Many words not only define concepts, but also express the speaker's attitude towards them, a special kind of evaluativeness. For example, admiring the beauty of a white flower, you can call it snow-white, white, lilac. These words are emotionally colored: a positive assessment distinguishes them from the stylistically neutral definition of white. The emotional coloring of the word can also express a negative assessment of the called understood: blond, whitish. Therefore, emotional vocabulary is also called evaluative (emotional-evaluative).
At the same time, it should be noted that the concepts of emotionality and evaluativeness are not identical, although they are closely related. Some emotional words (for example, interjections) do not contain evaluation; and there are words in which the assessment is the essence of their semantic structure, but they do not belong to the emotional vocabulary: good, bad, joy, anger, love, suffer.
A feature of the emotional-evaluative vocabulary is that the emotional coloring is "superimposed" on the lexical meaning of the word, but is not reduced to it: the denotative meaning of the word is complicated by the connotative one.
As part of the emotional vocabulary, three groups can be distinguished.
- 1. Words with a bright connotative meaning, containing an assessment of facts, phenomena, signs, giving an unambiguous description of people: inspire, delightful, daring, unsurpassed, pioneer, predestinate, herald, self-sacrifice, irresponsible, grump, double-dealer, businessmanship, antediluvian, mischief, defame, fraud, toady, windbag, slob. Such words, as a rule, are unambiguous, expressive emotionality prevents the development of figurative meanings in them.
- 2. Polysemantic words, neutral in the main meaning, receiving a qualitative-emotional connotation when used figuratively. So, about a person of a certain character, you can say: hat, rag, mattress, oak, elephant, bear, snake, eagle, crow, rooster, parrot; verbs are also used in a figurative sense: saw, hiss, sing, gnaw, dig, yawn, blink and etc.
- 3. Words with subjective assessment suffixes that convey various shades of feelings: son, daughter, granny, sunshine, neatly, close- positive emotions; beards, kid, breech- negative. Their evaluative meanings are determined not by nominative properties, but by word formation, since affixes give emotional coloring to such forms.
The emotionality of speech is often conveyed by especially expressive expressive vocabulary. expressiveness(expression) (lat. expressio) - means expressiveness, the power of manifestation of feelings and experiences. There are many words in Russian that have an element of expression added to their nominative meaning. For example, instead of the word good, getting excited about something, we say wonderful, marvelous, marvelous, marvelous; you can say I do not like, but it is not difficult to find stronger, more colorful words hate, despise, loathe. In all these cases, the semantic structure of the word is complicated by connotation.
Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of emotional stress; compare: misfortune - grief, disaster, catastrophe; violent - unrestrained, indomitable, frantic, furious. Vivid expression highlights the words solemn ( herald, accomplishments, unforgettable), rhetorical ( companion, aspirations, proclaim), poetic ( azure, invisible, silent, sing). Expressively colored and playful words ( faithful, newly minted), ironic ( deign, don Juan, vaunted), familiar (not bad, cute, to mumble, whisper) Expressive shades delimit disapproving words ( mannered, pretentious, ambitious, pedant), disparaging ( to paint, pettiness), contemptuous ( tease, tease), derogatory (skirt, squishy), vulgar ( grabber, lucky), swear words ( ham, fool). All these nuances of the expressive coloring of words are reflected in stylistic notes to them in explanatory dictionaries.
The expression of a word is often superimposed on its emotional and evaluative meaning, and in some words expression prevails, in others - emotionality. Therefore, it is often not possible to distinguish between emotional and expressive coloring, and then they talk about emotionally expressive vocabulary ( expressive-evaluative).
Words that are similar in nature of expressiveness are classified into: 1) vocabulary expressing positive assessment of the named concepts, and 2) vocabulary expressing negative assessment of the named concepts. The first group will include words high, affectionate, partly playful; in the second - ironic, disapproving, abusive, contemptuous, vulgar and so on.
The emotional and expressive coloring of a word is influenced by its meaning. Thus, such words as fascism, Stalinism, repression. A positive assessment was attached to the words progressive, peace-loving, anti-war. Even different meanings of the same word can diverge noticeably in stylistic coloring: in one meaning, the word appears as solemn, lofty: Stop, prince. Finally, I hear not a boy speaking, but husband (P.), in another - as ironic, mocking: G. Polevoy proved that the venerable editor enjoys the fame of a scientist husband (P.).
The development of expressive shades in the semantics of the word is also facilitated by its metaphorization. So, stylistically neutral words used as metaphors get a vivid expression: burn at work, fall from fatigue suffocate under the conditions of totalitarianism, blazing gaze, blue dream, flying gait and so on. The context finally shows the expressive coloring of words: in it, stylistically neutral units can become emotionally colored, high - contemptuous, affectionate - ironic and even a swear word ( scoundrel, fool) might sound positive.
They belong to the branch of science that deals with teaching the differentiated use of language in communication, as well as providing knowledge regarding the language itself and the corresponding tools necessary for its use. It is called "stylistics", and its predecessor was rhetoric (the concept of oratory), which dealt exclusively with the public style of speech. Stylistics as a science covers all systems of speech means. This is a kind of teaching regarding the most effective forms of expression of thoughts and feelings.
What are stylistically colored words?
They are used exclusively in specific styles, in particular:
- Scientific vocabulary. It includes words that are used in the field of education, science and technology (for example, range, laser, etc.).
- Political vocabulary. This includes words used in the public, political field (candidate, dissertation, Duma, etc.).
- It is represented by words that are used mainly in everyday communication, orally (large, pictures, Internet, etc.). Within the framework of works of art, it is used to characterize the main characters.
Summarizing the above, we can formulate what stylistically colored words are. These are words that have an additional meaning, more precisely, they name an object and convey its corresponding assessment (neglect, approval, irony, etc.), as well as certain emotions in relation to it.
Variety of stylistic coloring
It is represented by two components:
1. Functional-target stylistic coloring (coloring of individual units of the language), which, in turn, is divided into three main types:
- colloquial;
- book;
- neutral.
The first two types can be:
Grammatical forms (for example, contracts (neutral) - contracts (colloquial);
Words (for example, place (neutral) - location (book);
Phraseological units (for example, stretch your legs (colloquial) - rest in eternal sleep (book);
Sentences (for example, due to bad weather conditions, the flight is delayed (neutral) - due to fog, I did not fly away (colloquial).
2. Expressive-evaluative stylistic coloring (not tied to a specific style, contained in the word itself) includes three types:
- reduced;
- increased;
- neutral.
Example: life (neutral) - life (reduced) - life (increased).
Neutral and stylistically colored words
Vocabulary in the literary language is usually divided into two main components: stylistically colored and neutral vocabulary.
Neutral vocabulary - words that are not tied to any of the existing styles of speech, that is, they can be used in any system of speech means, because they are not expressively and emotionally colored. However, these words have stylistic synonyms (colloquial, bookish, vernacular).
According to the theory of M. V. Lomonosov (“Three Calms”), all other words refer either to a high system of speech means (for example, rest, fatherland, etc.) or to a low one (for example, the other day, belly, etc.) .).
In this regard, there is colloquial vocabulary (grey gelding, tsyts, etc.) and book vocabulary, which, in turn, is divided into the following types:
Directions of linguistic stylistics
There are two in particular:
- language style;
- style of speech (functional style).
The first direction studies the stylistic means of vocabulary, grammar and phraseology, as well as the stylistic structure of the language.
The second is different types of speech and their conditionality by various goals of the utterance.
Linguistic stylistics should contain the principle of consistency and functionality and reflect the relationship of various types of speech with the purpose of the statement, its subject matter, communication conditions, the author's attitude and the addressee of the speech.
Styles are various combinations of the use of language in the process of communication. Each system of speech means is characterized by the originality of the language means used, as well as their unique combination with each other.
Thus, it is worth formulating a definition of what linguistic stylistics is. This is, first of all, a section of linguistics that studies various styles (language, speech, genre, etc.). Also, the subject of her research is the emotional, expressive and evaluative properties of language units both in the paradigmatic sense (within the framework of the language system) and in the syntagmatic aspect (in various areas of communication).
The structure of the considered section of linguistics
These include combinations that are sustainable (employment service, public sector workers, international, etc.). They are widely used by journalists due to the fact that it is impossible to constantly invent fundamentally new means of expression.
If you try to figure out what the styles of speech are and by what principle they are distinguished, then first of all it will not be striking how different the vocabulary is in different styles and not the presence or absence of any special speech formulas. First of all, we notice how differently the texts of different styles are perceived emotionally.
There is a huge gulf in the perception of business papers and a work of art. Against the backdrop of a scientific article on a topic that is not of interest to us, not even the strongest and most interesting short story will seem much more exciting. This happens not only due to the plot, the plot can also be found in the annual report of an accountant from some factory, namely due to the fact that the speech of a work of art is closest to colloquial, familiar to us speech.
Where is expressive-evaluative vocabulary used and what is it?
The emotional coloring of speech is related to colloquial and artistic styles. An example of expressive colloquial vocabulary is any dialogue consisting of only interjections:
It may seem that it is impossible to compare colloquial speech in terms of the level of expressive coloring with artistic one, because everyday dialogue is one thing, and high-society conversations in works are another. In some ways, this is true, because in colloquial speech, intonation, gestures, and atmosphere play an important role in conveying an emotional mood.
In artistic speech, one can rely only on the word. This means that for the writer the expressiveness of the word is even more important than for a person in everyday life. By the sound itself, by the way the word is perceived by the majority of readers, the writer must convey that for which there is intonation in colloquial speech. Fortunately, expressive evaluative words in Russian are not uncommon, it is more difficult to find a “neutral” word.
But, first, let's define what expressive-evaluative vocabulary is.
Expressive vocabulary is expressive vocabulary with a clear subjective connotation, which gives out the attitude of the writer / speaker to something, both positive and negative.
Examples of emotional-evaluative vocabulary can be very different. In such a section of linguistics as text stylistics, it is customary to distinguish four large groups of expressive words - these are words with suffixes that give an evaluative connotation to a previously stylistically neutral word, interjections, polysemantic words that are neutral in their main meaning, but evaluative in a figurative way, and words that initially have a clear emotional word evaluation. Let's take a closer look at each of these groups of words.
Words with an initially bright emotional coloring
This is a very wide layer of the Russian language. What is the fact that all obscene vocabulary, that is, rude, abusive, obscene, refers precisely to the originally expressive vocabulary, and with very strong expressiveness. That is why, by the way, foul language impoverishes the vocabulary of the one who uses it excessively.
Why use a lot of words, if it is easier to describe the situation in one, bright, expressive, but meaningless word? The lack of semantic content and linguistic motivation in colloquial speech is made up for by the same context of what is happening and intonation, but in artistic, bookish speech, obscene language is used very moderately, even by countercultural writers, and even then not in the author's narrative, but in dialogues to convey color .
Why is that? And try to write something in abusive terms, without giving background, context, characteristics of the speakers. It will turn out to be a very meager and inexpressive text, despite the fact that the most expressive layer of the Russian language was used. This can be considered a lyrical digression about the benefits of moderation, let's get back to words with emotional overtones. This, of course, is not only obscene vocabulary and slang words, but simply any words, the use of which describes an object, situation, person, etc. in any unambiguous light, positive or negative.
Consider examples of emotionally evaluative words of this type.
The words of a high "calm" can only speak of something sublime (except for the ironic coloring in use, but this is a completely different technique): boldness, liberty, praise, forehead, etc.
Why does the word "chelo", for example, have an emotional connotation? For comparison, let's take two expressions "high forehead" and "high forehead". The first sentence is just a description of the details of the appearance. "Forehead" is a stylistically neutral word. But the “high forehead” is a characteristic of a person who most likely has high moral qualities or an outstanding mind. Why is that? It's just that the specifics of using obsolete words are that they give the text a high tone.
There are specially abbreviated words designed to give an unflattering description of what can be denoted by a neutral word or even a word with a positive connotation.
For example, not a neutral "Jew", but a deliberately lowered "Jew". Interestingly, initially the word "Jew" was neutral, social phenomena gave it a negative connotation.
Polysemantic words
The Russian language, in principle, is rich in expressive vocabulary, but does not stop there, capturing, metaphorically speaking, new territories. This happens, by the way, precisely because of the great popularity of metaphorical expressions. Some stylistically neutral words were so often metaphorically used in meanings that were not characteristic of them that the metaphor became, in fact, another meaning of the word. And, as a result, some words have both a neutral meaning and an emotionally expressive one. Neutral is usually the direct meaning of the word, and evaluative - figurative. As in the case of initially expressively colored vocabulary, polysemantic words can also carry both a positive assessment of the phenomenon and a negative one.
Noun examples:
Examples of verbs:
Suffixes of subjective evaluation
Even if a stylistically neutral word has not acquired a figurative meaning with an expressive coloring, this does not mean that it cannot be betrayed by emotionality.
Emotional coloring can be given to almost any word in Russian with the help of suffixes.
In general, the main role of the suffix is word formation. How to make the adjective "river" from the noun "river" - everyone knows this. This function of suffixes is utilitarian and clear. But sometimes a suffix makes another noun out of a noun, but denoting the same phenomenon - this, it would seem, is completely useless. Here are just new nouns formed in this way, emotional content is very different from the original version. Compare the stylistically neutral word "river" and the word "river" formed from it with the help of the suffix "enk".
There are suffixes diminutives, like the above "enk", but on the contrary, suffixes, betraying weights. Not a house, but a house. Not a beard, but a beard.
Interjection
This is perhaps the most emotional layer of words, since emotional expression is their main purpose. They do not carry any information load, they only indicate an emotionally strong place in a conversation or text: "ah", "oh", "bravo", "encore".
She sang for an encore, then, to the furious noise and cheers of the audience, she went backstage.
Not all interjections are evaluative, some of them are just a tribute to some formula, for example, saying “hello” when picking up the phone. But most of the interjections are a technique of expressive coloring, more often used in colloquial speech, but often used by writers when creating dialogues and monologues of characters.
This is all the theoretical knowledge that you need to have in order to understand what expressive vocabulary is. Much more writing experience, taste and a sense of proportion are needed to competently and convincingly use this vast resource of the Russian language, creating a literary text, and not an official document or shorthand for everyday conversation.
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Presentation for the lesson
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Goals:
- Developing: to form the concept of "emotionally colored words"
- Educational: to teach to distinguish "emotionally colored words" from neutral words.
- Educational: to form moral ideas of students, to develop creative abilities.
- Health goal : to create in the classroom an atmosphere of kindness, enthusiasm, conducive to the preservation of mental health.
Equipment: interactive whiteboard, projector, multimedia presentation.
During the classes
1. Explanation of the new material:
Announcement of the topic, goal setting. Guys, words in Russian can be divided into the following 2 groups: some of them only name objects, signs, actions, quantity, without evaluating in any way (horse, wish), others express their attitude to objects, signs, actions.
Work with the epigraph (slide 1)
Are you smart or stupid
Are you big or small
We don't know yet
You didn't say a word!
(Persian philosopher Saadi)
How to understand the term "emotionally evaluative words"?
What is an emotion? What are emotions? (slide 2)
The guys look at emoticons and draw conclusions about what emotions a person can express: sadness, hatred, joy ...
What words help us describe these emotions? (happy, hateful, joyful, etc.)
Draw conclusions, what words are called emotionally colored? (Words expressing attitudes towards objects, signs, actions, etc., are called emotionally colored.
Emotionally evaluative words are divided into two groups: (slide 3)
Group 1: Words that characterize an object, a phenomenon from a positive or negative side:
Let's invite the heroes of your favorite cartoons (Carlson, clown) to visit.
- Carlson: characterize it with emotionally colored words, how do we know it?
(balanced, kind, cheerful, cheerful, great friend)
- Clown: characterize it with emotionally colored words: (cheerful, restless, kind, joyful)
Can all cartoon characters be characterized only on the positive side?
- Parrot Kesha - what is it in this situation? Write it down. (moody, self-satisfied)
- And Karabas Barabas? Write down (evil, cruel))
So, let's conclude: 1 group of emotionally colored words are words that characterize an object, a phenomenon on the positive or negative side.
2 group of emotionally colored words: (slide 5)
Words in which an emotional attitude to an object or phenomenon is expressed grammatically: by special suffixes and prefixes of emotional evaluation.
Leg - a leg (for a ballerina) - a knife (for an elephant).
Wing - wing (for a sparrow), wing (for an eagle).
kind - kind, kind
Elephant - elephant, elephant
Conclusion: What suffixes and prefixes helped form emotionally charged words? ( suffixes –enk-, -isch-, -ik-, -ek- etc., prefix pre-)
2. Consolidation: working with text (slide 6)
Badger ... nok.
From the basket ... a muzzle with a little black nose, curious little eyes and erect ears appeared. It was a badger ... nok. The muzzle of the animal was very funny. Wide black stripes stretched from the nose to the ears. Badger…nok climbed out of the basket onto the sofa. How busy he was!
Exercise: write out emotionally colored words in two columns:
In column 1, write down emotionally charged words that characterize the subject from a positive or negative side, and in the second - emotionally charged words formed with the help of prefixes and suffixes. Explain the missing spellings.
3. Write an essay - a miniature on the picture, using emotionally colored words (slide 7)
4. Conclusions:
- What new did you learn today?
- What words are called emotionally colored?
- How are they different from neutral words?
- What 2 groups are emotionally colored words divided into?
5. Homework.
Theory p. 36, ex. 82 or write a story on the topic “The story of a little crocodile” using emotional words.
Subject: Words with emotional overtones.
Subject: The word as a unit of language. Difference of a word from other language units. Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of the scope of its use. Stylistic coloration of words. Stylistic notes in the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language. Neutral and stylistically colored words.
Metasubject: Master the basic concepts of vocabulary. Understand the features of the word as a lexical level of the language. Find and observe the use of words in artistic, colloquial speech, as well as in various styles of speech.
Personal: Extract the necessary information from the explanatory dictionary and use it in various activities, independently monitor the purity of their speech.
To achieve purity of language,
we must fight for the purity of human
feelings and thoughts.
During the classes.
I.Knowledge update. Checking homework.
Epigraph work.
“In order to achieve the purity of the language, one must fight for the purity of human feelings and thoughts” ().
Explain the words "purity of language", "purity of human feelings and thoughts", "fight for".
How do you understand the meaning of the statement?
II. Statement of the educational task.
Teacher's word.
And how can you use words to express your attitude towards a person? Tell me these words (after the answers of the students, the teacher summarizes and supplements the information).
Many words, together with the name of an object, action, attribute, contain a positive or negative assessment. For example, the word kindness called a positive quality, the word evil awn - negative, word courage - positive, word cowardice - negative, etc. However, depending on the speech situation, a word with a positive color can become negative, and a negative one can become positive. For example, nenavist to the enemies of the Motherland will be a positive quality, and kindness to enemies negative.
So formulate the theme of our lesson. Write down (slide 1)
What tasks will we set?
Sh. Work on the topic of the lesson.
Many words not only define concepts, but also express the speaker's attitude towards them. (Slide 2)
For example, admiring the beauty of a white flower, you can call it snow-white, white, lilac.
These words are emotionally colored: a positive assessment distinguishes them from a neutral definition. white.
The emotional coloring of the word can also express a negative assessment of the called understood: blond, whitish. Therefore, emotional vocabulary is also called evaluative (emotional-evaluative).
The words are emotionals classified as follows: (slide 3-6)
Words that lexically qualify an object, phenomenon, either positively or negatively, for example: rudeness, disgust, hatred, disgust, affectionate, wonderful and etc.;
As part of emotional vocabulary, three groups can be distinguished: (slide 7-9)
1. Polysemantic words, neutral in their main meaning, get an emotional connotation when used figuratively. So, about a person of a certain character, you can say: hat, rag, mattress, oak tree, elephant, bear, snake, eagle, crow, rooster, parrot
2. Words with subjective assessment suffixes that convey various shades of feelings: - positive emotions; beards, kid, breech- negative.
3. Words with subjective assessment suffixes that convey various shades of feelings: son, daughter, granny, sunshine, neatly, close- positive emotions; beards, kid, breech- negative.
VI. Consolidation.(Slide 10-11)
1. Make sentences with words
bridge and bridge, small river and small river; highlight the suffix in these words, try to explain the difference in the meanings of the words.
2. Highlight suffixes in words; track how the lexical meaning of the word changes depending on the additional shades of suffix meanings
River-river-river-river-river.
3. Remember that words with a figurative meaning help us to figuratively convey in speech our feelings, our assessment of what we are talking about. In the sentences below, find the words used in a figurative sense; determine what attitude to the person, action they express:
A) There is a green oak near the seashore, a golden chain on that oak ... () - My grandmother has golden hands.
B) The crow croaked at the top of its crow's throat ... () - Oh, you, crow! Missed that ball!
C) Seryozha swam in a mathematics lesson. - The stems of flowers bathed in the water, at the very edge a large tulip petal floated. ()
I caressed the calf
He was small...
Treated with fresh grass
At the rubble.
I loved the calf
He was gentle.
I drank water
The freshest.
How I sang over the little one
Over the baby
Forever told him:
"Be a calf!
Let all the big cows -
You be small!
I'll give you weed new
At the rubble."
slide 13
5. Make sentences with these words, using them in a figurative sense. What evaluation of people do they help us express?
Parrot, fox, empty, iron, gold.
6. For these words, select the synonyms that you use in colloquial speech.
Get dirty, get angry, put on airs, lie.
7. Make sentences with these expressive words. Say what feeling, what assessment they express.
Evil, quiet, loafer, generous.
8. Underline the words most often used in book speech.
Resent, get angry; rejoice, rejoice; mournful, sad.
(If in doubt, refer to dictionaries)
9. Work with the textbook.
Exercise 55 page 248
v.Reflection.
I found out …
I learned…
VI.Homework.
