Gao Tzu (Liu Bang).

Chinese emperor from the Western Han Dynasty, who ruled from 206-195. to R. X.

2) Lü-hou, Empress Gao-hou (+ 180 BC).

Genus. 256 BC (or 247 BC).

Liu Bang, who later received the posthumous title of Gaozu, came from a wealthy peasant family. He was a native of Zhongyang village, located near the city of Fengyi in the Pei County of the State of Chu. Sima Qian writes that Liu Bang was known from childhood for his humanity, always willingly rendered good deeds and was distinguished by generosity. Constantly busy with big plans, he did not pay attention to the daily household chores that other family members were engaged in. His father often scolded him for this, but Liu Bang did not become quicker. But he managed to learn hieroglyphs, learned to read and write and, having reached adulthood, passed the exams for an official. Soon he was appointed to the post of head of the Sishui region. There is little information about this period of his life. It is reported that he treated all officials in the administration with disdain, loved wine, women, but usually did not have money to pay for these pleasures, and walked on credit.
A turning point in the fate of Liu Bang occurred in 209 BC, when, after the death of Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi, riots broke out in Chu. Soldier Cheng Sheng declared himself the van of Zhang Chu. In many regions and counties, Qin officials began to be killed. Liu Bang, who had many true friends, did not stay away from these events. At the head of a detachment of one hundred people, he approached the county town of Pei. The locals killed the head of the county and elected Liu Bang to take his place. He took the princely title of Pei-gong and became in charge of all county affairs. His army quickly grew to several thousand men. Soon, his adherents captured the nearest cities of Hulin, Fangyu and Feng. The Qin chief of the region, Sishui, tried to restore order. However, Pei Gong gave him a fight at the walls of Feng and defeated him. He then scored another victory at Xie. But soon Chu was invaded by the Qin army of Zhang Han. The Qin defeated Cheng Sheng's army and captured several cities, the population of which was completely exterminated. Pei Gong led his troops to the west, fought the enemy at Xiao, but failed at first. Bringing up reinforcements, he attacked Dan and, after a three-day battle, took it. At that time, another rebel army of Xiang Liang was operating in Wu. Pei Gong voluntarily submitted to him, and he reinforced his army with 5 thousand soldiers. Soon, Xiang Lyan called the commanders of individual detachments to Xie, and they all together proclaimed one of the descendants of the former Chu dynasty, Huai-wang Xin, king of Chu. However, the real power in Chu remained in the hands of Xiang Liang. As part of his army, Pei Gong's detachment participated in the attack on Kangfui in the release of Dongye, under the walls of which the Qin army was defeated. After that, on the orders of Xiang Liang, Pei Gong attacked Chengyang and slaughtered the entire population there. At Puyang, he defeated the Qin army, then turned to the west and again won a victory over the Qin at Yongqiu. Meanwhile, the Qin commander Zhang Han defeated Xiang Liang's army. The last one was killed. Having defeated the Chus, Zhang Han turned north, crossed the Huang He and went into the possession of Zhao, where a rebellion was also flaring up. Chu Huai-wang thus got the opportunity to gather his strength again. Pei-gun he appointed the head of the Dan region and gave all the troops there under his command. Wang sent part of his army to the north to help the ruler of Zhao, and ordered Pei Gong to launch an offensive in the west and invade Qin. It was a difficult task. At that time, the Qin troops were still strong and usually won victories in battles with the rebels even in the territories of the eastern principalities. Pei Gong was the first Chu commander who dared to set foot behind the Qin outposts. All the rebellious principalities followed his campaign, and his success brought him wide fame. Departing from Dan, he first defeated two Qin armies one after the other in Gongli, then unexpectedly attacked Chenliu and captured large stocks of grain there. At Baima, he defeated the Qin commander Yang Xun, and then east of Quyu finally defeated him. In 207 BC, Pei Gong occupied the Huanyuan mountain pass in the Han lands, through which it was possible to invade Qin directly. But before that, he fought at Yangcheng with Yi - the head of the Nanyang region - and defeated him.
At this time, a turning point occurred in the general course of hostilities. The nephew of the former Chu commander Xiang Liang, Xiang Yu, defeated Wang Li's Qin army and forced another Qin commander Zhang Han to surrender. Pei Gong also went on the offensive, defeated the Qin at Wuguan and south of Lantian. His army entered the domain of Qin, and the soldiers were strictly forbidden to rob and kill. The population rejoiced at their arrival, and the Qin army fled. The remnants of the Qin troops were finally defeated in a battle north of Lantian. There was someone to defend the capital of Xianyang. The last Qin emperor Zi-yi, having tied his neck with a silk cord, left the city in a simple cart and surrendered to Pei-gong. He treated the vanquished mercifully. To avoid unrest, he did not even begin to send his troops to Xianyang - he only went there for a short time and sealed the Qin storerooms and storehouses with jewelry with his own hands. Returning to his camp in Bashan, Pei Gong gathered the Qin elders, the leaders of the counties, and announced that all cruel Qin laws would henceforth be repealed. The people received the news with joy. Pei Gong became very popular among the Qin, who all voluntarily accepted his authority.
A month after Pei Gong, a united rebel army led by Xiang Yu entered Qin. Under his leadership there were about 400 thousand people. Pei Gong was strongly tempted to block the mountain passes and keep the rebels out of the rich Qin lands. But, having maturely weighed his strength, he abandoned this plan. Instead, he went to meet Xiang Yu in Hongmen and here expressed his obedience to him. Xiang Yu occupied Xianyang and subjected this rich city to the most severe defeat. The population of the capital was robbed and partly killed, all the Qin palaces were looted and burned. According to the historian Sima Qian, where Xiang Yu passed, there was nothing left undestroyed. No one dared to stop him, since at that time he was the most powerful commander of the anti-Qin coalition. In 206 BC, Xiang Yu declared himself the hegemon prince of Western Chu and began to distribute lands and titles to his military leaders like a full-fledged emperor. He granted the title of Han-wang to Pei-gun and gave him control over the districts of Ba, Shu and Han-chung with a residence in Nanzhen. Since that time, official Chinese historiography has counted the beginning of the Han Dynasty. As soon as Han-wang established himself in his new possessions, internecine wars began among the former rebel generals (who all now received the high titles of vans, that is, "sovereigns"). The first to rise up against the hegemony of Xiang Yu were the Qis - the inhabitants of the extreme eastern, coastal regions. Xiang Yu spoke out against them. Meanwhile, Han-wang suddenly attacked his former opponent Zhang Han. (This Qin general, as already mentioned, once surrendered to Xiang Yu along with his entire army. After the victory, Xiang Yu granted him the title of Yun-wang and gave him one of the three possessions into which the former kingdom of Qin was divided.) Under Chencang, Zhang Han's army was defeated and fled. Besieged in Feiqiu, he committed suicide a few months later. Throughout 205 BC, Han-wang expanded his conquests in the west and took possession of all the lands of the former kingdom of Qin. The people were granted various benefits, including being allowed to cultivate land in all the former Qin gardens, reserves and parks. All criminals received amnesty. In 204 BC, Han-wang crossed the Huang He in Linjing and set about conquering the eastern lands. First of all, the Henei region came under his authority. Then the former Zhou capital of Luoyang was occupied. Although Xiang Yu knew that the Han army was moving to the east, Qi, bound by the war against the troops, could not immediately stop it. Meanwhile, Han-wang sent orders to the rest of the vans to gather to him in Peng. Five zhuhou (ruling princes) - the rulers of the regions of Wei, Henan, Yin and Zhao, at the head of their armies, joined him. Hearing about this, Xiang Yu, leaving the war in Qi unfinished, deployed his army and hurried to meet the enemy. On the banks of the Suishui River east of Lingbi, a great battle took place, in which the Han were defeated. So many were killed that the flow of the Suishui River stopped because of the dead bodies. Han-wang's allies - the rulers of the eastern principalities - immediately left him and again joined Chu. But the inhabitants of Qin, who hated Xiang Yu for his cruelty, for the most part remained loyal to Han-wang, and relying on them, he was able to continue the war. Gathering a new army, Han-wang again invaded the eastern regions and defeated the Chu people between Jing and So. Xiang Yu moved towards him. After many complex maneuvers and distracting blows, the decisive battle took place in 203 BC near Chenliu. Xiang Yu was just absent, and the Chu people suffered a heavy defeat. At the same time, Han-wang managed to capture the principality of Qi on the eastern outskirts of Xiang Yu's possessions (he appointed one of his commanders Han Xin as a van there). It was an important strategic success - the Qisi constantly disturbed Xiang Yu. He had to constantly repel blows from the west, then from the east and, turning against Qin, constantly expect a blow in the back from Qi. In addition, the overall balance of power was not in his favor. Possession of a rich and populous Qin allowed Han-wang to constantly increase his potential - to create and equip new armies one after another. In 202 BC, pulling all his forces, he joined Xiang Yu in a decisive battle near Gaixia. The Chu army, which was almost three times smaller in number than the Han army, was here simultaneously attacked from the front and flanks and suffered a complete defeat. Xiang Yu fled, but was overtaken in Dongcheng. Surrounded on all sides by Han soldiers, he committed suicide. About 80,000 Chu soldiers fell in the battle. After such a defeat, the Chus could no longer resist and recognized the power of the Han. Han-wang immediately liquidated the independence of the principality of Qi. Thus, after seven years of turmoil, the Celestial Empire again found itself under the rule of one ruler.
As soon as peace came, the sovereign princes, military leaders and advisers turned to Huan-wang with a request to accept the imperial title. Huan-wang agreed and from now on became known as the emperor; it was Gaozu. He generously rewarded his companions and disbanded the armies. The ruined provinces were exempted from paying taxes. All former political enemies were given a full amnesty. The capital of the new empire was Changyan on the banks of the Weihe River, where the palaces of Changlegun and Weiyangong were built. However, peace did not come immediately. In subsequent years, rebellions of sovereign princes broke out here and there. Gaozu did not have time to enjoy the peaceful life - during one of the campaigns, the emperor was wounded by a stray arrow and fell seriously ill. In June 195 BC, he died at Changlegun Palace. The empire founded by him turned out to be very strong and, despite turmoil and upheaval, lasted for about 400 years.

As promised, I will write about three Chinese empresses. Actually, formally they have little in common, they all belonged to different dynasties and hundreds of years passed between their reigns. But all three enjoyed enviable longevity, and although they ruled coolly (especially in relation to the aristocracy and the top officials), they were quite successful, especially Liu and Wu Zetian (ordinary people did not get too much showdown at the top, and these two waged enough wars successfully). But each time after the power of the empresses, China was on the verge.

Empress Liu owes everything to the insight of her papa, who managed to become a simple officer of the future emperor. Times were terrible. The Qin Empire, only a few years outlived its first emperor, Qin Shi Huang, who united the country with fire and sword after the era of the Warring States, executed right and left and burned a bunch of books of "empty learning". Liu Bang was out of the ordinary. Either from middle landowners, or from wealthy peasants ... At the end of the reign, Qin Shi Huang became a petty official. Either a lowly police officer, or a leader of the self-defense squad... His father-in-law was of a higher position, but he considered Liu Bang a good match for his daughter. At the same time, Liu Bang was a simple-minded person, strong, a drunkard, but possessed powerful charisma and the will to power. Somehow he had to accompany the convicts sent to build the palaces of Qi Shi Huang, they did not go to the construction, but took refuge in the mountains. In 2009, when the emperor gave up, there was a riot in the area where Liu Bang was from, the former chief was killed, and Liu Bang was called in his place. Anarchy in the empire increased, the uprising of the "red-browed", rival princes and generals, each of whom sought to carve out his own kingdom from the rubble. It is possible that Liu Bang's wifey pretty warmed up his vanity. Whatever it was, luck smiled at him. In 206 BC, the last Qin ruler presented Liu Bang with the insignia of imperial dignity. The Han Dynasty has begun. Liu Bang was no longer young and died a few years later (shortly before his death, he went to his homeland, drank with friends of his youth quite easily for three days, taught young people the dances of his youth, and before leaving he freed his native town from taxes).
Lu's wife bore him a son and a daughter. Already becoming emperor, Liu Bang took a concubine from the Qi clan, who bore him a son. He loved the concubine, perhaps more than his wife. He also had other sons from other ladies, so that after his death the question of succession to the throne became an edge. The son from the legal wife did not go to the father, turning out to be a soft and weak-willed person. Liu Ban even wanted to officially deprive him of the right to inherit the throne, and make his son from the concubine the heir.
Lü sat more and more in the capital, while the concubine accompanied Liu Bang on trips and had the opportunity to "pour into his ears."
But Lü had a resolute character, and she had a considerable influence on her husband. For many years she helped him restore order in the empire, and many senior dignitaries, suspected of thinking about the throne themselves, were executed at her insistence. Lu's older brothers, who were also energetic and determined people (both of them were military commanders), stood vigilantly on guard of her interests.
Immediately after the death of Liu Bang, the concubine was imprisoned in the palace. Her son, who at that time was the prince of one of the regions, was summoned to the capital. The older brother (the son of Lü and Liu Bang) loved him and did not wish him harm, however, Lü ruled everything. Although the elder brother tried not to let go of his younger brother (the concubine's son), he ate and drank with him so that he would not be poisoned, Lu seized the moment when her son went hunting and ... poisoned the concubine's son. Then the Empress Dowager ordered that Qi's concubine be cut off her legs and arms, pluck out her eyes, burn her ears, give her a drug that causes dumbness, place her in a pit full of filth, and call her "pig-man." The administration of the state completely passed to Lu, her brother Jiancheng-hou and two nephews - Li-hou and Chiao-hou. As for the emperor, her son, he did not attend to business at all, he frolicked, indulged in debauchery and fun. From this, he soon fell ill and died at a very young man.
By this time, representatives of the Lü clan already occupied all important posts in the state, were military leaders and rulers of the regions. They supported Empress Lü and helped her keep power in her hands. Until her death, she remained the all-powerful ruler of the empire, although she was formally considered a regent for minor emperors. All decrees and decrees came directly from Empress Lu. These infant emperors were deposed by Lü as she pleased.
It all ended unimportant. After Lu's death, a fierce struggle unfolded between her relatives, who held many key positions, and representatives of other clans. Liu Zhang, Liu Bang's eldest grandson, played a major role in the coup. Under his leadership, soldiers loyal to Liu entered Chang'an and began the extermination of the Lu clan. They killed everyone indiscriminately - men and women, adults and children. The throne passed to the eldest son of Liu Bang, Liu Heng (he was the son of a woman from the Bo clan).
Wu Zetian, was the only empress who ruled China as a sovereign empress (both Lü and Cixi were de jure regents for underage puppet emperors). She was only 14 years old when she ended up in the harem of the second emperor of the Tang Dynasty, Tai Zong (in fact, it was Tai Zong who was the founder of the dynasty, just after defeating rival kingdoms, out of respect for his father, he made him the first emperor of the new dynasty - This is not an isolated case in Chinese history. However, the pullet did not seem to Tai Tsung too much, and in fact, was in disgrace. She was noticed by the son and heir of Tai Zong Li Zhi and ... fell in love. His passion, however, was for some time platonic. After the death of Tai Zong, Wu Zetian, like many other concubines, had to be tonsured monks, but Li Zhi, who became the new emperor under the name of Gaozong, saved her from the monastic cassock, replacing them with the clothes of his concubine. Wu Zetian's ambition was so great that she wanted to rule, and not just spread her legs in front of the emperor. The empress was childless, and Wu Zetian gave birth to a girl, and then blamed her death on the empress (she visited the newborn, and after her departure, the mother herself strangled the baby with a blanket). Gaozong turned away from the empress, and Wu Zetian took her place in his heart and on the throne forever . She managed to expel all her ill-wishers from the court, and potential rivals were executed without trial or investigation (who were poisoned and who were quartered). She really sat on the throne of the empire, next to Gaozong to manage state affairs (despite the fact that even in Tang China, known for its relative freedom of morals for women, the appearance of a woman in public space was nonsense). After Gaozong's death, Wu Zetian took state power into her own hands. She deposed the two heirs of the emperor, and at the age of 67 founded the Zhou Dynasty, deposing the Tang (temporarily). Under Wu Zetian, there were cruel officials, she dealt with the innocent, destroyed all her enemies, in addition, she punished relatives from the Gaozong clan, she even punished her son, the heir to the emperor. Terror reigned in the palace. In the last decades of her life, the prudence of the empress was shaken by the influx of senile voluptuousness. In particular, she approached two brothers of dubious reputation, representatives of the Zhang family, who became her lovers. Despite the exhortations of the courtiers, the old and sick ruler completely relied on the devotion of the Zhangs. In February 705, a group of conspirators from among the highest dignitaries seized the palace, put the Zhangs to execution, and the empress was sent to die in a country estate. She died at 82, having survived a bunch of rebellions and conspiracies. Her son Zhongzong was proclaimed emperor.
And finally, Empress Cixi. She was born in 1835 in the family of a Manchurian mandarin (a high-ranking official). At the age of 18, she passed the competition and was selected for the imperial harem. She got there as a concubine of the lowest rank - such people could never get into the imperial bed. But Cixi was persistent in her goal. She gave all the money allocated to her for jewelry and small pleasures to one of the most famous prostitutes, who secretly taught her the most sophisticated erotic tricks. In addition, she studied dancing, plastic arts, read a lot, carefully looked after her body and bribed courtiers close to the emperor. She managed to make friends with Empress Qian, who was fifteen years older than Cixi. Allegedly, Cixi was able to recognize the poison in the glass of the empress, and thereby saved her life. When the question of an heir arose, Qian offered the emperor Cixi for this purpose. In 1856, she made the emperor happy as an heir. There is a version that in fact the child was born to a young maid who was killed immediately after giving birth. The status of the mother of the heir to the throne increased Cixi's influence at court. Gradually, the emperor transferred more and more powers to her, thanks to which she became the de facto ruler of China, and after the death of the emperor in 1861 (there was the Second Opium Won, the imperial family moved inland away from the fighting, and there, while walking along the lake, the emperor, moving from his boat to Cixi's boat, he fell into the water, which made him ill and soon died), together with Ts'an, she became regent for the naysayers. Political power equally belonged to both, but the empress, who was not interested in politics, handed over the reins of power to the concubine. Some time later, Qian passed away from food poisoning. Cixi became the sole ruler-regent.
Empress Cixi received unlimited access to treasures and power over people. She continued her studies, bookcases at the head of her bed; She also enjoyed traditional Chinese painting, music, horse riding and archery. Life in the palace and perfect care allowed her beauty to blossom at last, about which there are many historical testimonies. The Europeans who visited the palace claimed that Cixi was unusually good and always seemed younger than her years - at fifty she could not be given more than thirty, at seventy she looked forty years old. Perhaps the chosen diet of the empress contributed to this: fish, duck and chicken cooked in various ways. In addition, Cixi drank a large cup of women's milk every day to preserve her youth.
Cixi's regency was to continue until the 17th birthday of the heir, who was named Zaichun at birth. The heir turned out to be a dissolute fellow (not without the special influence of his mother), who had a passion for sexual orgies. After he reaches the age of majority, Cixi issues a decree in which he announces that her regency is over, and she has transferred power to the heir. However, in December 1878, Zaichun contracted smallpox. The body of the heir, weakened by venereal diseases, was not able to resist the disease for a long time, and in less than two weeks the heir died. His wife, who was expecting a child, was hounded by Cixi to the point that she killed herself by refusing to eat. Cixi managed to remain the de facto ruler of China for many more years (in total, she ruled for half a century).
Cixi was distinguished by extreme suspicion, cruelty and cunning. She created her own spy network that entangled the imperial court. No conspiracy simply could come true, because Cixi was so afraid that sometimes the participants in the conspiracy themselves informed her about it. She had many lovers, and the monstrous morals in Cixi Palace were legendary. At various times, even false eunuchs were with her, who enjoyed almost unlimited power while they were favorites. Moreover, in sex, Cixi was insatiable. Thousands of men passed through her bedroom, and there would be no such perversions that would remain unknown to this woman. For example, her beloved eunuch Li Lianying tied a young man to his body and performed sexual acts with his help, thus delighting his mistress.
Lost wars, mass uprisings, the enslavement of China by Europeans - this is the result of her reign. Cixi was succeeded by the two-year-old Pu Yi in 1908. In 1911, the monarchy in China was overthrown.

The Han Dynasty is divided into two periods: before and after the usurpation of power by Wang Mang. The early Han Dynasty is also called the Western Han (196 BC - 5 AD) because the capital was in the West at Chang'an. The capital of the late Han Dynasty, also known as the Eastern Han (AD 29 - 210), was Luoyang. Han unified China. He was not only strong in the art of war, but also distinguished by honesty, openness, and the fact that he fairly rewarded and punished his subjects.

After Wang Mang's takeover of the Western Han throne and before the establishment of the Eastern Han, China witnessed devastating civil wars. Soon after Liu Xiu was proclaimed emperor, he took a series of measures to maintain the economy and forged peaceful relations with neighboring countries in order to restore the war-torn empire.

Liu Xiu appointed educated officials rather than military generals to conduct state affairs. He believed that generals were good in times of battle, not for making laws in peacetime, not to mention that many of them became too arrogant because of their military achievements, and did not want to take orders. The emperor awarded titles and wealth to more than 360 generals, but after his power was strengthened, he removed them from control.

Liu Xiu strengthened centralized power: local officials had to report directly to the emperor. This helped prevent powerful ministers or nobles from seizing power.

The emperor saw that the harsh measures introduced by the invader Wang caused widespread resentment. Therefore, Liu Xiu issued decrees to pardon people who committed minor crimes, to free slaves, and to prohibit torture. The war taught Liu that any conflict is best resolved peacefully. Therefore, he became famous as a firm, but possessing great virtue ruler.

In order to reduce the tax burden on the people, Liu introduced minimum tax amounts. To support agriculture and develop the irrigation system, the emperor reduced the tax for peasants from 10% to 3.3%. In addition, he approved tax breaks for the elderly, widows and the poor, who suffered the most from the Civil War.

Liu Xiu fortified the borders to improve the country's security. He promised some prisoners to have their sentences reduced if they went to serve on the border.

Liu was strict with himself and with great patience with others. During the Civil War, many enemy generals went over to his side and trusted him. When one day there was a strong earthquake, the emperor blamed himself for not having enough virtue to protect his people from a natural disaster.

During the reign of Liu Xiu, the country quickly recovered from the Civil War, social conflicts decreased, and people lived peacefully and happily.

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- (from the Slavic pan, lord) the ancient title of the heads of the eastern border counties of the Hungarian state, now the title of the governor of Croatia and Slavonia. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Pavlenkov F., 1907. BAN (Serb. ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

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BAN- Belarusian Academy of Sciences after: Academy of Sciences of the BSSR Belarus, education and science BAN Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences formerly: Library of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR bibl., education and science Dictionary: S. Fadeev. Dictionary of abbreviations of the modern Russian language. S. Pb.: Polytechnic, 1997. 527 s ... Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations

ban- BAN, a (or a), m. Vokzal. Peasants hang out at three bans on the square of three stations (Komsomolskaya square in Moscow) and nonresident residents are waiting for trains. ug. "ban" station, pier, etc. a place where there are a lot of people with things (from German). Probably from it... Dictionary of Russian Argo

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1) in Croatia from the 10th century. until 1921 viceroy of the king; head of the armed forces2)] In Bosnia 12-14 centuries. Sovereign3) In Yugoslavia in 1931 1941 the governor of each of the 9 regions (banovins), in 1939 41 heads of autonomous Croatia ...

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Books

• Guide to Confession for Priests and Laity, Metropolitan Mitrofan Ban. There are books whose value does not decrease with time, but, on the contrary, increases, because they are moral strongholds in which new generations find immortals ...
• Night of the Living Deadpool, Cullen Ban. Deadpool woke up from a well-fed coma and realized that New York City had been taken over by crazy zombies! And they don't really like all this lust for human flesh. Will a chatty mercenary be eaten by chatty zombies? You…