Scenario of the event dedicated to the Black Sea Day.

Form of conducting: oral journal

Goals:

To expand and deepen students' knowledge of their native land;

To give historical and biological knowledge about the Black Sea;

To cultivate love for the motherland, the desire to protect nature;

To acquaint with the environmental problems of the Black Sea;

Acquaintance with the work of poets, writers, composers and artists dedicated to the Black Sea.

Equipment:multimedia projector, computer, nature music

Against the background of the sounds of the surf of the sea and calm music, the student recites a poem

Reader 1 ( K. Kleymenov "Black Sea") (slide 1)

The Black Sea is not black at all,

It was invented by someone from evil.

It's blue and spacious

only the surf foam is white.

Here it sighs a little, sways,

Gently ringing with flat pebbles...

There is some music in it.

What excites and attracts me ...

Presenter 1

Our event is dedicated to the International Black Sea Day and includes: an oral magazine, a quiz and summing up the results of a correspondence quiz and wall newspaper competition.

Lead 2 (slide 2)

On October 31, 1996, 6 countries: Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey signed a document - "Strategic Action Plan for the Rehabilitation and Protection of the Black Sea". The need to draw up such a document arose after the announcement of the results of studies of the Black Sea, which showed that over the past 30 years its condition has worsened. To stop these processes and treat the sea with care, the Black Sea states took this step.

Since 1997 this day has been celebrated as the International Black Sea Day. The strategic plan is the first attempt to unite and coordinate the actions of all Black Sea countries to save the Black Sea. And today it is very important that each person not only understands the essence of this Plan, but also actively participates in its implementation. Our oral journal is a small contribution to the great cause of saving this unique pearl of nature.

And today we will make a wonderful journey through the Black Sea.

Reader 2 ( A.S. Pushkin about the Black Sea) (slide 3)

Sea of ​​fairy tales and mysteries

The Black Sea keeps!

The scent of legends is so sweet

The magic of legends is a magnet!

A sea of ​​truths, revelations,

A sea of ​​fiction and secrets

A sea of ​​thousands of generations

A sea of ​​hundreds of thousands of countries!

There were Turks, Persians, Greeks,

And the Tatar horde

Made raids here

To posts and cities.

Along the Caucasian passes,

The bed of Assy at sunset,

Walking loaded with goods

Tehran and Samarkand.

Let's remember a song about Jason,

His campaign was not close,

But Argo was driven by the waves

At sea - Pont is still Aksinsky!

Lands of fabulous Colchis,

Amazon far shore,

Here we can find everything

What secrets were kept from us.

The history of the formation of the Black Sea (slides 4 - 8)

Throughout its geological history, the Black Sea has been either a lake or a sea.

About 50 million years ago, the Black Sea was a bay of the huge salt ocean Tethys, which covered the south of Europe and the north of Africa with its waters. It was named after the daughter of the king of the seas, Thetis (or Thetis). When, under the influence of powerful geological forces, mountain ranges (the Balkans, Carpathians, Crimean and Caucasian mountains, Pamir) rose above the surface of the ocean, the ocean was divided into a number of separate seas: the Mediterranean, Black, Marmara, Azov, Caspian, Aral. Periodically, these seas connected and separated, new seas were formed.

The last connection of the Black and Mediterranean Seas occurred about 7500 thousand years ago and was catastrophic. The strongest earthquake split the land. The modern Bosphorus arose. Huge masses of salty Mediterranean water rushed into the basin of the Black Sea, which at that time was the deepest freshwater lake on Earth, causing the death of a huge number of freshwater inhabitants. So many of them died that the decomposition of the remains of their organisms in the depths of the sea, devoid of oxygen, created the initial supply of hydrogen sulfide, which continues to exist to this day. The Black Sea has become the "Sea of ​​Dead Depths".
Historians believe that this whole cataclysm took place before the eyes of a person who lived here. Are not these events the worldwide flood? After all, as you know, Noah moored his ark to the Caucasian Mount Ararat, which then could well look like an island in a raging stream at the confluence of two seas.

The history of the origin of the name Black Sea (slides 9 - 13)

In ancient times, it was called the Pontic Sea or simply Pontus. In the VI century BC. the Greeks called it Pontus Aksinsky - the Inhospitable Sea, later, in the 5th century. BC. began to call it Pontus Euxinus - the Hospitable Sea. They also called it by the name of the peoples that inhabited its shores - the Tauride, Scythian, Surozh, Greek, Russian seas. From written sources it is known that from the XIII century. sailors and merchants of Southern Europe called the sea the Great and Black, the Turks called it Kara Deniz - the Black Sea, it bore the name of Mavri Thalassa.

For the first time presenttitlefound in chronicles of the 13th century.

There are several versions why the sea was called Black.

Turkish hypothesis

According to the historical hypothesis, the modern name of the Black Sea was given by the Turks and other conquerors who tried to conquer the population of the sea coast. On the shores they met a fierce rebuff from the Circassians, Circassians and other tribes, for which they called the sea Karadengiz - Black, inhospitable.

Sailors hypothesis

From the point of view of sailors, the sea is called Black because of the strong storms during which the water in the sea darkens. True, strong storms in the Black Sea are rare, and strong excitement (more than 6 points) is also - no more than 17 days a year. And the change in the color of the water is typical for any sea, not only for the Black Sea. It is also claimed that the sea could be called Black because of the black silt that remains on the shore after a storm. But this silt is more gray than black.

Hypothesis of hydrologists

According to hydrologists, the sea is called Black because any metal objects lowered to a great depth rise blackened to the surface. The reason is hydrogen sulfide, which is saturated with Black Sea water at a depth of more than 200 m.

Because of hydrogen sulfide, the Black Sea is also called the sea of ​​dead depths. The thing is that the water does not mix well there, and hydrogen sulfide accumulates at the bottom. This is a product of the vital activity of bacteria, which live in large numbers in the depths. They decompose the corpses of animals and plants. Starting from a depth of 150-200 m, there is no other life in the Black Sea. Over millions of years, bacteria have accumulated more than a billion tons of hydrogen sulfide.

There is no single scientific theory on this issue.

Black Sea today ( slides 14 - 31)

Black Sea- swimming pool. The strait connects with the sea, further, through the strait with and the Mediterranean Seas. connects with the sea. From the north it cuts deep into the sea. The water boundary between and passes along the surface of the Black Sea. Flowing rivers:,. The area of ​​the Black Sea is 422,000 km according to other sources - 436,400 km. The outlines of the Black Sea resemble an oval with the largest axis about 1150 km. The greatest length of the sea from north to south is 580 km. The greatest depth is 2210 m, the average is 1240 m. The volume of water in the sea is 555 thousand km 3. The sea washes the shores of Russia, and (the territories located around the sea are traditionally referred to as the term "").

The Black Sea is an important transportation area.

A significant volume of maritime transport is made up of flights that provide exports to and from ports in turn and and. Novorossiysk oil terminals are able to receive. A deep-water gas pipeline "" was laid along the bottom of the Black Sea, connecting Russia and Turkey. Its length is 392 km. The international transport corridor Europe-Caucasus-Asia passes through the Black Sea.

In addition to oil and oil products, which occupy the main place, ores, metal, cement, and grain are exported. The main volumes of imports fall on non-ferrous metal ores, metal, sugar and other foodstuffs, machinery and equipment. In the Black Sea basin, container transportation is widely developed, railroad () - () and () - () operate. Developed in the Black Sea and sea passenger traffic.

Favorable climatic conditions in the Black Sea region determine its development as an important resort region. The largest resort areas on the Black Sea include:( , ) in Ukraine, ( , ) in Russia, Abkhazia, and Bulgaria, and .

In addition, the Black Sea retains an important strategic and military significance. In and are the main Russian military bases.

Inhabitants of the Black Sea (slides 32 - 42)

The flora of the sea includes 300 species of multicellular green, brown, redbottom (, , and etc.).

As part of Black Sea - not less than700 types. Among them are flagellates, includingor peridinium algae, various, etc.

The Black Sea is noticeably poorer than the Mediterranean due to the low salinity of the water and the presence of hydrogen sulfide at a depth of 200 meters. In the Mediterranean - 9 thousand.

Lives in the Black Sea:

- mammals - 3 species, fish - 180 species, - 500 kinds, 200 kinds, the rest are unicellular and invertebrates.

Among harmless animals, there are also species dangerous to humans: jellyfish Cornerot and Aurelia, Scorpion, Sea dragon and Stingray - stingray.

Environmental problems of the Black Sea (slides 43 - 48)

To date, there aresome of the most important environmental problems of the Black Sea:1) Severe pollution of rivers flowing into the sea, especially with runoff from fields containingpesticide,mineral fertilizers,features and . This entails a re-fertilization () of the waters of the sea.

2) Water pollution by oil and oil products (the most polluted areas are the western part of the sea, which accounts for the largest volume of tanker traffic, as well as port waters). As a result, this leads to the death of marine animals caught in oil slicks, as well as air pollution due to the evaporation of oil and oil products from the water surface.

3) Massive fish catchover the past 50 years has led to a radical restructuring of the marine ecosystem twice. In the 1970s, the population of large predators decreased: dolphins, mackerel and tuna. As a result, small fish such as sprats and anchovies have multiplied. The fishermen switched to small fish, and by the beginning of the 1990s, there were none left. As a result, jellyfish filled the vacated ecological niche, amounting, according to the data, up to 90% of the mass of all living organisms in the Black Sea.

4) Pollution of the sea waters with human waste. Thus, 20 European countries are dumping untreated or insufficiently treated to the Black Sea, including through the Danube, Prut and Dnieper, and the main load falls on its northwestern, shallowest part, where 65% of all living organisms originate and the main spawning grounds are located.

5) Changes in the composition of the flora and fauna of the aquatic world due to alien animal species introduced into the sea.As a result of the mass discharge of the so-called ships sailing into the Black Sea , marine organisms enter the water, which should not be present in the water under natural conditions. It was in this way that species such as mollusks entered the Black Seaand, causing significant damage to the local.

Lead 2

Framed by the snow-white lace of the surf, it, calm or stormy, fascinates, makes you look at yourself tirelessly, and wonder, and admire, and calm down.

Since ancient times, it has been known to mankind, sung by many poets. Its wonderful landscapes, mild climate remain in the memory of everyone who has ever visited the Black Sea shores.

Poets about the Black Sea (slides 49 - 53)

Reader 3 ( Polezhaev A.I.)

I saw the sea, I measured

His greedy eyes;

I am in the strength of my spirit

I believed in his face.

"O sea, sea! - I dreamed

In thought sad and deep, -

Who first thought and stood

On your high shore?

Who, not solved for centuries,

I noticed the first sparkle of azure,

Thunder war and storm fury

In your baby waves?

Reader 4 (M.Yu. Lermontov "To the Sea")

Sea without end

Black and green rolling!

Howl, playing with fountains,

Feel free to run to the shore!

Love the fire-winged soul

The roar of struggle - make noise, boil!

Let me rejoice in strength

To her, calling to a new land.

Sea, sea, all over

After the wave, throw the wave

With anger, brilliance, the light of hell -

To the cliffs, to the heights!

Evil, rolling on the steep

Throw a wave after a wave

Shake the clouds in the sky!

Reader 5 ( Bulat Okudzhava "The Black Sea »)

Recalcitrant blue wave

everything runs, everything runs, does not end.

The Black Sea is like a cup of wine,

in the palm of my hand everything sways.

I keep thinking about one thing, one thing,

like a shore of hope leaving.

The Black Sea, like a cup of wine,

I drink in your name, throwing back.

Unchanging among many seas,

how to part with you, not to despair?

The Black Sea in my palm,

like a boat leaving, swaying.

Reader 6 ( Sergei Baruzdin "Black Sea")

Here it is -

Sea Black,

Look how spacious!

Don't wrap your arms around him

It cannot be measured in steps.

It is like a big bowl

But without end.

Here it is -

The sea is huge

Beats on the mountain rocks.

Near the Black Sea

People turn black.

People are roasting in the sun

The sea blows cool

Old people don't grow old here

This is where kids grow up.

Here it is -

The sea is spacious.

White sheep in the sea.

Near the Black Sea

People are getting bold.

In the world of beauty (slides 54 - 66)

The Black Sea became a source of inspiration for the famous Russian marine painter Ivan Aivazovsky. Storms and quiet expanse, beaches, rocks, secluded bays on the shores of the Black Sea have become nature for thousands of the painter's works. In Feodosia, there is an art gallery of I.K. Aivazovsky.

The most famous creation of the master is the “Ninth Wave”. A huge wave of the raging sea is ready to fall on the wreckage of a ship with a handful of people. This spectacle is scary and beautiful at the same time: the formidable element of water is conveyed with amazing art in the finest shades of color.

The Black Sea is a painting by Ivan Aivazovsky, painted in 1881. Another name for the painting is "A storm begins to play out on the Black Sea." In this picture, the stormy Black Sea is written - this is an image of the sea element. The horizon is far and calm, but as you approach, small waves peep through the sea surface. And now they have become huge ridges of waves. The water is still only swaying, but the movement is already menacing and inevitable.The ship is barely visible in the distance. The picture has only dark colors.

The critic Kramskoy wrote about this picture: “There is nothing on it except the sky and water, but it is an ocean boundless, endless, and the sky, if possible, is still endless.” Among his works there are others, for example: "Brig "Mercury", attacked by two Turkish ships", "Storm at sea at night", "Naval battle at Reval", "Storm over Evpatoria", "Review of the Black Sea Fleet in 1849","Sunset on the sea""Ship" Maria "during a storm" and others.

Another marine painter is Rylova A.A. His most famous painting, Into the Blue Space, was painted in 1919. "This is the Sea! What a big one! And above it is the same big sky.

Blue waves run across the sea. The wind rushes them, filling the white sails of the ship. White snow lies on brown rocks. White clouds float in the spacious blue sky. And between the sea and the sky, with strong wings spread wide, large blue birds fly. The artist gave us not only the sea, the sky, but also courage and strength.”

Black Sea in cinematography (slides 67 - 69)

Presenter 1

Favorable climate and numerous sunny days made the Black Sea a real paradise for filmmakers of the former USSR. Many films that entered the history of Soviet cinema were shot at the Odessa Film Studio, the Yalta Film Studio, and also by other film companies. Among the thousands of films that used the nature of the Black Sea, such movie hits as "Scarlet Sails", "Diamond Arm", "Ivan Vasilyevich Changes Profession", "Amphibian Man", "Assa" and many others.

Lead 2

So we turned the last page of our oral journal. And now the floor is given to our teachers, who will hold a quiz with all those present in this hall and sum up the results of the correspondence quiz and wall newspaper competition held as part of this event.

Quiz

The quiz consists of 11 questions that you have to answer. For each correct answer, a token will be given. Answers to questions can be supplemented and also receive tokens for this. Based on the results of the quiz, the winners who have collected the most tokens will be determined. All winners will be given souvenirs.

Answers:

1. If you go down into the sea to a depth of more than 150 meters, we will not see living organisms there. What is the cause of this phenomenon?

(If you go down into the sea to a depth of more than 150m, there really is no life there. The reason for this is the lack of oxygen. Since the bacteria living there at the bottom and in the water column decompose the remains and emit hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide is detrimental to plants and animals. Its concentration at 150m depth \u003d 0.1-0.2 mg / l of sea water, and in the depths of the sea, at the bottom - 10 mg / l. One of the legends about the origin of the Black Sea is associated with hydrogen sulfide: people lowered a metal load into the sea on a rope to measure the depth. And when they picked it up, it turned out to be black)

2. In the works of which famous artist, the description of the Black Sea was the main theme?

(The Black Sea was a source of inspiration for the Russian artist Ivan Aivazovsky. There is a national Aivazovsky art gallery in Feodosia)

3. What animal predicts the approach of a storm 10-15 hours in advance?

(Ordinary jellyfish can “foresee” the beginning of a storm in a day. Sometimes in clear and sunny weather they disappear imperceptibly somewhere. Local residents know that if there are no jellyfish near the coast, there will be a storm. And indeed, after 12-20 hours, huge waves already jellyfish are bad swimmers, and they try to get away from the coast ahead of time so as not to die in the surf zone. The crests and troughs of sea waves form eddies that generate infrasonic vibrations that propagate at a speed much higher than the wind speed and are imperceptible to humans and instruments, but are easily perceived by seabirds, fish, marine mammals, jellyfish and other inhabitants of the sea with the help of certain organs. This organ is most simply arranged in a jellyfish - infra-ear - an organ of balance capable of capturing infrasonic vibrations h frequency 8-13 Hz. The infra-ear of the jellyfish served as a model for Soviet designers to create an electronic automatic device for predicting storms. This device allows not only to determine the onset of a storm with 15 hours in advance, but also to determine the power of the storm)

4. What famous films were shot at the Odessa and Yalta film studios, using the landscape of the Black Sea?

(“Scarlet Sails”, “Amphibian Man”, “Diamond Arm”, “Pirates of the 20th Century” and others. The most famous film in the world shot on the Black Sea is S. Eisenstein’s black-and-white film “Battleship Potemkin” (1925)

5. Why does the Black Sea glow at night?

(During the day they sparkle like rainbows, and at night they glow. These are ctenophores. They have 8 sparkling cords along their body - rows of rowing plates, they are so thin that the light passing through them is split into rays of different colors - and each of the thousands of plates plays semi-colored flashes. The rowing wave begins at the top of the head and runs to the other end of the body. The ctenophore floats, and it seems to us that a multi-colored electrical discharge slips through it. The smallest ctenophore is pleurobrachia, the largest is menopsis, beroe).

6. Is there ice on the Black Sea?

(It happens. Almost every year, the Gulf of Odessa freezes for several days. In cold winters, ice stays here for two to three weeks, extending into the open sea.)

7. The skin of what fish was used in ancient times to polish precious woods?

(The skin of a shark was used to polish the wood. Shark scales are the same shark teeth, but growing from the skin. The scales are sharp and strong, directed back to the tail. Therefore, when you stroke the katran from head to tail, the sensation is that under the palm of your hand there is a smooth cold silk, but holding your hand in the opposite direction will not work at all: hundreds of needles - scales - will dig into the skin).

8. What states are located on the shores of the Black Sea?

(Ukraine, Russia, Georgia, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey)

9. Name the main pollutants of the Black Sea

1) nitrogen and phosphorus compounds coming from insufficiently treated wastewater;

2) oil produced in the Caspian is transferred to tankers in our city;

3) pesticides from the fields and heavy metals from industrial enterprises and thermal power plants;

4) radioactive substances after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant;

5) solid household waste that is thrown into the sea or ashore;

6) exotic species of plants and animals in the new conditions do not have enemies.

10. What is the largest peninsula of the Black Sea?

(Crimean peninsula)

11. What animals have venom glands?

1) jellyfish cornerot (burns the skin like boiling water, should not be picked up);

2) Aurelia jellyfish (if you hold it in your hands, and then rub your face, eyes, it will not be a laughing matter);

3) sea ruff, scorpion fish (the rays of the dorsal fin are turned into thorns, at the base of which is a poisonous gland. This is a weapon of defense. Wounds from thorns hurt, the area around the injections reddens and swells, general malaise of the body, the temperature rises. Treat the wound with iodine);

4) sea dragon (5 rays of the anterior dorsal fin and a spike growing back from the gill cover are poisonous. Treat wounds with iodine);

5) stingray - stingray (has a thorn on the tail, up to 20 cm long, the edges are sharp and jagged, a groove runs along the blade, along which dark poison flows from the poisonous gland on the tail. If you step on it, it inflicts a chopped deep wound, which must be handle).

Presenter 1

Our journey is coming to an end. Of course, it would not be complete without a song (there is a song about the sea performed by a student).

International Black Sea Day is celebrated annually on October 31st. On this day in 1996 in Istanbul (Turkey), representatives of the governments of Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Georgia signed a strategic action plan to save the Black Sea.

The need for such a document arose due to the danger of destruction of the unique natural complexes of the water area. At the same time, it was decided to make October 31 the International Day of the Black Sea.

The Black Sea is an inland sea of ​​the Atlantic Ocean basin. The Bosporus connects with the Sea of ​​Marmara, then, through the Dardanelles, with the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas. The Kerch Strait connects with the Sea of ​​Azov. From the north, the Crimean peninsula cuts deep into the sea. The water boundary between Europe and Asia Minor runs along the surface of the Black Sea.

The area is 422 thousand square kilometers (according to other sources - 436.4 thousand square kilometers). The greatest length of the sea from north to south is 580 kilometers. The greatest depth is 2210 meters, the average is 1240 meters.

The sea washes the shores of Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey and Georgia.

The largest rivers flow into the Black Sea: Danube, Dnieper, Dniester, as well as smaller Mzymta, Psou, Bzyb, Rioni, Kodori, Inguri (in the east of the sea), Chorokh, Kyzyl-Irmak, Ashli-Irmak, Sakarya (in the south), Southern Bug (in the north).

The flora of the Black Sea includes 270 species of multicellular green, brown, red bottom algae.

The fauna of the Black Sea is noticeably poorer than that of the Mediterranean Sea. The Black Sea is home to 2.5 thousand species of animals (including 500 species of unicellular, 160 species of vertebrates - fish and mammals, 500 species of crustaceans, 200 species of mollusks, the rest - invertebrates of various species), for comparison, in the Mediterranean - about 9 thousand species .

A characteristic feature of the Black Sea is the complete (except for a number of anaerobic bacteria) absence of life at depths of more than 150-200 meters due to the saturation of deep water layers with hydrogen sulfide.

The Black Sea is an important transportation area, as well as one of the largest resort regions in Eurasia.

In addition, the Black Sea retains an important strategic and military significance. The main military bases of the Russian Black Sea Fleet are located in Sevastopol and Novorossiysk.

The coast of the Black Sea and the basin of the rivers flowing into it are areas with a high anthropogenic impact, densely populated by humans since ancient times. The ecological state of the Black Sea is generally unfavorable. Among the main factors that disturb the balance in the ecological system of the sea are:

- severe pollution of rivers flowing into the sea, especially runoff from fields containing mineral fertilizers, especially nitrates and phosphates. This entails the rapid growth of phytoplankton ("bloom" of the sea - the intensive development of blue-green algae), a decrease in water transparency and the death of multicellular algae;

— pollution of waters by oil and oil products (the most polluted area is the western part of the sea, which accounts for the largest volume of tanker traffic, as well as port waters). This leads to the death of marine animals and air pollution due to the evaporation of oil and oil products from the surface of the water;

- pollution of sea waters by human waste - discharge of untreated or insufficiently treated wastewater, etc.

- mass fishing and prohibited, but used bottom trawling, which destroys bottom biocenoses;

— changes in the composition of the flora and fauna of the aquatic world under the influence of anthropogenic factors (including the displacement of indigenous species by exotic ones that appear as a result of human impact).

In order to protect the environment in the Black Sea area in 1998, the ACCOBAMS agreement (Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantik Area) was adopted, where one of the main issues is the conservation of Black Sea cetaceans.

The main international document regulating the protection of the Black Sea is the Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea from Pollution, signed by six Black Sea countries - Bulgaria, Georgia, Russia, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine in 1992 in Bucharest (Bucharest Convention). Also in June 1994, representatives of Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Moldova, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine and the European Union in Sofia (Bulgaria) signed the Convention on Cooperation for the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Danube River. As a result, the Black Sea Commission (Istanbul) and the International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (Vienna) were established. These bodies perform the function of coordinating environmental programs implemented under the conventions.

Every year, as part of the celebration of the International Black Sea Day, events are held aimed at preserving the unique ecosystem of the Black Sea, drawing attention to problems and finding ways to solve the most pressing of them. In all cities of the Black Sea coast, regional centers, environmental events, round tables, competitions and other events are held aimed at shaping public opinion in defense of the sea, promoting the education of the ecological culture of the population.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources

October 31 - International Black Sea Day (International Black Sea Day). This is a holiday of our warm tender Black Sea resort. The sea, which occupies a very small territory in the vastness of the planet, but plays a huge role in the life of the Black Sea states. Their economy is connected with the activities of ports, oil terminals, and the development of resort areas. Sea expanses and coastal zones are exploited mercilessly, often in violation of the rules and laws of nature, which does not have the best effect on the well-being of the entire Black Sea. And therefore, it is not surprising that in 1996, at the initiative of six Black Sea states - Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Georgia - a Strategic Action Plan for the rehabilitation and protection of the Black Sea was developed. This plan was signed on October 31, 1996 and from that moment October 31 is officially the Black Sea Day in all Black Sea countries.

Why is the Black Sea called black?

The history of the name of the Black Sea, which was not always "Black", is interesting. It has changed several names over the centuries. Ancient Greek navigators in the 6th-5th centuries BC called it Pont Aksinsky, which means the Inhospitable Sea. Other historical names of the Black Sea are Temarun, Cimmerian, Akhshaena, Scythian, Blue, Tauride, Ocean, Surozh, Holy.

There are several versions why the sea was called Black.

According to the Turkish historical hypothesis, the modern name of the Black Sea was given by the Turks, who tried to conquer the population of its shores, but met such fierce resistance that the sea was nicknamed Karadengiz - Black, inhospitable.

From the point of view of sailors, the sea is called Black because of the strong storms during which the water in the sea darkens. True, strong storms in the Black Sea are rare, and strong waves (more than 6 points) are also - no more than 17 days a year. And the change in the color of the water is typical for any sea, not only for the Black Sea.

They also say that the sea was called Black because of the black silt that remains on the shore after a storm. But this silt is more gray than black. And yet, why was the sea called black?

Hydrologists, when asked why the Black Sea is called, offered their own version, according to which the sea is called Black because any metal objects lowered to a great depth rise blackened to the surface. The reason is hydrogen sulfide, which is saturated with Black Sea water at a depth of more than 200 m.

Because of hydrogen sulfide, the Black Sea is also called the sea of ​​dead depths. The thing is that the water does not mix well there, and hydrogen sulfide accumulates at the bottom. This is a product of the vital activity of bacteria, which live in large numbers in the depths. They decompose the corpses of animals and plants. Starting from a depth of 150-200 m, there is no other life in the Black Sea. Over millions of years, bacteria have accumulated more than a billion tons of hydrogen sulfide.

Ecological problems of the Black Sea.

The Black Sea is an inland sea, its basin is closed, and this creates certain environmental problems.

1. The rivers of the Black Sea basin carry a lot of sewage in their waters: fertilizers from the fields, sewage from large and small cities. And this leads to pollution of the Black Sea and an increase in the number of blue-green algae in it, which actively multiply precisely in dirty waters and actively capture the expanses of the sea.

2. Pollution of the Black Sea waters by emissions of oil products during catastrophes or during loading operations. Suffice it to recall that only on the territory of Russia exist: the Sheskharis oil harbor in Novorossiysk, the oil terminal of the Caspian Pipeline Consortium in the village. South Ozereyka (Novorossiysk); the oil refinery in Tuapse is being expanded and modernized. The result of an oil spill is the formation of an oil slick on the surface of the water, which leads to the death of marine animals and plants, birds that fall into these oil slicks. Oil products thrown ashore are absorbed by pebbles and lead to pollution of the coastline.

3. The environmental impact of the activities of the terminals for the transportation of ammonia and nitrogen fertilizers in Taman for the Black Sea is difficult to predict. Suffice it to mention that ammonia is a very aggressive chemical product.

4. The construction of a gas pipeline along the bottom of the Black Sea to Turkey also raises many questions among the population. Despite assurances of the safety of this structure for people, the question arises about the safety of the life of sea creatures. After all, the gas pipeline, passing along the bottom, is in layers of hydrogen sulfide, which are the hallmark of the Black Sea and which are a lifeless environment. If natural gas leaks from the pipeline, hydrogen sulfide may escape to the sea surface along with the gas, which will lead to the death of all living organisms in the area of ​​the accident.

5. Predatory human fishing activity in the waters of the sea has led to the fact that today in the Black Sea there are more No tuna. Back in the 50s of the XX century, tuna was found in the sea, but a sufficiently large fish tore the fishing nets, and the fishermen simply shot the tuna. Just like shooting dolphins. Today it sounds wild, but, nevertheless, in the 20th century, Black Sea dolphins were almost barbarously exterminated for the same reasons as tuna. In the coastal waters of Russia, more does not live a friendly and curious seal is a monk. Perhaps his curiosity and friendliness towards people played a cruel joke with him, leading to the disappearance off the Russian coast and to a sharp reduction in the number off the coast of Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey. Today, in these countries, the monk seal is a protected marine animal.

But what about us ordinary people? How can we take part in protecting the Black Sea? Very easy and simple. It's easy enough for us DO NOT LITTER on the coast.

On the eve of the holiday, employees of the State Budgetary Institution KK "Natural Ornithological Park in the Imeretinskaya Lowland" held an open lesson dedicated to the International Black Sea Day in secondary school No. 25 in Sochi among second-grade students. to acquaint students with the problems of pollution of the Black Sea and ways to eliminate them. The conversation was accompanied by a presentation, and in conclusion, the children were given badges and booklets of the natural ornithological park.

International Black Sea Day- This holiday has been celebrated since October 31, 1996, when six Black Sea countries - Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania, Russia, Turkey and Georgia - signed the Strategic Action Plan for the rehabilitation and protection of the Black Sea.

Experts are increasingly coming to the conclusion that in recent years the dynamics of Black Sea pollution has increased significantly. Bottom areas appeared in the sea, where practically not a single living organism was registered. On one third of the shelf area of ​​the northwestern part of the Black Sea, vast zones without oxygen are recorded, which leads to the death of all living things.

Being a closed basin, the Black Sea accumulates all the pollutants brought by the waters of the Danube, Dnieper, Southern Bug, Dniester and other rivers, not only in Ukraine, but also in Russia, Georgia, Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania. River runoff accounts for more than 50% of the total water inflow into the sea. According to researchers, more than 60% of the Black Sea pollutants "come" with river runoff from the territory of about 20 countries of industrial Europe. In just 30 years, this has led to irreversible changes in the marine ecosystem.

The Strategic Plan for the Protection of the Black Sea was signed in Istanbul following extensive studies of the marine environment, which showed that its viability has deteriorated significantly compared to the previous three decades.

One of the most topical aspects of activities within the framework of the Black Sea environmental protection in the regional dimension is still an unstable public position, lack of awareness, activity and awareness of the need to consolidate efforts to solve the urgent environmental problems of the Black Sea.

At the same time, Ukraine is the only state in the Black Sea basin where the national plan for the protection of the Black Sea is approved by law in the Program for the Protection and Restoration of the Azov and Black Seas for 2001-2010.

2007 in the context of protecting the Black Sea became a defining year for Ukraine.

On the one hand, in March 2007, the law "On Ratification of the Protocol on the Conservation of Biodiversity and Landscapes of the Black Sea to the Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea from Pollution" signed by the President came into force. According to the Protocol, Ukraine has committed itself to take all necessary measures to regulate the intentional introduction and prevent the accidental introduction of non-native species or genetically modified organisms into wild flora and fauna. The document applies to the Black Sea region north of the Kelagra and Dalyan capes, as well as to the waters, the seabed, the ground to the fresh water line.

On the other hand, the autumn of 2007 dealt a tangible blow to the ecology of the Black Sea. On November 11, due to a strong storm in the Kerch Strait, one after another, seven ships were wrecked, including two tankers and several dry cargo ships with sulfur. Several thousand tons of oil products and about 7 thousand tons of sulfur fell into the sea. A significant part of the coast of the Taman Peninsula was flooded with oil products. The Tuzla spit, the Chushka spit from the side of the Kerch Strait, the coast near the villages of Ilyich and Priazovsky were completely flooded with oil. Along the Black Sea coast, oil reached the recreation center "Fakel", located near the village of Volna in the southern part of the Taman Peninsula. As a result of oil pollution, tens of thousands of birds died - oil literally covered them with a film. In addition, about 9 thousand fish and even food organisms (phyto- and zooplankton) died due to the oil spill in the sea.

Another trouble for the Black Sea, some Ukrainian politicians consider the activities of the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Federation, based in the Crimea. According to Yury Zubko, a spokesman for the bloc, the Black Sea is "catastrophically polluted by gasoline emissions from the ships of the fleet." And the $97 million that Moscow paid for basing the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Federation does not cover the damage caused by the fleet to the ecology of the peninsula.

The Black Sea Day was introduced to unite active and attract new participants in the environmental movement to protect the sea, to widely involve the public in solving environmental problems, and to strengthen international partnerships.

Today, the existing network created within the framework of the Black Sea Environment Program (BSEP GEF) contributes to solving the environmental problems of the Black Sea. The network consists of 6 international and 36 national centers for special monitoring and assessment of pollution (Odessa, Ukraine); Integrated Coastal Management (Novorossiysk, Russian Federation); biodiversity conservation (Batumi, Georgia); environmental aspects of shipping (rapid emergency response) in Varna (Bulgaria); fisheries and other living resources of the sea (Romania).

The Black Sea coast is a place of rest for many people. Tourists from all over the world come here all year round. The peak of mass recreation is, of course, in the summer. Sand, sun, water, crabs - all this attracts even sophisticated travelers. However, all this pristine beauty suffers from the same human hands: pollution by oil products, waste and mineral fertilizers, overfishing, changes in flora and fauna. It was for the purpose of its protection and protection that this world holiday was established.

When is celebrated

Solemn events in honor of the International Black Sea Day are held annually on October 31. Russia is one of the countries organizing this holiday. The event was established in 1996 as a result of the signing of the Strategic Action Plan for the rehabilitation and protection of the Black Sea by 6 coastal countries. In 2019, it is celebrated for the 24th time.

Who is celebrating

International Black Sea Day 2019 is celebrated by citizens of 6 states: Russia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Turkey, Romania, Georgia, as well as residents of countries that have signed the Convention on Cooperation for the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Danube River.

history of the holiday

The topic of protecting the Black Sea has been worrying the coastal countries for a long time. On April 21, 1992, the Convention for the Protection of the Black Sea from Pollution was adopted (Bucharest, Romania). It was ratified on December 12, 1993 by Decree of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation No. 5614-1. 10 days before that, Resolution No. 1254 “On measures to organize the implementation of the Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea from Pollution” was issued. The Convention itself entered into force on 15 January 1994. 3 protocols are attached to it, which contain specific measures of action in this direction.

After research, a Strategic Action Plan for the Protection and Restoration of the Natural Resources of the Black Sea was developed, which was endorsed on October 31, 1996 by the environmental ministers of the coastal countries. It was this date that became the Black Sea Day.

At a depth of more than 150 meters in the Black Sea, there is no life, apart from anaerobic bacteria. This is due to the high content of hydrogen sulfide in the water.

The average depth of the Black Sea is 1240 meters, and the deepest mark is 2210 meters.

In the Black Sea, there are 270 species of multicellular algae, about 600 species of algae in the composition of plankton that carry out photosynthesis, and more than 2500 species of animals.

Ukraine has become the only state from the Black Sea countries that have legally approved a plan for the protection of the Black Sea in a special Program designed until 2010.

14 rivers flow into the Black Sea.

The area of ​​the Black Sea is constantly increasing. Once every 100 years, it comes about 25 centimeters on the coast.