government. It was necessary not only to take control of all aspects of the life of the state, but also to effectively manage them. The situation was complicated by the outbreak of a civil conflict, the devastation in the economy and economy caused by the First World War.
In the most difficult conditions of confrontation and struggle between different political forces, the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopted and approved by decree a decision to create a distribution body, called the Council of People's Commissars.
The resolution regulating the procedure for the creation of this body, however, as well as the definition of "People's Commissar", was fully prepared by Vladimir Lenin. Nevertheless, before the SNK was considered a temporary committee.
Thus, the government of the new state was established. This marked the beginning of the formation of the central system of power and its institutions. The adopted resolution determined the basic principles in accordance with which the organization of the government body and its further activities were carried out.
The creation of the Commissars became the most important stage of the revolution. He demonstrated the ability of people who came to power to organize themselves to effectively solve the problems of governing the country. In addition, the decision adopted by the Congress on October 27 became the starting point for the history of the creation of a new state.
The Council of People's Commissars included 15 representatives. They distributed leadership positions among themselves in accordance with the main branches of management. Thus, all spheres of economic and economic development, including foreign missions, the naval complex and the affairs of nationalities, were concentrated in the hands of one political force. Headed the government V.I. Lenin. Membership was received by V. A. Antonov-Ovseenko, N. V. Krylenko, A. V. Lunacharsky, I. V. Stalin and others.
At the time of the creation of the Council of People's Commissars, the railway department was temporarily without a legitimate commissar. The reason for this was Vikzhel's attempt to take control of the industry into his own hands. Until the problem was solved, the new appointment was postponed.
He became the first people's government and showed the ability of the worker-peasant class to create administrative structures. The appearance of such a body testified to the exit to a fundamentally new level of organization of power. The government's activities were based on the principles of people's democracy and collegiality in making important decisions, while the leading role was given to the party. A close relationship was established between the government and the people. It is worth noting that the Council of People's Commissars, according to the decision of the All-Russian Congress, was an accountable body. His activities were tirelessly monitored by other power structures, including the All-Russian Congress of Soviets.
The creation of a new government marked the victory of the revolutionary forces in Russia.
After the revolution, the new communist government had to rebuild the system of government. This is objective, because the very essence of power and its social sources have changed. How Lenin and his associates succeeded, we will consider in this article.
Formation of the power system
It should be noted that at the first stages of the development of the new state, in the conditions of the Civil War, the Bolsheviks had certain problems in the process of forming government bodies. The reasons for this phenomenon are both objective and subjective. Firstly, many settlements in the course of hostilities often fell under the control of the White Guards. Secondly, the trust of the people in the new government was weak at first. And most importantly, none of the new government officials had experience of working in
What is SNK?
The system of supreme power had more or less stabilized by the time the USSR was founded. The state at that time was officially ruled by the Council of People's Commissars. The Council of People's Commissars is the supreme body of executive and administrative power in the USSR. In fact, we are talking about the government. Under this name, the organ officially existed from 07/06/1923 to 03/15/1946. Due to the impossibility of holding elections and convening a parliament, at first the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR also had the functions of legislative power. Even this fact tells us that there was no democracy in the Soviet period. The combination of the executive and in the hands of one body speaks of the dictatorship of the party.
This body had a clear structure and hierarchy of positions. Council of People's Commissars - which made decisions unanimously or by majority vote during its meetings. As already noted, in terms of its type, the executive body of the USSR of the interwar period is very similar to modern governments.
The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was headed by the Chairman. In 1923, V.I. Lenin. The structure of the body provided for the positions of Vice-Chairmen. There were 5 of them. Unlike the current structure of the government, where there is a First Deputy Prime Minister and three or four ordinary Deputy Prime Ministers, there was no such division. Each of the deputies oversaw a separate area of work of the Council of People's Commissars. This had a beneficial effect on the work of the body and the situation in the country, because it was in those years (from 1923 to 1926) that the NEP policy was carried out most effectively.
In its activities, the Council of People's Commissars tried to cover all spheres of the economy, economy, as well as the humanitarian direction. Such conclusions can be drawn by analyzing the list of people's commissariats of the USSR in the 1920s:
Internal Affairs;
On agricultural issues;
The People's Commissariat of Defense was called "for military and naval affairs";
Commercial and industrial direction;
public education;
Finance;
Foreign Affairs;
People's Commissariat of Justice;
The People's Commissariat, which oversaw the food sector (especially important, provided the population with food);
People's Commissariat of Railway Communication;
On national issues;
In the field of printing.
Most of the areas of activity of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, formed almost 100 years ago, remain in the sphere of interests of modern governments, and some (for example, the press) were especially relevant then, because only with the help of leaflets and newspapers it was possible to propagate communist ideas.
Normative acts of the Council of People's Commissars
After the revolution, she took the right to publish both ordinary and emergency documents. What is a SNK Decree? In the understanding of lawyers, this is a decision of an official or collegial body, adopted under conditions. In the understanding of the leadership of the USSR, decrees are important documents that laid the foundations for relations in certain sectors of the country's life. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR received the authority to issue decrees under the Constitution of 1924. Having familiarized ourselves with the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, we see that documents with that name are no longer mentioned there. In history, such decrees of the Council of People's Commissars are best known: on land, on peace, on the separation of the state from the church.
The text of the last pre-war Constitution no longer refers to decrees, but to the right of the Council of People's Commissars to issue resolutions. The Council of People's Commissars lost its legislative function. All power in the country passed to the party leaders.
The Council of People's Commissars is a body that existed until 1946. It was later renamed the Council of Ministers. The system of organization of power, set out on paper in a document of 1936, was almost ideal at that time. But we are well aware that it was all only official.
The Bolsheviks introduced only one Jew, Trotsky L. D., to the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars, who took the post of People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs.
The national composition of the Council of People's Commissars is still the subject of speculation:
Andrey Dikiy, in his work "Jews in Russia and the USSR", claims that the composition of the Council of People's Commissars was allegedly as follows:
Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom, SNK) 1918:
Lenin is chairman
Chicherin - foreign affairs, Russian;
Lunacharsky - enlightenment, Jew;
Dzhugashvili (Stalin) - nationalities, Georgians;
Protian - agriculture, Armenian;
Larin (Lurie) - economic council, Jew;
Schlichter - supply, Jew;
Trotsky (Bronstein) - army and navy, Jew;
Lander - state control, Jew;
Kaufman - state property, Jew;
V. Schmidt - labor, Jew;
Lilina (Knigissen) - national health, Jewish;
Svalbard - cults, Jew;
Zinoviev (Apfelbaum) - internal affairs, Jew;
Anvelt - hygiene, Jew;
Isidor Gukovsky - finance, Jew;
Volodarsky - press, Jew; Uritsky - elections, Jew;
I. Steinberg - justice, Jew;
Fengstein - refugees, Jew.
In total, out of 20 people's commissars - one Russian, one Georgian, one Armenian and 17 Jews.
Yuri Emelyanov in his work "Trotsky. Myths and Personality" provides an analysis of this list:
The "Jewish" character of the Council of People's Commissars was obtained through machinations: not the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars, published in the decree of the Second Congress of Soviets, was mentioned, but only those people's commissariats that were ever headed by Jews were pulled out of the many times changing composition of the Council of People's Commissars.
Thus, L. D. Trotsky, who was appointed to this post on April 8, 1918, is mentioned as People’s Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs, and A. G. Schlichter, who really occupied this post, but only until February 25, 1918 and, by the way, was not a Jew. At the moment when Trotsky really became the People's Commissar of the Navy, the Great Russian Tsyurupa A.D.
Another method of fraud is the invention of a number of people's commissariats that never existed.
So, Andrey Diky in the list of people's commissariats mentioned never existed people's commissariats for cults, for elections, for refugees, for hygiene.
Volodarsky is mentioned as People's Commissar for the Press; in fact, he really was a commissar for the press, propaganda and agitation, but not a people's commissar, a member of the Council of People's Commissars (that is, in fact the government), but a commissar of the Union of Northern Communes (a regional association of Soviets), an active conductor of the Bolshevik Decree on the press.
And, on the contrary, the list does not include, for example, the real-life People's Commissariat of Railways and the People's Commissariat of Posts and Telegraphs.
As a result, even the number of people's commissariats does not agree with Andrei Diky: he mentions the number 20, although there were 14 people in the first composition, in 1918 the number was increased to 18.
Some positions are listed incorrectly. So, the chairman of the Petrosoviet, G. E. Zinoviev, is mentioned as People's Commissar for Internal Affairs, although he never held this position.
People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs Proshyan (here - "Protian") is assigned the leadership of "agriculture".
Jewishness was arbitrarily attributed to a number of persons, for example, the Russian nobleman Lunacharsky A.V., the Estonian Anvelt Ya.Ya., the Russified Germans Schmidt V.V. and Lander K.I., etc. The origin of Schlichter A.G. is not entirely clear , most likely, he is a Russified (more precisely, Ukrainianized) German.
Some persons are generally fictitious: Spitsberg (perhaps, this refers to the investigator of the VIII liquidation department of the People's Commissariat of Justice, I. A. Spitsberg, who became famous for his aggressive atheistic position), Lilina-Knigissen (perhaps, this refers to the actress Lilina M. P., the government never included, or Lilina (Bernstein) Z.I., who was also not a member of the Council of People's Commissars, but worked as the head of the department of public education under the executive committee of the Petrosoviet), Kaufman (perhaps this refers to cadet Kaufman A.A., according to some sources, attracted by the Bolsheviks as an expert in the development of land reform, but never a member of the Council of People's Commissars).
The list also mentions two Left Social Revolutionaries, whose non-Bolshevism is not indicated in any way: People's Commissar of Justice Steinberg I. Z. (referred to as "I. Steinberg") and People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs Proshyan P. P., referred to as "Protian-Agriculture" . Both politicians were extremely negative about the post-October Bolshevik policy. Gukovsky I. E. before the revolution belonged to the Mensheviks-“liquidators” and accepted the post of people’s commissar of finance only under pressure from Lenin.
And here is the real composition of the first Council of People's Commissars (according to the text of the decree):
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars - Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin)
People's Commissar for Internal Affairs - A. I. Rykov
People's Commissar of Agriculture - V. P. Milyutin
People's Commissar of Labor - A. G. Shlyapnikov
The People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs - a committee consisting of: V. A. Ovseenko (Antonov) (in the text of the Decree on the formation of the Council of People's Commissars - Avseenko), N. V. Krylenko and P. E. Dybenko
People's Commissar for Trade and Industry - V. P. Nogin
People's Commissar of Public Education - A. V. Lunacharsky
People's Commissar for Finance - I. I. Skvortsov (Stepanov)
People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs - L. D. Bronstein (Trotsky)
People's Commissar of Justice - G. I. Oppokov (Lomov)
People's Commissar for Food Affairs - I. A. Teodorovich
People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs - N. P. Avilov (Glebov)
People's Commissar for Nationalities - I. V. Dzhugashvili (Stalin)
The post of People's Commissar for Railway Affairs remained temporarily unfilled.
The vacant post of People's Commissar for Railway Affairs was later taken by VI Nevsky (Krivobokov).
But what does it matter now? The chief said 80 - 85% of the Jews! So that's how it was! By the way, don't forget to write this down in your new history textbook. This certainly corresponds to the geopolitical interests of Russia, since Putin believes there ...
Or do you want to correct yourself? Oh, Jews, don't even think about it! Otherwise, blame yourself. In short, now the jamb with Bolshevik repressions is definitely on you!
Here is the exact quote from the guarantor:
"The decision to nationalize this library (Schneerson - AK) was made by the first Soviet government, and its members were approximately 80-85% Jews. But they, guided by false ideological considerations, then went to arrests and repressions of both Jews and Orthodox, and representatives of other faiths - Muslims - they were all one size fits all. These are ideological blinkers and false ideological attitudes - they, thank God, have collapsed. And today, in fact, we are, in fact, handing over these books to the Jewish community with a smile."
As they say, "Ostap suffered ..."
