Alexander Fyodorovich Lazursky was born on April 12 (March 31 according to the old style), 1874 in the city of Pereyaslav, Poltava province (now Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky, Kyiv region). A few years after his birth, his father, a clergyman, received a parish in the county town of Lubny. Here Lazursky entered the men's gymnasium, graduated with honors, and in 1891 left here for St. Petersburg, where he entered the Military Medical Academy.

In St. Petersburg, fate brought him together with the greatest scientist of that time, one of the founders of a holistic human knowledge in Russian science, V.M. Bekhterev. Under his leadership in the anatomical and physiological laboratory at the clinic of mental and nervous diseases, Lazursky, being a third-year student, took his first steps on the difficult path of scientific knowledge.

At an early stage of scientific activity, the interests of the young scientist were concentrated in the field of brain anatomy. This was the subject of his first scientific work, carried out in his student years and published in the journal Neurological Bulletin published in Kazan.

In November 1896, at a meeting of doctors of the St. Petersburg Clinic of Mental and Nervous Diseases, students Lazursky and Akopenko presented for discussion the results of their psychophysiological study “On the Influence of Muscular Movements (Walking) on ​​the Speed ​​of Mental Processes”. The paper examined the dynamics of the course of mental processes (a simple reaction, processes of discrimination, choice, counting numbers and selection of rhymes) before and after muscle load. The authors came to the conclusion that muscle movements have an "accelerating effect" on mental processes, although this effect manifests itself in relation to specific phenomena under study in different ways. Attention is drawn to the idea expressed already in this early work that in analyzing the correlation of mental and physiological processes it is necessary to "reckon with individuality."

From the very beginning of his creative activity, Lazursky actively participated in the life of the scientific community. The journal "Review of Psychiatry" repeatedly published his reports on the scientific discussions of that time, in which he himself took part. A kind of recognition of the young scientist was his election in 1899 as a full member of the St. Petersburg Society of Psychiatrists and Neurologists.

After graduating from the academy with honors in 1897, Lazursky was left at the clinic to continue research and "scientific improvement". He combined scientific activity with medical practice, working in a charity home for the mentally ill, as well as in a school for children with neuropsychiatric disorders.

Already in the early works of Lazursky, the foundations were laid for an objective, natural-scientific approach to understanding a person and studying his psyche. The scientist was deeply convinced that progress in the development of psychological knowledge is due to its connection with natural scientific methodology. Following the tradition of Bekhterev's clinical school, Lazursky also attached great importance to the study of psychopathology, considering the latter as an important condition for deepening the knowledge of the mechanisms of the normal functioning of the psyche.

Gradually, Lazursky's interests switched from the anatomy and physiology of the mind to psychological research proper. To a large extent, this was facilitated by the opening in 1895 by Bekhterev in the clinic of mental and nervous diseases of a special Psychological Laboratory. In 1897, Bekhterev entrusted Lazursky with the leadership of this laboratory.

The psychological orientation of the scientist was further strengthened under the influence of a foreign business trip, to which, by decision of the academy, he was sent “at public expense” with an annual allowance of 3,500 rubles for two years (1901-1902) “for improvement” after receiving the degree of Doctor of Medicine. During his stay abroad, Lazursky visited the most important centers of world psychological science of that time. He practiced at the W. Wundt Psychological Institute in Leipzig, worked in the experimental psychology laboratory of E. Kraepelin in Heidelberg, listened to the lectures of K. Stumpf in Berlin.

The first psychological works of Lazursky appeared in the 90s of the nineteenth century. The young scientist took into account the traditions that had developed in this area, but they became the subject of serious critical reflection. Lazursky unequivocally recognized experience as the main criterion for the truth of a conclusion, the main method for obtaining scientific factology. The experimental strategy for the study of mental activity in the works of the scientist himself, his students and employees of the Psychological Laboratory remained invariably dominant. And so it was natural for Lazursky to turn to experiment in search of the most accurate objective study of psychic reality. In his experimental studies, he paid tribute to the traditional problems of psychology for that time - the study of the volume of consciousness (memory), the process of formation of associations.

Already the early psychological works of Lazursky attracted the attention of the scientific community. So, after the report on the method of observation (1898) in the meeting of doctors of a psychiatric clinic, the scientist had a conversation with a reporter from the Petersburg newspaper, and his report "On the mutual connection of mental properties and methods of studying it" at one of the meetings of the St. Petersburg Philosophical Society under chaired by A.I. Vvedensky in March 1890 was discussed from 9 am to midnight.

Such interest in the works of Lazursky was caused not only by the relevance, novelty and originality of the ideas he developed, but also by a clearly defined natural-scientific methodological position. True, Lazursky's scientific reports and articles were criticized by supporters of traditional metaphysical psychology. So, the already mentioned report in the Philosophical Society, according to Lazursky himself, suffered a "solemn failure."

This was a consequence of the struggle unfolding during this period in Russian psychology between fundamentally different approaches to the cognition of psychic reality, the watershed between which was the understanding of the role of experiment and introspection in psychological research. Lazursky, who turned out to be one of the participants in these rather tough and impartial discussions, took the situation hard and almost abandoned his research in psychology.

The scientist embarked on a path that no one else in Russian science had traveled before him. Along with the scientific problems traditional for that time, he was extremely attracted by the task of studying not individual mental processes, but the whole personality. It was to this question that the scientist addressed in his first psychological work, published by him in 1897, The Current State of Individual Psychology.

Probably, the preparation of this article, which contains an overview of key world and domestic studies on the study of character and temperament, determined the scope of Lazursky's future scientific interests. It became the psychology of individuality. He saw its purpose in considering "how the mental properties of different people are modified and what types they create in their combinations."

Already in this work, the prospect of Lazursky's scientific research is clearly indicated, which will lead him to the creation of a new independent direction in psychological science - "scientific characterology". It was she who became the fundamental contribution of Lazursky to the treasury of Russian psychological science.

At the same time, it is important to note that he completely identified “individual psychology” with characterology, that is, the Russian scientist brought to the fore the solution of typological problems by identifying the most generalized types of characters. Thus, he opposed his approach to the views of V. Stern, who limited the tasks of differential psychology to the analysis of individual psychological differences.

In 1906, with a circulation of 1,000 copies, Lazursky's first major work, An Essay on the Science of Characters, was published. As the author notes, “two thoughts underlie this book: first, the possibility of a conscious, scientific study of human characters; secondly, the need to use for this purpose the concept of inclination or mental quality.

The basis of the book was the author's course of lectures on characterology, read in St. Petersburg at the pedological courses at the experimental pedagogical laboratory of A.P. Nechaev. Lazursky proudly wrote to his brother: “I can boldly say that this is the first and only systematic course of characterology on the globe today based on modern data.” It is from this work that Lazursky's fame as a specialist in individual psychology begins.

The scientist paid much attention to the search and study of integral personality formations that would most reflect the specifics of a person's individuality. In this context, Lazursky's doctrine of abilities is of particular interest, since the concepts of "inclination", "inclination", "ability", "spiritual quality" occupy a central place in his concept of personality.

In February 1913, at a meeting of the St. Petersburg Philosophical Society, he made a report outlining his "new classification of personalities." Until the last days of his life, this problem remained central in his work.

In December 1910, at the First Congress of Experimental Pedagogy, he delivered a report on the "natural experiment", in which he outlined the essence of the new method. This essence lies in the fact that any kind of real activity is considered from the point of view of which group of personal characteristics appears most clearly in it.

Lazursky saw the special value of this method in its application in school practice for compiling a holistic description of the student, since it enabled the teacher to "look deeper into the mental life of his pupils with the help of those tools that are always in hand." Thus, we can say that Lazursky was one of the first in Russian psychology to carry out a concrete empirical study of the child's psyche in the conditions of activity, thereby laying the first bricks in the future psychological theory of activity. S.L. Rubinstein emphasized the high value and significance of the method of natural experiment proposed by Lazursky.

Being engaged in the development of the most acute questions of psychology for his time, Lazursky constantly encountered a negative attitude towards himself from both metaphysical psychologists and some psychiatrists, who found his psychological research far-fetched and speculative. Due to the imminent conflict in 1913, he quits the Military Medical Academy and gets a job as a full-time clinical assistant in psychiatry at the Women's Medical Institute.

The untimely death of Lazursky in March 1917 did not allow him to complete his big creative plans. In particular, the book "Classification of Personalities", on which he worked in recent years, remained unfinished. On the initiative of his comrades and students, it was proposed to prepare this development for publication by his closest collaborator V.N. Myasishchev. The book was published in 1921.

Alexander Fedorovich Lazursky (March 31 (April 12), 1874, Pereyaslav - February 27 (March 12), 1917, St. Petersburg) - Russian doctor and psychologist, student of V.M. Bekhterev, teacher M.Ya. Basov and V.N. Myasishchev. He developed characterology - the psychological concept of individual differences, considered in close connection with the activity of the nerve centers. Lazursky was one of the first to conduct a study of personality in the natural conditions of the subject's activity.

Alexander Fedorovich Lazursky was born into a poor family. He graduated from the Lubyanka gymnasium with a gold medal and entered the Military Medical Academy, where he was actively engaged in psychology. After graduating in 1897, he was left on a competitive basis for scientific improvement in the Clinic for Mental and Nervous Diseases led by V. M. Bekhterev.

He combined scientific activity with medical practice. Gradually, Lazursky's interests switched from the anatomy and physiology of the mind to psychological research. To a large extent, this was facilitated by the opening in 1895 by Bekhterev in the Clinic of Mental and Nervous Diseases of a special Psychological Laboratory. In 1897, Bekhterev entrusted Lazursky with the leadership of this laboratory.

November 30, 1900 A.F. Lazursky defended his dissertation "On the influence of muscular work on cerebral circulation."

In 1901-1902, A.F. Lazursky was on a business trip abroad, during which he practiced at the Psychological Laboratory of W. Wundt in Leipzig, worked in the laboratory of experimental psychology of E. Kraepelin in Heidelberg, and also listened to the lectures of K. Stumpf in Berlin.

In 1903 A.F. Lazursky returned to St. Petersburg and was elected Privatdozent of the Military Medical Academy for Mental and Nervous Diseases, where he later taught a course in general psychology. Members of the "Russian Society of Normal and Pathological Psychology" elected him their scientific secretary. While holding this position, he played a significant role in the creation of the Psychoneurological Institute and headed its department of general psychology.

Since 1904 A.F. Lazursky collaborated with A.P. Nechaev in his laboratory of experimental pedagogical psychology, led a special commission of this laboratory for the development of experimental methods of psychology. There he began to conduct specific characterological research.

In February 1913, at a meeting of the "Petersburg Philosophical Society", he made a report outlining his "new classification of personalities." Until the last days of his life, this problem remained central in his work.

In 1917, Alexander Fedorovich Lazursky died after a long illness.

Books (4)

Personality classification

The book substantiates the general foundations of the classification, explains its main principle, defines the concepts of endopsychics (the core of the human personality, which determines temperament, character, mental endowment, etc.) and exopsychics (based on its attitude of personality to external objects and the environment, reactions to external stimuli). The grounds for the allocation of mental levels are presented, all their varieties are characterized with a description of the psychological characteristics of their typical representatives (pure, combined, "prudent egoists", "dreamers", "artists", etc.).

Lazursky gives descriptions of "pure" and "perverted" types, shows the directions in which each type can change. The factors influencing the formation of a particular type of personality are described, among which the most important place is occupied by social ones.

(April 12, 1874 - March 12, 1917) - Russian psychologist. Employee of V. M. Bekhterev, professor of the Psychoneurological Institute in St. Petersburg. The main interests of A.F. Lazursky lay in the field of psychology of personality and character. Lazursky proposed a special type of experiment, the so-called "natural experiment", which was supposed to enable the scientific study of a particular person in his real life situations. The idea of ​​relationships put forward by A.F. Lazursky in understanding the nature of personality was an important step forward compared with the traditional understanding of personality as a set of mental functions. This idea became the starting point for the Soviet psychologists of the Leningrad school (V. N. Myasishcheva, B. G. Anan'eva, and others). In the works of A. F. Lazursky, one of the first serious attempts in psychology was made to give a concrete and heuristic typology of personalities, on the basis of which a detailed program of empirical research of man was developed (jointly with S. L. Frank). With all the simplification and well-known mechanistic nature of A.F. Lazursky's theoretical ideas about personally . The nature of his work is still of interest to psychology, captivating, first of all, by the vast amount of factual material collected in them, by the subtlety of individual observations and thoughts.

Op.: . School characteristics, 2nd ed. SPb. 1913; To the doctrine of mental activity. M., 1916; Essay on the science of characters. 3rd ed. Pg., 1917; Natural experiment and its school application (under the editorship of A. F. Lazursky). Pg., 1918; Classification of personalities. 3rd ed. Pg., 1924; Psychology general and experimental, 3rd ed. L., 1925. > Lit .: Bekhterev V. M., Laz u.r-s k and y 1 A. F. - Bulletin of psychology, criminal anthropology and pedology, 1919, vol. 14, no. 1;, Sad h i-k about in a P. I. Psychological heritage of A. F. Lazursky. Kyiv, 1955 (author's abstract).

Describing his classification of personalities, A.F. Lazursky gives a large number of examples from fiction and biographies. The biography of Dr. Haas given here is one of them.

Lazursky classifies F. P. Haaz as a person of the highest level. As characteristic features of the highest level, he singles out significant wealth; strength, consciousness and coordination of mental experiences and manifestations of personality.

One of the very interesting ideas behind Lazursky's classification is that as the level increases, social significance increases. or the social resonance of the life and activity of the individual. So, if in the individual characterization of representatives of the lower level, more emphasis should be placed on the features of their internal neuropsychic organization (in the terminology of Lazursky, endopsyche), then in order to classify people of a higher level, it is necessary to take into account, first of all, the nature of their connections and relations with the external social world (exopsychic). Thus, the "psychological" principle of dividing a lower-level personality into "rational", "affective", "active" gives way to the "psychosocial" principle of classifying higher-level personalities by spheres of social life: into servants of "knowledge", "beauty", "organization "," altruism.

Let us note that here Lazursky is talking about the setting of accents, and not about ignoring one of the aspects of the mental manifestations of the personality that he has designated.

Special comments on altruistic types of the highest level are given by A.F. Lazursky himself.

A. F. Lazursky ALTRUISM"

1 Lazursky A.F. Classification of personalities. Pg., 1922.

Altruistic types of the highest level are based on the same psychological and characterological complex that was already discussed when considering middle-level altruists, namely the feeling of sympathy or the process of “empathy”, aimed at experiencing other people's sorrows and joys. There are both the necessary endoelements of this complex (affective excitability, strength and duration of feelings), as well as some other features usually associated with it, somehow: a significant development of volitional activity aimed at helping the suffering and needy, the absence of egoism and pride, reaching often to self-forgetfulness and; self-sacrifice, a significant development of higher, ideological feelings (especially moral and purely religious), and finally, an interest in inner, spiritual experiences, which often gives rise to a kind of concentration and a tendency to self-deepening.

At the same time, however, due to the richness and complexity of the personality characteristic of representatives of the highest level, they always have, along with this basic, altruistic complex, one or two additional ones, also significantly developed and significantly modifying the nature and manifestation of the main complex. Most often these additional complexes determine the way or means by which the altruism of a given person is carried out.Thus, for example, a significantly developed volitional activity, aimed primarily at combating cruel and mercenary oppressors, makes a person an adamant, fierce fighter for truth and philanthropy (Dr. Haas ), or a deep faith in the blessings of enlightenment and in the possibility of an ideological and moral rebirth of mankind forces an active altruist to direct all his efforts to educating the younger generation (Pestalozzi), or we have a deeply religious person, "a typical contemplator, who, however, has an ardent love for people, get out repenting of all his religious views, makes him not retire in the desert, but devote his whole life to the cause of preaching and saving lost humanity (Francis of Assisi); or, on the contrary, a person of a completely different cast, a typical industrialist, cautious, prudent and practical, devotes all his fortune and all his energy to the poor working people and creates new forms of organization for the working class (Robert Owen).

DOCTOR GAAZ"

Fyodor Petrovich (Friedrich Joseph) Haaz was born in 1780 in Germany into an intelligent family. A graduate of a Catholic church school, he was then an assiduous student of philosophy and mathematics in Jena; He received his medical education at the University of Vienna. He moved to Russia with Prince Golitsyn in 1802; around 1814 he briefly went to Germany, then, returning, he finally settled in Moscow, where he died more than 70 years old. Upon arrival in Russia, he went into private practice and soon became one of the most prominent ophthalmologists in Moscow; a decent fortune, which he later spent everything on charity.27 years old he was appointed chief physician of the Pavlovsk hospital in Moscow, had two business trips to the Caucasus and wrote one of the best essays on the Caucasian waters.Remaining a bachelor until the end of his life, he always led active and sober lifestyle, maintaining great moderation in food and drink. Tall, broad-shouldered, with large features of a broad face, with a soft, affectionate smile, he, already an old man, reminded Luther with his energetic posture. Cheerful and enduring, he never seriously ill, although he did not care about his health.Having already under 50 years of age, he, at the invitation of Prince Golitsyn, joined the members of the prison committee and, all devoting his soul to the cause of helping the prisoners, he eventually gained immense popularity among the population of Moscow, who, in the words of the biographer, during his lifetime "canonized him among the saints."

The most distinguishing feature of Haaz, which over the course of his life more and more dominated all the rest, was his ardent, passionate and, moreover, active love for people, especially for unfortunate and humiliated people, as he considered the prisoners. Having chosen a slogan for yourself; “Hurry up to do good!”, all his life he steadily strived for its implementation; "the surest way to happiness" was, in his words, "not in the desire to be happy, but in making others happy." And he put these words into practice; At the age of 47, he had a house in Moscow, an estate and a cloth factory, horses and a carriage, and died almost a beggar; everything went to the prisoners. 2 See: Koni A.F. Fedor Petrovich Gaaz. 1897 (Author's note). 18*

Occupying an apartment of 2 rooms at the prison hospital he founded, he, when the hospital was overcrowded, put the patients in his room and looked after them himself. Almost daily he traveled to inquire and deal with the affairs of individual prisoners, often risking his health. He kissed cholera patients, sat down after them in the bath, so that the Governor-General of Moscow, Zakrevsky, although he did not like the “exaggerated philanthropist” (as Haaz was called by the defenders of the police-administrative routine), but during cholera he asked him to calm the people. For the sake of the slightest improvement in the lot of the “unfortunate”, he was always ready to sacrifice his pride: already an old man, in front of everyone, he asked the director of the committee for forgiveness for the order he had made arbitrarily (although essentially useful), it sometimes happened that he, with tears, on his knees, begged from his superiors some kind of indulgence to the prisoners. In general, he never felt sorry for himself, so, once, being already an elderly man, he, in order to test the effect of the lightweight shackles he had invented, put them on himself and, despite extreme fatigue, walked with them in his apartment until then, until he has traveled a distance equal to the first stage of confinement.

Haaz not only did good deeds, but also loved unfortunate people with all his heart, warmly sympathizing with them and entering into the position of everyone. Once, having learned that one official who took part in the prisoners had stopped in Moscow on his way back from his business trip to Siberia, he came to him at night, and until dawn they talked about the situation of the prisoners in Siberia. Walking around the sick or being present when the prisoners were sent, he talked with them for a long time, handed out goodies (on a visit he often took a double portion of fruit - “for the sick”), sometimes kissed them, often walked several miles with those sent along the stage, talking with them. Patiently and attentively listened to the most absurd statements of the prisoners, he always knew how to caress and calm the excited patients. And all this Haaz did not do as a heavy duty; on the contrary, when one day he was forbidden to be present at the departure of prisoners, he, as a favor, as a reward for his labors, asked that this prohibition be lifted from the negb. Of course, Haaz was capable of loving not only prisoners. So, he wrote to the humane chairman of the prison committee, Prince Golitsyn: “It cannot be done that I do not love you with all my heart”; even about cruel and unjust bosses, “he always prays that when everyone gathers before God, the bosses will not be condemned by these very criminals and will not suffer ... heavy punishment.” He took pity on animals: he always bought horses for himself at the knackers, saving them from slaughter. He loved children very much, willingly caressed them, and the children loved him. He worked ardently so that the children would not be taken away from their exiled parents. One unfortunate girl, who suffered from such a disgusting disease (water cancer - a terrible stench) that even her loving mother could not sit near her, Haaz visited until his death, sat for hours, hugging and kissing her. But still, his most ardent love was focused on the prisoners; behind the appearance of a criminal, he, according to Koni, always saw the light of a man, unfortunate and humiliated. And the prisoners understood and appreciated this. The patients looked at him as a doctor not only physical, but also spiritual, the most bitter, hardened criminals treated Haaz with respect; and many years later, in the depths of Siberia, the exiles with tears in their eyes recalled the "holy doctor".

Always even-tempered, rarely laughing, often deep in himself, Haaz was usually silent in society and only in a close circle liked to talk for a long time - all on the same topic, about the situation of prisoners. However, under this outward calmness there was a deep efficiency: it was worth touching on the interests of the prisoners, and the meek, calm Haaz became obstinate and sarcastic, was able to kneel, with tears, to beg for the cancellation of some harsh order, or angrily indignantly fell upon the enemy. At the meetings of the committee, he often entered into arguments with the chairman himself and once said that if the chairman did not give an explanation for his words, he would leave the meeting. One day, in response to the objection that the common people were accustomed to hardship, he spoke of a cook who claimed that eels were accustomed to being skinned. Angrily, in a tone that did not allow for objections, he interrupted a brilliant young official, who was demonstrating to curious visitors the spiritual drama of the prisoner, ordering him to immediately shut up. At the remark of Metropolitan Philaret, as if there were no innocently convicted, Haaz jumped up and exclaimed: “You have forgotten Christ, Vladyka!” No one dared to say such things to Filaret. Once, indignant at the committee’s nit-picking, Haaz lost his temper and, in his own words, “got up, raised his hands to the sky and, in a voice that shouted“ guard ”, declared that he had not done anything illegal ... Haaz steadily and consistently pursued his moral views in life. Highly conscientious, out of 293 meetings of the committee he was absent only in one, and then only because of illness, he himself personally observed the reforging of prisoners in his lightweight shackles, he did not miss a single game. In the same way, he was demanding of others, in particular, of the staff of his hospital, widely practicing fines (for drunkenness, rudeness, negligence, etc.), he then turned the collected money in favor of the patients. Deeply truthful, he also fined for lying, and once, after a joint inspection of the hospital, he exacted a fine from a high-ranking visitor who falsely informed the sovereign that Haas was keeping healthy people in the hospital. For all that, he was by no means a formalist: he often had to, in the interests of patients, violate various administrative orders, and he, realizing that he was formally wrong, nevertheless ardently defended his point of view.

Being mobile and active by nature, Haaz at the same time was distinguished by extreme perseverance and energy in achieving goals once set. The conditions under which he had to work were extremely difficult. Alone, in the midst of bureaucratic routine and heartlessness, withstanding the fierce attacks and malicious reproaches of people who base their well-being on the misfortune of the prisoners, until the end of his life he never gave up in impotence. The Committee kept refusing to satisfy his requests, rejected his proposals for purely formal reasons, often without even considering them on their merits; once, already almost 60 years old, he was completely removed from business for a while, which worried him extremely. But nothing could stop Haaz in his struggle for the offended and oppressed: neither nit-picking, nor red tape, nor the wrath of the powers that be, nor disappointment in people. As early as 1825, having been appointed Stadt Physicist, he waged such an energetic struggle against routine and abuse that he had to leave his post a year later. Subsequently, all his activities in the prison committee was a continuous struggle for the truth. In this struggle, he tried to use all the means available to him, if the intercession of the trustee of Prince Golitsyn was powerless, he reached the sovereign, once even wrote a letter to Friedrich Wilhelm IV. With particular perseverance and "unrelenting hatred" (Koni's expression), he fought against the barbaric chaining of prisoners to a rod during crossings, and, having failed in the general formulation of the question, nevertheless achieved in the end at least a partial, local implementation of his demands. In the fight, he was distinguished by extreme intransigence and fearlessness. Having once argued with the governor, he began to argue ardently that he had no right to embarrass him, and took responsibility for the possible escape of the prisoners. When in the committee Golitsyn threatened to take him out, Haaz replied that he would return through the window, taken out through the door, the incident with Metropolitan Philaret has already been mentioned above. When the struggle did not help, he was ready to ask, if only to achieve his goal, to mitigate the fate of the unfortunate.

Such inexhaustible energy enabled Haaz, despite endless obstacles, to achieve a lot. So, he set up a hospital with 120 beds at the transit prison and detained all the tired and exhausted prisoners in it; in the provincial prison, he remade part of the building, setting up workshops and a school there, for those who fell ill in the debt "Pit", organized a ransom; founded the police hospital ("Gaazovskoye") - for the homeless and victims of accidents, in which up to 30,000 people stayed during his lifetime. Where it was not possible to achieve the goal in full, Haaz achieved at least partial improvements, invented his own, lightweight ("Gaaz") shackles and reforged all the prisoners who arrived in Moscow in them, achieved, despite opposition, a decree on covering the nuts of the shackles with leather, as well as the abolition of head shaving of the head of the stage. But he devoted especially much attention and energy to efforts to improve the lot of individual prisoners who, for some reason, especially needed his help. The minutes of committee meetings contain a long list of his petitions on individuals; at each meeting, he busied himself with increasing the number of visits to prisoners, sending money, etc., arguing about each individual case, arguing, resorting to logical and grammatical interpretations of the law - and “In most cases, he got his way.

In this extremely pure and whole person, two complexes come to the fore, closely connected with each other and forming in their totality the core of his personality: "Firstly, ardent and selfless love for people, in particular for disenfranchised prisoners who are in need and deprivation. ; secondly, extreme energy and perseverance, wholly aimed at alleviating the lot of unfortunate people and at fighting their oppressors.

The endopsychic basis of the first complex is made up of increased affective excitability, strength and depth of feelings, directed mainly to higher, ideological objects and, above all, to sympathy for other people's suffering; self-care and sensual desires have always receded in Haas before the need to help others. Hence his deep attention "to every manifestation of human suffering, that tenderness and affection with which he strove not only to help someone else's grief, but also to bring moral relief to the sufferer with his ardent sympathy. And since a sincere, deep feeling always also leads to corresponding actions, then along with sympathy there was always active help.

The basis of the second complex was its indomitable, unstoppable energy, the objects of application of which were determined by the same altruistic feelings that dominated it. However, the conditions in which he had to act were unusually difficult, and a wide variety of obstacles were constantly erected in the way. Thanks to this, the tendency to fight, which is always inherent in more or less energetic natures, was further strengthened under the influence of obstacles, and the peaceful, active altruist turned into an adamant fighter for truth and philanthropy - while remaining gentle and affectionate towards those whom he defended.

Representatives of the highest level always show creativity to a greater or lesser extent, each in his own field. What was the expression of the work of Haas? Obviously, not in any external structures, structures or organizations, but rather in his completely new, peculiar attitude towards the prisoners, in that unusually strong and beneficial effect that he had on their spiritual world and which was determined not so much by his material help, how much genius power and depth of his altruistic "feeling". No wonder Moscow at first was surprised at his eccentricities, and then, even during his lifetime, "raised him to the rank of saints."

Chekalin Alexander Pavlovich (March 25, 1925 - November 6, 1941). Born in with. Peskovatskoe now Suvorov district, Tula region. Member of the partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War. Since 1938 he studied at the secondary school in Likhvin. Member of the Komsomol since 1939. In July 1941, he volunteered for a fighter detachment, then a partisan detachment

"Advanced"; was a scout. On the denunciation of a traitor, he was captured by the fascist invaders and, after severe torture, was hanged in the city of Likhvin. Hero of the Soviet Union (1942, posthumously). Lit .: Ivanovsky E. M., Sokolov V. A. Son of the Motherland. Tale. 2nd ed. 1968; With peace in V. I. Sasha Chekalin. Tale. M., 1972.

The Great Patriotic War laid a heavy test on the shoulders of the Soviet people, but it also showed the best qualities of the Soviet people. Thousands of famous and unknown heroes... Alexander Chekalin is one of them. The mother's ingenuous story tells about how Shura grew up, what he was interested in, what he dreamed about. Before us opens up a life that is largely familiar, the typical life of a Soviet boy: he loved to listen to fairy tales on the stove, helped his mother with the housework, and his comrades in their studies, admired Chapaev and Suvorov. True, the boy's special features also stand out: the desire for independence, good pride “within himself”, and early, beyond his years maturity. Sixteen-year-old Sasha becomes the youngest member of the partisan detachment, and there he is not inferior to adults in seriousness and courage, ability to fight, hatred to enemy. In the most difficult test, in the face of death, he remains the same pure, ardent and fearless patriot. He uses every opportunity to strike the enemy - physical and moral, and in death remaining undefeated.

Where does the strength come from in this man who has not had time to grow up yet? The answer to this question emerges through the lines of the story. In fact, we are dealing with another person - Sasha's mother herself - Nadezhda Samuilovna Chekalina. She passionately loved her son, even spoiled him, and at the same time closely watched the growth of real human qualities in him. She could not let Sasha into the detachment, and there was an argument - she hadn’t quite grown up yet, but she didn’t allow herself this: “She herself wasn’t a coward and didn’t teach her children that.” She went through a difficult life path - from a half-starved childhood to fighting the kulaks in the ranks of the party: she fought for the truth, "did not retreat from the truth." She passed on her views on life and people, her “value system”, her conviction, along with the passion of her character, to her son. And they behave similarly with the enemy - fearlessly, rebelliously.

Thus, tracing the fate of mother and son, the atmosphere of this family, the nationwide spirit of patriotism and high moral principles reflected in it, one begins to better understand the origins of the heroism of the Soviet people.

N. Chekalina MY SON"

1 Young heroes of the Great Patriotic War (ed. - V. Bykov). M., 1970.

My Shura was born on March 17, 1925 in the village of Peskovatsky, Cherepovets region. He would now be seventeen years old.

I saw nothing but joy from him. He was a calm, healthy child. I didn't see him grow up.

I bought Shura a lot of toys - I didn’t spare anything for him, I myself had a difficult childhood, I was left an orphan early with my younger brother and sister. I had to work in a factory. They paid a penny, and after work I went around the world with an outstretched hand. Bitter was childhood. Some insults and reproaches. So I wanted my Shura to grow up happy. The neighbors said many times: "You spoil the guys, Samuilovna." That's right, she pampered as best she could. But from my pampering, they only got better.

Shura was never naughty like the other guys. Troubled, hot, but will not say a bad word to anyone. He helped everyone, and everything went well with him. It's even amazing. If the primus goes bad, the pan leaks, Shura will fix everything right away. Neighbors and comrades turned to him for help. But he did not like this very much: he seemed ashamed in front of them of these economic activities of his.

Shura remembered "Chapaev", "Alexander Nevsky", "Suvorov" very well. He teases Victor: “What kind of name do you have: Vitka, Vityushka. Here Alexander is another matter. Alexander Nevsky, Alexander Suvorov. This name!"

He was joking, of course. But, it seems that he was really proud that his name was Alexander. There was pride in him. Good, real, inside.

Of course, Shura is my son. Every son is dear to a mother. But after all, completely strangers to me - teachers, neighbors - said: "Shura you have a talent." He had a great greed for life, a keen mind, courage. A real person would grow out of him.

The war began, and Shura had no other idea how to go and beat the Germans. He tells me: "War, mom, you" wanting to be. Nothing. Let's go to war with a folder.

From an early age he played in the war. Our house stood on a hill, on the fly. The guys dug a dugout under the mountain, huddled there for the whole day: they called it “sitting in ambush”. Played in red and white. Shura has always been red. He cut the guns out of wood and painted them; The pistols look real. Then he made a ratchet machine gun. Hands of gold!

A sort of shooter, hunter, daredevil - how could he endure and stay away? Yes, and he was an exemplary Komsomol member. True - to be honest - when he joined the Komsomol, he cheated a little: he added a year to himself, he really wanted to become a Komsomol member as soon as possible. For the only time in my life, in my opinion, I cheated - there was always an extremely direct guy, honest, truthful.

I knew that my Shura would still go to war, and it was not for me to prevent him from doing so. I have been in the party since 1931, I myself have never been a coward and have not taught my children that. For six years I worked as the chairman of the regional council, I had to tinker a lot with the fist and the fists, some of them strongly hated me, threatened to take revenge. But I didn't back down from the truth. Should I dissuade Shura from danger? And yet the mother's heart aches, it hurts for her beloved son.

As soon as we created a fighter detachment, Shura ran to sign up. They refused him: young. He returned home and cried, and I almost never saw him in tears. It seemed very embarrassing to him.

People began to gather in the militia. I look, my Shura is marching next to the bearded men, studying military affairs with them. The commanders took a closer look at him - for nothing that he was sixteen years old, he would be a good judge of the guy. “Okay,” they say, “go to the “fighter, we’ll accept.”

My Shura became a fighter. They used to go to the forests to catch saboteurs. You wait for them for three or four days, or even five. What can you not change your mind during this time!

Shura once says to me:

Could you help me, mom, write an autobiography.

Why would you?

The circle is organized. To help the police.

I helped. He wrote an autobiography, a statement. Photographed. This is the only card I have left. He was a dark-skinned guy, black-eyed, black-haired - a handsome man.

Now I know that this was not required at all for the police circle. He did not tell me anything about the partisans, but I soon guessed.

The Germans were getting closer and closer to our Likhvin. Somehow Shura comes home silent. I see that his heart is troubled.

Well, - he says, - collect me properly. I'll probably be gone all winter.

My heart dropped. I collected linen for him, warm clothes, felt boots. She gave me three loaves of bread. I wanted to add meat. He says:

No need. We already got everything from the folder. Kiss the pig. Two poods of honey.

They left with their father.

We were left alone with Vitya. Of course, his eyes are also burning, he would be glad to follow the elders, but who will take a thirteen-year-old? We live with him, we miss him. Five days later, the evacuation began.

I ran to the district committee. “As you wish,” I say, “call your son. I know he's in a partisan detachment. Call for at least an hour. I want to forgive."

I had such a decision: if I don’t see him, I won’t leave. I invested everything in this Yn: all my hope, all my joy. Shura was my pride. And I was left with one happiness - to look at him at least once again.

I bit my lips until they bled, waiting for him. I arrived. Gloomy entered.

Why did you call me, mother? After all, you took me away from the case.

Shurochka, - I say, - do you really not want to say goodbye to me?

He looked at me, his face brightened.

I really want to, mom. But I don't want you to cry. You are smart and brave. Take me merrily.

I cried, of course. We forgave.

Well, - I say, - son, go defend our Motherland, defend it firmly. Just look: you are not trained in military affairs, be careful.

What are you, mom? I shoot better than the elders. I pulled him close to me and kissed him. I never saw my Shura again...

I decided not to go far. Vitya and I settled in Tokarev, forty-five kilometers from Likhvin. I told everyone there that I worked at the mine, and I myself kept in touch with the partisan detachment. She helped them in any way she could: she got linen, food, passed on information.

My husband visited me and told me about Shura. Our son is a good partisan, goes to reconnaissance: it was not without reason that he hunted in our forests, every path is known to him. In the detachment, he is the only radio technician who installed the equipment. The boss doesn't give a damn about them.

And later there were rumors about Shura, the youngest partisan of the detachment. They told how ten Fritz attacked him. He blew up six with a grenade, killed three with a rifle, and the tenth ran away.

There were many stories about my Shura. There is something to be proud of the mother, there is someone to cry about.

A week has passed, two, three... There is no news from either her husband or her son. I can't find a place for myself. Black thoughts are running through my head. I could not stand it, I decided to go myself to find out what was happening with the detachment. And Vitya, of course, is with me - he can’t stay alone?

We rounded Likhvin and entered the village where my mother-in-law lived. No wonder melancholy gnawed. The mother-in-law said: they took my husband, they took their son.

Shura, - says the mother-in-law, - went to Peskovatskoye, to our

An old house, lay there on the stove. At night the Germans came, twelve soldiers. He threw a grenade at them. The grenade didn't explode. They grabbed him and took him away. On the street, an old woman asks: “How did you get caught?” And he told her: “I don’t want to talk with traitors Peskovatsky!”

They gave him away, the damned. It's true, those same bastards that held a stone in my bosom against me took revenge on me.

It became dark in my soul. I feel: I will not see my own son again. mother in law says:

Get out of here. Everyone knows about Shura. They will take you. But I was tired and it was hard for me. Stayed overnight. And in the morning the headman came to the hut and said with a smirk:

Let's go, Chekalina, to help out our son.

I immediately realized what kind of revenue it was, but there was nothing to be done - I had to obey. He took me to the headquarters, and Vitya ran after us with a dog. "She followed us from Tokarev himself.

I entered the headquarters. Shutenkov from Likhvin is sitting there, a traitor.

At least one communist Likhvin got caught. And then everyone disappeared.

I answer him:

No, we are communists, we are not hiding, we are doing business. He raised his eyebrows.

Look what you are. You probably do not know our law: to exterminate all communists ...

But, - I say - you are well aware of the fascist law. How long has this fascist law become yours?

Here the elder intervened.

The point, he says, is clear. Her son is a partisan. The husband is a partisan. And since she didn’t go anywhere herself, it means she’s also partisan somewhere. What's the deal with her!

Then they started talking among themselves about the executed partisans. Shutenkov advises the elder:

If you do not disdain, take off their felt boots, undress them and bury them in the ground like dogs.

I was breathless with anger. I see a heavy inkwell on the table. "I'll grab, - I think, - yes, I'll ahnu this scoundrel to die, damned dog, right there on the spot." The hand stretches itself to the inkwell, and I have no fear - such lightness. Then I remembered Vitka.

All right, - I shout, - kill me! Exterminate everyone to the root. You killed my husband, you killed your beloved son. Kill the youngest son too, execute me along with him! I'll bring it to you myself!

I must have been desperate. I had great strength in those moments. The elder nodded his head.

Okay, bring your son.

They did not understand, the bastards, that I would not give up, I would not lay down with bones until I avenged them for their meanness. They did not know the Bolshevik soul. Left the headquarters. I see Vitya standing, downcast.

Tick, son.

And about the eldest, about my Shura, they told me in a neighboring village. The news of his death was ahead of me. People whispered about this to each other and marveled at the great power that lurked in a sixteen-year-old boy.

Shura was brought in for interrogation. The German commandant began to question him, began to rudely scold the Bolsheviks and partisans. Shura couldn't stand it. He grabbed the ink bottle from the table and pushed it across the bridge of the commandant's nose. And they sentenced my son to a terrible execution.

As they told me about this, my heart sank. “So, - I think, - Shurochka. You did what your mother was going to do. We just agreed with you. So them, Shurochka!

And although I was not with him in his last moments, I experienced them hundreds of times with him, because he is my son and because I myself went through all this - through this anger towards the scoundrels, and pride, and desperate fearlessness.

I know how he wandered, sick, to his native village of Peskovatskoye, how he lay there alone at night in a house on the stove, where his father and mother told him stories. I remember that he loved to hear about travelers who discovered new countries, about winners, about people who do not know how to give up. He didn't give up.

When he went to his execution, the fascist bastards stabbed his legs with bayonets - my Shura had full boots of blood. But he walked firmly: he decided to die well.

People saw how he, laughing, looked into the faces of his executioners. They told him to write on a piece of plywood: "This is the end for all partisans." And he took a pencil and wrote in large letters all over the plywood: “Let's wipe the fascist reptile from the face of the earth!” - and threw the tablet at the people. ,

They wanted to hang a rifle on his back: the partisan should swing in a noose in all his weapons. He drew this rifle and hit the German soldier with the butt. They say he broke his rib. Hit and shouted:

Why are you giving me a rusty rifle! We don't fight like that! And when they brought him to the gallows, he exclaimed in a ringing voice:

Eh, bastards! You don't hang us all! There are a lot of us! Then they put a noose around his neck.

Then Shura sang the "Internationale". The noose was around his neck, and he sang. He sang about his last, decisive mortal battle.

Throw away the stool, the executioners ordered him.

Shura refused. He didn't want to help them with anything. Only cowards hasten their death. The German knocked out a stool from under his feet.

Hanging in the noose, Shura kicked the bastard with all his strength. So he died resisting.

I wandered with Vitya from village to village, as if I had been stunned. I heard nothing but pain. There was such darkness all around, so many horrors we met on the way, so many people shot, burned, hanged by the Germans.

Brother-in-law flour looked at me from everywhere. I walked, bandaged the wounded and gave everything to them: “I prepared a shirt for my brother-in-law, my mug, all things. It was not my strength that led me, It forced me to hide, to bypass dangerous places. The wounded lieutenant showed us how to cross the front line. Vitya and I got out of the German hell. I saw ours, my heart warmed up. For the first time ever, I felt better. We stayed in the unit. I asked that they take me to serve in the army, at least as a nurse. She told the commissioner about her son and husband. He agreed. And started working.

When our area was liberated, I received a letter from my husband - he managed to escape from the Germans. My husband wrote that Shura's body was found near the gallows in snow. The rope must have broken. They washed him, dressed him and buried him in the square.

This area is now called Alexander Chekalin Square. And Peskovatskoe is also now a village named after Shura Chekalin, my son. .

Nomination "Project of the Year in Psychological Science"

Project abstract

“A.F. Lazursky (1874-1917). Personality theory: 100 years of oblivion and development” (a set of events dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the death of A.F. Lazursky: monograph, international conference, commemorative plaque)

Relevance

2017 marks the 100th anniversary of the death of Alexander Fedorovich Lazursky, an outstanding Russian scientist - psychologist, psychotherapist, psychiatrist, and teacher.

Objective of the project

Attracting the attention of the general scientific community to the legacy of A.F. Lazursky - the author of the world's first theory of personality, one of the founders of the Psychoneurological Institute, the author of the first course of "medical psychology" in Russia, one of the founders of Russian correctional pedagogy, the first secretary of the Russian Society of Normal and Pathological psychology.

Within the framework of the project of the "Petersburg School of Psychotherapy and Psychology of Relations" a set of measures was implemented:

1. A collective monograph was published: A. F. Lazursky. Personality theory: 100 years of oblivion and development / comp. V. Yu. Slabinsky, N. M. Voishcheva; ed. V. Yu. Slabinsky; intro. Art. V. Yu. Slabinsky, bookmark. Art. S. A. Podsadny. - St. Petersburg: Nevsky Archetype, 2017. - 490 p. – (Series “Classics of Psychotherapy and Psychology”). This book includes a monograph by A. F. Lazursky “Classification of Personalities”. The main ideas set forth in the book were far ahead of their time and remain relevant to this day, which is illustrated in a number of selected works that develop the ideas of A. F. Lazursky, written by well-known psychotherapists, psychologists, psychiatrists: V. N. Myasishchev, V. Ya Basov, V. A. Zhuravel, D. A. Leontiev, E. I. Chekhlaty, V. Yu. Slabinsky, S. A. Podsadny, N. M. Voishcheva, V. A. Uryvaev, D. S. Damte , L. M. Kulgavin. The monograph allows you to restore semantic gaps and not just see the continuity of generations in the Russian psychology of personality, but to gain a holistic vision of a complex, but consistent and harmonious concept of personality, which is the basis of the St. Petersburg, and more broadly, the Russian school of psychology and psychotherapy. Copies of the book were donated to the libraries of St. Petersburg State University, FGBU NMITs. V. M. Bekhterev, a number of other Russian libraries and universities. Book presentations were held in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Tver, Vladivostok.
2. An international scientific and practical conference of the IX Readings dedicated to the memory of A.F. Lazursky was organized and held. The conference took place on October 13, 2017 in St. Petersburg, at the I.P. Pavlov, within the framework of the Fourth International Scientific and Practical Conference "Medical (Clinical) Psychology: Historical Traditions and Modern Practice". The venue for the conference was not chosen by chance. It was here that A.F. Lazursky headed the department and taught the author's course on medical psychology.
3. In 2017, a 5-year work was completed by the initiative group (comprising V. Yu. Slabinsky, N. M. Voishcheva, V. A. Zhuravel) to create a memorial plaque to A. F. Lazursky. Chairman of the competition commission - prof. N. G. Neznanov. The author of the sketch is a well-known sculptor who took part in the restoration of the Altar of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the halls of the Kremlin Palace in Moscow, the Altar of the Naval St. Nicholas Cathedral in Kronstadt R. G. Sayfutdinov (Moscow). The implementation of the project is V.E. Egorova, winner of the Presidential Scholarship in the field of design, member of the Union of Designers of Russia (Digital Manufactories company, St. Petersburg). The commemorative plaque will be installed in early 2018 in the main building of the FGBU NMIC named after N.I. V. M. Bekhtereva.

Shvets (Churilova) Victoria Alexandrovna I believe that this project contributes to the development of the history of psychological science and introduces the work of A. F. Lazursky in great detail
Voice from VKontakte

Baibakova Elena Vitalievna An interesting and important project that preserves for contemporaries and future generations the works of the Russian scientist, psychologist Alexander Fedorovich Lazursky and his followers, who developed the level theory of personality.

Shershneva Natalya Sergeevna It was very interesting to learn about Lazursky as the founder of the Theory of Personality, on which my favorite positive dynamic psychotherapy is based.

Anokhina Irina Vladimirovna What attracted the non-scientific community, i.e. me -that A.F. Lazursky is the author of the world's first theory of personality and one of the founders of Russian correctional pedagogy. I will study, I am glad that I came across this name, I had not heard it before.

Potapenko Elena Vitalievna I believe that such scientists cannot be forgotten in any way, their experience and developments should be applied and replicated, therefore it is very important to popularize them, that this project is designed to do this is important and necessary

Kozlenko Elizaveta Valerievna I consider important the question of Personality and the historical context of the development of this topic, as well as the contribution of Russian scientific thought to this issue.

Kameneva Olga Vladimirovna The book is interesting. I want to purchase. I didn't even know about Lazursky's theory. The team has done a lot of scientific and social work to preserve and maintain the tradition.

Mashokha Victoria Alexandrovna I read the book and was very pleased. Got a lot of useful information. To remember, to honor, to develop the contribution of the great Russian psychotherapists is a necessary, important matter for the modern world.

Baranovskaya Margarita Igorevna Great work done by colleagues, bravo! The conference was interesting and informative. Well done for bringing the project with a memorial plaque to Alexander Fedorovich to fruition!

Bukina Valeria Olegovna I consider the work of this team to preserve and develop the unique heritage of A.F. Lazursky, Methods developed by V.Yu. Slabinsky are effective, tested on personal experience

Sekacheva Irina Nikolaevna A very important and necessary project aimed at the revival of Russian traditions in psychology and psychotherapy. Thanks to the authors of the project.

Chernova Elena Andreevna A people that does not remember its roots, its history, perishes, dissolves in the many-sided world. Likewise, any science cannot live and develop if it is not founded, if it is not based on the previous experience of generations.
Voice from VKontakte

Sophina Elizaveta Pavlovna a wonderful work dedicated to the activities of the outstanding Russian scientist Lazursky, one of the first domestic psychologists who saw the integral personality as the main object of research!

Balakin Nikita Sergeevich An excellent project that allows you to fully appreciate the contribution of Alexander Fedorovich Lazursky to the development of domestic psychological thought.

Morgacheva Tatyana Vitalievna I vote for the revival and popularization of domestic science in the field of psychology and psychotherapy. An excellent project, high-quality literature.

Kapitanova Elena Anatolievna My vote is in support of this project due to personal interest in the topic and the availability of the presentation.
Voice from VKontakte

Kravchenko Mikhail Vladimirovich In order to move forward, we need to recall the developments previously made by significant scientists, to ensure the availability of high-quality fundamental materials to a wide range of especially (!) Specialists. This work is an example of a systematic approach to problem solving.

Titaeva Olga Evgenievna Lazursky is a great scientist, deep and absolutely relevant. It is important to use discoveries, and not to reinvent the wheel.

Antipova Nadezhda Evgenievna Such events support science and scientists, restore the links of scientific thought in history. Proud!

Volgina Ksenia Alexandrovna I managed to get acquainted with the events in this nomination, and this is exactly what allows you to save the names ... I would like to express my gratitude to the authors.

Lazursky A.F. was born in $1874$ on April 12th. In $1897, Alexander Fedorovich graduated from the Military Medical Academy with excellent marks with the degree of "doctor". Lazursky was left according to the results of a competition for scientific improvement in the clinic of mental and nervous diseases of Bekhterev. Lazursky's research activity began already in the first years of the academy. The problem of psychology at that time occupied a central place in Lazursky's scientific interests. After graduating from the academy, the young doctor became the head of this laboratory.

Lazursky conducted medical work for sixteen years, being a staff doctor at the Bekhterev clinic. For a certain time, he headed various departments in the asylum for the mentally ill in St. Petersburg. Subsequently, Alexander Fedorovich worked as a doctor and consultant in the field of medical pedagogy at a school for children with reduced success, nervous and underdeveloped, which he himself organized.

After graduating from the academy, Lazursky took an active part in the work of the St. Petersburg Society of Neurologists and Psychiatrists, and in $1899 he became its full member. In the same year, Lazursky successfully passed the exams for the degree of Doctor of Medicine, held in all medical disciplines. The development of the foundations of medical psychology by A.F. Lazursky relied primarily on his multidisciplinary research work and neuromorphological studies.

Scientific achievements

Lazursky conducted a thorough physiological study on the topic "The influence of muscular work on cerebral circulation." The study was carried out according to the original experimental methodology, and its results were successfully defended as a doctoral dissertation in a debate.

Remark 1

Lazursky's works on clinical psychophysiology, which deal with somato-psychic relationships, are of great interest. They considered changes in the physiological functions of blood circulation and external respiration in hypnotic sleep. Lazursky also studied the influence of directly inspired emotions of grief, joy, fear, anger on certain physiological functions.

Having traced the development of psychology, Lazursky determined the dependence of the stages of its history on the successes of natural science as a whole. The scientist attached great importance to physiology, including the physiology of the brain. He considered the successes of psychopathology to be very important for the progress of psychology.

The formation of Lazursky as a psychologist was facilitated by work in Heidelberg in the psychological laboratory of Emil Kraepelin and in Leipzig at the Wundt Psychological Institute. He carried out a number of developments that enriched classical experimental psychology. Having taken the post of professor in the department of general and experimental psychology of the Psychoneurological Institute, Lazursky organized a psychological laboratory on the basis of the institute in 1909, which turned into a center for the study of mental activity in the process of experiment.

Lazursky wrote the textbook "Psychology General and Experimental", which was reprinted several times even in Soviet times.

From the moment Bekhterev founded the Journal of Psychology, Lazursky became the editor of an entire section devoted to experimental psychology. In the future, he actually headed this periodical.

Lazursky took an active part in the editing of the Russian translation of Wundt's "Fundamentals of Physiological Psychology".

Lazursky in his psychological experimental studies sought to obtain data characterizing the individuality of the people studied. Since the 1990s, the study of individual personality differences has become the main business of the scientist's life. He carried out empirical developments through the "Personality Research Program" he created. The scientist believed that the highest levels of the human psyche must be studied very specifically. Lazursky constantly worked on the creation of methodological techniques for this kind of research. Alexander Fedorovich proposed and widely used the method of systematic observation in combination with certain methods of experimental psychology. The main achievement of Lazursky's methodological research was the "method of natural experiment", through the use of which the artificiality of laboratory experience disappears and the value of observational data increases.

Remark 2

Alexander Fedorovich did a lot for the development of the science of psychology, especially in the field of creating a psychological theory of personality and research methods on a materialistic basis. He became one of the pioneers in introducing the ideas of scientific psychology into clinical medicine and laid the theoretical foundation for clinical personology.

On March 26, 1917, as a result of a serious illness, the life of an outstanding innovator was cut short.