Human life is determined by a number of factors. Some of them are laid before birth. Primarily, we are talking about temperament, which forms a person's attitude to himself and the world around him. Types of temperament sometimes differ so much that people may not find a common language. The description of temperaments was made a very long time ago, and modern research has only supplemented this picture. If you correctly determine the type of temperament, then you can more effectively achieve your life goals. Let's analyze 4 types of temperament and think about how best to apply this knowledge.
Types of human temperament
Even in ancient Greece, scientists and philosophers drew attention to the psychological differences between people who acted completely differently in the same situations. Having carefully analyzed the behavior of his compatriots, the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates identified 4 types of temperament: phlegmatic, melancholic, choleric and sanguine. This classification was explained dominance of one of the "vital juices".
So, among phlegmatic people, according to the ancient Greeks, lymph prevailed ( reflux), which makes them calm, balanced, inert. The temperament of the choleric is due to the influence of bile ( hole), due to which they are prone to outbursts of anger. Causes of depression of the melancholic in black bile ( melena chole). This "life juice" fills with sadness and fear. If blood predominates sangua), then the person will be cheerful, active, cheerful. This description fits the sanguine.
The division into these types of temperaments is firmly rooted in society. The ancient Roman physician Galen finalized the teachings of Hippocrates that there are 4 types of people. Despite the fact that he lived half a millennium later, the definition of the type of temperament also took place on an intuitive level, since many characteristics of a person's higher nervous activity had not yet been discovered.
In this form, the description of temperaments, practically unchanged, reached the twentieth century, when psychologists and physiologists became interested in this phenomenon. So, thanks to Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, the characteristics of temperament types enhanced understanding of the nervous system. Now, for a more effective definition, indicators such as strength, mobility and balance of higher nervous activity were used. The researcher singled out one weak (melancholic) and three strong (sanguine, choleric and phlegmatic) types. If we talk about mobility, then only the phlegmatic turned out to be inert. The choleric type of temperament distinguished itself by imbalance.
The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung, describing, studied in detail the influence of psychological functions on him: sensations, feelings, thinking, intuition. He compared the types of human temperament with behavior, introducing the concepts (orientation to the outside world) and (immersion in oneself). Choleric and sanguine turned out to be prone to the first, and phlegmatic with melancholic - to the second. Although this division is conditional.
The types of temperament and their psychological characteristics were seriously studied by the British scientist Hans Jürgen Eysenck. According to him, temperament, in addition to extraversion and introversion, depends on the emotional stability of the individual. Having systematized all the available information, he created a unique technique for highly accurate personality testing, later called the Eysenck temperament test. This approach allows you to determine the type of temperament, as well as its severity in a person's personality. Why this is so important will be discussed in the next section.
How to determine the type of temperament and why is it needed?
Difficulty in communication between people very often appears due to the fact that they have different temperaments. Accordingly, it becomes much easier to establish a dialogue or find a suitable interlocutor if you determine the type of temperament. It's not that hard to find out who you belong to. To do this, it is enough to allocate five minutes of time on our website, which will allow you to find out what type of temperament you belong to.
To analyze the interlocutor, will take more time. The psychological characteristics of temperament types will serve as a good cheat sheet in this. So, 4 types of temperament and their brief description:
- sanguine- energetic and active, with increased efficiency and a positive outlook on the world;
- Choleric- quick-tempered, emotional, impulsive, prone to leadership and dominance;
- melancholic- vulnerable, impressionable, sincere, worries for a long time for any reason, knows how to fantasize;
- Phlegmatic person- calm, balanced, inert, weakly interacts with other people.
This characteristic helps to form a general idea of a person, but it is far from exhaustive. Pure types of temperament are rare. Basically, in a person, the makings of several temperaments can be represented, they are simply expressed in different ways. Depending on the situation or life circumstances, a sanguine person sometimes turns into a phlegmatic person, a melancholic person into a choleric person, etc.
Nevertheless, it is very important to try to understand the type of interlocutor's temperament, because this will help to avoid a number of "pitfalls". And, if you also deal with your type, then in general the level of communication will rise to unexpected heights.
We discussed in detail how to build relationships or a dialogue with each specific type of temperament in the feature articles about, and, which are published on our website. But it is desirable not to forget that each person is individual. Do not put "stamps" and "brands" on everyone indiscriminately. Upbringing and social environment can significantly adjust a person's personality. A choleric person can grow up to be a well-mannered person, a phlegmatic person can be very inquisitive, a sanguine person can be distinguished by enviable constancy, and a melancholic person can win a boxing championship.
The types of temperament listed in the article are easy to perceive, but at the same time, they are quite convenient. Apparently, this is the secret of their popularity for several millennia. The type of temperament determines a person's life, but other factors also play an important role. So, determining the type of temperament is akin to a hint, but not a strict guide to action. Everything in the world is relative, from the speed of light to the typing of people.
They say that there are no identical people in nature. In fact, this is true and each person has absolutely individual and unique features. However, there are a number of characteristics that are common to all people. Their combination is called temperament. Thanks to him, all people can be divided into at least 4 different and unique groups. How do they differ from each other and what do they have in common? This is what we have to disassemble.
Temperament, its properties and types
Each person from birth has a set of certain behavioral characteristics. Even as an infant, he shows a reaction to any vital influences in the form of motor, visual, speech and other activity. The assertion that a person's behavior shapes the social environment in which he finds himself is only partly true. Nature also contributes to the formation of individual personality traits, which sometimes manifests itself already in early childhood during communication and play. Temperament colors the psyche with certain shades: the pace of speech, willpower, emotional reaction, but it in no way affects the social attitudes, worldview and life beliefs of the individual.
Types of temperament and their characteristics were first introduced in ancient times. Observing the individual characteristics of the behavior of patients, the doctor Hippocrates made an attempt to explain the processes occurring in the human body. It is Hippocrates who is considered to be the person who first considered the types of human temperament from a scientific point of view. So, the scientist believed that human behavior is due to the mixing of four fluids in his body: blood, mucus, as well as black and yellow bile. Many centuries later, the four types of temperament still have the same names as these liquids. So, for example, the sanguine type comes from the word sanguis (“blood”), the choleric type from the word chole (“bile”), the phlegmatic type from phlegma (“mucus”), the melancholic type from melan chole (“black bile”). It was believed that temperament is associated with a person's lifestyle. If, for example, he is mobile and energetic, then bile accumulates in the body, and if a person sits a lot and for a long time, then phlegm accumulates. However, there are many more theories regarding how and where temperament came from, but all of them do not fully explain this concept. Only I.P. Pavlov, already in our time, was able to make a description of the types of temperament, based on the study of the higher nervous activity of a person. As a result, temperament is now commonly understood as a general characteristic of the dynamic side of behavior, which mainly expresses the properties of the nervous system.
Psychological characteristics of temperament types
Most often in nature, pure of the described species is not found. Usually people have a mixed type of temperament. However, which of the four types prevails in a particular personality can be verified using numerous psychological techniques.
Temperament (lat. temperamentum - the proper ratio of parts) - a stable association of individual personality traits associated with dynamic, rather than meaningful aspects of activity. Temperament is the basis of character development; in general, from a physiological point of view, temperament is a type of higher nervous activity of a person.
Temperament is a set of properties that characterize the dynamic features of the course of mental processes and human behavior, their strength, speed, occurrence, cessation and change. The properties of temperament can only be conditionally attributed to the number of the personal qualities of a person, they rather constitute his individual characteristics, since they are mainly biologically determined and are innate. Nevertheless, temperament has a significant impact on the formation of a person’s character and behavior, sometimes determines his actions, his personality, therefore it is impossible to completely separate temperament from personality. It acts as a link between the body, personality and cognitive processes.
temperament properties.
The properties of temperament include those distinctive individual features of a person that determine the dynamic aspects of all his activities, characterize the features of the course of mental processes, have a more or less stable character, persist for a long time, manifesting themselves soon after birth (after the central the nervous system takes on specifically human forms). It is believed that the properties of temperament are determined mainly by the properties of the human nervous system, which we considered in the previous chapter of the textbook, discussing the problems of abilities.
Soviet psychophysiologist V.M. Rusalov, relying on a new concept of the properties of the nervous system, proposed on its basis a more modern interpretation of the properties of temperament. Based on the theory of the functional system P.K. Anokhin, which includes four blocks of storage, circulation and processing of information (a block of afferent synthesis, programming (decision-making), execution and feedback), Rusalov identified four properties of temperament associated with them, which are responsible for the breadth or narrowness of afferent synthesis (the degree of tension of the interaction of the body with environment), the ease of switching from one program of behavior to another, the speed of execution of the current program of behavior and the sensitivity to a mismatch between the Real result of an action and its acceptor.
In accordance with this, the traditional psychophysiological assessment of temperament changes and instead of two parameters - activity and sensitivity - it already includes four components: ergism (endurance), plasticity, speed and emotionality (sensitivity). All these components of temperament, according to V.M. Rusalov, are biologically and genetically determined. Temperament depends on the properties of the nervous system, and they, in turn, are understood as the main characteristics of functional systems that provide integrative, analytical and synthetic activity of the brain, the entire nervous system as a whole.
Temperament is a psychobiological category in the sense that its properties are neither completely innate nor dependent on the environment. They, according to the author, represent a “systemic generalization” of the initially genetically specified individual biological properties of a person, which, “being included in a variety of activities, gradually transform and form, regardless of the content of the activity itself, a generalized, qualitatively new individually stable system of invariant properties ".
In accordance with the two main types of human activity - objective activity and communication, each of the distinguished properties of temperament should be considered separately, since it is assumed that they manifest themselves in different ways in activity and communication.
One more circumstance characterizing the connection of temperament with the properties of the nervous system should be paid attention to. The psychological characteristics of temperament are not the properties of the nervous system in themselves or their combination, but the typical features of the course of mental processes and behavior that these properties generate.
Let us consider these properties in relation to cognitive processes, objective activity and human communication. Relevant properties include activity, productivity, excitability, inhibition, and switchability.
The active side of perception, attention, imagination, memory and thinking, respectively, is the extent to which a person is able to focus, concentrate his attention, imagination, memory and thinking on a particular object or its aspect. The pace is manifested in how fast the corresponding mental processes work. For example, one person remembers, recalls, considers, imagines, thinks about solving a problem faster than another.
The productivity of all these cognitive processes can be assessed by their products, by the results obtained over a certain period of time. Productivity is higher where at the same time it is possible to see, hear, remember, recall, imagine, solve more. Productivity should not be confused with efficiency. A person who has highly productive (in the indicated sense of the word) cognitive processes does not necessarily have an increased working capacity, i.e. the ability to maintain a given pace of work for a long time.
Excitability, inhibition and switchability characterize the speed of occurrence, termination or switching of one or another cognitive process from one object to another, transition from one action to another. For example, some people take longer than others to engage in mental work or switch from thinking about one topic to another. Some people remember or recall information faster than others. It should also be borne in mind here that these differences do not determine the abilities of people.
In relation to objective activity, activity means the strength and amplitude of the movements associated with it. They are instinctively wider in an active person than in a less active person. For example, increased temperamental activity in sports gives rise to wider and stronger movements in an athlete, included in various exercises, than in someone who has this property of temperament weakly expressed. A more active person has a more sweeping handwriting, his letters are taller, and the distance between them is more significant than that of a less active individual. It is more difficult for a person with increased activity to perform weak, thin, small movements, while for a person with reduced activity it is more difficult to perform strong and sweeping movements.
The pace of work in objective activity is determined by the number of operations, actions, movements performed per unit of time. One person prefers to work at a fast pace, the other at a slow pace.
The productivity of actions related to movements depends on the activity and pace of work, if no additional requirements, except for frequency and intensity, are imposed on the corresponding actions.
In human communication, the discussed properties of temperament are manifested in a similar way, only in this case they relate to the verbal and non-verbal interaction of a person with a person. In an individual with increased activity, speech, facial expressions, gestures, pantomime are more pronounced than in a person with reduced activity. More active people tend to have stronger voices. The pace of their speech, as well as the pace of emotionally expressive movements, is quite high.
Significantly different style of communication in strongly and weakly excitable people. The former react faster, get in touch easier, adapt better in communication than the latter. Inhibited individuals stop communication more easily, are less talkative than those whose inhibitory reactions are slow. These latter are often distinguished by the fact that they talk a lot, do not let the interlocutor go and give the impression of annoying. They hardly switch in communication from one topic to another, from one person to another. The “productivity” of their communication, i.e. the ability to communicate and perceive information per unit of time is also greater than that of people of the opposite type - inactive and with a low pace.
Temperament types
I. Kant divided human temperaments (manifestations of temperament can also be seen in higher animals) into two types: temperaments of feeling and temperaments of activity. In general, "only four simple temperaments can be established: sanguine, melancholic, choleric, phlegmatic." Of these four types of temperament, the temperaments of feeling include the sanguine and its opposite, the melancholic. The first is characterized by the fact that during it sensations arise in the nervous system and in the human mind quite quickly and outwardly manifest themselves strongly, but internally they are not deep enough and long-lasting. With a melancholic temperament, the external manifestations of sensations are less vivid, but internally they are quite deep and long-lasting.
- Sanguine temperament activity characterizes a person of a very cheerful disposition. He appears as an optimist, full of hope, a humorist, a joker, a joker. He quickly ignites, but cools down just as quickly, loses interest in "what very recently worried him and attracted him to himself. Sanguine promises a lot, but does not always keep his promises. He easily and with pleasure comes into contact with strangers , is a good conversationalist, all people are his friends.He is distinguished by kindness, willingness to help.Intense mental or physical work quickly tires him.
- Melancholic temperament activity, according to Kant, is characteristic of a person of the opposite, mostly gloomy mood. Such a person usually lives a complex and intense inner life, attaches great importance to everything that concerns him, has increased anxiety and a vulnerable soul. Such a person is often restrained and especially controls himself when making promises. He never promises what he is unable to do, he suffers greatly from the fact that he cannot fulfill this promise, even if his fulfillment directly depends little on him.
- choleric temperament activity characterizes a quick-tempered person. They say about such a person that he is too hot, unrestrained. At the same time, such an individual quickly cools down and calms down if they give way to him, go towards him. His movements are jerky, but short.
- Phlegmatic temperament activity refers to a cold-blooded person. It expresses rather a tendency to inactivity than to intense, active work. Such a person slowly comes into a state of excitement, but for a long time. This replaces the slowness of his entry into work.
Incredible Facts
Temperament type largely determines who we are, what we do, and why we do it.
The idea of the existence of 4 temperaments: choleric, melancholic, sanguine and phlegmatic was invented 2000 years ago by Hippocrates. He argued that differences in personality are due to the fluid that prevails in the human body.
Choleric - yellow bile of the liver
Sanguine - blood of the heart
Melancholic - black bile of the kidneys
Phlegmatic - phlegm of the lungs
Thus, the predominance of one of the fluids made a person energetic and optimistic (sanguine), silent and sad (melancholic), passionate (choleric) or calm (phlegmatic).
Temperament and character
Temperament should not be confused with personality. Personality is a combination of many human factors, while temperament is only one of the factors, although a very important one.
It is a need that motivates us to behave according to our natural innate inclinations. If it is not satisfied, the person will not feel good or function effectively.
Again, for example, take the temperament of a sanguine person. Being in the company of people and communication are his needs. If such a person does not communicate regularly and is not in a circle of people, he begins to worry and suffer from low self-esteem.
Each type of temperament has its own needs: the choleric needs quick results, the sanguine needs to be in the company of people, the phlegmatic needs a stable environment, and the melancholic needs a detailed plan.
Test for the type of temperament
There are several tests to determine the type of human temperament. Since the pure type of temperament is quite rare, this test will help you determine which type of temperament prevails in you and which are secondary.
For this test, you will need a piece of paper and a pen. The test consists of 20 questions with four possible answers. Write the numbers of questions from 1 to 20, and choose one of the most appropriate answers ( a B C or G). After you have answered all the questions, count the total number of letters.
Choose one statement that suits you best.
A) I am fussy and restless
B) I am cheerful and cheerful
c) I am cool and calm
D) I am shy and shy
A) I am quick-tempered and unrestrained
B) I am businesslike and energetic
C) I am thorough and consistent
D) I get lost in a new environment
A) I am direct and blunt towards other people
B) I tend to overestimate myself
c) I can wait
D) I doubt my abilities
A) I am unforgiving
B) if something ceases to interest, I quickly cool down
C) I strictly adhere to the system of work and daily routine
D) I involuntarily adapt to the character of the interlocutor
A) my movements are jerky and abrupt
b) I fall asleep and wake up quickly
c) I have a hard time adjusting to a new environment
D) I am shy and inactive
A) I am intolerant of the shortcomings of others
B) I am efficient and hardy
C) I am constant in my interests
D) I am easily injured and sensitive
A) I'm impatient
B) I quit what I started
B) I am reasonable and cautious
D) I find it difficult to connect with new people.
A) my facial expressions are expressive
b) I speak quickly, loudly and clearly
B) I am slowly getting to work
D) I am easily offended
A) I have fast, impassioned speech
B) I quickly get involved in a new job
B) I easily restrain impulses
D) I am very impressionable
A) I work in jerks
B) I take on any new business with enthusiasm
C) I don't waste my energy
D) I have a quiet, weak speech
A) I am inherently incoherent
B) I am persistent in achieving the goal
C) I am lethargic and inactive
D) I seek the sympathy of others
A) I am quick to decide and act
B) in difficult situations, I maintain composure
C) I have an equal relationship with everyone
D) I am not sociable
A) I am proactive and determined
b) I pick up new things quickly
C) I do not like to talk in vain, silent
D) I easily endure loneliness
A) I strive for something new
b) I am always cheerful
B) I like neatness
D) I am shy and inactive
A) I'm stubborn
B) in interests and inclinations, I am not constant
C) I have a calm, even speech with stops
D) When I fail, I feel confused and depressed.
A) I have a tendency to be hot
B) I am burdened by monotonous painstaking work
C) I am not very susceptible to censure and approval
D) I have high expectations for others and myself
A) I am risk-averse
b) I adapt easily to different circumstances
c) I finish what I start
D) I get tired quickly
A) I have mood swings
B) I tend to get distracted
B) I have patience
D) I am too susceptible to censure and approval
A) I am aggressive, bully
B) I am responsive and sociable
B) I'm ugly
D) I am suspicious and suspicious
A) I am resourceful in an argument
B) I easily experience failure
c) I am patient and restrained
D) I tend to withdraw into myself
Result:
Now count the number of answers "a", "b", "c" and "d".
Multiply each number you get by 5 to get the percentage.
For example, you got 7 "a" answers, 10 "b" answers, 2 "c" answers and 1 "d" answer.
"a" \u003d 7 * 5 \u003d 35%
"b"=10*5=50%
"at"=2*5=10%
"g"=1*5=5%
Answers correspond to the following types of temperament:
"a" - choleric
"b" - sanguine
"in" - phlegmatic
"g" - melancholic
Thus, in the example, we have obtained that a person is dominated by the sanguine temperament type ("b" = 50%), the secondary type of temperament is choleric ("a" = 35%), and then phlegmatic in descending order ("c" = 10 %) and melancholic ("g" \u003d 5%)
40% or more, this type of temperament is dominant in you.
If some type of temperament typedfrom 30 to 39%, this type of temperament is pronounced in you.
If some type of temperament typedfrom 20 to 29%, this type of temperament is moderately expressed in you .
If some type of temperament typedfrom 10 to 19%, this type of temperament is weakly expressed in you .
Short temperament test
There is another quick way to determine temperament. It is based on the ancient Greek doctrine of what kind of liquid prevails in the human body.
So just answer 2 questions:
1. Your hands and feet at normal temperature usually:
A) warm
B) cold
2. Under normal conditions, your skin usually:
B) wet
D) dry
Result:
AB - sanguine
AG - choleric
BV - phlegmatic
BG - melancholic
Temperament Type Sanguine
Sanguine - very sociable person who likes to be around people. Of all the temperaments, the sanguine is the easiest to communicate with. They bring energy and breathe life into any company with their mere presence. Their cheerfulness and humor illuminate everything around.
This is the optimistic type of person who believes that life is a wonderful, fun-filled experience and should be lived to the fullest.
Inactivity causes them stress because they live in a fast and active rhythm. This is the most impulsive of all temperaments.
The sanguine person excels in matters of connection and communication, but this is the least disciplined and organized type of all temperaments.
He is open, very enthusiastic, friendly, understands the feelings of other people, but can be rude and inattentive.
Sanguine can hardly be called a devoted friend, as he does not like to bind himself with obligations, but simply wants to have fun. They live as if they have no past or future. Rarely admit their mistakes, but tend to exaggerate in order to look more successful in the eyes of others.
Since this type of temperament loves pleasure many sanguine people are prone to various kinds of addictions, as well as overeating.
A person with this type of temperament is ready to take on difficult tasks and complete a task or project while his ego is fueled. However, at the slightest hint of their shortcomings, they quit.
They are easily upset if they are not appreciated and not assured of love. They are very demanding in terms of love and affection, tormented by feelings of jealousy if the attention that belongs to them goes to someone else.
Characteristics of a sanguine person
Strengths:
-
Curious
Lives in the present
Changeable mood
Childlike
Attractive personality
Talkative, good storyteller
Sole of company
Good sense of humour
Good memory for colors
Emotional and persuasive
Full of enthusiasm and expressive
Weak sides:
-
Talking and laughing loudly
Lets circumstances take control
Gets angry easily
Growing up hard
Talkative
Tends to exaggerate
Surface
Doesn't remember names
May scare others
Too carefree
restless
Selfish
Sanguine at work
Takes initiative at work
Invents new activities
Looks great
Creative and bright
Full of energy and enthusiasm
Inspires others
enchants many
In the field: marketing, travel, fashion, cooking, sports, entertainment
Sanguine friend:
Makes friends easily
loves people
Blooms with compliments
uplifting
He is envied by many
Holds no evil
Apologies quickly
Don't let others get bored
Sanguine child, adolescent, adult
infant
Pros: energetic and inquisitive, funny and cute, walks a lot and makes various sounds, flaunts, reacts vividly to people.
Minuses: cries demands attention, knows about his irresistibility, constantly needs company, often gets into trouble, self-centered.
Child
Pros: charming personality, bold and energetic, looks innocent, cheerful and enthusiastic, likes to have fun, comes to his senses easily, loves the company of people.
Minuses: does not follow through, disorganized, easily distracted, quickly loses interest, emotional ups and downs, demands recognition, forgetful and restless, tends to exaggerate.
Teenager
Pros: knows how to charm others, cocky, popular, soul of the company, inventive and bright, knows how to please, quickly apologizes.
Minuses: prone to cheating, making up excuses, easily distracted, needing attention and approval, prone to cheating, finds studies boring, immature, does not know how to handle money.
Adult
emotional needs: other people's attention, touch, approval of one's actions, acceptance
Cause of depression: life has become boring, no hope for the future, feels unloved
How to get rid of stress : go shopping, have fun with friends, delicious food.
Energy level: gets a boost of energy from other people, frantic pace of life, periods of fatigue
Temperament Type Choleric
This type of temperament is considered the most powerful and destructive of all. It is no exaggeration to say that the world's most formidable dictators and criminals were of a choleric temperament. However, when they use their power for good, they can become excellent leaders.
Cholerics are incredible resilient and resilient. If they decide on something, they do not change their opinion, even if it is wrong.
Cholerics rarely listen to the advice of others. They want to have complete control over themselves and others. They are of the opinion that they know what is best and what is acceptable behavior for others.
They have serious anger management problems. Cholerics rarely express such emotions as love, tenderness, friendliness and empathy, but this can be compensated by a secondary type of temperament. In addition, on the part of other people, they consider these emotions inappropriate and useless.
Cholerics believe that no one can do a task better than them. They tend to overwork themselves and can bring themselves to nervous exhaustion.. To achieve their goal, they are ready to do anything.
Unlike melancholics, who see the shortcomings of the project before taking any action, choleric people do not see any pitfalls. The choleric will move regardless of the cost that is required, because for him the end justifies the means.
Cholerics are self-centered and often do not consider the needs of others.
They are perfectionists, and even their shortcomings they consider flawless. It's hard for them to admit they're wrong.
Characteristics of choleric
Strengths:
Natural Leaders
dynamic and active
Strong need for change
Willful and determined
unemotional
They are hard to break
Independent and self-sufficient
Exude self-confidence
Take on any business
Weak sides:
They love to command
Impatient
Hot-tempered
Can't relax
Too impulsive
They love to argue
Don't give up even when you lose
Do not have flexibility
surly
They do not like manifestations of sentimentality and emotions.
Unresponsive
Choleric at work
Purposeful
Sees the big picture
well organized
Looking for a practical solution
Moves quickly to action
Distributes tasks
insists on his
Sets goals
Stimulates activity
Likes to argue
The most suitable professions in the field of: management, technology, statistics, engineering, programming, business
Choleric friend:
Doesn't need a large circle of friends
Will lead and organize
Is always right
Handles unexpected situations well
Choleric child, teenager, adult
infant
Pros: decisive look, fearless, energetic, sociable, rapid development
Minuses: demanding, loud and noisy, throws things, sleeps poorly
Child
Pros: born leader, courageous and energetic, productive, purposeful, fast moving, self-sufficient, likes to compete, self-confident
Minuses: controls parents, tends to manipulate, capricious, restless, insists on his own, likes to argue, stubborn, disobedient.
Teenager
Pros: aggressive, competent, quickly organizes any business, takes leadership, solves problems, self-confident, stimulates others, knows how to act in a critical situation, good potential, responsible.
Minuses: likes to command, controls his friends, thinks he knows everything, tends to look down, becomes unpopular at times, decides for others, can offend, does not like to repent, blames others.
Adult
Emotional Needs: devotion of the crowd, a sense of power, appreciation, gratitude for one's actions
Cause of depression: life is out of control, problems with money, work, spouse, children or health
How to get rid of stress: work more, get more physical activity, avoid tough situations
Energy level: excess energy, needs a reboot
Temperament Phlegmatic
To an observer, the phlegmatic seems slow and stubborn. People of a phlegmatic temperament go through life slowly, slowly, spending as little energy as possible.
It is difficult to say whether the phlegmatic really lacks energy, or whether they simply refuse to use it.
They are task-oriented and very efficient when the job requires precision, thoroughness and a minimum of energy.
Perhaps the world will never recognize those brilliant thoughts, great books and works of art that were consigned to oblivion by the phlegmatic. They rarely use their ideas and talents, as their implementation requires a lot of effort.
The phlegmatic sits and watches how representatives of other types of temperament make mistakes and notes what needs to be changed in this world so that everything is right. They perfectly catch cases of any injustice, but very rarely take any action against this injustice. They can inspire others to action, but they personally will not participate in this.
Phlegmatic is the only type of temperament that a choleric person cannot control (which terribly infuriates a choleric person).
This is the most stable temperament. He can also be called the most stubborn when it comes to change. Since he tends not to interfere in other people's affairs, he can be a good mediator and diplomat. Peace at any cost is the motto of the phlegmatic.
The phlegmatic is not afraid of being rejected and can easily cope with a cold and hostile person. They are calm, carefree, not subject to a surge of emotions, anger, feelings of bitterness, like other types of temperaments. Their restraint and coldness can sometimes hurt loved ones.
Phlegmatic characteristic
Strengths:
Balanced
Compliant and calm
Assembled
Patient
prone to persistence
Silent but witty
Benevolent and kind
Tends to hide his emotions
Easily reconciled to his fate
Universal Man
Weak sides:
Deprived of enthusiasm
Fearful and anxious
Indecisive
Avoids responsibility
weak will
Selfish
Too shy and secretive
Compromising too often
Complacent
Phlegmatic at work:
Competent and permanent
Peaceful and efficient
Possesses administrative skills
Serves as a mediator when problems arise
Avoids conflict
Capable of working under pressure
Finds easy ways
The most suitable professions in the field of: medicine, education, psychology and psychotherapy, child development, social service
Phlegmatic friend
He's easy to get along with
Pleasant in communication
Harmless
good listener
Dry sense of humor
Likes to watch people
Capable of Compassion
Phlegmatic child, teenager, adult
infant
Pros: good-natured, unpretentious, joyful, adapts easily
Minuses: slow, modest and aloof, indifferent, unresponsive
Child
Pros: observes others, easily amuses, causes no problems, stable, pleasant, calm
Minuses: selfish, indecisive, avoids work, fearful, a little stubborn, lazy and sleepy, watches TV a lot.
Teenager
Pros: pleasant personality, witty, good listener, can mediate problems, can lead if pushed, serious attitude
Minuses: indecisive, unenthusiastic, compromises too often, lacks motivation, sarcastic, stays away, procrastinates.
Adult
Emotional Needs: peace and tranquility, sense of significance, lack of stress, respect
Cause of depression: chaos in life, many problems, pressure from outside
How to deal with stress
: streamline life, turn off the TV, eat and sleep regularly
Energy level: lowest energy level, needs rest, feels drained in the presence of people
Temperament Melancholic
Melancholic people have very sensitive, emotional nature and sometimes feelings take over. Emotions can lift their mood to unprecedented heights, and the rest of the time they are in a depressed and gloomy state. However, a secondary temperament often balances this feature.
Melancholics need to learn how to communicate their emotions as they try to shield and protect themselves emotionally. Often they demonstrate their love by loyalty and responsibility towards another person.
If the melancholic makes full use of his strengths, he is capable of great and wonderful accomplishments. When they give in to their weaknesses, they are prone to self-destructive behavior.
A pure melancholic is an introvert and a loner. Melancholics are goal-oriented, they are perfectionists and often set the bar too high for themselves and those around them.
They can be called very devoted to his friends and family. If the melancholic has made a promise, he will keep it. These are creative people, but prone to deep depression. They can also be called secretive and quite serious.
They are independent, do not respond to promises and rewards, or to the threat of punishment. They are rarely satisfied with the result, because they feel that they can do it better. They have a realistic view of what is happening. Melancholics know their limits and rarely take on more than they can handle.
Melancholic temperament most self-centered. Due to their sensitive nature, they are easily offended or offended. They may be suspicious and come to unfounded conclusions. They tend to be introspective to the point where it can lead to inactivity and low energy, among other problems.
A melancholic person can be calm and quiet on the outside, but feel angry or deeply offended on the inside. They keep these feelings to themselves until they build up and one day they explode.
Characteristics of a melancholic
Strengths:
Deep and thoughtful
Analytical mind
Serious and focused
Gifted
Talented and creative
Artistic and musical
Aptitude for philosophy or poetry
connoisseur of beauty
Sensitive to others
Selfless
Conscientious
Idealist
Weak sides:
Remembers negative moments
Mood swings and depression
Likes to be offended
Soars in the clouds
Low self-esteem
selectively listens
Self-centered
Closed
Often feels guilty
prone to persecution mania
prone to hypochondria
melancholic at work
Stick to the schedule
Perfectionist, sets the bar high
Pays attention to details
Persistent and meticulous
Organized
Careful
Economical
Sees problems
Finds non-standard solutions
Likes charts, lists
Most Suitable Professions and in the field: research, arts, sciences, administration, social work
Melancholic friend
Makes friends with care
Prefers to stay in the shadows
Trying not to draw attention to himself
Loyal and faithful
Ready to listen to complaints
Can solve other people's problems
Concerned about other people
Looking for the perfect partner
Melancholic child, adolescent, adult
infant
Pros: serious and quiet, well-behaved, tries to please, likes routine
Minuses: dislikes strangers, looks sad, can cry easily, is attached to parents
Child
Pros: thoughtful, talented, musical and artistic, loves to dream, good friend, perfectionist, deep, responsible.
Minuses: subject to mood swings, complaining and fussing, insecure, overly sensitive, focuses on negativity, withdraws into himself, sees problems, uncommunicative.
Teenager
Pros: good student, creative, likes to explore, organized and goal oriented, sets high standards, conscientious, sensitive to others, pleasant personality
Minuses: striving too much for perfection, prone to depression and critical, inferiority complex, suspicious, low self-esteem, vindictive, needs encouragement
Adult
Emotional Needs: sensitivity and understanding, support when discouraged, space to be alone, silence and the absence of other people
Cause of depression: life is imperfect, unbearable emotional pain, lack of understanding
How to deal with stress: move away from people, read, start studying something, meditate, go to bed on time
Energy level: average energy level, depleted in the presence of people, needs peace and quiet
To what extent is our behavior biologically determined? Are our reactions written in our genes? Can people be divided into types? Psychology has tried to answer these and similar questions for hundreds of years. Thanks to these questions, the concept of temperament was formed.
To date, temperament refers to the psychophysiological characteristics of the individual. Types of temperament are dependent on the activity of the nervous system. Features of temperament serve as the basis for the development of character.
Story
The meaning of the word "temperament" comes from the Latin temperamentum, which literally means "stable mixture". The concept of temperament originated in the writings of the father of medicine, Hippocrates.
The Greeks were the first to identify the main types of temperament, based on the theory of the predominant fluids in the human body. In accordance with their concept, four types of temperament were designated: impulsive (bile), slow (lymph), mobile (blood) and sad (black bile).
Determining the temperament of a person was important in view of the fact that, depending on the establishment of the mental warehouse, the method of treatment was chosen. It was believed that the predisposition to various kinds of diseases is characteristic of people, depending on their type.
So, since the 18th century, a certain consensus has been established about the components. They are divided into two groups: the first is responsible for the activity of behavior, the other - for the degree of emotionality of a person. Another model proposes to consider the systems of activation and inhibition, which apparently form the backbone of temperament. Depending on the type, these systems that control the features of our behavior are expressed to a greater or lesser extent.
The outstanding physiologist of the 20th century Pavlov approached the problem of how to determine the type of temperament in an original way. He saw the foundation of separation in nervous processes, their complexes are what temperament depends on. The type of nervous activity (weak or strong) determines how a person reacts to stimuli, in what way he transforms the world, what is his activity.
Melancholics are characterized by a weak type, its distinguishing feature is weak processes of inhibition and excitation. The remaining types are strong with variations. In choleric, on the one hand, there is a strong process of excitation, but on the other, a weak inhibition. In the sanguine they are balanced, as in the phlegmatic, but the latter has inert nervous processes.
Modernity
Modern psychology is engaged in a promising direction in the study of human characteristics depending on the concentration of neurotransmitters. Thus, the concept of temperament in psychology has been transformed to its definition through an imbalance of neurotransmitters. What is temperament in terms of neurotransmitter balance? Nothing more than a mild form of deviation from the balance, and severe - various mental disorders.
Everything that is not related to emotionality is under the control of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine and neuropeptides. Emotionality is associated with opioid receptors.
So, temperament and personality are not the same thing. Psychology considers it not a purely innate property, but not acquired either, while personality is the result of the influence of the environment and temperament. The main properties of temperament are based on the following properties of the nervous system:
- Activity.
- switchability.
- Excitability.
- Productivity.
- Braking.
The temperament of the individual is made up of them, while the properties are presented to varying degrees. Brief description of properties:
It determines how much a person can use his abilities (concentrate attention, for example), how expressed they are, as well as the pace at which the mental processes responsible for the current type of activity work.
2. Excitability, the ersatz of which is inhibition, and the intermediate option between them is switchability. This characteristic is responsible for the ability to quickly engage in activities, stop them or switch from one to another.
3. Productivity
It is evaluated according to the result of activity for a certain period of time (someone manages to understand the material faster, someone slower, another will remember more, the third will present or solve an order of magnitude faster than the others).
nerve activity
Determining the type of temperament can help you build your life correctly, prevent negativity, increase the likelihood of experiencing positive experiences, thanks to knowing your main pain points. Each type of temperament manifests personality traits in its own way, the combination of the manifested properties affects the behavior, the nature of the relationship.
Types of temperament and their psychological characteristics are based on a combination of individual properties. Karvasarsky gives the following description of temperament types:
1. Sanguine
This type of temperament is characterized by increased activity, enterprise, liveliness of emotions. Sanguine has expressive facial expressions, he is impressionable. Neuropsychic activity is high. There may be excessive haste, difficulty concentrating.
On the one hand, he quickly gets carried away, adapts to any conditions, the speed of reaction makes it easy to navigate in difficult circumstances that require speed and interest. Often loses interest, without bringing the matter to its logical conclusion, then the efficiency drops sharply. It must be free enough so that external demands do not stop the energy.
Features of choleric temperament are expressed in independence, strength, perseverance. Cholerics are energetic, their movements are swift and sharp, they are straightforward and even aggressive. The main characteristic of choleric is expressed emotions and.
If choleric people were warlords, they should choose fast and powerful attacks. For them, the ideal state is to work in jerks, to put a lot of effort in short periods of time. Long work exhausts them, and the alternation of periods of activity and rest has a great effect on the results.
3. Phlegmatic
The phlegmatic type is possessed by people who have difficulty switching attention, often they are inactive. A phlegmatic person is distinguished by a methodical and calm disposition. Indifference is the result of an inappropriate upbringing for this type of temperament. Ideally, the phlegmatic feels deeply, his moods are even and constant, and he himself is calm.
It is difficult for phlegmatic people to quickly enter into activity, they hardly concentrate, swing for a long time, but once they have entered, they can work very long and hard. An activity where methodicalness, the ability to work for a long time and composure will be valued is ideal for them.
Mutedness - in a melancholic temperament, this is the main characteristic. Due to the low level of activity of the flow of nervous processes for a melancholic, restraint is the norm in the presence of deep and stable feelings. Failures in education can lead him to isolation, alienation from the world.
Melancholic people are very efficient, although it is difficult for them to start, but they continue the activity in which they are involved without any tension for a long time. From the beginning of any activity, one should not expect great results and assign many responsibilities at once. Gradual build-up is preferable, the melancholic is not immediately fully involved in the work, but when this happens, it is efficient and effective.
All temperaments affect what exactly a person will prefer from an infinite number of options provided by the world, how he will react to the situations he encounters, what conditions he most often has. Temperament is an individual style of approach to reality. Psychology emphasizes the adaptability of each species. Any of them can be used to the maximum for one's own benefit, if a person understands how best to unleash the potential of his temperament.
Transformation
As far as we know, 4 types of human temperament differ in the nature of the work of the nervous system. As to whether temperament can be changed, psychology limits us considerably.
During critical periods of life, a change in some aspects of internal regulation is possible. In addition, if we rely on an approach that describes temperament as a system of influence of neurotransmitters on human activity, then everything becomes even more rosy.
Briefly, changes in the work of the neurohumoral system occur, for example, due to psychoactive substances. But we can achieve almost any effect, both from the influence of these substances, without them, just by actions, that is, increase or decrease the concentration of neurotransmitters by acting in a certain way.
Types of temperament to a certain extent predetermine our behavior, mood, stable patterns of response and activity. It is logical to assume that the relationship between certain people will be at least partially influenced by their temperaments. The combination of temperaments is the key to a productive and pleasant relationship.
Interpretation of other people's behavior should take into account their individuality, and we should not try to change others. Rather, it is worth directing efforts to change the conditions of activity, so that everyone can express themselves, taking into account the opportunities provided by the internal regulation of the personality.
Compatibility of temperaments in the work team will allow everyone to do their work with pleasure, if it corresponds to their basic emotional, mental and physical characteristics. It is better for choleric people to determine the pace and direction themselves; a sanguine person will cope well in critical situations, but is not at all adapted to long and difficult swims; it is better to give work that requires methodicalness to a phlegmatic person, and to entrust creativity to a melancholic person, he needs personal space and a minimum level of stress. Author: Ekaterina Volkova
