Krivoshein Alexander Vasilyevich, 1857-1921, chamberlain, secretary of state, member of the state council, real privy councilor, head of land management and agriculture (1908-1915), active supporter of the agrarian policy P.A. Stolypin, in 1920 - the head of the government under Wrangel.

Materials of the site RUS-SKY ®, 1999 are used. Biographical directory, which contains the names of all persons who were mentioned in the correspondence of the emperor.

Krivoshein Alexander Vasilyevich (1857 - 1921). From nobles. Graduated from the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg University, legal consultant of the private North-Donetsk Railway. From 1884 he served in the Ministry of Justice, from 1887 - in the zemstvo department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In 1889-1891 - Commissar for Peasant Affairs in the Kingdom of Poland. Since 1902, the head of the Migration Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Since 1905 he was a comrade-in-chief of land management and agriculture. Since 1906 member of the State Council and Deputy Minister of Finance. Chamberlain (1909), Secretary of State (1910). In 1908–1915 he was the chief administrator of land management and agriculture, one of P. A. Stolypin’s associates in carrying out agrarian reform, a supporter of the elimination of communal land ownership and the development of farm economy. Since 1916 he was a member of the Commission on Agricultural Affairs of the State Council. After the October Revolution, one of the organizers of the "right center". In 1918 in Kyiv he organized the monarchist "Council of State Unification of Russia" (he was a friend of its chairman). During the Civil War, he was the chairman of the "Government of the South of Russia" P. N. Wrangel. From 1920 in exile.

Materials used Notes by Alexander Repnikov to Diaries for 1915. Lev Tikhomirov.

Krivoshein Alexander Vasilyevich (July 19, 1857 - October 28, 1921). The son of a lieutenant colonel, who had risen from the ranks. Graduated from St. Petersburg University with a degree in law. He began his service in the Ministry of Justice, from 1887 - in the Zemsky department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. On December 23, 1904 - Head of the Resettlement Administration. On June 8, 1905, he was appointed deputy chief manager of land management and agriculture; from June 8, 1906 to July 27, 1907, etc. head of this department. On May 6, 1906, he was appointed a member of the State Council. From October 6, 1906, Deputy Minister of Finance, manager of the Noble and Peasant Land Banks. From May 21, 1908 he was the chief manager of land management and agriculture; in this position he played a leading role in the implementation of the Stolypin peasant reform. Chamberlain of the Court (1909). Secretary of State (1910). During the World War II, he led a group of liberal ministers who considered it necessary to rely on the support of the liberal public and take into account the requirements of the Progressive Bloc in government policy. From August 17, 1915, as the chief manager, he headed the Special Meeting to discuss and unite measures on the food business. October 26, 1915 dismissed from the post of chief executive. After his resignation from this post, he was the chief commissioner of the Russian Red Cross Society. After the October Revolution, a prominent figure in the anti-Bolshevik movement. In 1920 he headed the government of the South of Russia under P.N. Wrangel in the Crimea, who tried to carry out agrarian and zemstvo reforms. After the defeat of Wrangel - in exile. Died in Berlin.

Used materials of the bibliographic dictionary in the book: Ya.V. Glinka, Eleven years in the State Duma. 1906-1917. Diary and memoirs. M., 2001.

Krivoshein Alexander Vasilyevich (07/19/1857-10/28/1921)- an outstanding statesman of Russia.

Krivoshein was born into a poor officer family in Warsaw. Graduated from the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg University. He began his service in the Ministry of Justice, since 1987 he served in the Zemsky department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Since 1896, assistant chief, and since December 1904 - head of the Migration Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In 1905 he was appointed deputy chief manager of land management and agriculture, and in 1906 a member of the State Council. Since October 1906, he was a deputy minister of finance, in charge of the State Noble Loan and Peasant Land Banks.

In 1908, he took the post of chief administrator of land management and agriculture. After the October Revolution of 1917, he was one of the organizers of the anti-Bolshevik Right Center in Moscow, and in 1918, the anti-Bolshevik "Council of State Unification of Russia" in Kyiv. In 1920, he headed the government of General P. N. Wrangel in the Crimea.

Stolypin's agrarian reform was not Stolypin's creation. From 1902 to 1905, many statesmen and scientists of Russia were involved in the development of new agrarian legislation at the state level: Vl. I. Gurko, S. Yu. Witte, I. L. Goremykin, A. V. Krivoshein, P. A. Stolypin, P. P. Migulin, N. N. Kutler, and A. A. Kaufman. The question of the abolition of the community was raised by life itself. In 1905, Alexander Krivoshein, deputy chief manager of land management and agriculture, Nikolai Kutler, spoke out against the alienation of landlord lands in favor of the peasants and joined the political opponents of his boss.

This political move immediately singled him out from the general mass of politically passive bureaucracy. Soon Kutler was dismissed, and Krivoshein was appointed "temporarily acting as chief manager." Having headed the Commission to consider the nearest measures to the arrangement of the land life of the peasants, Krivoshein began to develop his own project, which involved, first of all, the implementation of those measures that could be carried out on the basis of the legislation in force at that time. In particular, from March 10, 1906, the resettlement movement, suspended by the war, was resumed.

In 1906, with the appointment of P. A. Stolypin to the post of prime minister, the development of land reform was concentrated in an interdepartmental commission under the Ministry of the Interior, chaired by Vladimir Gurko. The reform began with the tsar's decree on November 9, 1906, which allowed the peasants to leave the community. The purpose of the reform was to create a layer of peasant owners - the pillars of the tsarist regime and the new land order. The essence of this order was as follows: the destruction, where possible, of the community, the transition to farm and cut farms, the resettlement of part of the peasants to the outskirts.

In 1908, Stolypin appointed Krivoshein the head of land management and agriculture. Krivoshein laid the foundation for his ministerial program on the principle: "To base resettlement on the idea of ​​a stable settlement of Siberia, and not on the rarefaction of the population of European Russia." So it was formulated later in a joint report (note) with Stolypin addressed to the tsar on a trip to Siberia and the Volga region.

During the trip, which took place in August - September 1910, the ministers got acquainted in detail with the implementation of the reform in the outskirts. By rail, they reached the Bogotol station, and on horseback they rode off the railroad for 300 miles. Thanks to this trip, the necessary changes in the resettlement policy were made. On March 4, 1911, the resettlement was declared free, unregulated to any areas at the choice of the resettlers themselves, after a mandatory inspection of the site by a walker. Those who neglected this went at their own peril and risk, but they were not left without help, diverting land in the second place. Krivoshein emphasized the need for freedom of "a living and purely people's resettlement business." The significance of free colonization can be judged by the example of the Yenisei province: out of 776 settlements formed by 1914, government resettlement gave only 102, and 624 were formed through free colonization. The transportation of people was carried out by resettlement trains, made up of wagons that had a room in the back for peasant equipment and livestock. The amount of government assistance to settlers was set depending on the difficulty for the development of the area.

The idea of ​​Stolypin and Krivoshein included the equalization of Siberian peasants in rights with the peasants of European Russia. They also sought to make the Siberians the owners of their allotments, which, in their opinion, should have led to the intensification of agriculture in the future. To this end, in 1912-1913, a number of bills were submitted to the State Duma: on the sale of plots to settlers in the most convenient areas of Siberia; on the procedure for the use of land unsuitable for small-scale peasant farming, but which can be used for cattle breeding or the forestry industry; on granting the right of resettlement to state-owned lands to persons of all classes on common grounds with rural inhabitants.

However, they were never considered, although the preparatory work for their implementation by the department had already begun. Therefore, Krivoshein, the main ideologist of the Stolypin agrarian reform, acted around the existing legislation in order to achieve his goal.

Understanding the importance of agronomic assistance for the growth of agriculture, Krivoshein took steps to create permanent agronomic meetings. New experimental fields, breeding centers, seed-growing institutions, and agricultural machinery rental points were created, which provided great assistance to the peasants. On the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty, on the initiative of A. V. Krivoshein and with the consent of the tsar, a competition and awards were held for advanced peasant farms. In particular, in the Yenisei province, prizes were awarded to the peasant of the Kansk district of the Uyar volost of the Kamensky section E. Ya.

For the settlement of the Far East, a special committee was organized under the chairmanship of Stolypin and Krivoshein. "Yellow", that is, Chinese labor, was banned. For the rational use of Asian territories, scientific expeditions were sent, which by 1915 examined almost all areas to be settled. Medical assistance to the migrants was organized. Roads were laid - by 1914 their network reached 12,000 miles. Krivoshein also participated in the development of railway construction projects.

Stolypin was in a hurry to complete the transformation of Russia and prevent a revolution, but he was not understood by the right and hated by the left. Eleven attempts were made on the prime minister, in which his children suffered, a lot of ordinary people died, and in September 1911 he died. After the death of Stolypin, Krivoshein continued to reform the country. The new economic course, taken in 1914 by the government on the initiative of Krivoshein, opened up interesting prospects for the development of the country. But the program of a grandiose increase in loans for reform, approved by the tsar, could no longer be carried out. The outbreak of the First World War and the resignation of Krivoshein, which followed in 1915, essentially stopped the reform and pushed Russia onto the revolutionary path of solving the agrarian question, despite the fact that the reform was successful. Stolypin planned to complete the reforms in Russia in 20 years, and after seven years the success of the reform was obvious, this was recognized even abroad. In 1913, a government commission headed by Professor Augagen came from Germany to Russia to study the results of the reform. After studying the Russian experience, the commission came to the conclusion that if the land management reform continues in the same form for another ten years, Russia will become the strongest country in Europe.

Alexander Vasilyevich Krivoshein (1857-1921) is an outstanding statesman of Russia. It is well known that the course of reforms was initiated by P.A. Stolypin, but few people know who A.V. Krivoshein - "Minister of Asian Russia", as his contemporaries called him. But he was directly involved in the preparation of the Stolypin agrarian reform.

Alexander Vasilyevich Krivoshein (1857-1921) is an outstanding statesman of Russia. It is well known that the course of reforms was initiated by P.A. Stolypin, but few people know who A.V. Krivoshein - "Minister of Asian Russia", as his contemporaries called him. But he was directly involved in the preparation of the Stolypin agrarian reform.

It is well known that the course of reforms was initiated by P.A. Stolypin, but few people know who A.V. Krivoshein - "Minister of Asiatic Russia", as his contemporaries called him. But he was directly involved in the preparation of the Stolypin agrarian reform, and then, for seven and a half years - from May 21, 1908 to October 26, 1915 - led the process of its implementation.

Alexander Vasilyevich Krivoshein was born in 1857 in Warsaw. His father was a former serf who managed to rise to the rank of artillery lieutenant colonel in the army. Mother was a Polish woman from the impoverished noble family of the Yashinskys. After graduating from St. Petersburg University, Krivoshein began a private service as a lawyer on the North-Donetsk Railway. On July 21, 1884, Krivoshein entered Moscow for a modest position in the archival department of the district court, hoping for a career as a civil servant.

While still at university, he became close to the son of the Minister of the Interior, Count D.A. Tolstoy - Gleb. Tolstoy patronized this friendship and even sent young people in 1888 on a trip around the world. At the same time, Krivoshein was given the task of accompanying a party of settlers to the Far East. Tolstoy was pleased with the assignment and, upon his return, appointed Krivoshein Commissar for Peasant Affairs in the Kingdom of Poland. Returning from Poland in 1891, he was appointed to the position of clerk, and then head of the Zemsky department of the Ministry of the Interior. He did not remain in this position for a long time, and thanks to the establishment of the Resettlement Administration in 1896, A.V. Krivoshein was appointed assistant head of the Resettlement Administration, and in 1902 he headed the Resettlement Administration.

An important role in the further career of Krivoshein was played by his rapprochement with the brothers D.F., who were very close to the court. and V.F. Trepov. Krivoshein, although he did not yet hold an influential post, was able to grasp the priority tasks, highlight them, present them clearly, with arguments, and put them on paper. In the future, it was he who prepared many manifestos and rescripts, including the Manifesto on the beginning of the First World War. In addition, thanks to a successful marriage in 1892 to Elena Gennadievna Karpova, Krivoshein became related to the merchants Morozov and received family ties with the "tops" of the Moscow merchant class.

In 1905, thanks to the reorganization of the Ministry of Agriculture and State Property, on the basis and on the basis of the rights of the latter, the Main Directorate of Land Management and Agriculture was created, to which the leadership of land management and resettlement was transferred from the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Krivoshein, being the head of the Resettlement Administration, was promoted to the position of Comrade Chief Manager. Having taken office, Krivoshein immediately plunges headlong into work. On March 10, 1906, on his initiative, the resettlement movement, suspended by the war, was resumed. From October 6, 1906 to May 21, 1908, Krivoshein was in charge of the Peasants' Bank as a Deputy Minister of Finance.

In 1908 P.A. Stolypin invited A.V. Krivoshein to head the Main Directorate of Land Management and Agriculture, giving him complete freedom of action. The Minister of Agriculture, by virtue of his leadership of the Resettlement Administration, was the "Minister of Asiatic Russia." Krivoshein laid the foundation for his ministerial program on the following principle: "To base resettlement on the idea of ​​a stable settlement of Siberia, and not on the rarefaction of the population of European Russia." So it was formulated later in a joint report (note) with Stolypin on a trip to Siberia and the Volga region. From March 4, 1911, the resettlement was declared free, unregulated to any areas at the choice of the resettlers themselves after a mandatory inspection of the site by a walker.

Krivoshein's successes were great in the field of agrarian reform and the development of the outskirts, but his main political task was to find a way out of mutual misunderstanding between the government and society, to achieve cooperation between them. Krivoshein formulated his view of the main contradiction of Russian reality with the catch phrase - "we and they." “The fatherland can achieve prosperity if there is no division into the pernicious “we” and “they”, meaning by this the government and society as two independent parties, and when they simply say “we”, meaning the government and society together,” she quoted his press. In the fall of 1913, the emperor offered Krivoshein the post of finance minister, and when he refused, the post of chairman of the Council of Ministers. Krivoshein replied that he wanted to continue working at his post. Instead of himself, Krivoshein advised Nicholas II to appoint I.L. Goremykin, whose appointment took place, and he was given the opportunity to become "the actual prime minister."

The war broke out. Successful warfare required a united government and constructive cooperation between the government and the Duma. However, the head of the government, Goremykin, could not find a common language with the Duma. This in turn led to discord between him and the government. Ministers began to meet without a chairman, most often at Krivoshein's. Defeats at the front led to the fact that the emperor made ... a decision to lead the army. Desperate to convince the tsar, the ministers wrote a collective letter addressed to him, asking him to abandon ... the step. Nicholas II did not listen to the opinion of the ministers.

No longer counting on the favor of the sovereign, Krivoshein resigned, but at the request of Nicholas II, he hid this for more than a month. In gratitude for past services, Krivoshein was awarded the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky and a rescript full of praise was published in his name. Having received his resignation, A.V. Krivoshein went to the Western Front as a commissioner of the Red Cross. For the evacuation of the wounded under fire, he was awarded the St. George medal. Shortly after the February Revolution, Krivoshein, leaving the Red Cross, settled with his family in Moscow, joining the board of directors of the Savva Morozov, Son and Co. manufactory. Later, the emperor will still remember Krivoshein. On the evening of March 1, 1917, in the carriage of the letter train "A" in Pskov, receiving Count D.A. Sheremetyev, adjutant of General Ruzsky, before accepting the general himself, Nicholas II would tell the count: "It seems that Krivoshein should be called."

From the very first months of Bolshevism, A.V. Krivoshein, risking everything - freedom, life, rushed into the thick of the fight. Despite the fact that the queen considered him one of the perpetrators of the revolution, A.V. Krivoshein was one of the few who helped the royal family financially. At the end of 1917, he was a member of the anti-Soviet organization Right Center, being its de facto leader. After the collapse of the "Right Center" Krivoshein leaves for Ukraine. In Ekaterinodar, Krivoshein heads the political group "State Association of Russia", which constituted constructive opposition to the Denikin government. General Denikin, despite repeated recommendations to him of Krivoshein's candidacy for work in the government by public figures, treated him with distrust, considering him right. But Krivoshein, of course, could not remain "out of politics" and continued, according to his old habit, to exert behind-the-scenes influence on the government. Only during the retreat of the army, when the Headquarters had already been transferred to Rostov, Denikin agreed to Krivoshein's entry into the government. After the evacuation of Novorossiysk, Krivoshein went abroad.

Leading the remnants of the army evacuated to the Crimea, General Wrangel sought out Krivoshein, offering him to head the government, and Krivoshein agreed. Vladimir Petrovich Myatleev composed the following lines on this occasion:

Power is scared, power is dispersed!

All hope for Krivoshein!

In order for the government to be supported by the peasants, it was necessary to give them land. In accordance with this task, a land reform was carried out, the main principle of which was the provision - "Land to the owners working on it", but for a fee (five-fold harvest in 25 years). The regulation on the "Free Zemstvo" was adopted, according to which local self-government became "peasant", that is, without qualifications. In foreign policy, Krivoshein put a lot of effort into obtaining from France a supply of military supplies and recognition of the Crimean government on August 10, 1920 "de facto". But the days of Wrangel's army were already numbered. England refused to support Wrangel, France was in no hurry to help, in addition, the Soviet-Polish war ended, and all the forces of the Red Army fell upon the Crimea. On November 12, 1920, the evacuation of the Crimea began. Krivoshein was the first to leave for Constantinople to organize the reception of the White Army in Turkey.

After the defeat of the White movement and the evacuation of the Crimea, the "Minister of Asian Russia" A.V. Krivoshein did not live long. The next year he was gone. Morally tired, broken by experiences, he died on October 28, 1921 at the age of 64. The funeral was attended by many different people, telegrams came, newspapers were full of obituaries. Only Russia did not even remember him. Alexander Vasilyevich was buried at the Russian cemetery in Berlin.

Gof-meister.

Nobleman. Father of ar-hie-pi-sko-pa Bruce-sel-sko-go and Bel-giy-sko-go Va-si-liya (Kri-vo-neck-on). He graduated from the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg University (1881). He served in the Zemsky Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (1887-1888, 1891-1896), in 1888 on the Far East-to-ke he studied well-well pe-re-se-len-tsev in the South-but-Us-su-riy-sky region. Ko-mis-sar according to the cross-st-yan-skim de lamas of the Lenchits-ko-go district of the Ka-lish province (1888-1891). Assistant to the chief (1896-1902), acting chief (1902-1904 / 1905), chief (1904 / 1905-1905) of the Re-village Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Member of the Under-go-to-vital commission at Ko-mi-te-te of the Siberian iron road (1897-1905). Since 1904, he has been participating in the work of the Oso-bo-th-co-ve-shcha-tion on the needs of the agricultural industry. One of the times-ra-bot-chi-kov for-ko-on about re-village-ni-yah dated 6 (19) .6.1904 le-nie kre-st-yan and zem-le-del-tsev-me-shchan from European Russia beyond the Urals. To-va-rishch of the chief-but-manager-of-the-go-le-dev-swarm-st-vom and the earth-le-de-li-em (1905-1906), member of the Oso-bo-go reports about measures to uk-re-p-le-niy kre-st-yan-sko-go-land-le-vla-de-niya. In February 1906, he presented to the Council of the Mi-ni-stroy the project “Per-rech-n-n-the-next-shih measures to establish-swarm-st-vu ze-mel-no-go be-that kre-st-yan”, a number of ideas of someone-ro-go lay down in the os-no-woo of the hundred-ly-pin-sky ag-rar-noy reform-we (ob-easy-che- buying-ki-kre-st-I-on-mi lands in a single-but-personal property with the help of Kre-st-yan-sko-go land-no-go ban-ka, in-goit-new-le-nie pre-torn-no-go during the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905 of the re-village movement zhe-nia, you-half-non-land-le-establishment-ro-ro-bot at the expense of the treasury, etc.).

Member of the State Council for Designation (1906-1917). To-va-rishch of the Minister of Fi-nan-sovs and manager of the Dvor-ryan-sky ze-mel-nym and Kre-st-yan-skim in-ze-mel-ny ban-ka-mi ( 1906-1908). The main-manager-of the land-le-dev-roy-st-vom and the land-le-de-liem, one-but-mouse-len-nick and the closest co-worker of the chairman So-ve-ta mi-ni-st-ditch P.A. One hundred-ly-pi-na, active-but-participation-in-the-shaft in the pro-ve-de-nii of the ag-rar-noy reform-we. Krivoshein is significant, but ras-shi-ril is the activity of the Main Directorate for land-le-dev-swarm-st-vu and land-le-de-liu: with him ak-ti -vi-zi-ro-wa-las and ras-shi-ri-las activity of the earth-le-roi-tel-nyh co-missions, shi-ro-some ras-pro-stra -not-nie-lu-chi-lo pe-re-se-len-che-st-vo, na-cha-pro-ve-de-ni-irrigation work on the Caucasus and in Turk-ke-sta-ne. Krivoshein was able to grow from the exploitation of the ka-zen-forests. Stats-sec-re-tar (1910). He considered not-about-ho-di-mym to increase ka-pi-ta-lo-investment in the industry of C-be-ri and Dal-ne-go W-hundred-ka , enter-de-nie there cha-st-noy own-st-ven-no-sti on earth, development of so-qi-al-noy in-fra-structure-tu-ry (for ak -tiv-ing work in this on-the-right-le-nii of Krivoshein on-zy-va-li “mi-ni-strom of Asia-at-Russian Russia”).

In 1914, you-dvi-nulled the program of development of eco-no-mi-ki of Russia ra-bot, ak-ti-vi-za-tion of railway construction, co-wiring of a number of power stations, etc.), os-tav-shui-sya not-real-whether -zo-van-noy in connection with the beginning of the 1st world war. Member of the Finance Committee (1914-1917). In 1915, in the conditions of the military failures of Russia in the 1st world war and the crisis of mutual sti and the State Duma; one of the most influential members of the li-be-ral-no-go wing-la So-ve-ta mi-ni-str-ditch, various political forces of the races -smat-ri-va-li Krivoshein in the ka-che-st-ve can-di-da-ta for the post of chairman of the So-ve-ta mi-ni-st-ditch. In August 1915, together with 7 members of the So-ve-ta mi-ni-str-ditch, sub-pi-sal for-yav-le-ni Ni-ko-lai II about “ko-ren-n times -but-thoughts-lii ”with the chairman of the Council I.L. Go-re-we-ki-nym. Side-nick pro-ve-de-niya of a number of administrative and so-qi-al-ny reforms - introducing-de-niya in-lo-st-no-go zem-st-va, equalization non-niya kre-st-yan in rights with other co-words, etc. those called to the war, as well as the family of the wounded and fallen warriors (since 1914), the main go Krest on the Western Front (since 1915). After the February Revolution of 1917, retired.

After the October Revolution of 1917, teaching-st-in-shaft in org-ha-ni-za-tion not-le-gal-no-go an-ti-bol-she-vi-st -sko-go "Pra-vo-go center-tra" (Mo-sk-va, weight-for 1918) and mo-nar-khi-che-sko-sove-ta go-su-dar-st- ven-no-go ob-e-di-non-niya of Russia (Kiev, October 1918; then-var-rishch of the chairman). A member of the “Russian de-le-ga-tion” at a meeting with the representatives of a hundred-vi-te-la-mi of the An-tan-you countries in November 1918 in Yas-sakh ( Romania). Head of the supply department in the right-vi-tel-st-ve under the chief-but-commander Voo-ru-zhen-ny-mi si-la-mi of the South of Russia, lieutenant general A.I. De-ni-ki-ne (December 1919 - February 1920). Since May 1920, acting chairman, since June - chairman of the Council under the chief commander of the Russian Army, Lieutenant General P.N. Vran-ge-le (re-or-ga-ni-zo-van in Pra-vi-tel-st-in the South of Russia), began to pro-ve-de-nie land re- forms in the Crimea (part of the ka-zen-nyh and part-but-owning lands should-on-la be re-re-yes-on the cross-st-I-us with a mustache -lo-vi-em you-pay them 1/5 of the cost of the average crop in those 25 years). From November 1920 in exile.

Na-gra-zh-den or-de-na-mi of St. Alek-san-dr. Nev-sko-go (1915), Legion of Honor (1915), etc.

Compositions:

Speech of the chief-but-manager-lyayu-go-of the earth-le-developing-swarm-st-vom and the earth-le-de-li-em A.V. Cri-in-the-neck-on about you-with-tea-she decree on November 9, 1906. St. Petersburg, 1909;

A ride to Siberia and the Volga. Note from P.A. Sto-ly-pi-na and A.V. Cri-in-the-neck-on. SPb., 1911;

For-the letter of the chief-but-manager-of-the-land-le-dev-swarm-st-vom and the earth-le-de-li-em about going to Turk-ke-stan- region in 1912. Half-ta-va, 1912

Krivoshein Alexander Vasilievich
(19(31) .07.1857–15(28).10.1921)

Outstanding Russian statesman, chamberlain, secretary of state. Contemporaries put him immediately after such major figures in Russian and world history as P.A. Stolypin. His name is well known to specialists, it is included in encyclopedias and special monographs, but in Soviet historical literature intended for a wide range of readers, it was completely silent for the reason that immediately after the revolution, Krivoshein began an active struggle against Soviet power.
Born in Warsaw, where his father served in the military, his mother came from an impoverished Polish noble family of the Yashinskiys. The father, who came out of serfs, rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel, giving the right only to personal nobility.
After graduating from the gymnasium and the law faculty of St. Petersburg University, Krivoshein entered as a legal adviser on one of the railways of the famous industrialist and philanthropist Savva Mamontov, through whom he met the Morozovs, Ryabushinskys, many representatives of the merchants, artists and writers. Work in a private company paid very well, but Krivoshein linked his future with public service. Only there could his ambitious plans be realized. The highest professional qualities of Krivoshein, backed up by rare perseverance and determination, the ability to understand people and establish contacts with them, were noted by everyone who dealt with him. And he knew his own worth.
In 1884, having given up material incentives, Krivoshein began his service in Moscow in the archives of the Ministry of Justice. Soon, a talented young man was introduced to the all-powerful Minister of the Interior, Count D.A. Tolstoy and made a very favorable impression on him, which resulted in his appointment to the post of Commissar for Peasant Affairs in Poland. However, Tolstoy's death forced Krivoshein to return to St. Petersburg and start practically from scratch as a clerk of the Zemsky department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Due to his energy and efficiency, he was noticed and promoted to the post of head clerk. In fulfilling this position, Krivoshein, on his own initiative, took part in the work of the committee of the Siberian Railway, which was headed by the heir to the tsar, Nikolai. After his accession to the throne, wide opportunities opened up for Krivoshein. He went through all the steps of the career ladder, but thanks to his abilities, the deadlines for passing were much less than those established. By 1904, he became the head of the Resettlement Administration. This post was equated to the post of director of the department and was the last step to the post of comrade (deputy) minister.
In 1905, Krivoshein was appointed deputy minister of land management and agriculture, in 1906 he was introduced to the State Council and granted the chamberlain's uniform (corresponding to the rank of 3rd class, privy councilor or lieutenant general). In the same year, he became a deputy minister of finance, and since 1908 - the chief manager of land management and agriculture. The tsar and, no less important, the tsarina treated him with great confidence, which, according to contemporaries, was due to Krivoshein's personal qualities: a great mind, outstanding diplomatic skills, the ability to subordinate the right people to his influence, political instinct. Under Krivoshein, the land reform was extended to the Asian part of Russia, favorable conditions were created for immigrants, he did a lot for the development of agronomy and agriculture. Krivoshein was an active supporter and closest associate of Stolypin in carrying out agrarian reform. After the death of Stolypin, he worked for four more years as the chief administrator, continuing to lead the implementation of the reform, from 1913 to 1915 he was the de facto prime minister. The inconsistency and indecision of the tsar, his rushing from one decision to another nullified the actions of Krivoshein and his supporters. After a personal audience with the king, he was forced to resign.

The merits of Krivoshein are marked with the Orders of St. Stanislav, and degrees,.

After the revolution, Krivoshein lived in Moscow for some time, and then, miraculously escaping arrest, moved to Kyiv. For some time in Ekaterinodar and Rostov, he headed the political group "State Association", dealt with food issues in Denikin's army.
In 1920, Krivoshein, who emigrated to Paris, made another attempt to help Russia by accepting the proposal of General P.N. Wrangel to head his government. But the days of the white movement were numbered. On November 11, 1920, Krivoshein left Sevastopol on the English admiral's cruiser Centaur. He had a year to live, which was more like a slow death. Broken by everything that happened, having lost two sons in the Volunteer Army, he died in the Mommsen Sanatorium in Berlin. Buried in Reinickendorf, Berlin.
and on the western coast of the northern island of Novaya Zemlya. They were named in 1910 by the expedition on the ship "Dmitry Solunsky".