In this lesson, you will learn about species criteria. Many plants and animals surround us. From early childhood, we can distinguish a cat from a dog, and turnips from hemp. In sixth and seventh grade, we learn that species exist. What is a biological species in terms of evolution? Do species really exist, or is it just a convenient concept in everyday life? How do species appear, live and disappear from the face of the Earth? What's next for our species? Is Homo sapiens intelligent enough?

Bibliography

1. Kamensky A. A., Kriksunov E. A., Pasechnik V. V. General biology 10-11 class Bustard, 2005.

2. Belyaev D.K. Biology grade 10-11. General biology. A basic level of. - 11th ed., stereotype. - M.: Education, 2012. - 304 p.

3. Biology grade 11. General biology. Profile level / V. B. Zakharov, S. G. Mamontov, N. I. Sonin and others - 5th ed., stereotype. - Bustard, 2010. - 388 p.

4. Agafonova I. B., Zakharova E. T., Sivoglazov V. I. Biology 10-11 class. General biology. A basic level of. - 6th ed., add. - Bustard, 2010. - 384 p.

1. A set of individuals that are similar in structure, have a common origin, freely interbreed with each other and give fertile offspring, are called ...
A. population
*B. view
B. class
D. There is no correct answer.

2. Distinguish ... population structure
A. Sexual
B. Age
B. genetic
*G. All answers are correct

3. If pre-reproductive individuals predominate in the population, the population size will be ...
*BUT. Growing
B. Stable
V. Descending
D. There is no correct answer.

4. The basis for the existence of a species as a genetic unit of wildlife is its ...
A. Post-reproductive isolation
B. Pre-reproductive isolation
*AT. reproductive isolation
D. There is no correct answer.

5. For species living in Baikal, the range is limited to this lake - this is an example of ... a criterion
A. Ecological
B. Morphological
*AT. Geographical
G. Physiological

6. A constantly acting source of hereditary variability is ...
A. Migrations
*B. mutation process
B. Insulation
D. There is no correct answer.

7. The degree of mobility of individuals is expressed by the distance that an animal can move - this distance is called ...
*BUT. Radius of individual activity
B. Migration
B. insulation
D. There is no correct answer.

8. New combinations of genes ... survival of individuals within a species
A. Downgrade
*B. Raise
B. Remain stable
D. There is no correct answer.

9. The criterion of a species, which includes a set of environmental factors that make up the immediate habitat of a species, is ... a criterion
*BUT. Ecological
B. Geographic
B. Morphological
D. There is no correct answer.

1. A really existing, genetically indivisible unit of the organic world is ...
A. Population
B. Individual
*AT. View
G. Class

2. Distinguish ... the age class of the population
A. Post-reproductive
B. Pre-reproductive
B. Reproductive
*G. All answers are correct

3. The vast majority of species of living organisms consists of individual ...
*BUT. populations
B. Individuals
B. Organisms
D. There is no correct answer.

4. If reproductive individuals predominate in the population, the population size will be ...
A. Growing
*B. dwindling
B. Stable
D. There is no correct answer.

5. The species of poplars and willows often interbreed with each other - this is an example of not absolute ... criterion
A. Genetic
B. Biochemical
*AT. physiological
G. Morphological

6. In plants, the radius of individual activity is determined by the distance over which it extends ...
A. Pollen
B. Seeds
B. Vegetative parts capable of giving rise to a new plant
*G. All answers are correct

7. The fundamental criterion for the species is ...
A. Morphological
*B. Genetic
B. Physiological
G. Biochemical

8. To split the view, you must use
A. Morphological and genetic criteria
B. Biochemical and physiological criteria
B. Geographical and environmental criteria
*G. All answers are correct

9. The criterion of a species, which is based on the similarity of the external and internal structure of an individual of the same species, is ...
A. Geographic criteria
B. Environmental criterion
*AT. Morphological criterion
D. Physiological criterion

1. The totality of geographically and ecologically close populations, capable of interbreeding, having common morpho-physiological features, is ...
*BUT. View
B. Individual
B. Population
G. Class

2. The elementary evolutionary unit is ...
A. View
B. Individual
*AT. population
D. There is no correct answer.

3. Under natural conditions, populations do not mix with each other. This is hindered…
A. Geographic barriers
B. Morphological differences
B. Different timing of reproduction
*G. All answers are correct

4. The source of the reserve of hereditary variability of populations is ...
A. Migrations
B. Insulation
*AT. mutation process
D. There is no correct answer.

5. The swamp warbler and the reed warbler do not differ externally, but they do not interbreed and have completely different mating songs - this is an example of not absoluteness ...
*BUT. Morphological criterion
B. Environmental criteria
B. Geographic criteria
D. Biochemical criterion

6. A great contribution to population genetics was made by the scientist ...
A.N.A. Severtsov
*B. S.S. Chetverikov
V.K.F. steering wheel
G. D. Diderot

7. The concept of a species as a whole is not absolute, there are organisms that do not form a species, because ...
A. Speciation not completed when the status of the species has not yet been determined
B. In paleontology, closely related species cannot be separated.
C. Asexual individuals reproducing by parthenogenesis self-fertilize
*G. All answers are correct

8. The gene pool of the species is presented ...
A. Gene pools of individuals
*B. Population gene pools
B. Gene pools of individual organisms
D. All answers are correct.

9. The criterion characterizing a certain area occupied by a species in nature is ...
A. Environmental criteria
B. Morphological criterion
*AT. Geographic criterion
D. Physiological criterion

Correct answers are marked with an asterisk "*"

view called a set of individuals similar in basic morphological and functional characteristics, karyotype, behavioral reactions, having a common origin, inhabiting a certain territory (range), under natural conditions interbreeding exclusively with each other and at the same time producing fertile offspring.

The species affiliation of an individual is determined by its compliance with the listed criteria: morphological, physiological-biochemical, cytogenetic, ethological, ecological, etc. The most important features of a species are its genetic(reproductive)insulation, consisting in the non-crossing of individuals of a given species with representatives of other species, as well as genetic stability in natural conditions, leading to an independent evolutionary destiny.

Since the time of K. Linnaeus, the species has been the main unit of taxonomy. The special position of the species among other systematic units (taxa) is due to the fact that this is the group in which individual individuals exist really. As part of a species in natural conditions, an individual is born, reaches puberty and performs its main biological function: participating in reproduction, it ensures the continuation of the genus. In contrast to species, taxa of supraspecific rank, such as genus, order, family, class, phylum, are not the arena of the real life of organisms. Their selection in the natural system of the organic world reflects the results of the previous stages of the historical development of living nature. The distribution of organisms by supraspecific taxa indicates the degree of their phylogenetic relationship.

The most important factor in the unification organisms into species serves sexual process. Representatives of the same species, interbreeding with each other, exchange hereditary material. This leads to recombination in each generation of genes (alleles) that make up the genotypes of individual individuals. As a result, leveling differences between organisms within a species and long-term preservation of the main morphological, physiological and other features that distinguish one species from another. Thanks to the sexual process, there is also a combination of genes (alleles) distributed over the genotypes of different individuals, into common gene pool(allele pool) 1 species. This gene pool contains the entire amount of hereditary information that a species has at a certain stage of its existence.

The species definition given above cannot be applied to asexually reproducing agamous (certain microorganisms, blue-green algae), self-fertilizing and strictly parthenogenetic organisms. Groupings of such organisms, equivalent to a species, are distinguished by the similarity of phenotypes, the common area, and the proximity of genotypes by origin. The practical use of the concept of "species" even in organisms with sexual reproduction is often difficult. This is due dynamism of the species manifested in intraspecific variability, "blurring" of the boundaries of the range, the formation and disintegration of intraspecific groups of various sizes and compositions (populations, races, subspecies). The dynamism of species is a consequence of the action of elementary evolutionary factors (see Chapter 11).