Grammar is a science that studies the grammatical structure of a language, the patterns of constructing correct speech segments. As you know, the word has 2 meanings, one of which is grammatical. The grammatical meaning is the general, formal, abstract meanings inherent in a whole class of words that are not directly related to the lexical meaning of the word, although they necessarily accompany the lexical meanings of the words.
The grammatical meaning of a word forms a certain hierarchical system in the word. The categorical meaning is recognized as the most general, the grammatical semantics of which is the result of the ultimate generalization of the lexical meanings of a huge number of words, so most scientists define this meaning as lexico-grammatical. The means of expressing grammatical meaning are grammatical forms. Grammatical forms are linguistic means by which grammatical meanings are expressed. Types gr. Forms: inflection, suppletivism (change of bases), stresses (fall asleep - fall asleep), alternations (friend - friends), prefixes, suffixes. The unity of grammatical meaning and grammatical form forms a grammatical category, which is two-sided (has an expression plan and a content plan).
Parts of speech are classes of words characterized by:
1) the unity of a generalized meaning, abstracted from the lexical knowledge of all words of a given class;
2) the commonality of grammatical categories and the nature of inflection and morphemic structure;
3) the identity of syntactic functions.
Types of word formation:
1) Morphological: prefix, suffix, mixed.
2) Non-morphological: addition of foundations, substantiation.
1. The formation of the imperative mood of some verbs:
| Infinitive | Unit h. | Mn. h. |
| wash your face | wash your face | wash your face |
| Meet | date | meet |
When forming the forms of the 2nd and 3rd person singular and the forms of the 1st and 2nd person of the plural of the present and simple future tenses from verbs of the I conjugation with a stem on g, k, these consonants alternate with hissing f, h: flow - flow - flow - flow, lie down - lie down - lie down - lie down, cherish - shore - cherish - cherish. An exception is the verb to weave (weave - weave - weave).
Especially often mistakes are made when conjugating the verb to burn and its derivatives: burn, burn, burn, burn, burn, burn (wrong: burn, burn, burn!).
1) The 1st person singular form of the verbs is not used: eclipse, find yourself, win, convince, make sure, moan, be born.
2) The verbs do not have the forms of the 1st and 2nd person singular and plural: boil, boil, boil away (about water), roll up (about a round object, about a heavenly body), step on (about time), surround, come true, to turn out, to happen, to be distributed, to be born, to be created, to take place, to flow, to succeed, etc.
3) Forms like I will win, I will run, etc. are unacceptable in the literary language. If it is necessary to express this meaning, descriptive constructions must be used: I am sure that I can win; I will be able to win.
You can also find information of interest in the scientific search engine Otvety.Online. Use the search form:
More on the topic 21. Grammatical norms. Norms for the use of Russian verb forms:
- 15. Grammatical norms of the modern Russian literary language. Morphology as a branch of linguistics. The main categories of the section. Case endings for nouns. Features of the use of some forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives. Use
Topic №8 Morphological norms for the use of verbs.
1. What is a verb (definition of a concept)? Meaning and grammatical features.
1. Verb- this is a part of speech that denotes the action or state of an object, answers the questions what to do? what to do?: go, fly, get sick, cheer up.
2.
Each verb has the following forms:
the initial form, which is called indefinite form(or infinitive). It ends with -ty, -ty, -who(these are formative suffixes): color ti, ne whose, kupa be Xia. The indefinite form only names the action or state, without specifying either time, or number, or person, because. it is the invariant form of the verb. It has only the permanent features of a verb;
conjugated forms (not infinitive). They have permanent and non-permanent features of the verb;
· participle;
· adverb.
3. Verbs are divided into transitional and intransitive(this is a constant feature of verbs). Transitive verbs denote an action that passes to another object, the name of which can be expressed
noun (or pronoun) in the accusative case without a preposition: read the newspaper, see him;
A noun in the genitive case without a preposition denoting a part of something: drink tea, cut bread;
a noun (or pronoun) in the genitive case without a preposition with a negative verb: have no right not to see her.
All other verbs are intransitive: walk in the park, believe in good.
4.
Verbs with the postfix -sya (-s) are called returnable: shave Xia, torture Xia
. Other verbs irrevocable: think, know(this is a constant feature of verbs). All reflexive verbs are intransitive.
5.
Verbs are perfect or imperfect species (this is a constant feature of verbs). The types of the verb show how the action proceeds.
Perfective verbs answer the question what to do? and indicate the completion of the action, its result, the end of the action and the beginning: sing. They have two tenses: the past (what did you do? - sang) and the future is simple, consisting of one word (what will they do? - sing). The present tense verbs do not have a perfect form.
Imperfect verbs answer the question what to do? and when denoting an action, do not indicate its completion, result, end or beginning: sing. They have three tenses: the past (what did you do? - read), present (what are they doing? - bloom) and the future is difficult, consisting of two words - “I will” (“you will”) and the indefinite form of this verb (what will it do? - will draw, will sing).
There is a small number in Russian two-species verbs, that is, those verbs that, depending on the context, have the meaning of the perfect form (and answer the question what to do?), then of imperfect form (and answer the question what to do?): execute, marry, marry, order, investigate, examine, arrest, attack etc. For example: Rumors spread throughout the country that the king personally executes (what does it do? - imperfect view) their enemies; King executes (what will he do? - perfect look) several rebels.
6. Verbs have three forms inclinations(this is an inconstant feature of verbs). The mood forms show how the speaker evaluates the action, that is, whether he considers it real, possible or desirable under any condition.
· Indicative shows that the action is real, actually happening, happened or will happen: We are enemies meet simply: beat, beat and we will beat .
· Subjunctive (conditional) mood shows that the action is possible only under certain conditions: I am without you would not get to the city and would freeze on the road. The subjunctive mood is formed from the past tense by adding a particle would (b). Particle would written separately.
· Imperative mood denotes an action that is ordered, asked, advised to perform: spray with water. The imperative mood is formed by adding the suffix - and to the stem of the present (future simple) tense or without a suffix: carry - carry - carried and . In plural add postfix -those: carry those .
7. In the indicative mood, verbs change according to times
· the present time: I walk, I think;
· future time: bring(future simple), I will bring(the future is complex);
· past time: walking, thinking.
8. In the present and future tenses, verbs have the category faces(this is an inconstant feature of verbs):
1st person: I I'm going we let's go;
2nd person: you you go you you are going;
3rd person: is he (she is, it) goes, they go.
Some verbs call a state, an action that occurs without the participation of the actor, as if by itself. Such verbs are called impersonal: It's getting light. Chill. I'm not well.
9. Number- a non-permanent feature of the verb, inherent in all inflected forms of the verb:
· singular: I'm going, I'm going, I'm going;
· plural: let's go, let's go, let's go.
10. Genus- a non-permanent feature of the verb, inherent in the singular forms in the past tense and in the conditional mood:
masculine gender: would like;
· feminine: would like;
· neuter gender: would like.
11. In a sentence, the verb is usually predicate and together with the subject forms the grammatical basis of the sentence: The moon is bright illuminated the whole valley.
But the infinitive can be any member of the sentence:
· Live - homeland serve(live- subject, serve- predicate );
· I want enroll to the conservatory (I want to enter- compound verb predicate) ;
· I have a strong desire look back(wish(which?) look back - definition );
· She sat down relax(sat down(for what purpose?) relax - purpose circumstance ).
2. Errors in the use of verbs: insufficient, abundant, reflexive. Abuse of the same forms of verbs.
The vast majority of Russian verbs, when conjugated, have 6 personal forms. However, there is a relatively small number of verbs that have either more or less than six of these forms. These are, respectively, the so-called abundant and insufficient verbs.
Some verbs have double forms to express the meaning of the same person: waving - waving; dripping - caplet: moving - moving. Such verbs are called verbs with an abundant conjugation paradigm. Variant forms arise under the influence of verbs of productive classes. As a rule, there are differences between the options that have arisen:
- stylistic: you wave - you wave (talk,);
- semantic: move - in the meaning of "move something" and move - in the meaning of "promote development"; throws (spear) - mosque (caviar).
Sometimes variant forms are equal in all respects: dripping - caplet.
It is stylistically unjustified to use colloquial and colloquial forms of "abundant" verbs in the author's speech. I noticed that on the lake women rinse (should: rinse) linen. Errors in the formation of certain conjugated verb forms are also subject to correction, for example: The tree hung thick branches (hung, from the verb hang, not hang).
In Russian, there are also insufficient verbs. Insufficient verbs are divided into two groups:
Verbs that do not have the form of the 1st person singular. numbers;
Verbs not used in the 1st and 2nd person singular. and many others. numbers.
The first group of verbs is quite small - only a few
dozens: to win, to convince, to find oneself, to blow, to be kinky, to clamor, to outshine, to shout - the absence of forms is explained by the traditional idea of dissonance, or, like the words to buzz, dare, by the coincidence of grammatical forms with the most common verbs: Cf. wake up, keep
The second group of verbs is a rather numerous class of words - there are more than one and a half thousand of them in the language. Forms 1 and 2 of the person do not have phonetic or grammatical restrictions for their formation, however, due to the peculiarities of semantics, these forms are not actually used in the language (except in cases of metaphorization). We can distinguish the following semantic groups of verbs that are used only in the form of the 3rd person:
verbs with the meaning of processes characteristic of the animal world: calve, milk, rush (about birds);
verbs with the meaning of the processes taking place in the plant world: grow, ear, bush,
verbs with the meaning of processes occurring in inanimate nature: drip, see through, flicker, soak;
verbs with the meaning of processes related to specific objects: bitter, dry out;
Abstract verbs:
to be, to appear.
Pay special attention to the use of reflexive verbs. Appeal to them is unreasonable: The graphite rod was then painted and sent to dry ... The editor notes cases of unsuccessful use of reflexive verbs and, as a result, the replacement of an active turnover with a passive construction: Where the troops were enthusiastically met by the population in 1918, gangs now roam. .. (From the report of General A.N. Pepelev to the commander of the Siberian Army.) It would be better to write: Where in 1918 the population enthusiastically greeted the troops, gangs now roam ... The stylistic correction of such constructions consists in the rejection of the passive verb on - Xia and replacing it with a verb of the active voice or in the use of a nominal predicate with a participle.
Errors associated with the use of reflexive verbs can be divided into three groups:
1) non-normative addition of a postfix - sya to irrevocable verbs. So, some irrevocable verbs in the literary language do not have reflexive pairs, for example: play (with a sister, on the street, with dolls, etc.), smolder, grow old, clean (a room), etc. The use of such verbs with - sya - gross speech error: We played in the street; Today I quickly tidied up the apartment; The wood in the fireplace is still smoldering;
2) the loss of the postfix - sya in the process of verb formation and word formation: students instead of students, feeding instead of eating. The word mammals must be used without - sya, since it is formed from the verb to feed (nourishing milk), and not to eat;
3) inappropriate use of postfixes - sya and - sya: I was going to work, washed my face in the morning. Those who pronounce such phrases forget that, according to the norms of Russian grammar, - sya is used after consonants (I think, I agreed), and - s - after vowels (thought of it, agreed).
▲ Features of the formation of personal forms
Some verbs (they are called inadequate) do not form the 1st person singular. h. The following reasons for the absence of this personal form can be distinguished:
1. The educated form is dissonant or difficult to pronounce: conquer, convince, find oneself, feel and etc.;
2. The formed form coincides phonetically with the forms formed from other verbs: wake up(from buzz) and wake up(from wake up), I keep(from dare) and I keep(from Keep).
If it is necessary to use these verbs in the indicated form, descriptive constructions, synonyms and correlative verbs of a different kind are used: I will win, I can win; I want to convince
Remember!
● 133. * Form the present tense of the 1st person singular from the verbs below.
Rip, furrow, pile up, plunge, star, force, shout, annoy, ride, nonsense, block, clutter, riddled, mottled, streaked, censing, stigmatizing, cursing, climbing, fawning, threshing, scolding, enjoy, naughty, deforest, to depopulate, to immortalize, to condemn, to consecrate, to bludgeon, to formalize, to feel, to convince, to win, to gild, to stop, to nail, to force, to play pranks, to weep, to vacuum, to brand, to shine, to coward, to thrash, to be burdened, to be convinced, to supply, to please, to kill, to appease, to establish, to force, to filter, to honor, to kink, to huddle.
▲ Features of the conjugation of some verbs
1. Verbs recover, recover, recover form personal forms with the addition e before the personal ending, they are conjugated as verbs of the 1st conjugation. Personal forms formed according to the type of verbs of the 2nd conjugation are colloquial: get well, get well.
2. Verbs poke, poke, pinch form personal forms with the addition of a consonant l .Options without l (pour, puff) are colloquial.
3. Some abounding verbs form two forms of the present tense: shake, cluck, rinse etc. Usually, the variant with alternation is recognized as normative: swaying, clucking, gurgling.. Forms are colloquial sways, cackles, rinses, measures, torments and etc.
Along with the stylistic, there is also a semantic distinction between parallel forms. Verb splash in the meaning of "sprinkle" has personal forms splashing, splashing (water); in the meaning of "scatter drops, pour splashes" has personal forms splatter, splatter (fountain).
● 134. Write down the variant forms of the present tense next to the verbs below, determine the nature of these forms (bookish, neutral, colloquial, colloquial) or indicate the difference in lexical meaning.
Sample: puff - puff(neutral, in the meaning of "burning hot, burning": glowing with heat),puffs(colloquial, in the meaning of "puffs, releases jets of air": puffs on a cigarette).
Cry, glitter, shine, splatter, gnaw, move, crave, drip, rivet, click, oscillate, sway, cluck, climb, climb, wave, measure, rush about, purr, torment, thrash, meow, splash, prowl, crumble, snort, whip, whimper, pinch.
▲ Features of the formation of imperative mood forms from some verbs
Imperative forms are formed using the suffix -and or without a suffix; plural ending added -those : say(s), read(s).
Remember!
● 135.* Write the following verbs in the imperative form. Distinguish between normative literary, colloquial and colloquial variants. Mark the verbs that do not have an imperative form.
Sample: spoil - spoil, spoil(colloquial). See - the verb does not have an imperative form.
Run, run, throw away, iron, look out, get out, get out, get out, lay out, rot, milk, ride, ride, crave, finish, clog, spoil, put, glue, beg, writhe, cut, lie, climb, fly, fly, lie down, smear, wrinkle, be able, nurse, provide, pay, water, put, plant, clear, plant, hear, compose, goggle, touch, notify, whip, want, honor.
▲ The formation of species pairs
1. When forming imperfective verbs with a suffix -yva(-iva) with root vowel -about- in one group of verbs there is an alternation and exchange -about- on the -a- (select about tat - vyrab a poke, nast about yat - nast a ive), there is no alternation in the other group, the root vowel is preserved -about- (defer about chit - otsr about to read, to be late about rit - opoz about rip) or there are fluctuations depending on the conditions of use (conditioned about vit - conditioned about pour in, condition a pour; focus about chit - focus about read, concentrate a read). Some verbs that allow both forms differ stylistically: the forms with - about- (focus, empower) are book, forms with - a- (focus, empower)- colloquial.
It is necessary to pay attention to the formation of the following species pairs:
2. Verb read used to be characterized as bookish compared to verb read. Currently, on the contrary, dictionaries mark the form read like a conversation.
3. Verb torment met in the literary language along with the verb torment. In modern Russian, the verb torment It is used mainly in colloquial speech, with a colloquial connotation.
4. Parallel masculine forms of the past tense of verbs with a suffix -well- : sluggish - withered, sticky - stuck, blind - blind, rejected - rejected, died - died, resorted - resorted, terminated - terminated, refuted - refuted, fluff - swollen are equal. Forms dried up, froze, got wet, went out, shivered have a colloquial stylistic coloring in the presence of normative dry, cold, wet, gas, chill.
● 136. Fill in the missing letters in the verb forms. Justify your answer.
1. You have no right to authorize anyone to take such actions! 2. All efforts must be focused on the fulfillment of precisely these tasks. 3. It would be unfair to suspect our employees of negligence. 4. Often, it was the boys who were behind ... they were seen in all sorts of tricks. 5. The development of science causes ... infuses technical progress. 6. Pavel tried to time his arrival in his native city to the traditional meeting of graduates. 7. It is impossible to further delay the adoption of this decision. 8. Paul often had to borrow money from his parents. 9. Summing up what has been said, the chairman of the meeting once again drew attention to the need to accelerate the introduction of scientific developments into production. 10. Nobody authorized you to do this.
Remember!
TEST
on the topic "Morphological norms of the Russian language" *
4. Conjugation (change in persons and numbers) - only in indicative incl. PRESENT and FUTURE time.
Determined by - ending, if the ending is shock
Infinitive if the ending is unstressed
2 conjugation 1 conjugation
REMEMBER! Keep a look: what to do? (inconsistent in.) perform (1 question) - you perform
What to do? (sov.v.) perform (2 ref.) - you will complete
Irregular signs:
1. Inclination 2.
indicative | only it changes TIMES Past The present Future | read, read Owls do not. type (I read - Nesov v.) simple (read - sov.v.) |
imperative | command, advice, request | live (those), believe |
conditional (subjunctive) | past tense verb + WOULD | I would know, I would freeze, I would understand |
Note:
IMPERSONAL VERBS (phenomena of nature, human condition)
- do not combine with I.p.: NO ACTIVE PERSON
dawning, wanting, breathing, chilling (no one? what?)
Lesson - lecture 4. The use of verbs and their forms in speech.
Among all parts of speech, the verb causes the greatest difficulties in the use of grammatical forms and categories. Most grammatical categories have variant forms (cf.: hang out - hang out, threaten - threaten and etc.); in addition, verbs of one mood can be used in the meaning of another (say - would say), verbs of the same tense– in the meaning of anothercome - come). Therefore, the stylistic possibilities of the verb are very significant.
4.1. Each mood has its own forms of expression.Thus, the indicative mood is manifested in the forms of the present, past and future tense. The subjunctive (conditional) mood is formed from verbs with the suffix-l and adding a particle would ( would show, would do). The imperative mood, except for the forms of the 2nd person singular and plural (remember - remember), has diverse (synonymous) forms, the choice of one of them is determined by the emotionally expressive or functional coloring of speech.
Synonymy of inclinationsassociated with their similar values.
So, imperative mood used instead of conditionalto indicate conditionally assumed facts:
With a touch of random action:If I knew the craft, I would live in the city.
With the meaning of wish:Bypass us more than all sorrows and master's anger, and master's love (Griboedov).
With the meaning of necessity, obligation:And the woman is like a poor mother hen: sit yourself and take out the chickens (Pushkin).
These forms give the utterance a colloquial character.
In meaning indicative moodcan be usedconditional mood:I would like to put the question more sharply.(Compare: i want to ask a question) . I would ask you not to smoke here. cf.: I beg you.)
In meaning imperative moodverb forms can be used:
Conditional mood:Efim, would you go to him– the meaning of careful, courteous wishes;
Indicative:By two o'clock you will definitely be back home -command expression;Come quickly with me; Let's fly away; let's go– the meaning of motivation for joint action;
Infinitive: Bring him back! Call her! Everybody get up!– the meaning of a categorical command.
The interchange of moods introduces additional semantic and expressive shades: the desire for the intended action, a polite invitation to perform the action.
4.2. Difficulties in using some forms of the verb:
Verbs that differ in functional coloring
Neutral: disdain see) fit in get well line spread grow old flood bake put climb torment chop put lose weight plant hear | Having a colloquial-colloquial character: *disdain *see) * get in *recover *lay out *spread *shrink *flood *bake * lay down *climb * torment * chop * lay down *lose weight *plant * hear |
put verb used only without prefixes, therefore it is incorrect: *put, * put, * put. Necessary: put, put.
eat verb used only for inviting guests to a meal and in relation to children. In other cases, the verb is used there is : eat, eat, eat, eat, eat, ate, eatetc., do not use the verb eat in the 1st person (*I eat).
Causes difficulties and the choice of forms of the verb with vowels oh and i at the root of the word:
Some verbs have parallel forms with suffixes-isova- and -izova-:
legalize - legalize
to localize, to localize
to standardize, to standardize
normalize - normalize(less often).
- Participle forms:
Some participles form two forms, one of which is obsolete or colloquial, and the other corresponds to the norms of the modern literary language. For example (in each pairLiterary form comes first):
wandered - * taken away,
acquired - *acquired,
entangled - * entangled,
knocked out - * knocked out,
branded - *branded,
riddled - * riddled,
secure -* secure,
pierced - * pierced
The forms of participles formed from verbs with the suffix are synonymous- well- . Possible options with- well - and without it.
Participles formed from non-prefixed verbs with a suffix-well-, usually keep it(wet, sticky, deafetc.), and those formed from prefixed verbs are used without-well- (wet, stuck, deafened).
4.4. Some forms of gerunds are also synonymous.
So, perfect participles with a base for a vowel sound are used in two forms: with suffixes-in and lice:
taking - taking
giving - giving
writing - writing
closing - closing
Forms on -lice a colloquial or colloquial character is inherent, sometimes a shade of obsolescence. Wed their use in proverbs and sayings: Davshi word, be strong; When you take off your head, you don't cry for your hair.
Instead of forms come out, sweep out, find(on -dshi/-tshi) forms are usedbringing out, sweeping out, acquiring etc.
The following forms are used without noticeable difference:
frozen - frozen
lock - lock
zaterev - zaterev
stretched out - stretch out.
In pairs: put - put (hand on heart),
gaping - gaping (listen to the gaping mouth),
fastening - fastening (reluctantly heart),
breaking - breaking (rush headlong),
lowering - later (working carelessly) etc. the second forms are outdated and are preserved mainly in stable phraseological combinations.
PRACTICE
Use of verbs
Formation of verb forms
the wrong forms are: | should be used: |
1l., unit from some verbs with stems in turn. vowels: to feel, to win, to vacuum, to convince, to be weird (erroneously: vacuum cleaner); | Descriptive forms (I vacuum, I win, I can convince); |
3 l., unit (incorrectly: rinses, splashes, sprinkles, chishet, pinch); | Rinsing, splashing, pouring, sneezing, pinching; |
Non-prefixed verbs past tense with the suffix -nu- (erroneously: wet); | Mock, dry; |
Non-prefixed verbs with the root -false- (erroneously: to lay down); | Put; |
Some verbs with -sya (erroneous: erase, play, rinse); | Wash, play, rinse; |
Some verbs of the imperative mood (erroneously: put, go). | Put it down, go. |
Test 1. Mark violations of the norms of verb formation.
1. I can win 4. often chees
2. waving arms 5. drying in the sun
3. put things down 6. I will rinse
Answers: 2346
Distinguish!
verbs with alternating o-a at the root
Test 2. Mark the correct forms of the verb.
1. a) condition b) condition
2. a) focus b) focus
3.a) empower b) empower
4. a) legitimize b) legitimize
5.a) paid b) paid
Answers: 1ab2ab3a4a5b
Test 3. Mark violations of the norms of the use of verbs.
- Don't put books on the shelf.
- They want to go to the theatre.
- Research continued in the field of field theory.
- I put on my coat and went outside.
- It seems that journalists want to show their awareness.
- Go to the sea!
- Send to the cinema!
- On Saturday, I'll do my laundry.
- the sky is ablaze.
- Without water, the flowers dried in a vase. Answers: 1237810
Test 4. Mark violations of the norms of the use of verbs.
- Where did you hear about it?
- Where did I put my book?
- Be healthy!
- Car after car came up and loaded vegetables.
- When a cat wants to eat, it meows.
- If this continues, I will find myself in a quandary.
- Cars often drive on our street.
- I'll probably vacuum the floor for now.
- Maybe you'd better get up and lie down?
- Help me get dressed. Answers: 1346789
Vido - tense correlation of verbs
Test 5. Mark violations of the aspect-temporal correlation of verbs.
- After graduating from school, Frolov enters a professional lyceum, where he acquired the qualification of a turner in a short time.
- He dreams of devoting himself to literary activity, but the play he conceived remained unfinished, and he gave up literature.
- Soon Anna Fedorovna will organize an excursion to the library, introduce the children to its funds.
- During the years of reaction, many renounced their former liberal views and closed themselves in a narrow world of personal interests.
- In a small work, the author touches on issues of modernity, touched on important problems of education and upbringing.
- Coastal stones hum angrily; the trees shake their tops, bend, as if they want to pull the roots out of the ground.
- The performance was on stage for 18 years. During this time, the actors and the audience grew old, but it seems to me that the mood of the hall did not change.
- The management of the plant takes the wrong position: it calmly reacted to technological violations.
- When Pugachev left the hut and got into the carriage, Grinev looked after him for a long time.
- The wind whistles from the sea and furiously drives foamy waves ashore.
Answers: 124589
Generalization test
- Shchedrin repeatedly turned to the fairy tale genre throughout his work, and actually in the 80s, when this genre especially appealed to him.
- The horse is grazing in the meadow.
- After chemical treatment, the part is placed in the bath.
- The master said that the builders are now laying partitions inside the premises.
- The old man lived alone: his wife left three years ago.
- You will sleep on a cot.
- The formulas are simplified and will look like this…
- Go alone, I'll come later.
- Hang your coat on the hook.
- The celebration is dedicated to the anniversary date.
Answers: 1345678
Topic 3.2. Norms of formation and use of verbs and verb forms
Norms of formation and use of verbs.
Features of the use of verb forms.
When using verbs in speech, the greatest difficulties are usually about causes the ratioverbs by type and the formation of some forms:
1. The following forms of verbs are considered correct in Russian: soh, kitty, mok, deaf, wheezing, chah(but not: withered, sour, wet, deafened, languished). The same goes for prefixed verbs: dry, sour, deaf A flower without water dried in a vase. The dog is deaf from old age.
2. You should remember the forms of the verb "burn": burn, burn, burn, burn, burn, burn. Nettles in the garden are very hot.
3. In modern dictionaries, the word "lay down" is not present, but there are prefixed formations: lay down, put down, lay down, lay down, lay down etc. The verb "put" is used without prefixes: put, put, put, put(the capital letter denotes stress, incorrectly - klala). Although the prefixed forms of the verb "put" in the modern literary language are also found: lay down, put on as well as put down, lay down. Examples of erroneous usage: Why are you lying to me so much? He put all the books in a briefcase. I take my textbooks out of my bag and put them on the table.
4. The following forms of the imperative mood are considered literary: stick out, insert, straighten, pour out, clean, do not spoil, do not wrinkle, do not wrinkle, notify, feast, cork, uncork, look, come out, do not steal, put down, run.
Examples of erroneous usage: Do not damage furniture by placing a hot kettle on the table. Put things back.
5. The following forms of imperfective verbs are recommended: affect, master, challenge, assimilate, soothe, build up, double, honor; to disgrace, to condition, to sum up, to legitimize, to defame, to time, to empower(the vowel O is retained).
We need to focus on the most important issues.
6.From couples see - see, hear - hear, torment - torment, climb - climb only the first options are normative, the second ones are typical for colloquial speech.
Example of unwanted use: Where did you hear about it?
7. Forms are recommended for use in literary speech rinses, splashes, waves, sways, calls, cackles, purrs, sprinkles, pinches (but not: rinses, splashes, waves, sways, clicks, cackles, purrs, sprinkles, pinches - colloquial and colloquial forms).
Example of unwanted use: On the advice of a doctor, the patient gargles with a solution of baking soda.
8. In the literary language, the forms of the 1st person singular of the present or future tense from verbs are not used to win, to convince, to find oneself, to be weird and some others. Missing forms are expressed descriptively: I can find myself, I can convince, I will win etc.
Example of erroneous usage: If this continues, I will find myself in a quandary.
9. When forming forms of the 1st person singular of the present and simple future tense from verbs of the II conjugation, there is an alternation of v-vl, f-fl, b-bl, p-pl, m-ml, st-sch, t-h, d/h–f, s–w:
catch - catch - catch, shine - shine - shine, twist - twist - twist, weigh - weigh - weigh, see - see - see, carry - drive - carry.
Type forms I shineare a gross mistake, and their use in speech indicates a very low culture of the speaker.
The same can be said about errors in conjugation of verbs.run, want(and their derivatives). When forming the forms of the present and simple future tenses from the verb to run (and derivatives from it), the stem ends in the consonant g in the forms of the 1st person singular and 3rd person plural: run - run; run away - run away. In other forms, the stem of the verb ends in a hissing: run, run, run, run. Forms are not allowed in the literary languagerun, run!
The verbs want, want have alternation of consonants only in singular forms: I want - I want - I want - I want, I want - I want. Forms not allowedwant, want, want, want!
This is not only a gross grammatical error, but also an indicator of a person's extremely low culture.
10. Errors in the formation of future tense forms from verbs are very frequent in speech.recover, weaken, weaken . Verbs in -et indicate the direction of the action on the subject himself and retain the vowel e when forming present tense forms:I will recover, I will weaken, I will weaken . The form get wellgenerally not used in the literary language.
11. Sometimes in the literary language, the coexistence of several equal variants of the forms of the present and future tenses is possible, for example:heed - heed and heed. However, in most cases, the variant forms are opposed in some way. Yes, and using formscaplet and drippingfrom the verb to drip depends on the meaning: “to fall in drops” - It drips and drips from the roofs; “pouring slowly, drop by drop” - He will drip twenty drops of the medicine for her. In the use of variant forms of the verbshineyou can also highlight the differences in compatibility: the stars shine - people shine.
2. Features of useverb forms
Participle
Difficulties associated with the use in speech of a special form of the verb - participles, can be divided into two groups: in the formation of participle forms and in the use of participles.
1. Most of the real participles of the past tense are formed using suffixes -vsh- from the stem of the infinitive (past tense) ending in a vowel:
write - wrote, decide - decider. Suffix -sh- used when the stem of the infinitive ends in a consonant:
carry - carried, carry - carried.
Please note that the suffix -sh- also used if the stem of the infinitive ends in -hit-, -heret: wipe-wiped, bruise-bruised. Erroneous forms worn out, hurtquite often found in speech, but they are unacceptable in the literary language.
2. Passive past participles use suffixes -nn- (-n- ), -enn- (-en- ) and -t- (ubrann oh, stuckenn oh, dopit th). In speech, quite often there is a mistake associated with the use of one suffix instead of another.
For example, in a sentence: Cleaned up in the room- instead of the normative form removed with suffix -n- misused suffix -t- .
3. The forms of passive participles of the present tense are not used (with suff. -om-, -em-, -and- ) in verbs: arrest, protect, beat, take, wake, carry, twirl, twist, carry, knit, stroke, look, cook, warm, smash, load, gnaw, crush, hold, regret, fry, reap, wait, burn, call, know, have, boil, put, glue, prick, feed, paint, sculpt, heal, pour, revenge, grind, wash, find, plow, sing, bake, write, saw, drink, weed, spoil, hide, tear, cut, chop, salt, set, guard, dry, sprinkle, weave, stew, pull, teach, bury, clean, whisper, sew and etc.
4. In speech, a fairly common mistake is to use real participles instead of passive ones, and vice versa.
For example, in a sentence: I had one ticket- the passive participle is unlawfully used, since in this case this construction means: I won a ticket, and not a specific prize, amount of money, etc. on a lucky ticket. Grammatically correct in this situation would be to use the real participle ( winning ticket), since the noun being defined does not experience, but produces an action.
5. It should be remembered that the passive participle is the main exponent of the meaning of passivity, and where it exists, the return participle is usually unacceptable.
So, turns will be grammatically incorrect: child, babysitter dressing ; box, turned carpenter . In this case, it is mandatory to use the passive participles: child, dressed as a nanny ; box, carpenter .
6. There are no future participles in Russian, so such constructions will be grammatically incorrect:
In a few years we will have a whole complex of enterprises, mighty cause an ecological disaster.
gerund
Imperfect participles are formed from the basis of the present tense of imperfective verbs with the help of suffixes -and I :
take - take - taking; crying - crying - crying.
1. A number of imperfective verbs also form gerunds with the help of a suffix -uchi/-yuchi :
being, riding, pitying, playfully, walking, sneaking.
However, they have not received any wide distribution in the literary language. Usually the forms -uchi/-yuchi are perceived either as obsolete or as a means of stylization of folk and ancient speech.
2. Pay attention to the forms of the gerund from the following verbs: climb - climb, swim - swimming, pinch - pinch, wave - maha (permissible - masha), suffer - suffering (in artistic speech you can meet - suffering), pour - rash (permissible - rash), listen - listening and listening (obsolete).
3. Not all imperfective verbs are capable of forming gerunds. As a rule, verbs that do not have vowels in the stems of the present tense do not form gerunds (cf .: weave - weave):
beat, twist, lie, bend, eat, reap(hand) reap(rye), wait, burn, lie, pour, crush, drink, tear, send, sleep, weave, rub, sew.
4. Verbs of an imperfect form do not form gerunds on -who, on -nut :
protect, burn, be able, bake, whip, guard, cut, flow, wither, go out, stall, grow stronger, freeze, get wet, smell, sink, pull.
Imperfect participles from verbs are not used:
arrest, run, stab, climb, plow, sing, be born, be ashamed, want.
Perfect participles are formed from the stem of the infinitive (past tense) of perfective verbs mainly with the help of a suffix -in :
buy - bought, decide - decided.
1. From a number of verbs of the perfect form, gerunds are formed using the suffix -and I (enter - entering, subtract - subtract etc.) or suffixes - lice, - shi (offended, upset and etc.).
In the vast majority of cases, forms with the suffix -in : they are more concise and more euphonious. Dissonance of forms, such as having written M. Gorky especially emphasized. But it should be borne in mind that reflexive verbs usually have only one form - laughing, curled up. Suffix use –shi instead of a suffix -in typical for many verbs with a stem on a consonant: grow up - grown up; save - save.
Suffix use -and I in the formation of perfect participles (cf .: putting - putting, hearing - hearing, noticing - noticing) was quite common in the 19th and early 20th centuries. For example, such forms were widely used by M. Gorky: stooping, approaching, descending and others. Currently, many of these forms are out of use.
2. The main mistake in the formation of gerunds is the use of one suffix instead of another.
For example, in a sentence: I dialed the number, hung up- the form of the gerund with the suffix was mistakenly used -a
. From verbs with stems to sibilant, perfective gerunds are usually formed with the suffix -a
, but the normative variant is the form with the suffix -in
(putting
handset).
test questions
Give examples of the erroneous use of verbs.
What are the features of the use of participles?
What difficulties are associated with the formation of gerunds?
1. Difficult cases of using a noun
2. Difficult cases of using an adjective
1. Difficult cases of using a noun
Gender of indeclinable nouns
The generic affiliation of indeclinable nouns is established on the basis of particular patterns for individual groups of words. Let's consider some of them.
Gender of inanimate indeclinable nouns
As a general rule, borrowed common nouns inanimate nouns that do not have forms of change belong to the neuter gender: new coat, thick milk cocoa etc. As an exception, the word is usually called coffee -- masculine (black coffee). However, modern grammars of the Russian language allow its use in colloquial speech and in the middle gender: condensed coffee with milk.
Other exceptions are due to the influence of a word expressing a more general generic concept (sirocco-- wind), or synonymous words (avenue-- the street ). So, the following uses are currently considered normative: masculine -- sultry sirocco, a tornado blew ( wind); beautiful urdu, hindi, fiji ( language); superb penalty ( free kick); plowed ha(hectare); new car(car) and some others; feminine -- new avenue(the street), delicious salami(sausage), African beriberi(disease), straight street ( street) (but Wall Street, Wall Street... etc.).
In this regard, in modern Russian there are a number of variable uses:
Esperanto(language) sounded sounded.
Tsunami(wave) arose, arose.
strong brandy and strong brandy(drink).
broad avenue and broad avenue(street) (but Fifth Avenue, Tenth Avenue etc.).
In the following variant expressions, the use of a noun in the plural is preferable in the literary language: new riding breeches and new riding breeches; another rally and another rally, lowered blinds and lowered blinds.
Gender of invariable nouns of native origin determined by the following rules:
1. Substantiated indeclinable words belong to the middle gender: bright tomorrow, polite "hello", loud cheers.
2. Name of letters always neuter: Russian a, lowercase b , capitalM . But when using a generic name, coordination is carried out with it: Russian letter a , written sign and etc.
3. The names of sounds have equal generic options: unstressed (about ) and unstressed (about ) ( sound ) ,deaf (t ) and deaf (t ).
