Sections: Biology

Class: 8

Lesson objectives: reveal the role of excretion in maintaining the constancy of the internal environment of the body; to acquaint with the main ways of excretion of metabolic products in the human body; to form ideas about the structure and functions of the organs of the urinary system: kidneys, bladder, ureters and urethra; about the features of the kidneys; on the regulation of urination. To reveal the consequences of impaired kidney function, to show the causes of urinary diseases and the basics of their prevention.

Lesson plan:

Organizing time.

Updating and checking knowledge.
Conversation with students about the role of metabolism in the body.

Learning new material.

Introduction by the teacher.

In the process of metabolism, decay products are formed. Some of these products are used by the body, others are removed from it. Carbon dioxide, water, volatile substances are removed from the body through the lungs. The intestines secrete some salts, sweat glands - water, salts, organic substances. The main role in excretory processes belongs to the kidneys. The kidneys remove water, salts, ammonia, urea, and uric acid from the body. Through the kidneys, many foreign and poisonous substances that are formed in the body or taken in the form of medicines are removed from the body. The kidneys contribute to maintaining the constancy of the composition of the internal environment of the body. Excess water or salts in the blood can cause changes in osmotic pressure, which is dangerous for the vital activity of the cells of our body. The kidneys remove excess water and mineral salts from the body, restoring the constancy of the osmotic properties of the blood. The kidneys maintain a certain constant reaction of the blood. With the accumulation of acidic or alkaline metabolic products in the blood through the kidneys, the excretion of excess salts increases. In maintaining the constancy of the blood reaction, a very important role is played by the ability of the kidneys to synthesize ammonia, which binds acidic products, replacing sodium and potassium in them. In this case, ammonium salts are formed, which are excreted in the urine, and sodium and potassium are stored for the needs of the body.

Student's message "How is the excretion of waste products in unicellular and multicellular organisms."

The urinary system consists of the urinary organs and the urinary organs. The urinary organs include the kidneys, and the urinary organs include the ureters, bladder, and urethra.

The kidneys are paired, bean-shaped organs located in the abdominal cavity. The weight of the kidneys is 320 grams. The kidneys are a biological filter. The right kidney is lower than the left one. Beneath the kidneys is the liver, the largest gland in our body. Outside, the kidney is covered with a strong elastic capsule.

Rice. 2

The ureters leave the kidney. The length of the ureters is 30 cm. Urine flows smoothly along them into the bladder. Every 7 seconds, another portion of urine comes out of the kidneys. The bladder is an unpaired organ with a capacity of 300-500 ml. The excretion of urine occurs reflexively. This reflex is developed by 2-3 years.

Microscopic structure of the kidneys:

The structural unit of the kidney is the nephron. There are about 1 million of them in each kidney. Nephron can be figuratively compared with a pearl, the scattering of which figuratively stores a kidney or a precious filter embedded in a simple mouthpiece. On top of the kidney is covered with a cortical layer, and below it is the medulla. It contains capsules of Shumlyansky, similar to glasses. In the glasses there is a capillary glomerulus, which is surrounded by Bowman's capsule, which passes into the renal tubule.

Rice. 3

Blood supply to the kidneys:

The kidney gives us a "wonderful network of arteries." Nowhere in the body is there such a sequence of vessels: artery, capillary, artery. Urine is formed in the nephron. Urine formation occurs in 2 stages:

The composition of urine is determined by the state of the body. If a person has diabetes, then sugar appears in his urine. If the food is rich in carbohydrates, then after hard physical work, sugar may appear in the urine. The kidneys synthesize biologically active substances (renin is an enzyme involved in biochemical processes). In total, 1.5 liters of urine is formed per day.

Independent work.

Students are given forms with an analysis of the urine of an imaginary patient. Task for students - are there any deviations in urine tests? ( Annex 2) The results are recorded in the table:

The kidneys are a vital organ and a malfunction in their work leads to kidney diseases.

Renal diseases: enuresis, pyelonephritis, cystitis, urolithiasis. Enuresis - urinary incontinence; cystitis - inflammation of the bladder; pyelonephritis - inflammation of the renal pelvis.

Disease prevention requires adherence to certain hygiene rules: proper nutrition, timely dental treatment, sore throats, hardening, careful handling of drugs, poisons, personal hygiene.

They're like two big beans
Attached to the links.
At the spinal column
Cozy accommodations.
The kidneys filter our blood
With unparalleled stubbornness,
So that in the internal environment
There was constancy.
Nephron contains capsules,
tubules and glomeruli
A million nephrons
Contain our kidneys.
Blood passes through the nephron
The canal decides here
What to return to the body
What does he remove?
From a young age we must take into account
What is most precious to us
We must protect not only honor,
But so are our kidneys.

4. Consolidation of the studied material.

Questions for students:

Is it related to the urinary system?

What organs are the urinary organs?

Why are the kidneys called biological filters?

What is a nephron? How is it arranged? How does it work?

How is urine formed?

Causes of kidney disease?

How to prevent kidney disease?

5. Homework: P.41, 42.

Literature:

V.V. Pasechnik, G.G. Shvetsov Biology lessons. 8th grade. Moscow “Enlightenment” 2010

R.D. Mash, A.G. Dragomilov Biology. Man. Grade 8 Moscow “Venta – Graf” 2006

R.D. Mash. Man and his health. Moscow. 1996

V.V. Kserofontova, V.V. Evstafiev. Anatomy and physiology of man. Moscow. 1996

T.V. Kozachok Biology. 8th grade. Volgograd. 2004

Methodical materials Barkan O.Yu. MAOU Lyceum No. 102, Chelyabinsk Development of biology lessons

LESSON SUMMARY

on the implementation of problem-based learning technology
Lesson topic: The structure and function of the kidneys

8th grade

1. 
   Target: imagine the final stage of metabolism in the body, occurring in the kidneys and urinary organs.
2. 
   Tasks:

Tutorials:

1. 
   Lead students to identify the role of the kidneys in removing decay products from the body;
2. 
   explain the functions of the kidneys and urinary organs in maintaining blood homeostasis and the internal environment of the body as a whole;

Developing:

3. to promote the development of students' skills to identify and formulate a learning problem (the topic of the lesson) and find ways to solve it;

4. to continue developing the skills of students to highlight the main thing and draw a conclusion on the material studied;

Educational:

5. create a positive emotional attitude towards learning.

3. Type of lesson: the formation of new knowledge and skills

4. Logical approach: inductive

5. Methods:

General- problem-dialogical

Private- verbal visual

Specific- explanation, watching video clips, conversation.

6. Providing a lesson:

Teacher: a table depicting the system of urinary organs, kidney and nephron; video film "Excretory system", lesson summary; textbook; workbook for the textbook; prepared educational tasks.

Students: textbook; workbook for the textbook; notebook.

Literature for the teacher.

1. Dragomilov A.G., Mash R.D. Biology: Man: A textbook for students of the 8th grade of educational institutions. - 2nd ed., revised. – M.: Ventana-Graf, 2006. – 272 p.: ill. (Chapter 7. Urinary system. § 39. The structure and functions of the kidneys. pp. 157-159).

3.Mash R.D., Dragomilov A.G. Biology. Person: Grade 8: Methodological guide. - 2nd ed., revised. – M.: Ventana-Graf, 2004. – 288 p.: ill.

4. Rezanova E.A., Antonova I.P., Rezanov A.A. Human biology in tables and diagrams: Ed. E.A. Rezanova. - M .: "Publishing School", 1998. - 208 p.

Literature for students.

1. Dragomilov A.G., Mash R.D. Biology: Man: A textbook for students of the 8th grade of educational institutions. - 2nd ed., revised. – M.: Ventana-Graf, 2006. – 272 p.: ill. (Chapter 7. Urinary system. § 37. The structure and functions of the kidneys. pp. 157-159).

2. Mash R.D., Dragomilov A.G. Biology: Man: Workbook No. 2 for students in the 8th grade of educational institutions. - 2nd ed., revised. – M.: Ventana-Graf, 2005. – 80 p.: ill. DURING THE CLASSES

Teacher activity	Student activities	Board type
1. Organizational moment - 1 min.
- Wake up call. Sit down. Let's start the lesson.
2. The stage of creating a problem situation and formulating a problem (the topic of the lesson) - 7 min.
Let's recap what we've learned. We work in rows (we will form 3 groups). I distribute a worksheet with tasks on the topic “Metabolism and Energy” to each group. Pay attention to the sixth task: you need to write 2-3 sentences explaining the expression: “Eating means extracting energy” and read them out (a representative from each group). The task is completed within 3-4 minutes. So, let's listen to your explanations for the expression. Visual appeal to individual students Okay, well done. All of you, of course, are right, food is an energy source for the implementation of internal processes of synthesis of substances of our various activities (physical, mental).	Temporary activity of students after the break. Start doing the task. Students say that with food the body receives various nutrients (proteins, fats, carbohydrates), which are a source of energy for the implementation of cell vital processes (growth, development, synthesis of new substances, etc.).
- Attention, while you were completing the tasks, on the slide is the statement of the famous biologist Zalmanov Alexander Solomonovich from his book "The Secret Wisdom of the Human Body." Read and comment on this statement carefully. - What thoughts did you have? What is the fluid in constant motion that keeps us alive? Well done, of course, as you correctly noted, the movement of blood ensures the transport of nutrients and oxygen to all cells of our body. But in addition to the delivery of various substances, blood performs an unimportant function in the body. What do you think? Quite right, the blood takes substances and metabolic products that are unnecessary to the cells. But then the question arises How are these substances neutralized and removed from the body, because many of them are toxic? - Please, I'm listening to your suggestions. ( If they are having difficulty: You know that in the body each specific function is performed by one or another organ or organ system, for example, digestion occurs in the digestive tract). – You quite rightly said that there are organs that perform the function of excreting or removing substances that are unnecessary and often harmful to the body. So, formulate the topic of our lesson. ( What do you think the topic of our lesson will be?).	Read the statement of A.S. Zalmanov. This statement well shows the role of blood and lymph in our body. It is the movement of blood in the body that ensures the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the cells. - Takes metabolic products (carbon dioxide, unnecessary substances) from cells. They can talk about the immune response. Probably, in special organs, where the removal of harmful substances takes place. excretory organs.	“Life is the perpetual movement of fluids between cells and within cells. Stopping this movement results in death. A partial slowdown of this movement in some organ causes a partial disorder. A general slowdown of extracellular fluids causes disease." A.S. Zalmanov
3. The stage of updating and correcting basic knowledge and skills - 4 min.
- Absolutely correct. Substances are formed in the human body that can cause poisoning or dysfunction. Various organs are involved in the removal of unnecessary substances (carbon dioxide is removed through the lungs; excess salts are excreted with sweat through the skin). But the main part of harmful substances is removed from the body with urine through the organs of the urinary system. We open notebooks and write down the topic of the lesson “The urinary system. The structure and function of the kidneys.	Write down the topic of the lesson.	02/20/2007. Urinary system. The structure and function of the kidneys
4. The stage of discovering new knowledge - 20 min.
Explanation according to the table "Structure of the kidney". A person has two kidneys. Each is the size of a man's fist. Their location is easy to determine: put your hands on your belt so that your thumb is in front, the back four fingers just show the position of the kidneys in our body. So, attention, consider the structure of the kidney. In the kidney, the cortical and medulla layers and the renal pelvis are distinguished. Nutrients and cellular metabolism products enter the kidneys through the renal arteries. Blood purification occurs in special formations, functional units of the kidney - nephrons. There are about 1 million nephrons in each human kidney, in which the main processes leading to the formation of urine take place. Each nephron begins with a microscopic capsule with a long tubule. The capsule and part of the nephron tubule are located in the cortical layer of the kidney, the rest are in the renal pyramids of the medulla (there are 7-10 of them). At the top of the pyramid there are holes from which urine enters the renal pelvis. The renal artery branches into smaller arteries in the kidneys. An artery (which is called the incoming artery) enters the capsule, forming a capillary glomerulus in it. The artery leaving the glomerulus is much thinner than the incoming one. - What do you think it leads to? Of course, as a result, a lot of pressure is created in the glomerulus, due to which the liquid part of the unpurified blood seeps into the tubule, containing both useful (water, minerals, vitamins, glucose) and harmful substances (uric acid, urea), while blood plasma proteins and the cells remain in the vessel; primary urine is formed.	Pressure builds up.
- It is interesting to note that about 180 liters are filtered per day. blood plasma, and 1-1.5 liters are formed. urine. Why do you think this is happening? I listen to your opinions on this matter. Note that primary urine contains substances useful to the body (glucose, vitamins, water). /Who thinks differently? Who will express ... thought more precisely / Well done, of course, everything in the body is arranged in such a way as to preserve useful substances as much as possible and extract unnecessary ones. Attention, we look at the table, the artery leaving the capsule again branches into capillaries, which braid the walls of the tubule. In this case, the reverse absorption (reabsorption) of nutrients into the blood occurs. Harmful substances remain in the tubule and then enter the efferent tube system and into the renal pelvis. Further along the ureters, urine accumulates in the bladder and is removed from the body through the urethra. Watching a video. So, it is important for us to understand that thanks to the kidneys, homeostasis is maintained in the human body. - Who remembers the definition of homeostasis?	- There is an additional filtering. The necessary substances are returned to the artery. Homeostasis is the constancy of the internal environment.	Hanging tables "Structure of the kidneys", "Organs of the urinary system."
5. The stage of applying new knowledge - 5 min.
- Who carefully worked at the lesson, you can ask the following question: “What happens in the human body with excess nutrients, because they can also be harmful?” . How will you answer this question? Of course, the kidneys maintain the constancy of the internal environment of the body. What information do you think medical urinalysis provides? Currently, there are various "artificial kidney" devices. Knowing the structure of the kidney, you can guess what processes should be performed by these devices.	- Apparently, in addition to harmful toxic substances, the kidneys remove some of the excess nutrients, which can also harm the body. First of all, the analysis shows the state of the kidneys, but also, more importantly, the metabolic processes in other tissues, organs and in the body as a whole.
6. Stage of information about homework - 1 min.
At home, § 39, pp. 157-159 read, in workbook No. 2, complete tasks 129, 130,131.
7. The stage of summing up the lesson (reflection) - 2 min.
So let's summarize our work. Note that today you yourself quite correctly formulated the topic of the lesson. This already says a lot. Please, who wishes to draw a conclusion from the lesson: “what have we learned? what have you learned?"

The structure and functions of the urinary system

Lesson using reference notes

Equipment: tables "Organs of excretion", model "Structure of the mammalian kidney", filmstrip "Structure and function of the kidneys".

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Consolidation of previously studied material

Three students work at the blackboard.

Task 1st student: describe the metabolism in the body using the following diagram:

Basic concepts

Homeostasis is the body's ability to resist environmental changes and maintain a relatively constant composition, as well as the intensity of physiological processes.

Metabolism- a set of metabolic and energy processes and their biochemical transformations in a living organism or a set of chemical transformations of compounds characteristic of a cell, interconnected and with the environment and ensuring the life of the cell.

Anabolism(or assimilation) - the processes of synthesis of complex organic substances from simple ones. These processes are also called plastic exchange: from simple nutrients, energy-rich substances of the cell are formed - proteins, fats, carbohydrates. These processes require energy.

Catabolism(or dissimilation) - the processes of splitting complex organic substances into simple ones. These processes are also called energy exchange: proteins, fats and carbohydrates are broken down and oxidized to inorganic substances. These processes are accompanied by the release of energy, which is spent on the synthesis of new substances, muscle movement, the work of internal organs, mental work, etc.

Teacher. Where do these processes take place?

Student. In a cage.

Teacher. What is needed for this?

Student. Involvement of enzymes.

Teacher. Is there a relationship between these processes?

Student. Yes. They occur simultaneously in the cell, and many end products of catabolism are initial for anabolism. The energy released during catabolism is consumed during anabolism.

Teacher. What laws of dialectics govern the process of metabolism?

Student. The law of conservation and transformation of energy, the law of unity and struggle of opposites.

Assignment 2nd student: talk about the processes of selection and characterize the types of these processes.

Basic concepts:

defecation- removal of undigested food residues through the anus. These are not metabolic products, tk. undigested food does not enter the cells of the body and is not involved in the processes of metabolism. No energy is required to remove these residues.

Excretion- the release of substances not subject to further use in the body from cells and from the bloodstream with urine and sweat. Energy is consumed during excretion.

Secretion- secretion by the cell of substances that are used within the body itself. For example, the release of enzymes in the composition of gastric juice or saliva. Energy is consumed during this.

Task 3rd student: talk about the end products of the breakdown of the basic substances of the cell ( working with diagrams).

Teacher. What happens to the end products?

Student. Part is used by the body, others are removed into the external environment.

Teacher. How does this happen? After all, most cells are located deep in the body, and not on the border with the environment.

Student. All these substances enter the bloodstream and are transferred to the excretory organs.

Teacher. What are these organs?

Student. Lungs, kidneys, skin, intestines.

Teacher. To summarize, we analyze the table.

Teacher. Define the process of selection.

Student. Selection is the process of removing metabolic end products from the body, as well as removing excess water, salts and other substances.

Teacher. What organ systems is associated with this process?

Student. With urinary, circulatory, respiratory, skin, digestive.

II. Learning new material

Teacher. So, from Table. 1 shows that the largest amount of substances is removed through the kidneys. The kidneys are the organs of the urinary system. We will get acquainted with the structure of this system and its functions in today's lesson.

Work is carried out in groups. Each group gets a task. The report on the work is drawn up in the form of a reference abstract in notebooks and on the board.

The main task is to establish the relationship between the functions and structure of the organs of the urinary system. Creative task: make Euler circles for any fragment of the lesson.

Functions of the urinary system

Teacher's story.

1. Excretory (excretion) - removed:

a) end products of dissimilation;
b) excess water and salts;
c) toxic substances (alcohol, drugs);

2. Regulatory - ensures constancy:

a) the internal environment of the body (the volume of blood, lymph and tissue fluid);
b) osmotic pressure - the kidneys regulate the concentration of salts in the blood and tissue fluid that bathes the cells. If the concentration of salts in the liquid is greater than in the cell, water leaves it, the cell shrinks and dies (plasmolysis); and vice versa, if the concentration of salts in the liquid is less than in the cell, water enters the cell, it swells and bursts;
c) the ionic composition of the fluid - the kidneys retain or remove certain salts from the blood, depending on their deficiency or excess in the body;
d) acid-base balance - the kidneys maintain a neutral blood reaction, depending on the circumstances, retaining or removing carbonic acid, chlorine, hydrogen and ammonium ions from the body, the presence of which determines the pH level of the blood. Ammonium ions are formed from ammonia, which is synthesized in the cells of the kidneys themselves;
e) blood pressure - the removal of fluid from the body reduces blood pressure.

3. Secretory

Hormones are formed - biological regulators (the enzyme synthesized by the kidneys renin activates the regulator that controls blood pressure).

The structure of the urinary system

Task group number 1

1. Give captions to fig. one.
2. Fill in and analyze the table. 2.

Tasks for group No. 2

1. Give captions to fig. 2.
2. Tell where the kidneys are located, how many of them, what shape they have, weight. (Working with the table "Organs of selection".)
3. Describe the features of the blood supply to the kidneys. (Working with the filmstrip "The structure and work of the kidneys.")

Task group number 3

1. Give captions to fig. 3.
2. Tell about the internal macroscopic structure of the kidney (a dummy is used).

Task group number 4

Using the textbook * (§ 41, pp. 129-130), fill in and comment on the table. 3.

Task group number 5

Using the textbook* (§ 41, pp. 129–130), describe the process of urination.

The results of work in groups are drawn up in the form of a reference summary in notebooks and on the board.

The internal (microscopic) structure of the kidney - the structure of the nephron

Teacher's story. The main provisions are entered in the supporting abstract.

The kidney has a very complex microscopic structure. The structural unit of the kidney is the nephron - the renal corpuscle (Fig. 4). The nephron is microscopic. Each kidney contains about 1 million nephrons.

The renal corpuscle begins in the cortical layer of the kidney with a small capsule, having the shape of a double-walled cup, formed from two layers of epithelial cells. Between these layers is a slit-like space - the cavity of the capsule. From it begins the renal convoluted tubule of the 1st order, formed by a single layer of epithelial cells. The tubule descends into the medulla of the kidney, where it forms the loop of Henle, then returns to the cortical layer, receiving the name of the tubule of the 2nd order. Here it coils again, merges with the same neighboring tubule and forms a collecting duct of the nephron, passing inside the pyramids.

The collecting ducts merge to form larger excretory ducts. They pass through the medulla to the tops of the papillae of the pyramids. The total length of the tubule of one nephron is 35–50 mm, and the total length of the tubules of the entire kidney reaches 120 km.

Each individual tubule releases its own small portion of the daily amount of urine.

Inside the renal capsule is a capillary glomerulus, formed from the branches of the renal artery, extending from the aorta. It is called the afferent arteriole.

The capillary glomerulus tightly adheres to the nephron capsule, and blood plasma substances easily diffuse from the vessel into the capsule cavity.

The capillaries gather into the efferent arteriole. It again breaks up into capillaries that braid the convoluted tubules and the loop of Henle. After that, the capillaries form veins that flow into the inferior vena cava, through which the blood purified from toxins returns to the bloodstream. Reabsorption products also returned here. And urine enters the renal pelvis.

Urine formation

Teacher's story.

The process of making urine and removing it from the body is called diuresis.

This is a very complex process, it is closely related to the blood supply to the kidneys, which is many times greater than the blood supply to other organs. This ensures the purification of the blood from substances continuously entering it from the cells to be removed from the body with urine.

Diuresis occurs in two stages (phases).

1. Filtration - substances brought by blood into the capillaries of the glomerulus are filtered into the cavity of the nephron capsule. This is due to a significant pressure difference in the glomerulus (70 mm Hg) and in the capsule cavity (30 mm Hg).

Such a high pressure in the capillaries is provided by:

- slow blood flow
- pressure difference in the afferent and efferent arterioles;
- high blood pressure in the afferent arteriole (renal artery departs from the aorta, where the blood is under the highest pressure).

The filtered liquid is called primary urine. In composition, it corresponds to blood plasma without proteins (Table 3).

Primary urine contains a lot of substances needed by the body (sugar, amino acids, vitamins, hormones) and if they are removed from the body, the excretion process will become very wasteful. But this does not happen, since there is a reverse absorption of substances into the blood in the next phase.

2. Reabsorption - occurs when the primary urine moves through the convoluted tubules, which are tightly braided with capillaries.

Reabsorption proceeds:

a) passively - according to the principle of diffusion and osmosis;
b) actively - due to the activity of the epithelium of the renal tubules with the participation of enzyme systems with energy expenditure.

During reabsorption, primary urine gives blood water, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, a significant amount of potassium and sodium ions - this ensures the constancy of the internal environment (the second function of the kidneys).

Substances such as urea, ammonia, sulfates, other waste products, as well as excess, for example, glucose, are not reabsorbed, their concentration in the urine along the tubules increases, and secondary urine is formed, which must be removed from the body (the first function of the kidneys).

In addition to reabsorption in the tubules, there is a release into their lumen of harmful substances that have entered the body and into the bloodstream from the external environment (dyes, antibiotics, sulfonamides, etc.). If these substances are not filtered into capsules, then they are removed from the blood through the capillary network that wraps around the convoluted tubule.

The yellow color of urine depends on the pigment urochrome, a product of the breakdown of hemoglobin.

Regulation of the urinary system

Teacher's story.

The process of urine formation by the kidneys is regulated by the nervous and humoral systems. A person can control the process of urination, it is possible to develop a conditioned reflex.

Urination reflex arc: bladder receptors ® sensory pathway of the neuron ® urination center in the spinal cord ® diencephalon ® cerebral cortex ® motor pathway of the neuron ® bladder sphincter muscle.

When the concentration of salts in the blood changes, the receptors of blood vessels are irritated. If the body lacks moisture or a lot of salty food has been eaten, then the concentration of salts in the blood increases and a hormone is released in the pituitary gland vasopressin. It enhances the reabsorption of water in the tubules - the fluid returns to the bloodstream and the volume of urine decreases, while the amount of salt excreted remains at the same level. Conversely, if the concentration of salts in the blood decreases, then hormones are released that reduce the reabsorption of water and contribute to its removal from the body.

Lesson Conclusions

1. The kidney is a complex biological filter.

2. The structure and work of the kidneys allows you to purify the blood, removing unnecessary substances from the body, and maintain the constancy of the internal environment of the body.

Appendix

1 - adrenal gland;
2 - kidney;
3 - ureter;
4 - bladder;
5 - urethra

Rice. 2. External structure of the kidneys: 1 - "gate" of the kidney;
2 - renal artery; 3 - renal vein; 4 - ureter

Rice. 3. Internal (macroscopic) structure of the kidney:
1 - cortical layer; 2 - the medulla, consisting of the renal pyramids; 3 - papillae; 4 - pelvis; 5 - ureter

Rice. 4. The structure of the nephron: 1 - capsule of the nephron; 2 - capsule cavity; 3 - epithelium of the convoluted tubule of the 1st order; 4 - loop of Henle; 5 - convoluted tubule of the 2nd order; 6 - collecting duct; 7 - glomerulus of capillaries; 8 - bringing arteriole; 9 - blood filtration; 10 - efferent arteriole; 11 - blood flow to the inferior vena cava; 12 - reabsorption; 13 - urine flow; 14 - renal pelvis

* Biology. Man. Textbook for the 9th grade of educational institutions. Edited by A.S. Batuev. – M.: Enlightenment.

Technological map of biology lesson
Teacher GBOU secondary school p.g.t. Mirny Bayonova Lyubov Germanovna
Lesson topic Structure and function of the kidneys
The purpose of the lesson Students' perception and primary awareness of new educational material (the structure of the kidneys), understanding the connections and relationships in the objects of study.
Worldview idea The kidney is a vital organ.
Software requirements. The structure of the kidneys. Urination is one of the main functions.
Planned educational outcomes
Personal outcomes Meta-subject outcomes Subject outcome
- value attitude to healthy lifestyle Cognitive UUD:
- highlights essential information;
- sustainable educational and cognitive motivation and interest in learning
Communicative UUD:
- goal setting;
- forms own opinion and argues it
Regulatory UUD:
- grade;
- self-esteem;
- adjustment;
- planning future activities;
- organization of independent work.
Knows:
- the concepts of "homeostasis", "nephron", "filtration", "reabsorption", "nephron tubule", "nephron capsule", "primary, secondary urine"; - macroscopic and microscopic structure of the kidneys;
- stages of urine formation;
- composition of urine;
- processes and their causes;
Why should you protect your kidneys?
Can:
- reveal the essential characteristics of these concepts;
- indicate the structure of the kidneys in the figure;
- characterize the processes of urine formation and the reasons for their occurrence;
- to distinguish the composition of primary and secondary urine;
- give examples of why it is necessary to observe the drinking regimen.
Owned by:
- rules of personal hygiene.
Program content The structure and functioning of the kidneys.
Plan for learning new material Creating a comfortable situation for research
Discussing the goal and the route to it
Solutions
Conclusion
Basic concepts "homeostasis", "nephron", "filtration", "reabsorption", "urine";
Lesson type Combined
Lesson form Group
Technology Problem-developing education using a student-centered approach.

Mise-en-scene of the lesson Work individually, in pairs and in a group.
Lesson equipment Basic textbook: Dragomirov A.G., Mash R.D., Biology: grade 8. - M .: "Ventana-Graf", 2010.
Computer software, presentation on the topic: “The structure and functions of the kidneys”, route sheet, additional material for the student, accessories, quote on the board, terms. For the experiment: a bucket of 10 liters, a jar of 1.5 liters, a fabric of 1.5 m², 20 white coats.
Homework Paragraph ___ questions at the end of the paragraph.
Creative tasks of choice: 1. prepare a presentation:
"Causes of Kidney Disease".
"Prevention of diseases of the urinary system", pay special attention to the kidneys.
Create visual aid:
"The structure of the excretory system"
"Structure of the Kidney"
During the classes
Planned OR Teacher activity Student activity
ORGANIZATIONAL MOMENT (2 min)
Greeting students, creating favorable moral and mental conditions:
- In what mood did you come to the lesson today?
What do you associate with the subject of anatomy?
- Do you like to study your body? - Would you like to know more about him?
Checking readiness for the lesson, the general mood for the upcoming lesson.
Preparation of teaching aids for the lesson.
Participate in dialogue.
STATEMENT OF THE LEARNING PROBLEM (7 min.)
He draws attention to the words of the Italian film director F. Fellini: “Of all the adventures prepared for us by life, the most important and interesting is to go on a journey inside ourselves, to explore the unknown part of ourselves.”
Do you like to travel?
- To tune in to work, let's start with biological charging.
Reads statements. Offers to work quickly, independently:.- We study anatomy.
- Metabolism is a property that is characteristic only for humans.
- Homeostasis - the body's ability to maintain a relatively constant composition. - Only useful substances can enter the body.
- The nephron is part of the kidney.
Thanks, offers to sit down.
In the warm-up, two concepts caused difficulty: nephron and homeostasis. Offers to return to them later.
Draws attention to slide number 1. Offers to fill in the first column in table number 1.
Organ Removable substances Per day
Gaseous metabolic products: CO₂, H₂O, volatile substances -
Excess water, various salts (salts of sulfur, phosphorus, potassium) 0.5 l
Salts of heavy metals, cleavage products of bile pigments, hemoglobin. Undigested food remains - feces. 300 g
Excess water, drugs, various salts, urea, ammonia, poisonous substances 1.2 - 1.6 l
Asks:
- Are these organs related to one or different organ systems?
- What is their common role? (homeostasis).
Encourages the guys: Well done, I am pleased that you already know a lot.
Let's take a look at Table 1 again.
- Which organ removes more unnecessary substances from the body?
What system are the kidneys a part of?
- Why did she get such a name?
Draws attention to SLIDE number 2. Urinary system
Read the quote.
Answer the question
They got up, left their desks, listened, performed biological exercises: if the statement is true, they raise their right hand; if not, they raise their left hand; if they find it difficult, they do one squat, i.e. gymnastics for the body and brain.
Identified a gap in knowledge.
They study the table, offer options for filling out the first column, argue the answer
Answer questions, make logical conclusions
Remember the structure from the Zoology course
LEARNING NEW MATERIAL (20 min.)
Form an opinion on the topic
Show interest in the topic being studied.
Form the concept of the participation of the kidneys in maintaining
homeostasis
Show interest in the topic being studied.
Creating a problem situation: There is such a fact. In case of violation of the work of both kidneys, a person can live no more than five days.
Discussion: Why?
In order to understand why, he suggests, they will go on a journey, to an organ unknown to them - the kidneys.
Hypothesis 1. We do not know the structure of the kidneys, and the reason may be hidden in the structural features;
Hypothesis 2. We do not know how the kidneys function, and this could be the cause of the death of the body.
Solutions:
Need to know:
Group 1: The location of the kidneys, their macroscopic and microscopic structure.
Self-acquired knowledge
Macroscopic structure of the kidneys:
Kidney = cortical layer + medulla + pelvis.
Microscopic structure of the kidneys: (we consider the kidneys at a higher magnification) Nephron - is the microscopic unit of the kidney. It has a complex structure. Nephron = capsule + tubule.
Conclusion: The kidney has a complex structure, and with a deviation in the health of this organ, serious problems of the whole organism as a whole are possible.
Group 2: We do not know how the kidneys function, and this could be the cause of the death of the body.
Stages Processes and their cause Where Composition
I. Formation of primary urine (per day - 150 - 170 l) Filtration due to the difference in pressure in the glomerulus of arterioles and the cavity of the capsule is formed in capsules of H2O, glucose, mineral salts, vitamins, amino acids, hormones, urea.
Should not be: protein, blood cells.
II. Formation of secondary urine (per day - 1.2 - 1.5 l) Reabsorption - reverse absorption according to the principle of diffusion and osmosis is formed in the tubules of H2O, urea, ammonia, glucose (up to 0.11%), uric acid, creatinine, excess drugs .
Should not be: protein, blood cells, glucose (more than 0.2%)
Conclusion: The kidney is a complex biological filter that forms urine in two stages, therefore, the kidneys maintain the constancy of the internal environment (homeostasis), if this process is disturbed, the body may die.
Second phase:
The teacher draws the attention of the children to the table with covered objects (1 bucket - 10 liters and a jar of 1.5 liters with liquid), offers a surprise riddle. What do the numbers on the bucket and jar mean?
Who is friends with mathematics, how many buckets of liquid do the kidneys pass through themselves per day? (18 buckets).
- How? Organs smaller than cams can pass through themselves 180 liters per day?
- I'll help you guys. It turns out that if you expand all the glomeruli and tubules of the nephron, you get a suction area of ​​​​1.5 m². With which system is the nephron connected (with the circulatory system), it is correct, so this becomes possible.
- What will happen to the body if it loses fluid at the stage of primary urine?
- Well done, we successfully passed the 2nd stage, it's time to relax. Discussion of a problem situation

Form and write down the topic of the lesson
Record 1 hypothesis

Reveal the essence of concepts:
kidney, cortical layer, medulla, pelvis, nephron, capsule, tubule.
Filling out the itinerary
Record 2 hypotheses
They conduct research using a textbook, cards with additional material, a route sheet and ICT.
Reveal the essence of concepts:
filtration, reabsorption, primary, secondary urine, homeostasis.
Filling out the itinerary
Guess that 10l. - the amount of primary, and 1.5 l. is the amount of secondary urine.
They come to the conclusion that they will die because. will lose a lot of water, and the necessary substances.
PHYSICAL MINUTE (1 min.)
Recognize the topography of the organ. The best rest is active.
Offers to get up, leave the desks and perform a series of physical exercises, and then put your hands on your lower back.
- What organ is under your hands? That's right, kidneys. Now we know the topography, the location of this organ, and if it hurts in the lumbar region, then you should pay attention to it. The kidneys that we studied today are asking for help. Sit at the desk, straighten your shoulders.
- Guys, our rest increased blood circulation and the process of cleansing the blood from decay products. Perform 2 quick squats, then 2 circular movements with the hands, while: inhale, exhale. Hands on the waist.
PRIMARY REPETITION AND REINFORCEMENT (7 min.)
Analyze information and draw conclusions.
Collective discussion of the proposed poem.
They are like two big beans.
Attached to the links.
At the spinal column
Cozy accommodations.
The kidneys filter our blood
With unparalleled stubbornness,
So that in the internal environment
There was constancy.
Nephron contains capsules,
Tubules and glomeruli.
There are a million nephrons in our kidneys.
Blood passes through the nephron
The canal decides here
What to return to the body, and what it removes.
From a young age we must take into account what is dearest to us.
We must protect not only honor, but also the kidneys.
Read and analyze the poem
- shape - location - function
- meaning
- the structure of the nephron
- number of nephrons
- Without which system is it impossible for the kidneys to work?
What do you need to remember from a young age?
LESSON SUMMARY (3 min.)
Evaluation, self-esteem.
- What did you learn in the lesson?
- What helped you learn new things?
- What will change in your behavior?
Meaningful evaluation of the work of the groups. Explanation of marks.

Klyukina Olga Vladimirovna, teacher of chemistry and biology, MAOU Bannikovskaya secondary school

Biology, grade 8

Subject: The structure and function of the kidneys

Tasks:

Educational: To form knowledge about the structure of the urinary system. To reveal the features of the structure and location of the kidneys in the body.

Developing: Develop logical thinking. Establish patterns between the structure of an organ and its functions.

Educational: Education of a conscious attitude to one's health, personal hygiene.

Lesson type: A lesson in learning and consolidating new material. Means of education:

Dragmilov A.G., Mash R.D. Biology: Human Textbook for students grade 8 of educational institutions. - 2nd ed., Revised. - M .: Ventana - Graff, 2003

Table "Human excretory organs", model "Structure of the kidney",

Collection of tasks in biology GIA-2014. Moscow Exmo 2013.

Lesson plan:

Welcome speech of the teacher Updating the material covered Determining the topic of the lesson Learning new material Primary consolidation of knowledge Reflection Homework . Move on to the topic of the next lesson.

During the classes.

1. Greetings from the teacher. Good afternoon guys! 2.Updating the material.

BUT) two students work at the blackboard. (The first student draws up a metabolic diagram based on the key concepts written in the notebook at the last lesson. The second student draws up a diagram of the transformation of food as it passes through the digestive tract, and talks about the end products of the breakdown of the basic substances of the cell).

AT) Work with the class: test work on the topic covered, after the work is completed, they are submitted for verification to the teacher

Checking the work of students at the blackboard:

Questions for the first student: What is the importance of metabolism. Where do metabolic processes take place? in a cage), is there a relationship between anabolism and catabolism, what? (these processes are inseparable and take place in the cell simultaneously, the energy received during catabolism is consumed during anabolism).

Questions for the second student(the class helps in case of difficulty) - how is the food bolus transformed? What happens to the end products? ( the body uses nutrients, some of the substances are removed from the body.)

How is the delivery of the necessary substances to cells and how is the removal of harmful substances from the body? What organs are involved in the excretion process? (Intestines, lungs, kidneys, skin)

Determining the topic of the lesson

We are familiar with the work of the intestines and lungs, what task we face today, but before answering the question, let's analyze the table. (Appendix)

Which organs remove the largest amount of various substances from our body. (kidney). Students determine the topic of the lesson and write it down in their notebook.

Learning new material.

Guys, look at the data in the table, and formulate a definition for the concept " Selection». ( It is the process of removing unnecessary and harmful substances from the body.).

The excretion process is carried out by the urinary system. Using Fig. 69 on page 157, draw a diagram of the urinary system. ( kidneys - ureters - bladder - urethra)

The story of the teacher "The structure of the kidneys", (accompanied by explanations on the model. In the course of the story, the teacher draws the attention of the children to key points, the children make notes in a notebook).

The main organs of the excretory system are the kidneys: This is a paired bean-shaped organ.

In humans, the kidneys are located in the lumbar region. on the sides of the last two thoracic and first two lumbar vertebrae. Adjacent to the posterior abdominal wall, and the right kidney is normally located somewhat lower, since from above, it borders on the liver. The dimensions of one kidney are approximately 11.5-12.5 cm long, 5-6 cm wide and 3-4 cm thick. The mass of the kidneys is 120-200 g, usually the left kidney is slightly larger than the right one.

In each kidney, a cortical and medulla layer, and a renal pelvis are distinguished . The renal pelvis passes directly into the ureter. The right and left ureters empty into the bladder. Morpho - functional unit of the kidney is nephron - a specific structure that performs the function of urination . Each kidney has over 1 million nephrons.

Each nephron consists of several parts: glomerulus, Shumlyansky-Bowman's capsule and a system of tubules, passing one into another.

Exercise: Guys, you have handouts on your tables - pictures depicting the structure of the kidney and nephron. (Appendix) Place the image in a notebook, make the appropriate signatures. (2 x sided tape is glued on the reverse side of the pictures)

The story of the teacher "Formation of urine", (accompanied by explanations on the table. In the course of the story, the teacher draws the attention of the children to key points, the children make notes in a notebook).

The process of making urine and removing it from the body is called diuresis.

This is a very complex process, it is closely related to the blood supply to the kidneys, which is many times greater than the blood supply to other organs. This ensures the purification of the blood from substances continuously entering it from the cells to be removed from the body with urine.

Diuresis occurs in two stages (phases). (Depicted as a cluster)

1. Filtration - substances brought by blood into the capillaries of the glomerulus are filtered into the cavity of the nephron capsule. This is due to a significant pressure difference in the glomerulus (70 mm Hg) and in the capsule cavity (30 mm Hg).

Such a high pressure in the capillaries is provided by:

slow blood flow

high blood pressure in the afferent arteriole (renal artery departs from the aorta, where the blood is under the highest pressure).

pressure difference between afferent and efferent arterioles

The filtered liquid is called primary urine . In composition, it corresponds to blood plasma without proteins. Primary urine contains a lot of substances needed by the body (sugar, amino acids, vitamins, hormones) and they can be useful to the body, so they are not removed from the body, but substances are reabsorbed into the blood in the next phase.

2. Reabsorption - occurs when the primary urine moves through the convoluted tubules, which are tightly braided with capillaries.

Reabsorption proceeds: a) passively - according to the principle of diffusion and osmosis;

b) actively - due to the activity of the epithelium of the renal tubules with the participation of enzyme systems with energy expenditure. During reabsorption, primary urine gives blood water, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, a significant amount of potassium and sodium ions - this ensures the constancy of the internal environment (the second function of the kidneys). Substances such as urea, ammonia, sulfates, other waste products, as well as excess, for example, glucose, are not absorbed back, their concentration in the urine along the tubules increases, and secondary urine, which must be removed from the body (the first function of the kidneys).

In addition to reabsorption in the tubules, there is a release into their lumen of harmful substances that have entered the body and into the bloodstream from the external environment (dyes, antibiotics, sulfonamides, etc.). If these substances are not filtered into capsules, then they are removed from the blood through the capillary network that wraps around the convoluted tubule. The yellow color of urine depends on the pigment urochrome, a product of the breakdown of hemoglobin.

Exercise 1 Fill the table.
excretory organs

Task:2 Using table No. 2, answer the question: What is the difference between primary and secondary urine?

5. Primary consolidation of knowledge: Frontal survey on the topic. 6. Reflection. Complete the sentence: 1. Today at the lesson I learned….. 2. It was difficult for me at the lesson…. 7. Homework. § 39 (individual task to prepare a report on kidney disease) 8. Transition to the topic of the next lesson.

Guys, the selection process is an important and complex process. The organs that ensure its smooth operation must be healthy and this is entirely up to you. You need to lead a healthy lifestyle, observe the rules of personal hygiene. We will talk about kidney diseases and their prevention in the next lesson.

Appendix

Tasks for students working at the blackboard.

1 Draw up a metabolism diagram based on the key concepts written in the notebook (energy and plastic metabolism)
2.. Draws up a diagram of the transformation of food as it passes through the digestive tract, and talks about the final products of the breakdown of the basic substances of the cell).

Test work for the class

1 option

1. Amino acids consist of: A) fats B) carbohydrates C) proteins D) nucleic acids 2. The maximum energy value is: A) beef B) cheese C) sugar D) butter 3. The role of vitamins is (in) A) neurohumoral regulation of the body B) maintaining constancy of the internal environment of the body C) influence on the growth and development of the body, metabolism D) protection of the body from infections 4. The formation of glycogen occurs in: A) liver B) pancreas C) stomach D) intestinal walls 5) During plastic metabolism in the human body occurs: A) the breakdown of proteins B) the formation of water and carbon dioxide from carbohydrates C) the formation of fat D) the breakdown of glycogen to glucose 6) The composition of the visual pigment includes vitamin: A) -C C) -AB) -B1 D) -D
1. The breakdown products of fats are: A) glucose B) glycerol and fatty acids C) nucleotides D) amino acids 2. The final breakdown of proteins to amino acids occurs: A) in the stomach B) in the small intestine C) in the cells D) in the large intestine 3. If a thirty-year-old person has inflammation gums, teeth fall out, then he most likely does not have enough vitamin in his body: A) -A C) -SB) -C D) -D
4. Which of the products actively prepares the stomach for digestion?
6) The most favorable diet is: A) two meals a day B) meals 4 times a day C) meals every 2 hours D) three meals a day

Handout

Table No. 1 Excretion of substances from the body.

Table No. 2 The difference between primary and secondary urine

Character of urine

The structure of the kidney and nephron

Questions of reflection

1. Today at the lesson I learned ... .. 2. The lesson was difficult for me…. 3. On this topic, I still want to know ...