1. In 1905 - 1907 in Russia there was the first revolution that swept the whole country. Its main results were:

- the creation of a parliament and political parties in Russia;

- carrying out the Stolypin reforms. Reasons for the revolution:

— the economic crisis of Russian capitalism at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries;

- unresolved peasant issue and too difficult conditions for the abolition of serfdom (peasants for more than 40 years continued to pay redemption payments for land, which was provided for by the reform of 1861 and was a burden for the peasants);

- lack of social justice in most areas of the country's life;

- the absence of representative bodies, the obvious imperfection of the political system;

On the eve, in December 1904, a mass strike began in St. Petersburg at the Putilov factory, which grew into a general one. By January 1905, 111,000 people took part in the strike in the capital.

Pop Gapon, at the same time a provocateur and an agent of the Okhrana, introduced among the workers, organized a procession of the people to the tsar. On January 9, 1905, the workers began a mass procession to the Winter Palace with a petition to the tsar for the introduction of fundamental rights and freedoms. The procession was blocked by troops, who began firing at the demonstration.

The execution of workers in St. Petersburg caused indignation throughout the country and led to the beginning of revolutionary uprisings. Features of the revolution of 1905 - 1907. :

- its mass popular character - representatives of the most diverse strata of society - workers, peasants, soldiers, and the intelligentsia took part in the revolutionary uprisings;

- ubiquity - the revolution swept almost the entire country;

- the emergence of new people's bodies - councils, which opposed themselves to official power;

- the organization and strength of revolutionary actions - the authorities could not ignore the revolution.

The revolution took place in three stages:

- January - October 1905 - the development of the revolution on the rise;

- October 1905 - summer 1906 - the peak of the revolution, its transition to the political field;

- summer 1906 - summer 1907 - satisfaction of part of the demands of the bourgeois part of the leadership of the revolution, the damping of the revolution.

3. The most significant events of the first stage:

- an all-Russian propaganda campaign condemning "Bloody Sunday", the growth of popular indignation;

- the general strike of the Ivanovo-Voznesensk weavers in May 1905;

- strikes in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Odessa;

- uprising on the battleship "Prince Potemkin Tauride" in the summer of 1905;

- the creation of the first councils, the most influential of which were the Moscow and St. Petersburg councils;

- unrest in the Crimea, the uprising on the cruiser "Ochakov". The peak of the revolution was:

- All-Russian October strike of 1905;

- December armed uprising in Moscow.

During the All-Russian October strike, one by one, the country's enterprises began to stop, which threatened economic and political collapse. The strike covered 120 cities; large enterprises, transport, mass media stopped working. The strike participants put forward socio-economic (8-hour working day) and political (granting rights and freedoms, holding elections) demands.

4. On October 17, 1905, Tsar Nicholas II issued a Manifesto, by which he legitimized fundamental rights and freedoms and established a parliament:

- the State Duma elected by the people, together with the State Council appointed by the emperor, formed a bicameral parliament - the highest legislative body of the country;

- at the same time, the elections to the State Duma were not democratic - universal and equal;

- women and "foreigners" - a number of non-Slavic peoples - were deprived of the right to vote;

- elections were held from different estates, and more deputies were elected from the propertied estates than from the same number of representatives of the poor - which initially reduced the representation of workers and guaranteed a majority for representatives of the middle and big bourgeoisie;

- The Duma was elected for 5 years, but could be dissolved by the tsar at any moment.

Despite its half-heartedness, the Manifesto of October 17, 1905 was of great historical significance - Russia moved from autocracy to a constitutional monarchy.

Most of the bourgeoisie was satisfied with the results of the revolution and began to prepare for the elections. The formation of bourgeois parties began, the leading of which were:

- "Union of October 17" (Octobrists) (leader industrialist A. Guchkov) - a right-wing party that advocated the further development of parliamentarism and capitalist relations;

- the Cadets Party (leader is Professor of History P. Milyukov) - a centrist party that advocated the improvement of the constitutional monarchy, the continuity of historical traditions, and the strengthening of Russia's influence in world politics;

- "Union of Michael the Archangel" (finally took shape in 1907, popularly called the "Black Hundred") (leader Purishkevich) - Russian radical nationalist party.

5. The proletariat, whose main socio-economic problems were not solved by the Manifesto and deprived of electoral prospects under the electoral law, on the contrary, intensified revolutionary activity.

In December 1905, an attempt was made to seize power in Moscow by force - the December armed uprising. This uprising was suppressed by the tsarist troops. Particularly fierce were the battles between the troops and the working detachments on Krasnaya Presnya.

6. After the suppression of the December armed uprising in 1905, revolutionary actions began to decline, the revolution moved into the political plane.

On April 23, 1906, the tsar issued the "Basic State Laws", which became the prototype of the Constitution and secured the fundamental rights and freedoms and the procedure for electing the State Duma. Also in April 1906, the first elections in the history of Russia to the State Duma took place. Due to the peculiarities of the electoral legislation (disproportionate representation in favor of the haves), the party of constitutional democrats, the Cadets, won the elections. Despite the victory of the centrist Cadets and the representation of mainly bourgeois parties, the First State Duma was radical for its time. The bourgeois deputies took a principled position on almost all issues and entered into a confrontation with the tsar and the tsarist government, which came as a surprise to him. Having worked for only 72 days, on July 9, 1906, the First State Duma was dissolved ahead of schedule by the tsar. Elected in February 1907, the Second State Duma again turned out to be beyond the control of the tsar and claimed real power. On June 3, 1907, the tsar prematurely dissolved the 11th Duma, which had worked for about 100 days.

7. In order to prevent the revolutionary nature of the next Dumas, simultaneously with the dissolution of the Second Duma, a new electoral law was published, which became even more undemocratic than the first. This law increased the property qualification for participation in elections and even more changed the proportion of representation in favor of the properts (the vote of 1 landowner was equal to the votes of 10 peasants).

As a result of a change in the law /// The State Duma must. but was to represent only the upper strata of society, at that time the proletariat, the peasantry, the petty bourgeoisie, who constituted the majority of the population, due to their insignificant representation in parliament, were thrown out of the political process. The new, III State Duma, elected in 1907 according to the new law, became a formal body obedient to the tsar and worked for all 5 years.

The dissolution of the Second Revolutionary State Duma and the introduction of an undemocratic electoral law on June 3, 1907 occurred in violation of the Fundamental State Laws, which did not allow changing the electoral legislation without the consent of the Duma. These events went down in history as the "June 3rd coup d'etat", and the reactionary conservative regime established after it, which lasted 10 years - until 1917, was the "June 3rd monarchy". Along with the tightening of the political regime, the tsarist government began economic reforms. In 1906, P.A. was appointed the new head of the Russian government. Stolypin, who pledged to carry out agrarian reform and suppress the revolution. One of the first steps taken by the government was the radical and historic decision, effective January 1, 1907, to abolish land redemption payments introduced after the abolition of serfdom.

This step meant the final abolition of serfdom and its consequences and removed from the peasants the last burden left from serfdom. This decision was approved by the majority of the peasants and reduced the revolutionary intensity among the peasants. At the same time, the government of P. Stolypin began to pursue a policy of brutal suppression of revolutionary uprisings. The justice system was limited and emergency tribunals for revolutionaries were introduced. The number of death sentences and exiles increased sharply. It also contributed to the decline of the revolutionary movement in the country. The coup of June 3, 1907 is considered the time of the end of the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907.

		Event value
	"Bloody Sunday"	The beginning of the revolution. On this day, faith in the king was shot.
	Strike of 70 thousand workers in Ivanovo-Voznesensk	The first Soviet of Workers' Deputies in Russia was created, which lasted 65 days
April 1905	III Congress of the RSDLP in London	The congress decided to prepare an armed uprising.
spring-summer 1905	A wave of peasant uprisings swept across the country	The All-Russian Peasant Union was created
	Uprising on the battleship "Potemkin"	For the first time, a large warship went over to the side of the rebels, which indicated that the last support of the autocracy - the army was shaken.
October 1905	All-Russian October political strike	The tsar was forced to make concessions, as the dissatisfaction of the people with the autocracy resulted in the All-Russian strike
	Nicholas II signed the Manifesto of Freedoms	The manifesto was the first step towards parliamentarism, constitutionality, democracy and created the possibility of peaceful, post-reform development
October 1905	Formation of the Constitutional Democratic Party (Kadets)	The adoption of a program that contained provisions in favor of the workers and peasants
		The program of the Octobrists took into account the interests of the working people to a lesser extent, since its core was made up of large industrialists and wealthy landowners.
	Formation of the party "Union of the Russian people"	This party was the largest Black Hundred organization. It was a nationalistic, chauvinistic, pro-fascist organization. (Chauvinism is the propaganda of hatred towards other nations and peoples and the upbringing of the superiority of one's own nation).
late autumn 1905	Revolts of soldiers and sailors in Sevastopol, Kronstadt, Moscow, Kyiv, Kharkov, Tashkent, Irkutsk	The revolutionary movement in the army testified that the last support of the autocracy was no longer as reliable as before.
	Armed uprising in Moscow	High point of the first Russian revolution
December 1905		The beginning of Russian parliamentarism
	Nicholas II solemnly opened the First State Duma - the first Russian parliament
	The II State Duma began its work
	The Second State Duma was dissolved. At the same time, a new electoral law is adopted.	A coup d'état was carried out in the country from above. The political regime established in the country was called the "June 3 Monarchy". It was a regime of police brutality and persecution. Defeat of the First Russian Revolution.

Lecture 47

Russia in 1907-1914 Stolypin agrarian reform

In the summer of 1906, the youngest governor of Russia, Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin, was appointed by Nicholas II as Minister of the Interior and then as Prime Minister.

Agrarian reform - was the main and favorite brainchild of Stolypin.

The goals of the reform.

1. Socio-political. To create in the countryside a firm support for the autocracy in the person of strong peasant farms (wealthy peasant proprietors).

2. Socio-economic. To destroy the community, giving the peasants the opportunity to freely leave it: to determine their own place of residence and the type of their activity.

3. Economic. To ensure the rise of agriculture, to accelerate the industrial development of the country.

4. Resettle the small-land peasants beyond the Urals, contributing to the more intensive development of the eastern regions of Russia.

Essence of reform.

Solve the agrarian question at the expense of the peasants themselves, leaving the landlords' lands intact, at the same time eliminating the basis for possible social conflicts.

The results of the Stolypin agrarian reform

Positive:

Up to 1/4 of the households separated from the community, the stratification of the village increased, the rural elite gave up to half of the market bread,

3 million households moved from European Russia,

4 million dess. communal lands were included in the market turnover,

Consumption of fertilizers increased from 8 to 20 million poods,

The per capita income of the rural population increased from 23 to 33 rubles. in year.

Negative:

From 70 to 90% of the peasants who left the community retained ties with the community,

Returned back to Central Russia 0.5 million migrants,

The peasant household accounted for 2-4 dess., at a rate of 7-8 dess. arable land,

The main agricultural tool is a plow (8 million pieces), 52% of farms did not have plows.

The yield of wheat is 55 pounds. from dec. in Germany - 157 pounds.

CONCLUSION.

Thanks to the successful course of the agrarian reform, by 1914 Russia had made great strides in economic and financial development, which allowed it to play a significant role in world politics. However, Russia's entry into the war and the subsequent defeat again threw the country back, increasing its gap from the leading European powers.

Lecture 48

The formation of political parties in Russia in the late XIX - early XX century

The workers and the growing strike movement with economic demands had a significant impact on the political life of the country. The peasant movement also grew. It was caused by the agrarian crisis, the political lack of rights of the peasantry and the famine of 1901. From 1900 to 1904 there were 670 peasant uprisings.

Opposition moods in the early twentieth century. embraced broad strata of the intelligentsia, the petty and middle bourgeoisie and students. The lack of freedom of public activity in Russia made it difficult to form legal political parties.

The consignment - this is the organization of the most active part of the class, which sets as its task the conduct of a political struggle for the interests of this class and most fully and consistently expresses and defends them. The main thing that interests a political party is state power.

At the beginning of the twentieth century. in Russia there were up to 50 parties, and in 1907 - more than 70. The largest and most influential among them were the following:

Illegal parties

Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) in 1901 - 1902 - completed the unification of revolutionary organizations into the party. Its number is several thousand (by 1907 - up to 40 thousand). Newspaper "Revolutionary Russia". Party leader, program author, newspaper editor, leading theorist - Viktor Chernov.

The goal of the party is to build a socialist society through revolution, but society is not a state, but a self-governing union of productive associations, whose members receive the same income.

Tactics - a combination of political terror in the "centers" and agrarian terror (violent actions against the property or against the person of "economic oppressors") in the countryside.

RSDLP (Russian Social Democratic Labor Party) formed in 1903. at the 2nd congress.

The main task is to build socialism through social revolution and establish the dictatorship of the proletariat. At the III Congress, the party split into two parts: the Bolsheviks (leader V. Ulyanov (Lenin) and the Mensheviks - (Yu. Martov)). Martov opposed the Leninist idea of ​​the dictatorship of the proletariat, believing that the proletariat would not be able to play a leading role, since capitalism in Russia was in its initial stage of development. He believed that "the bourgeoisie will still take its rightful place - the leader of the bourgeois revolution." Martov shared Herzen's fears that "communism could become a Russian autocracy in reverse." At the party conference in Prague (1912), the final split took shape organizationally.

Legal parties

Union of the Russian people founded in 1905. The printed organ is the Russian Banner. (100 thousand people) Leaders - A. Dubrovin and V. Purishkevich.

Main Ideas Keywords: orthodoxy, autocracy, Russian nationality.

Main trends : acute nationalism, hatred of all "foreigners" and the intelligentsia. The bulk of the party members: petty shopkeepers, janitors, cab drivers, lumpen (people of the "bottom"). They created fighting squads - "Black Hundreds" for pogroms and murders of progressive public figures and revolutionaries. It was the first Russian version of fascism.

Constitutional Democratic Party of People's Freedom (Kadets). Created in 1905 (100 thousand people). Edition "Speech". Leader P. Milyukov. The Bourgeois Reform Party: An Evolutionary Path to Revolution.

Union of October 17 (Octobrists). 30 thousand people Edition "Word". Leaders: Guchkov and Rodzianko. Party of the big bourgeoisie. With the help of reforms, come to a constitutional monarchy coexisting with the Duma.

Conclusion: The creation of socialist and bourgeois parties is an indicator of a significant shift in the socio-political development of the country. The active part of the population realized the need to fight for the democratic rights of freedom.

Lecture 49

Russia at the turnXIX- XXcenturies (90sXIXcentury - 1905). Russo-Japanese War.

Causes and nature of the war

The Russo-Japanese War was one of the first wars of the era of imperialism. Its main reason is the clash of interests between Japanese and Russian imperialism. The ruling classes of Japan have been plundering China for many years. They wanted to capture Korea, Manchuria, to gain a foothold in Asia. Tsarism also pursued an aggressive policy in the Far East; the Russian bourgeoisie needed new markets.

Exacerbation of contradictions between Japan, Russia, England and the United States due to influence in China.

The construction of the Siberian railway by Russia (Chelyabinsk - Vladivostok) - 7 thousand km in 1891-1901, which caused discontent in Japan.

Russia's attempt to reduce the aggressive plans of Japan as a result of the Sino-Japanese war of 1894-1895. Russia demanded in an ultimatum (supported by Germany and France) that Japan give up the Liaodong Peninsula.

The conclusion of a defensive alliance between Russia and China against Japan, according to which:

a) the construction of the CER Chita - Vladivostok (through China) began

b) China leased the Liaodong Peninsula with Port Arthur to Russia for 25 years

The interest of European countries and the United States in the clash between Japan and Russia

II . Preparing Japan for War

The conclusion of the Anglo-Japanese treaty against Russia

Japan building a modern navy in England

Britain and the United States helped Japan with strategic raw materials, weapons, and loans. France took a neutral position and did not support its ally - Russia.

Carrying out trial mobilizations, maneuvers, creating arsenals, training landings. The entire winter of 1903, the Japanese fleet spent at sea, preparing for naval battles.

Ideological indoctrination of the Japanese population. Imposing the idea of ​​the need to capture the "northern territories due to the overpopulation of the Japanese islands."

Carrying out extensive intelligence and espionage activities in the future theater of operations.

III . Russia's unpreparedness for war

Diplomatic isolation of Russia

In terms of the total number of troops, Russia surpassed Japan (1 million people against 150 thousand army), but the reserves from Russia were not brought up, and at the beginning of the war she put up only 96 thousand people.

Difficulties in the transfer of troops and equipment for 10 thousand km (Near Lake Baikal, the Siberian railway was not completed. Cargo was transported by horse-drawn transport). Only 2 divisions could be transferred from central Russia to the Far East per month.

The navy was dispersed, there were half the number of cruisers, and three times less destroyers than Japan.

Technical backwardness in armaments, sluggishness of the bureaucratic apparatus, embezzlement and theft of officials, underestimation of the enemy's forces, unpopularity of the war among the masses.

I V . The beginning and course of hostilities

Using the superiority of forces and the factor of surprise on the night of January 27, 1904, without declaring war, 10 Japanese destroyers suddenly attacked the Russian squadron on the outer road of Port Arthur and disabled 2 battleships and 1 cruiser. On the morning of January 27, 6 Japanese cruisers and 8 destroyers attacked the Varyag cruiser and the Koreets gunboat in the Korean port of Chemulpo. In an unequal 45-minute battle, Russian sailors showed miracles of courage: on both ships there were four times fewer guns than the Japanese, but the Japanese squadron was seriously damaged, and one cruiser was sunk. The damage prevented the Varyag from breaking through to Port Arthur, Command both ships were transferred to French and American ships, after which the “Korean” was blown up, and the “Varangian” was flooded so that they would not get to the enemy.

The commander of the Pacific Fleet, Vice Admiral S.O. Makarov, began intensive preparations for active operations at sea. On March 31, he led his squadron to the outer roadstead in order to engage the enemy and lure him under fire from coastal batteries. However, at the very beginning of the battle, the flagship Petropavlovsk hit a mine and sank within 2 minutes. Most of the crew died: S.O. Makarov, his entire staff, as well as the artist V.V. Vereshchagin, who was on the ship. After that, the fleet went on the defensive, as the commander-in-chief, mediocre Admiral E.I. sea.

On land, hostilities were also unsuccessful. In February-April 1904, Japanese landings landed in Korea and on the Liaodong Peninsula. The commander of the land army, General A.N. Kuropatkin, did not organize a proper rebuff, as a result, the Japanese army cut off Port Arthur from the main forces in March 1904.

In August 1904, the first assault on Port Arthur took place. 5 days of fighting showed that the fortress could not be taken by storm, the Japanese army lost a third of its composition and was forced to move on to a long siege. At the same time, the stubborn resistance of the Russian soldiers thwarted the Japanese offensive near Liaoyang. However, Kuropatkin did not use this success and ordered a retreat, which made it easier for the enemy to launch a new attack on Port Arthur.

The second assault on Port Arthur in September 1904 was again repulsed. The defenders of the fortress, led by the talented general R.I. Kondratenko, fettered almost half of the Japanese forces. The counteroffensive of the Russian troops on the Shahe River at the end of September did not bring success. The third assault in October, the fourth - in November of Port Arthur did not bring victory to the Japanese, although the defenders of the fortress were 3 times smaller than the enemy forces. The constant bombardment destroyed most of the fortifications. On December 3, 1904, General Kondratenko died. Contrary to the decision of the Defense Council, on December 20, 1904, General Stessel surrendered Port Arthur. The fortress withstood 6 assaults for 157 days. 50 thousand Russian soldiers fettered about 200 thousand enemy troops.

In 1905, Russia suffered two more major defeats: land (in February near Mukden) and sea (in May near the Tsushima Islands). Further conduct of the war was senseless. The Russian army was losing its combat capability, hatred of mediocre generals grew among the soldiers and officers, and revolutionary ferment intensified. In Japan, the situation was also difficult. Lack of raw materials, finance. The United States offered Russia and Japan mediation for negotiations.

Under the peace treaty, Russia recognized Korea as a Japanese sphere of influence.

Russia transferred to Japan the right to lease part of the Liaodong Peninsula with Port Arthur and the southern part of Sakhalin Island

The ridge of the Kuril Islands passed to Japan

Russia made concessions to Japan in fisheries

V I . Results of the Russo-Japanese War

1. Russia spent 3 billion rubles on the war

   Killed, wounded, captured about 400 thousand people (Japan - 135 thousand killed, 554 thousand wounded and sick)

   The death of the Pacific Fleet

   A blow to Russia's international prestige

   The defeat in the war hastened the beginning of the revolution of 1905-1907.

CONCLUSION:

The adventure of the tsarist government in the Far East revealed the rottenness of the autocracy, its weakening. The autocracy came to a shameful defeat.

Lecture 50

Russia in the First World War: the main military operations,

domestic political development, economics

The causes of World War I were the transition of the leading European countries to imperialism, the formation of monopolies, the pursuit of monopoly high profits, which pushed the capitalist states to fight for the redivision of the world, for new sources of raw materials and new markets.

On June 28, 1914, in Sarajevo, the Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were killed by a member of the national-patriotic organization "Young Bosnia" G. Princip. The monarchical circles of Austria-Hungary and Germany decided to use the assassination of the Archduke as a direct pretext for a world war.

This war was the result of inter-imperialist contradictions between two military-political blocs that formed in Europe in the late 19th - early 20th centuries:

1882 - Tripartite Alliance, which united Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.

1907 - Entente uniting Russia, England and France.

Each of these countries had its own predatory goals, except for Serbia and Belgium, which defended the territories of their states.

It should be noted that wars are different - large and small, just and predatory, liberation and colonial, people's and anti-people's, cold and hot, long and fleeting. There are also absurd ones. It was precisely such a bloody and brutal massacre that claimed millions of lives that began on August 1, 1914 with the declaration of war on small Serbia by the Austro-Hungarian Empire. All participants expected to carry out their military plans within 3-4 months. However, already from the first days of the war, the calculations of the leading military strategists on the lightning-fast nature of the war collapsed.

The prerequisites for the revolution were formed over decades, but when capitalism in Russia passed into the highest stage (imperialism), social contradictions escalated to the limit, resulting in the events of the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907.

Causes of the first Russian revolution

At the beginning of the 20th century, a noticeable decline began to be observed in the Russian economy. This resulted in increased public debts, which also led to a breakdown in monetary circulation. Oil in the fire added and crop failure. All these circumstances have shown the need to modernize the existing authorities.

After the abolition of serfdom, representatives of the most numerous class received freedom. Integration into the existing realities required the emergence of new social institutions, which were never created. The political reason was also the absolute power of the emperor, who was considered incapable of ruling the country alone.

The Russian peasantry gradually accumulated dissatisfaction due to the constant reduction of land allotments, which justified their demands for the provision of land from the authorities.

Dissatisfaction with the authorities grew after military failures and defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, and the low standard of living of the Russian proletariat and peasantry was expressed in dissatisfaction with a small number of civil liberties. In Russia by 1905 there was no freedom of speech, press, inviolability of the person and equality of everyone before the laws.

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In Russia there was a multinational and multi-confessional composition, however, the rights of many small peoples were infringed, which caused periodic popular unrest.

Difficult working conditions at plants and factories caused discontent among the proletariat.

The course of the revolution

Historians divide the First Russian Revolution into three stages, which are reflected in the table:

The peculiarity of the revolution was its bourgeois-democratic character. This is reflected in its goals and objectives, which included the limitation of autocracy and the final destruction of serfdom.
The tasks of the revolution also included:

• creation of democratic foundations - political parties, freedom of speech, press, etc.;
• reduction of the working day to 8 hours;
• establishment of equality of the peoples of Russia.

These requirements covered not one estate, but the entire population of the Russian Empire.

First stage

On January 3, 1905, the workers of the Putilov factory began a strike due to the dismissal of several workers, which was supported by large factories in St. Petersburg. The strike was headed by the “Assembly of Russian factory workers of the city of St. Petersburg”, headed by priest Gapon. In a short time, a petition was drawn up, which they decided to hand over personally to the emperor.
It consisted of five items:

• The release of all those who suffered for strikes, religious or political beliefs.
• Declaration of freedom of the press, assembly, speech, conscience, religion and personal integrity.
• Equality of all before the law.
• Compulsory free education for all citizens.
• Responsibility of ministers to the people.

On January 9, a procession was organized to the Winter Palace. Probably, the procession of the 140,000-strong crowd was perceived as revolutionary, and the ensuing provocation prompted the tsarist troops to open fire on the demonstrators. This event went down in history as "Bloody Sunday".

Rice. 1. Bloody Sunday.

On March 19, Nicholas II spoke to the proletariat. The king noted that he would grant forgiveness to the protesters. However, they themselves are to blame for the execution, and if such demonstrations are repeated, the executions will be repeated.

From February to March, a chain of peasant riots begins, occupying approximately 15-20% of the country's territory, which began to be accompanied by unrest in the army and navy.

An important episode of the revolution was the mutiny on the cruiser "Prince Potemkin Tauride" on June 14, 1905. In 1925, director S. Ezeinstein will make a film about this event called Battleship Potemkin.

Rice. 2. Film.

Second phase

On September 19, the Moscow press put forward demands for economic change, which were supported by factories and railroad workers. As a result, a major strike began in Russia, which lasted until 1907. More than 2 million people took part in it. Soviets of workers' deputies began to form in the cities. A wave of protests was picked up by banks, pharmacies, shops. For the first time, the slogan "Down with autocracy" and "Long live the republic" was sounded.

April 27, 1906 is considered the date of the beginning of parliamentarism. Satisfying the demands of the people, the first State Duma in Russian history began its work.

Third stage

Unable to stop and overcome revolutionary activity, Nicholas II could only accept the demands of the protesters.

Rice. 3. Portrait of Nicholas II.

On April 23, 1906, the main code of laws of the Russian Empire was drawn up, which was amended in accordance with revolutionary requirements.

On November 9, 1906, the Emperor signed a decree allowing peasants to receive land for personal use after leaving the community.

June 3, 1907 - the date of the end of the revolution. Nicholas II hung up a manifesto on the dissolution of the Duma and the adoption of a new law on elections to the State Duma.

The results of the revolution can be called intermediate. There were no global changes in the country. Other than the reform of the political system, there was no solution to other issues. The historical significance of this revolution was that it became a dress rehearsal for another, more powerful revolution.

What have we learned?

Speaking briefly about the First Russian Revolution in an article on history (Grade 11), it should be noted that it showed all the shortcomings and mistakes of the tsarist government and gave a chance to solve them. But for 10 years, most of the unresolved issues remained hanging in the air, which led to February 1917.

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The reasons.

1. Contradictions between Russia and Japan over spheres of influence in China and Korea.

2. Russia's economic expansion into China and Japan's military expansion into Korea.

3. For the Russian government, war as a means of preventing a revolution, and for Japan as a vital necessity, because without colonies, the rapidly growing Japanese economy was expected to collapse.

The course of hostilities.

Results

1. By Treaty of Portsmouth Russia ceded to Japan South Sakhalin and the Liaodong Peninsula with the city of Port Arthur.

2. The defeat of Russia in the war with Japan served as a pretext for the beginning of the First Russian Revolution, because the main argument in favor of autocracy was undermined: maintaining the military power and external greatness of the country.

The reasons.

1. The confrontation between the society, thirsting for democratic reforms, and the autocracy, which did not want to make any concessions.

2. The unresolved agrarian question: the contradictions between the landowners latifundia and lack of land of the peasants, the desire of the peasants to seize the landowners' lands.

3. Aggravation of the conflict between labor and capital: the plight of workers, the longest working hours and the lowest wages in Europe, the lack of social security, the right to strike and form trade unions.

4. Aggravation of the national question: the contradiction between the great-power policy of the government and the desire of the national outskirts for autonomy.

5. The defeat of Russia in the war with Japan, which finally undermined the prestige of the authorities and raised the question of changing the existing order in the country.

The main stages of the revolution (January 9, 1905 - June 3, 1907).

Stage I (January - September 1905) - The beginning of the revolution: "Bloody Sunday", rescript Nicholas I with the promise of reforms, the Ivanovo-Voznesenskaya strike and the emergence of the Council of Workers' Commissioners, the uprising on the battleship Potemkin, congresses of zemstvo representatives and the All-Russian Peasants' Congress demanding constitutional reforms, the emperor's decree on convening the Bulygin Duma.

Stage II (October - December 1905) - The highest rise of the revolution: the legalization of political parties, the All-Russian political October strike, the formation of Soviets of workers' deputies in Moscow and St. Petersburg, uprisings in Sevastopol and Kronstadt, Manifesto October 17, 1905 and the law on elections to the First State Duma, the December armed uprising in Moscow and its suppression by government troops.

Stage III (January 1906 - June 1907) - The decline of the revolution: Mass peasant unrest and an uprising in Sveaborg, Kronstadt and Reval in the summer of 1906, the introduction of courts-martial, the work of the 1st and 2nd State Dumas, the beginning of the agrarian reforms P.A. Stolypin, the dissolution of the II State Duma and the change in the electoral law, the defeat of the first Russian revolution.

Results of the first Russian revolution

1. Creation of the State Duma - the first representative institution in Russia.

2. Proclamation of a minimum of political rights and freedoms.

3. Cancellation of redemption payments for peasants and permission to create workers' unions.

4. Stolypin agrarian reform as a means of solving the peasant problem.

5. The experience of political struggle acquired by the people during the revolutionary events of 1905-1907.

At the beginning of the XX century. in Russia there were objective and subjective prerequisites for the revolution, primarily due to the peculiarities of Russia as a country of the second echelon. Four main factors became the most important prerequisites. Russia remained a country with an undeveloped democracy, no constitution, no guarantees of human rights, which fell to the activity of opposition parties to the government. After the reforms of the middle of the XIX century. the peasantry received less land than they used before the reform to ensure their existence, which caused social tension in the countryside. Growing since the second half of the XIX century. the contradictions between the rapid growth of capitalism and the remnants of serfdom created objective prerequisites for discontent, both among the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. In addition, Russia was a multinational country in which the situation of non-Russian peoples was extremely difficult. That is why a large mass of revolutionaries came from non-Russian peoples (Jews, Ukrainians, Latvians). All this testified to the readiness of entire social groups for revolution.

The revolutionary action, due to the above contradictions, was accelerated by such events as crop failures and famine in a number of provinces at the beginning of the 20th century, the economic crisis of 1900-1903, which led to the marginalization of large masses of workers, the defeat of Russia in the Russian-Japanese war. By its nature, the revolution of 1905-1907. was bourgeois-democratic, as it was aimed at the implementation of the requirements: the overthrow of the autocracy, the establishment of a democratic republic, the elimination of the estate system and landlordism. The means of struggle used are strikes and strikes, and the main driving force is the workers (the proletariat).

Periodization of the revolution: 1st stage - initial - from January 9 to the autumn of 1905; 2nd stage - climax - from autumn 1905 to December 1905; and stage - final - January 1906 - June 1907

The course of the revolution

The beginning of the revolution is considered to be January 9, 1905 (“Bloody Sunday”) in St. Petersburg, when government troops shot down a demonstration of workers, as it is believed, organized by the priest of the St. Petersburg transit prison Georgy Gapon. Indeed, in an effort to prevent the development of the revolutionary spirit of the masses and to place and control their activities, the government took steps in this direction. Interior Minister Plehve supported S. Zubatov's experiments in bringing the opposition movement under control. He developed and implemented "police socialism". Its essence was the organization of workers' societies that were engaged in economic education. This, according to Zubatov, was supposed to lead the workers away from the political struggle. Georgy Gapon, who created political workers' organizations, became a worthy successor to Zubatov's ideas.

It was Gapon's provocative activity that gave impetus to the beginning of the revolution. In the midst of the St. Petersburg general strike (up to 3 thousand people participated), Gapon suggested organizing a peaceful procession to the Winter Palace to submit a petition to the tsar about the needs of the workers. Gapon notified the police in advance of the upcoming demonstration, this allowed the government to hastily prepare to quell the riots. More than 1,000 people were killed during the executions of the demonstration. Thus, January 9, 1905 was the beginning of the revolution and was called "Bloody Sunday".

On May 1, a strike of workers began in Ivanovo-Voznesensk. The workers created their own body of power - the Council of Workers' Deputies. On May 12, 1905, a strike began in Ivano-Frankivsk, which lasted more than two months. At the same time, unrest broke out in the villages, engulfing the Black Earth Center, the Middle Volga region, Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic states. In the summer of 1905, the All-Russian Peasant Union was formed. At the Congress of the Union, demands were put forward for the transfer of land to the ownership of the whole people. Open armed uprisings broke out in the army and navy. A major event was the armed uprising prepared by the Mensheviks on the battleship Prince Potemkin Tauride. On June 14, 1905, the sailors, who took possession of the battleship during a spontaneous uprising, led the ship to the roadstead of Odessa, where a general strike was taking place at that time. But the sailors did not dare to land and support the workers. "Potemkin" went to Romania and surrendered to the authorities.

The beginning of the second (culminating) stage of the revolution falls on the autumn of 1905. The growth of the revolution, the activation of the revolutionary forces and the opposition forced the tsarist government to make some concessions. By the rescript of Nicholas II, the Minister of Internal Affairs A. Bulygin was instructed to develop a project for the creation of the State Duma. On August 6, 1905, a manifesto appeared on the convocation of the Duma. Most of the participants in the revolutionary movement were not satisfied with either the character of the “Bulygin Duma” as an exclusively legislative body, or the Regulations on elections to the Duma (elections were held in three curiae: landowners, townspeople, peasants; workers, intelligentsia and the petty bourgeoisie did not have voting rights). Due to the boycott of the "Bulygin Duma", its elections never took place.

In October - November 1905, unrest of soldiers took place in Kharkov, Kyiv, Warsaw, Kronstadt, and a number of other cities, on November 11, 1905, an uprising began in Sevastopol, during which the sailors, led by Lieutenant P. Schmidt, disarmed the officers and created the Sevastopol Council of Deputies . The main base of the rebels was the cruiser Ochakov, on which a red flag was raised. On November 15-16, 1905, the uprising was crushed, and its leaders were shot. Since mid-October, the government has been losing control of the situation. Everywhere there were rallies and demonstrations demanding a constitution. To overcome the crisis, the government tried to find a way out of the impasse and make even greater concessions.

On October 17, 1905, the tsar signed the Manifesto, according to which the citizens of Russia were granted civil liberties: inviolability of the person, freedom of conscience, speech, press, assembly and unions. The State Duma was given legislative functions. The creation of a united government - the Council of Ministers - was declared. The manifesto influenced the further development of the event, reduced the revolutionary impulse of the liberals and contributed to the creation of right-wing legal parties (the Cadets and Octobrists).

The strike, which began in October in Moscow, swept the whole country and developed into the All-Russian October Political Strike. In October 1905 over 2 million people were on strike. At that time, Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies arose, which turned from strike fighting bodies into parallel (alternative) bodies of power. Those who took part in them: the Mensheviks considered them as organs of local self-government, and the Bolsheviks - as organs of an armed uprising. The most important were the St. Petersburg and Moscow Soviets of Workers' Deputies. The Moscow Soviet issued an appeal to start a political strike. On December 7, 1905, a general political strike began, which grew into the December armed uprising in Moscow, which lasted until December 19, 1905. Workers built barricades on which they fought with government troops. After the suppression of the December armed uprising in Moscow, the revolutionary wave began to subside. In 1906-1907. continued strikes, strikes, peasant unrest, performances in the army and navy. But the government, with the help of the most severe repressions, gradually regained control over the country.

Thus, in the course of the bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1905-1907, despite all the achievements, it was not possible to achieve the solution of the main tasks put forward at the beginning of the revolution, the overthrow of the autocracy, the destruction of the estate system and the establishment of a democratic republic.