| Pavel Karlovich Sternberg | |
|---|---|
| Date of Birth | March 21 (April 2)(1865-04-02 ) |
| Place of Birth | |
| Date of death | 1st of February(1920-02-01 ) (54 years old) |
| Place of death | |
| The country | |
| Scientific sphere | astronomy |
| Place of work |
University of Moscow , Moscow State University |
| Alma mater | Moscow University (1887) |
| Academic degree | Doctor of Astronomy (1913) |
| Academic title | emeritus professor (1915) |
| supervisor | F. A. Bredikhin |
| Awards and prizes | Medal |
Biography
Born in the city of Oryol in a family of immigrants from Germany, who belonged to the raznochintsy. Father - Karl Andreevich Sternberg, a subject of the Duchy of Brunswick, was an Oryol merchant.
In the summer of the same year, Pavel Sternberg participated in the expedition of the Moscow Observatory to Yuryevets to observe the total solar eclipse on August 19, 1887. In addition to him, the eclipse was observed by A. A. Belopolsky, as well as L. Nisten from Brussels and G. Vogel from Potsdam. .
In connection with the 25th anniversary of teaching at the university, he received the title of Honored Professor (1915).
Underground activity (1905-1908)
However, during the days of the uprising itself, Sternberg was not in Moscow. He was on a business trip abroad and returned only at the beginning of 1906, after the suppression of the uprising. Upon his return, he joined the work of the Bolshevik organization.
Remaining an astronomer at the observatory, Sternberg carried out instructions from the Bolshevik Party. So, he was instructed to save the weapons left after the December uprising, and part of it was stored for a long time in the observatory.
Revolutionary 1917
In March, he was at a meeting in the Moscow Committee of the Bolshevik Party on the creation of armed detachments.
At the observatory, a map of Moscow came out of the refractor tube. The Moscow Committee of the Bolshevik Party took copies of it and distributed it to all regional cells.
From September 1919 he was a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Eastern Front. In November-December 1919, he took part in the leadership of the military operations of the 3rd and 5th armies of the Eastern Front of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army to capture Omsk.
He was buried at the Vagankovsky cemetery in Moscow.
Scientific works
Scientific works relate to the study of the rotational motion of the Earth, photographic astronomy, gravimetry. For his gravimetric determinations at a number of points in the European part of Russia with the Repsold pendulum he received a medal of the Russian Geographical Society. In - gg. completed a major study "The latitude of the Moscow observatory in connection with the movement
Report: Pavel Karlovich Shternberg
PAVEL KARLOVICH STERNBERG(1865-1920)
Pavel Karlovich Sternberg - Soviet astronomer, revolutionary and statesman, member of the Communist Party since 1905.
P. K. Sternberg was born in the city of Orel. Even in his high school years, he became interested in astronomy. In 1887 he graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University, was a student of F. A. Bredikhin. After graduating from the university, P.K. Sternberg was invited to work at the observatory of Moscow University, and in 1916 he became the director of this observatory. P. K. Shternberg was a professor at Moscow University since 1914. Being a champion of higher women's education in Russia, from 1901 he taught at the Higher Women's Courses.
Until February 1917, no one at the university observatory where he lived and worked knew that he was an active member of the Moscow Committee of the Bolshevik Party, the head of its Military Technical Bureau, which was preparing an armed uprising
Sternberg took an active part in the Great October Socialist Revolution, was a member of the Central Staff of the Red Guard, and led the fighting of workers in Zamoskvorechye.
After the October Revolution, P.K. Sternberg participated in the development of the regulation on higher education, which opened its doors wide to people from the people. During the Civil War, he was a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Eastern Front.
In the field of astronomy, P.K. Sternberg owns important innovative works on three
scientific problems. He studied the movement of the earth's poles, causing changes in the latitudes of various places on earth. He was one of the first to use photography for precise measurements in astronomy (especially for the study of double stars).
He paid much attention to work on the determination of gravity (gravimetry) in various places in European Russia. These works are of great practical importance: they help to discover mineral deposits. Now such studies have unfolded on the territory of our country on a huge scale.
The name of P.K. Sternberg in 1931 was given to the Astronomical Institute at Moscow University. Asteroid 995 was named Sternberg.
Pavel Karlovich Sternberg, party nicknames - "Lunar", "Vladimir Nikolayevich", "Eros", "Garibaldi"(, Orel, -, Moscow) - Russian astronomer, revolutionary and member of the RSDLP (b) since 1905, deputy of the Moscow City Duma, participant in the Civil War.
Biography
Born in the city of Oryol in a family of immigrants from Germany, who belonged to the raznochintsy. Father - Karl Andreevich Sternberg, a subject of the Duchy of Brunswick, was an Oryol merchant.
In the same year, 1883, he entered the mathematical department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University and moved to Moscow. At the university, Pavel Sternberg became one of the best students of the outstanding astronomer Professor F. A. Bredikhin.
In the summer of the same year, Pavel Sternberg participated in the expedition of the Moscow Observatory to Yuryevets to observe the total solar eclipse on August 19, 1887. In addition to him, the eclipse was observed by A. A. Belopolsky, as well as L. Nisten from Brussels and G. Vogel from Potsdam. .
He was elected ordinary professor of astronomy at Moscow University (in January 1917).
Underground activity (1905-1908)
However, during the days of the uprising itself, Sternberg was not in Moscow. He was on a business trip abroad and returned only at the beginning of 1906, after the suppression of the uprising. Upon his return, he joined the work of the Bolshevik organization.
Remaining an astronomer at the observatory, Sternberg carried out instructions from the Bolshevik Party. So, he was instructed to save the weapons left after the December uprising, and part of it was stored for a long time in the observatory.
Revolutionary 1917
In March, he was at a meeting in the Moscow Committee of the Bolshevik Party on the creation of armed detachments.
At the observatory, a map of Moscow came out of the refractor tube. The Moscow Committee of the Bolshevik Party took copies of it and distributed it to all regional cells.
From September 1919 he was a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Eastern Front. In November-December 1919, he took part in the leadership of the military operations of the 3rd and 5th armies of the Eastern Front of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army to capture Omsk.
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The grave of Pavel Sternberg at the Vagankovsky cemetery (3 units) in Moscow.
Sternberg's photographic observations of binary stars were among the first rigorous attempts in science to use photographic methods to accurately measure the relative positions of stellar pairs. The hundreds of photographs he obtained of binary stars and other objects are still good material for special investigations.
Family
Memory
A lunar crater is named after P.K. Sternberg (English)Russian and asteroid (995) Sternberg (English)Russian opened in 1923.
In honor of P.K. Sternberg, a street was named in his homeland - in the city of Orel.
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Notes
Literature
- Chernov Yu. M., Earth and Stars: The Tale of Pavel Sternberg. - M.: Politizdat. Fiery revolutionaries, 1975. - 366 p., ill. Same. - 2nd ed., add. - 1981. 383 s, ill.
- Kolchinsky I.G., Korsun A.A., Rodriguez M.G. Astronomers: A Biographical Guide. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional .. - Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1986. - 512 p.
- Kulikovsky P. G.,. Pavel Karlovich Sternberg. - 1st ed. 1951, 2nd ed. 1987. - M: "Science".
- The first conference of the military and combat organizations of the RSDLP. Ed. E. M. Yaroslavsky. M., 1932.
- Pavel Isaakovich Podlyashuk, "Party nickname - Lunar: a documentary story." Polit. literature, 1964
- P. G. Kulikovsky, "Pavel Karlovich Sternberg", published in two editions (1st in the publishing house of Moscow State University in 1951, 53 pp., 2nd in 1987, 125 pp., in the publishing house "Nauka")
- P. G. Kulikovsky, “P. K. Sternberg - astronomer, underground worker, hero of the civil war, Nature magazine, Nauka Publishing House, 1977
Links
- on the MSU website
An excerpt characterizing Sternberg, Pavel Karlovich
“Forgive me, Sever, but why didn’t the Knights of the Temple bring John’s head here, to Meteora?” After all, as far as I understand, you all loved him very much! And how do you know all these details? You weren't with them, were you? Who told you all this?- Vedunia Maria, the mother of Radan and Radomir, told us this whole sad story ...
– But did Mary return to you after the execution of Jesus?! .. After all, as far as I know, she was with her son during the crucifixion. When did she return to you? Is it possible that she is still alive…? – I asked with bated breath.
I so wanted to see at least one of those worthy, courageous people! .. So I wanted to “charge” with their endurance and strength in my upcoming last struggle! ..
No, Isidora. Unfortunately, Mary died centuries ago. She did not want to live long, although she could. I think her pain was too deep... Having gone to her sons in an unfamiliar, distant country (many years before their death), but still unable to save any of them, Mary did not return to Meteora, leaving with Magdalena . Leaving, as we then thought, forever ... Tired of bitterness and loss, after the death of her beloved granddaughter and Magdalene, Mary decided to leave her cruel and merciless life ... But before "leaving" forever, she nevertheless came to Meteora to say goodbye. To tell us the true story of the death of those whom we all loved dearly...
And yet, she returned in order to see the White Magus for the last time ... Her husband and truest friend, whom she could never forget. In her heart, she forgave him. But, to his great regret, she could not bring him the forgiveness of Magdalene .... So, as you can see, Isidora, the great Christian fable about "forgiveness" is just a childish lie for naive believers to allow them to do any Evil, knowing that whatever they do, they will eventually be forgiven. But you can forgive only that which is truly worthy of forgiveness. A person must understand that he has to answer for any evil done... And not before some mysterious God, but before himself, forcing himself to suffer cruelly. Magdalena did not forgive Vladyka, although she deeply respected and sincerely loved him. Just as she failed to forgive all of us for the terrible death of Radomir. After all, it was SHE who understood best of all - we could help him, we could save him from a cruel death ... But we did not want to. Considering the guilt of the White Magus too cruel, she left him to live with this guilt, not for a moment forgetting it... She did not want to grant him an easy forgiveness. We never saw her again. As never saw their babies. Through one of the knights of her Temple - our sorcerer - Magdalena conveyed the answer to the Lord to his request to return to us: “The sun does not rise twice in one day ... The joy of your world (Radomir) will never return to you, just as I will not return to you and I... I found my FAITH and my TRUTH, they are LIVE, yours is DEAD... Mourn your sons - they loved you. I will never forgive you for their deaths as long as I live. And may your guilt remain with you. Perhaps someday she will bring you Light and Forgiveness ... But not from me. The head of Magus John was not brought to Meteora for the same reason - none of the Knights of the Temple wanted to return to us ... We lost them, as we lost many others more than once, who did not want to understand and accept our victims ... Who is it just like you - they left, condemning us.
I felt dizzy!.. Like a thirsty one, satisfying my eternal hunger for knowledge, I greedily absorbed the flow of amazing information generously given by the North... And I wanted much more!.. I wanted to know everything to the end. It was a breath of fresh water in the desert scorched by pain and misfortune! And I couldn't drink enough...
I have a thousand questions! But there is no time left ... What should I do, Sever? ..
- Ask, Isidora!.. Ask, I will try to answer you...
- Tell me, Sever, why does it seem to me that in this story two stories of life, intertwined with similar events, are connected, and they are presented as the life of one person? Or am I wrong?
– You are absolutely right, Isidora. As I told you earlier, the "powerful ones" who created the false history of mankind "put" on the true life of Christ the alien life of the Jewish prophet Joshua, who lived one and a half thousand years ago (since the story of the North). And not only himself, but also his family, his relatives and friends, his friends and followers. After all, it was the wife of the prophet Joshua, the Jewish Mary, who had a sister Martha and a brother Lazarus, his mother's sister Maria Yakobe, and others who were never near Radomir and Magdalena. Just as there were no other "apostles" next to them - Paul, Matthew, Peter, Luke and the rest ...
It was the family of the prophet Joshua who moved one and a half thousand years ago to Provence (which at that time was called Gaul (Transalpine Gaul), to the Greek city of Massalia (now Marseille), since Massalia at that time was the “gateway” between Europe and Asia, and it was the easiest way for all the “persecuted” to avoid persecution and misfortune.
The real Magdalene moved to Languedoc a thousand years after the birth of the Jewish Mary, and she went exactly Home, and did not run away from the Jews to other Jews, as the Jewish Mary did, who was never that bright and pure Star, which was the real Magdalene . Mary, a Jew, was a kind but narrow-minded woman, married very early. And she was never called Magdalene ... This name was "hung" on her, wanting to combine these two incompatible women into one. And in order to prove such an absurd legend, they came up with a fake story about the city of Magdala, which did not yet exist in Galilee during the life of the Jew Mary... to the truth. And only those who truly knew how to think saw what a continuous lie was carried by Christianity - the most cruel and most bloodthirsty of all religions. But as I told you before, most people don't like to THINK for themselves. Therefore, they accepted and accept on faith everything that the Roman Church teaches. It was convenient, and always has been. The person was not ready to accept the real TEACHING of Radomir and Magdalena, which required labor and independent thinking. But on the other hand, people have always liked and approved of what was extremely simple - what told them what to believe in, what can be accepted, and what should be denied.
For a moment I felt very scared - the words of the North were too reminiscent of the sayings of Caraffa! .. But in my "rebellious" soul, I did not want to agree that the bloodthirsty murderer - the Pope - could be at least truly right in something ...
– This slave “faith” was needed by the same Thinking Dark Ones in order to strengthen their dominance in our fragile, still emerging world... in order to never allow it to be born again... – continued Sever calmly. – Precisely in order to more successfully enslave our Earth, the Thinking Dark Ones found this small, but very flexible and conceited, understandable Jewish people. Due to their "flexibility" and mobility, this people easily succumbed to foreign influence and became a dangerous tool in the hands of the Thinking Dark Ones, who found the prophet Joshua who once lived there, and cunningly "intertwined" the story of his life with the story of Radomir's life, destroying the real biographies and planting false ones, so that naive human minds would believe in such a "story". But even the same Jewish Joshua also had nothing to do with the religion called Christianity... It was created by order of Emperor Constantine, who needed a new religion in order to throw a new "bone" to the out-of-control people. And the people, without even thinking, swallowed it with pleasure... Such is still our Earth, Isidora. And very soon someone will be able to change it. Very soon people will want to THINK, unfortunately ...
– Let them not be ready yet, Sever... But you see, people very easily open up to the “new”! So doesn’t this show exactly that humanity (in its own way) is LOOKING for a way to the present, that people are striving for the TRUTH, which there is simply no one to show them? ..
- You can show the most valuable Book of Knowledge in the world a thousand times, but it will not work if a person cannot read. Isn't that right, Isidora?
“But you do TEACH your students!” I exclaimed with anguish. “They also didn’t know everything right away, before they got to you!” So teach humanity!!! It's worth it not to disappear!
– Yes, Isidora, we teach our students. But the gifted ones who come to us know the main thing - they know how to THINK ... And the rest are just “followers” so far. And we have neither the time nor the desire for them until their time comes and they are worthy of one of us teaching them.
Sever was absolutely sure that he was right, and I knew that no arguments could change his mind. So I decided not to insist anymore ...
– Tell me, Sever, what part of the life of Jesus is real? Can you tell me how he lived? And how could it happen that with such a powerful and faithful support he still lost?.. What happened to his children and Magdalene? How long after his death did she manage to live?
He smiled his wonderful smile...
“You reminded me now of the young Magdalene... She was the most curious of all and endlessly asked questions that even our magi did not always find answers to!..”
The North again "left" into his sad memory, meeting there again with those for whom he still so deeply and sincerely yearned.
– She was indeed an amazing woman, Isidora! Never giving up and not pitying herself, just like you... She was ready at any moment to give herself up for those she loved. For those whom she considered more worthy. Yes, and simply - for LIFE ... Fate did not spare her, bringing down on her fragile shoulders the weight of irretrievable losses, but until her last moment she fiercely fought for her friends, for her children, and for all who remained to live on earth after death Radomira... People called her the Apostle of all Apostles. And she truly was him... Only not in the sense in which the Hebrew language, which is alien to her in its essence, shows her in her "holy writings". Magdalene was the strongest Witch... Golden Mary, as people who met her at least once called her. She carried the pure light of Love and Knowledge, and was completely saturated with it, giving everything without a trace and not sparing herself. Her friends loved her very much and, without hesitation, were ready to give their lives for her! .. For her and for the teaching that she continued to carry after the death of her beloved husband, Jesus Radomir.
- Forgive my poor knowledge, Sever, but why do you always call Christ - Radomir? ..
- It's very simple, Isidora, his father and mother once called him Radomir, and it was his real, generic name, which really reflected his true essence. This name had a double meaning - the Joy of the world (Rado - the world) and Bringing the Light of Knowledge to the world, the Light of Ra (Ra - do - the world). And Jesus Christ was already called by the Thinking Dark Ones, when they completely changed the history of his life. And as you can see, it has firmly "taken root" to him for centuries. The Jews have always had many Jesuses. This is the most common and very common Jewish name. Although, oddly enough, it came to them from Greece... Well, Christ (Christos) is not a name at all, and it means in Greek - "messiah" or "enlightened one"... It is only asked if in The bible says that Christ is a Christian, then how then to explain these pagan Greek names that the Thinking Dark Ones themselves gave him?.. Isn't it interesting? And this is only the smallest of those many mistakes, Isidora, that a person does not want (or cannot! ..) see.
– But how can he see them if he blindly believes in what is presented to him? .. We must show it to people! They must know all this, Sever! - again I could not stand it.
“We don’t owe people anything, Isidora…” Sever answered sharply. They are quite happy with what they believe. And they don't want to change anything. Do you want me to continue?
Sternberg P.K. - b. in Orel, in the family of a fairly wealthy railway contractor. buildings.
Even in the gymnasium, he awakened an interest in scientific work in the field of astronomy, and, being a gymnasium student, he spent many nights studying the starry sky. After graduating from the gymnasium, he enters Moscow University to study physics and mathematics. faculty and chooses astronomy as its specialty.
Forced to live solely on his earnings from lessons (he earned up to 20 rubles a month), he nevertheless quickly stands out among the students and becomes an outstanding student of Bredikhin.
While still a student, he works at the Moscow Astronomical. observatories.
He writes his thesis for a gold medal and, left at the university, devotes himself entirely to scientific work, alien to politics and in general to any social activity, only to earn money he devotes part of his time to teaching. work in high schools.
His first work was with a pendulum, later on the application of photography, in particular to measurements and studies of binary stars. His first dissertation (in 1903) was "The Latitude of the Moscow Observatory in Connection with the Movement of the Poles", the second (1913) was "Some Applications of Photography to Accurate Measurements in Astronomy". Sh. acquires considerable scientific fame in Zap. Europe.
He read Astronomer. courses in Moscow university and Moscow. higher courses for women.
In 1904, with the Japanese war, interest in political life began to awaken in Switzerland. In 1905, having received a scientific mission to Germany, he met with an illegal political. literature and from the German social-dem. press.
He returned in December 1905, in the days following the Moscow. uprising, determined by the Social Democrat and, immediately joining the Bolshevik organization, first worked in its financial apparatus, was a representative of Moscow. committee in the Red Cross, etc. Soon he becomes an employee of the military technical. moscow bureau. someone, without leaving this work even in 1907-1908. - in the heyday of the reaction, and, risking the gallows, organizes work to study Moscow in case of an uprising and a civil war (under the guise of the head of the student group's work on measuring gravity anomalies - with the permission of the mayor and the governor - he does for several months with the group comrades, surveying streets, marking yards, convenient points, etc.). Since 1909, Sh. from active work in the underground moves away and provides only material assistance to the organization, participates in the work of legal organizations, giving lectures, etc., while continuing to be associated with the party.
Sh. has several searches, he is not approved as a professor (until 1917); but in general he is not particularly persecuted: in this his biographer (V. Ya.) sees the subtle calculation of one of the largest provocateurs of the Bolshevik organization A. S. Romanov, who spared Sh. so as not to expose himself.
In 1917, Mr.. Sh. again involved in active work on the organization of military squads.
He enters the city duma as a Bolshevik candidate.
He takes part in the organization of combat squads, goes to the mountains. Duma from the Bolshevik Party, in October establishes the protection of Moscow. advice, then the initial is done. headquarters of the Moscow Revolutionary Committee, after the coup - pres. Zamoskv. Revolutionary Committee and, finally, Moscow. provincial commissioner.
After the Council of People's Commissars moved to Moscow, Sh took over as a member of the board of the People's Commissariat of Education the management of higher education and in 1918 participated in its reorganization.
Since the autumn of 1918, Sh. is a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 2nd Army, then the Eastern Front.
Sh. finally breaks with science, with the observatory, the director of which he was before leaving for the front. He makes advances and retreats, catches pneumonia at the front and dies on January 31, 1920 (See "Memorial Bor."). (Garnet) Sternberg, Pavel Karlovich (1866-1920) - communist, professor of astronomy at Moscow University; from a wealthy family railroad. contractor.
After graduating from the Oryol gymnasium, he entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University, where he was left for scientific work.
In December 1905, he joined the Bolsheviks and soon became one of the most prominent employees of the Military Technical Bureau of the Moscow Institute. In 1907-1908 Sh. organized, under the guise of measuring the anomaly of gravity, shooting the streets of Moscow for the purposes of a future uprising and civil war (the work was carried out by a group of party comrades under the guise of students).
From 1909 Sh. moved away from active underground work, supporting the organization only financially and continuing to work in legal organizations.
After the February Revolution, Sternberg led the work on organizing combat squads in Moscow.
In the October days, he organizes the protection of the Moscow Council, then works as the chief of staff of the Zamoskvoretsky Revolutionary Committee, and after the coup - as its chairman and the Moscow provincial commissar.
In 1918 - a member of the board of the People's Commissariat for Education, head of the department of higher education and, together with M. H. Pokrovsky, held the first meeting on the reform of higher education. In the fall of 1918 Sh. went to the front for party mobilization and worked as a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Eastern Front.
He died at the front from pleurisy.
W. - the largest scientist with a European name.
His scientific activity was very diverse.
Particularly great merits Sh. in the field of gravimetry.
Since 1888, Sh. has conducted a large number of expeditions to various regions of Russia to determine the force of gravity.
In particular, he investigated the Moscow gravity anomaly (1917). In 1910 Sh. established a gravitational link between Pulkovo and Moscow.
Sh. - one of the first dealt with the question of the variability of latitude (medal of the Russian Astronomical Society, 1906) and photographing double stars in order to determine their relative position.
The photographic material obtained by Sh. on planetary nebulae serves in the crust. time is the basis for inferring the proper motions of these objects.
Sh. took part in expeditions to observe a total solar eclipse in 1887 and 1914. Sh.'s teaching activity began in 1890 and proceeded in various educational institutions until 1918. The Moscow Astronomical Observatory was named after Sh.
Proceedings of Sh.: Latitude of the Moscow Observatory in connection with the movement of the poles, M., 1903 (first dissertation);
Some Applications of Photography to Precise Measurements and Astronomy, M., 1913 (second dissertation), etc. Sternberg, Pavel Karlovich - owl. astronomer, revolutionary figure.
Born in the city of Orel. After graduating from Moscow un-ta (in 1887) was left to prepare for a professorship.
Since 1914 - extraordinary, since 1917 - ordinary prof. there. In 1916-17 - dir. Moscow observatories.
From 1891 Sh. conducted scientific work in Moscow. University Observatory and at the same time taught courses in astronomy and geodesy.
In 1905 he joined the RSDLP and, having joined the Bolsheviks, soon became one of the most prominent workers in the military technical. Moscow bureau. party committee.
In 1907-08, Sh. organized the survey of the streets of Moscow for the purposes of a future armed uprising (the work was carried out by a group of comrades under the guise of studying the gravity anomaly).
Since 1909, in connection with the liquidation of the military technical. The bureau moved away from active underground work, but did not break ties with the party, provided it with material assistance, and participated in the work of legal organizations.
After the February Revolution Sh. - one of the organizers and leaders of the fighting squads of the workers of Moscow.
In the October days, Sh. led the revolutionary forces of the Zamoskvoretsky district, then he was elected a member. Presidium of the Moscow provincial executive committee.
In 1918 Sh. - member. collegium of the People's Commissariat of Education, headed the department of higher education. In Sept. In 1918 he was mobilized to the front and appointed political officer. commissioner and member Revolutionary Military Council of the 2nd Army Vost. front, and in 1919 - member. Revolutionary Military Council Vost. front.
Died of pneumonia.
As a scientist Sh. known for his work in the field of gravimetry and photographic. astrometry.
In 1888 he started gravimetric. studies subsequently carried out in various areas of Europe. parts of Russia.
In 1909 Sh. established gravimetric. connection between Pulkovo and Moscow.
In 1915-16 he studied Moscow in detail. gravity anomaly, made gravimetric. section, which received the name "section Sh.". W. was one of the first to apply photography to measurements of double stars. Of great importance are the works of Sh. on "determining the latitude of the Moscow Observatory in connection with the problem of studying the motion of the earth's poles.
In 1914 Sh led an expedition to observe a total solar eclipse.
Sh.'s name was given to the State. astronomical in-tu at Moscow. un-those. Lit .: [Kulikovskiy P. G.], Pavel Karlovich Sternberg, M., 1951 (there is a bibliography of Sh.'s works); Perel Yu. G., Outstanding Russian astronomers, M.-L., 1951. Sternberg, Pavel Karlovich (3.IV.1865-1.II.1920) - Soviet astronomer and revolutionary figure.
Genus. in Orel. In 1887 he graduated from the Moscow University and was appointed assistant to the observatory of the university. Since 1890 - Privatdozent of the University and at the same time an astronomer-observer of the Moscow Observatory.
In 1899-1900. headed the Commission for the development of a program in astronomy for secondary schools.
After the events of 1905, he joined the underground struggle of the Moscow Bolshevik organization, on whose instructions he carried out a bold undertaking to shoot a detailed plan of Moscow (1907). He was elected a member of the Moscow City Duma on the Bolshevik list.
In the days of the uprising of 1917, he was appointed authorized party center of the uprising in the Zamoskvoretsky district.
In 1918 he headed the Department of Higher Education of the People's Commissariat of Education.
Along with revolutionary political work, he did not stop his scientific and pedagogical activities.
Since 1914 - extraordinary, and since 1917 - ordinary professor at Moscow University. In 1916-1917. - Director of the Moscow Observatory.
Scientific works relate to the study of the rotational motion of the Earth, photographic astronomy, gravimetry.
For his gravimetric determinations at a number of points in the European part of Russia with the Repsold pendulum, he received the medal of the Russian Geographical Island. In 1892-1903. completed a major study "The latitude of the Moscow observatory in connection with the movement of the poles". Sternberg's photographic observations of binary stars were among the first rigorous attempts in science to use photographic methods to accurately measure the relative positions of stellar pairs. The hundreds of photographs he obtained of binary stars and other objects are still good material for special investigations.
In 1913, Sternberg was awarded the degree of Doctor of Astronomy in connection with the defense of his dissertation "Some Applications of Photography to Accurate Measurements in Astronomy." Sternberg spent the last and most intense year of his life in the ranks of the Red Army and contributed to the defeat of Kolchak and the establishment of Soviet power in Siberia.
The State Astronomical Institute of Moscow University bears the name of P.K. Sternberg. Lit .: Perel Yu. G. Outstanding Russian astronomers. - M.-L., Gostekhizdat, 1951. - Kulikovsky P. G. Pavel Karlovich Sternberg. - M., Moscow State University, 1951.
Sternberg, Pavel Karlovich
Sternberg P.K.
Genus. in Orel, in the family of a fairly wealthy railway contractor. buildings. Even in the gymnasium, he awakened an interest in scientific work in the field of astronomy, and, being a gymnasium student, he spent many nights studying the starry sky. After graduating from the gymnasium, he enters Moscow University to study physics and mathematics. faculty and chooses astronomy as its specialty. Forced to live solely on his earnings from lessons (he earned up to 20 rubles a month), he nevertheless quickly stands out among the students and becomes an outstanding student of Bredikhin. While still a student, he works at the Moscow Astronomical. observatories. He writes his thesis for a gold medal and, left at the university, devotes himself entirely to scientific work, alien to politics and in general to any social activity, only to earn money he devotes part of his time to teaching. work in high schools. His first work was with a pendulum, later on the application of photography, in particular to measurements and studies of binary stars. His first dissertation (in 1903) was "The Latitude of the Moscow Observatory in Connection with the Movement of the Poles", the second (1913) was "Some Applications of Photography to Accurate Measurements in Astronomy". Sh. acquires considerable scientific fame in Zap. Europe. He read Astronomer. courses in Moscow university and Moscow. higher courses for women.
In 1904, with the Japanese war, interest in political life began to awaken in Switzerland. In 1905, having received a scientific mission to Germany, he met with an illegal political. literature and from the German social-dem. press. He returned in December 1905, in the days following the Moscow. uprising, determined by the Social Democrat and, immediately joining the Bolshevik organization, first worked in its financial apparatus, was a representative of Moscow. committee in the Red Cross, etc. Soon he becomes an employee of the military technical. moscow bureau. someone, without leaving this work even in 1907-1908. - in the heyday of the reaction, and, risking the gallows, organizes work to study Moscow in case of an uprising and a civil war (under the guise of the head of the student group's work on measuring gravity anomalies - with the permission of the mayor and the governor - he does for several months with the group comrades, surveying streets, marking yards, convenient points, etc.). Since 1909, Sh. from active work in the underground moves away and provides only material assistance to the organization, participates in the work of legal organizations, giving lectures, etc., while continuing to be associated with the party. Sh. has several searches, he is not approved as a professor (until 1917); but in general he is not particularly persecuted: in this his biographer (V. Ya.) sees the subtle calculation of one of the largest provocateurs of the Bolshevik organization A. S. Romanov, who spared Sh. so as not to expose himself. In 1917, Mr.. Sh. again involved in active work on the organization of military squads. He enters the city duma as a Bolshevik candidate. He takes part in the organization of combat squads, goes to the mountains. Duma from the Bolshevik Party, in October establishes the protection of Moscow. advice, then the initial is done. headquarters of the Moscow Revolutionary Committee, after the coup - pres. Zamoskv. Revolutionary Committee and, finally, Moscow. provincial commissioner. After the Council of People's Commissars moved to Moscow, Sh took over as a member of the board of the People's Commissariat of Education the management of higher education and in 1918 participated in its reorganization. Since the autumn of 1918, Sh. is a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 2nd Army, then the Eastern Front. Sh. finally breaks with science, with the observatory, the director of which he was before leaving for the front. He makes advances and retreats, catches pneumonia at the front and dies on January 31, 1920 (See " Memory boron").
Sternberg, Pavel Karlovich
(1866-1920) - communist, professor of astronomy at Moscow University; from a wealthy family railroad. contractor. After graduating from the Oryol gymnasium, he entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University, where he was left for scientific work. In December 1905, he joined the Bolsheviks and soon became one of the most prominent employees of the Military Technical Bureau of the Moscow Institute. In 1907-1908 Sh. organized, under the guise of measuring the anomaly of gravity, shooting the streets of Moscow for the purposes of a future uprising and civil war (the work was carried out by a group of party comrades under the guise of students). From 1909 Sh. moved away from active underground work, supporting the organization only financially and continuing to work in legal organizations. After the February Revolution, Sternberg led the work on organizing combat squads in Moscow. In the October days, he organizes the protection of the Moscow Council, then works as the chief of staff of the Zamoskvoretsky Revolutionary Committee, and after the coup - as its chairman and the Moscow provincial commissar. In 1918 - a member of the board of the People's Commissariat for Education, head of the department of higher education and, together with M. H. Pokrovsky, held the first meeting on the reform of higher education. In the fall of 1918 Sh. went to the front for party mobilization and worked as a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Eastern Front. He died at the front from pleurisy. W. - the largest scientist with a European name. His scientific activity was very diverse. Particularly great merits Sh. in the field of gravimetry. Since 1888, Sh. has conducted a large number of expeditions to various regions of Russia to determine the force of gravity. In particular, he investigated the Moscow gravity anomaly (1917). In 1910 Sh. established a gravitational link between Pulkovo and Moscow. Sh. - one of the first dealt with the question of the variability of latitude (medal of the Russian Astronomical Society, 1906) and photographing double stars in order to determine their relative position. The photographic material obtained by Sh. on planetary nebulae serves in the crust. time is the basis for inferring the proper motions of these objects. Sh. took part in expeditions to observe a total solar eclipse in 1887 and 1914. Sh.'s teaching activity began in 1890 and proceeded in various educational institutions until 1918. The Moscow Astronomical Observatory was named after Sh.
Proceedings of Sh.: Latitude of the Moscow Observatory in connection with the movement of the poles, M., 1903 (first dissertation); Some Applications of Photography to Precise Measurements and Astronomy, M., 1913 (second dissertation), etc.
Sternberg, Pavel Karlovich
Owls. astronomer, revolutionary figure. Born in the city of Orel. After graduating from Moscow un-ta (in 1887) was left to prepare for a professorship. Since 1914 - extraordinary, since 1917 - ordinary prof. there. In 1916-17 - dir. Moscow observatories. From 1891 Sh. conducted scientific work in Moscow. University Observatory and at the same time taught courses in astronomy and geodesy. In 1905 he joined the RSDLP and, having joined the Bolsheviks, soon became one of the most prominent workers in the military technical. Moscow bureau. party committee. In 1907-08, Sh. organized the survey of the streets of Moscow for the purposes of a future armed uprising (the work was carried out by a group of comrades under the guise of studying the gravity anomaly). Since 1909, in connection with the liquidation of the military technical. The bureau moved away from active underground work, but did not break ties with the party, provided it with material assistance, and participated in the work of legal organizations. After the February Revolution Sh. - one of the organizers and leaders of the fighting squads of the workers of Moscow. In the October days, Sh. led the revolutionary forces of the Zamoskvoretsky district, then he was elected a member. Presidium of the Moscow provincial executive committee. In 1918 Sh. - member. collegium of the People's Commissariat of Education, headed the department of higher education. In Sept. In 1918 he was mobilized to the front and appointed political officer. commissioner and member Revolutionary Military Council of the 2nd Army Vost. front, and in 1919 - member. Revolutionary Military Council Vost. front. Died of pneumonia. As a scientist Sh. known for his work in the field of gravimetry and photographic. astrometry. In 1888 he started gravimetric. studies subsequently carried out in various areas of Europe. parts of Russia. In 1909 Sh. established gravimetric. connection between Pulkovo and Moscow. In 1915-16 he studied Moscow in detail. gravity anomaly, made gravimetric. section, which received the name "section Sh.". W. was one of the first to apply photography to measurements of double stars. Sh.'s work on "determining the latitude of the Moscow Observatory in connection with the problem of studying the motion of the earth's poles. In 1914 Sh. led an expedition to observe a total solar eclipse. The name Sh. those.
Lit .: [Kulikovskiy P. G.], Pavel Karlovich Sternberg, M., 1951 (there is a bibliography of Sh.'s works); Perel Yu. G., Outstanding Russian astronomers, M.-L., 1951.
Sternberg, Pavel Karlovich
(3.IV.1865-1.II.1920) - Soviet astronomer and revolutionary figure. Genus. in Orel. In 1887 he graduated from the Moscow University and was appointed assistant to the observatory of the university. Since 1890 - Privatdozent of the University and at the same time an astronomer-observer of the Moscow Observatory. In 1899-1900. headed the Commission for the development of a program in astronomy for secondary schools.
After the events of 1905, he joined the underground struggle of the Moscow Bolshevik organization, on whose instructions he carried out a bold undertaking to shoot a detailed plan of Moscow (1907). He was elected a member of the Moscow City Duma on the Bolshevik list. In the days of the uprising of 1917, he was appointed authorized party center of the uprising in the Zamoskvoretsky district. In 1918 he headed the Department of Higher Education of the People's Commissariat of Education. Along with revolutionary political work, he did not stop his scientific and pedagogical activities. Since 1914 - extraordinary, and since 1917 - ordinary professor at Moscow University. In 1916-1917. - Director of the Moscow Observatory.
Scientific works relate to the study of the rotational motion of the Earth, photographic astronomy, gravimetry. For his gravimetric determinations at a number of points in the European part of Russia with the Repsold pendulum he received the medal of the Russian Geographical
islands. In 1892-1903. completed a major study "The latitude of the Moscow observatory in connection with the movement of the poles".
Sternberg's photographic observations of binary stars were among the first rigorous attempts in science to use photographic methods to accurately measure the relative positions of stellar pairs. The hundreds of photographs he obtained of binary stars and other objects are still good material for special investigations.
In 1913, Sternberg was awarded the degree of Doctor of Astronomy in connection with the defense of his dissertation "Some Applications of Photography to Accurate Measurements in Astronomy."
Sternberg spent the last and most intense year of his life in the ranks of the Red Army and contributed to the defeat of Kolchak and the establishment of Soviet power in Siberia.
The State Astronomical Institute of Moscow University bears the name of P.K. Sternberg.
Lit .: Perel Yu. G. Outstanding Russian astronomers. - M.-L., Gostekhizdat, 1951. - Kulikovsky P. G. Pavel Karlovich Sternberg. - M., Moscow State University, 1951.
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See what "Sternberg, Pavel Karlovich" is in other dictionaries:
Soviet astronomer, revolutionary figure. Member of the Communist Party since 1905. Born into the family of a small contractor. In 1887 he graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University, from 1914 ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- (1865 1920) Russian politician, astronomer. One of the leaders of the October Revolution in Moscow. From 1918 he was a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 2nd Army of the Eastern Front. Works on gravimetry, photographic astronomy, etc. Professor ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
