Types of figurative meanings of a word.
The meaning of a word. Direct and figurative meaning of the word.
Words in a language can have one, two or more lexical meanings.
Words that have the same lexical meaning called unambiguous or monosemic. These words include:
1) various terms (not all): subject, electron;
2) various thematic groups:
a) plant names (birch, poplar);
b) names of animals (minnow, jay);
c) names of people by occupation (doctor, livestock specialist, pilot).
At the same time, most words in Russian have many meanings. The development of polysemy of words is one of the active processes, due to which the vocabulary of the Russian literary language is replenished.
The word used in more than one sense, it is customary to call polysemous or polysemous(from Greek poly - many, sema - sign).
For example: according to the dictionary of D.N. Ushakov's word easy
1. insignificant in weight (light leg);
2. easy to learn, solutions (easy lesson);
3. small, insignificant (light breeze);
4. superficial, frivolous (light flirting);
5. soft, accommodating (easy character);
6. laid-back, graceful (easy syllable);
7. smooth, smooth, sliding (easy gait).
One of these meanings is primary, initial, and the others are secondary, resulting from the development of the primary meaning.
The primary value is usually the direct value.
primary value - ϶ᴛᴏ the main meaning of the word, directly naming the object, action, property.
In the literal sense, the word appears out of context. For example: forest ʼʼa lot of trees growing in a large spaceʼʼ; in a figurative sense: a lot of ʼʼforest handsʼʼ, without understanding anything ʼʼdark forestʼʼ, building material ʼʼloggingʼʼ.
The figurative meaning is secondary. It arises on the basis of the similarity of objects in form, in color, in the nature of movement, on the basis of association, etc.
There are two basic types of figurative meaning of the word - metaphorical and metonymic. As a kind of metonymy - syn-ecdocha.
Let's consider each separately.
metaphorical transfer.
The essence of this transfer is that the name of an object is transferred to another object, based on the similarity of these objects.
Similarity should be:
1. in form. For example, the word ʼʼbeardʼʼ we call a small beard of a person - ϶ᴛᴏ direct meaning. In a figurative sense, we call the ledges at the keys a beard. An apple is a fruit, a smooth apple.
2. by color similarity. Gold - ϶ᴛᴏ yellow precious metal͵ ʼʼgold of her hairʼʼ - hair color.
3. similarity in size. A pole is a long thin pole, a pole is a long thin man.
4. by sound similarity. Drum - beat the drum, drumming rain.
5. transfer by function: janitor - a person sweeping a yard, street; a device in the car, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ serves to clean glass.
Metaphors are about general language- such a metaphorical meaning of the word, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ is widely used and known to all speakers: a nail head, a Christmas tree needle.
Individually - copyright are not common to the common language. Οʜᴎ are created by writers and poets and characterize his stylistic manner. For example , bonfire rowan red, birch th language of the grove, chintz sky (S. Yesenin). Started to rumble river life (Leonov).
metonymic transfer.
Its essence lies in the fact that the name from one subject to another is transferred on the basis of adjacency.
Adjacency is commonly understood here as spatial adjacency, proximity of an object͵ temporal adjacency, etc., ᴛ.ᴇ. objects named by the same word are completely different, but they are nearby in space, in time.
1. Transferring the name from the container to its contents: audience - a room for classes, people in it; class - students (class listened), room; plate - dishes, contents in a plate (I ate a bowl of soup).
2. Material - a product from it: crystal - a type of glass, a product from it; gold - she has gold in her ears.
3. Action is the result of that action: jam - the process of cooking, berries boiled in syrup.
5. Action - the object of this action: edition of the book - illustrated edition.
6. Action - means or instrument of action: harvesting vegetables - harvesting on the table.
7. action - place of action: exit from the house - stand at the entrance.
8. The plant is the fruit of the plant: pear, plum.
9. Animal - the fur or meat of an animal: chicken, mink, eggs.
10. An organ of the body is a disease of this body: stomach - grabbed the stomach, naughty heart.
11. The scientist is his image: Ampere, Volt.
12. Locality - a product invented, made there: Kashimir - a city in India, fabric; Boston is a city in England, fabric.
13. Time - events that took place at that time, year: it was 1918, 1941.
As a result of metonymy, a number of common nouns appeared, formed from proper names: volt, ampere, ohm, boston, mac.
Sin-ekdokha.
This type of lexical transfer is based on the following principle: the name is transferred from part to whole and vice versa.
For example, ʼʼheadʼʼ is a part of the body of a person or animal.
This name should be transferred to the whole person.
to the whole My head hurts - a direct meaning.
Borya - bright head - figurative (syn-ekdoha).
Herd of 20 heads.
Mouth - part of the face - direct meaning.
ʼʼWe have 5 mouths in our familyʼʼ - figurative.
A car is any mechanism, a passenger car.
From the whole Tool - any technical device (tool
on the part of labor) - direct meaning; gun is portable.
Synekdokha as a special type of transfer is combined with metonymy by many scientists and is perceived as its variety.
Some characteristic signs of a person are often used to refer to this person, to refer to him. This use of words for colloquial speech is especially characteristic: ʼʼI am behind the little blue hatʼʼ. ʼʼHey, beard, where are you going?ʼʼ
Little Red Riding Hood is a classic example of syn-ecdoche.
Homework. Abstract by V.V. Vinogradov ʼʼThe main types of lexical meanings of wordsʼʼ, ʼʼIssues of linguisticsʼʼ 1953, No. 5.
Topic number 8. Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of its origin.
Plan.
1.Originally Russian vocabulary.
2. Borrowed vocabulary.
3. Old Slavonicisms, their signs and use in modern Russian.
The vocabulary of the Russian language is one of the richest in the world and contains more than a quarter of a million words.
It is believed that in the Russian language there are 90% native and 10% borrowed vocabulary.
The vocabulary of the modern Russian language contains lexical layers of various historical eras.
To the original vocabulary include all the words that came into modern Russian from the languages of their ancestors. For this reason, the original Russian vocabulary is divided into 4 layers belonging to different eras. Let's consider each of them.
1.Indo-European vocabulary. Until III - II centuries BC.
In the 6th-5th millennium BC. there was a single civilization, which was called Indo-European, and a single unwritten Indo-European language.
The words of this era are the most ancient. Οʜᴎ are known not only to Slavic, but also to other families of languages: Germanic, Romance, etc. For example, the word sky is found, in addition to Slavic, in Greek and Latin.
Vocabulary of Indo-European origin includes:
a) some words denoting kinship terms: mother, sister, brother, wife, daughter, son;
b) name of wild and domestic animals: wolf, goat, cat, sheep, bull;
in) the name of food products and vital concepts: sky, fire, house, month, name, water, meat;
G) name of actions and signs: see, share, eat, be, live, carry, white, vigorous, sick, alive, evil;
e) numerals: two, three, ten;
e) prepositions: without, before.
2.Common Slavic vocabulary(proto-Slavic). From III - II centuries. BC. according to VI AD
These are words that arose during the period of linguistic unity of the Slavs. Οʜᴎ, as a rule, are known to all Slavic languages: Ukrainian.
Hosted on ref.rf
- spring, Polish - vrosna.
About 2 thousand words belong to this layer. Οʜᴎ make up 25% of the words of our everyday communication. These include thematic groups:
1.name of agricultural implements: scythe, hoe, awl, sickle, harrow;
2.product of labor, plants: rye, cereals, flour, cranberries, maple, cabbage;
3.name of animals, birds, insects: hare, cow, fox, snake, woodpecker;
4.names of parts of the human body: eyebrow, head, tooth, knee, face, forehead;
5.kinship terms: grandson, son-in-law, mother-in-law, godfather;
6.the name of the dwelling, vital concepts: house, hut, porch, shop, stove, spring, winter, clay, iron, etc .;
7.abstract vocabulary: thought, happiness, evil, goodness, excitement, grief.
During this period, there are a large number
adjectives, denoting signs and qualities by color, size, shape: tall, long, large, black;
verbs denoting various labor processes: cut, saw, dig, weed;
verbs denoting actions and states: guess, warm, hold, dare, divide, doze off;
numerals: one, four, eight, one hundred, one thousand;
pronouns: you, we, you, what, everyone;
adverbs: inside, everywhere, yesterday, tomorrow.
Common Slavic words were the basis for the formation of many new words. For example, from the verb live in Russian created about 100 derived words.
3. East Slavic vocabulary. VI in - 14-15 century.
Around the 6th-7th century, the collapse of the common Slavic language into South Slavic, West Slavic and East Slavic (Old Russian) is attributed. The Old Russian language becomes the language of the Old Russian people, united in the 9th century into a single state - Kievan Rus.
East Slavic vocabulary - ϶ᴛᴏ words that arose in the period from the 6th to the 15th centuries, common among the languages of the East Slavic group: Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian. These words are not found in other Slavic languages. For example:
quite (Russian) zovsim (Ukrainian) zusim (white)
snowfall snowfall snowfall
kindness kindness kindness
The East Slavic layer represents a rather diverse vocabulary, reflecting in all its diversity the political, economic and cultural life of the Old Russian state.
In this period, many words appear on the basis of common Slavic vocabulary:
bullfinch (Russian)
snow< снiгур (укр.)
snagir (white)
compound numbers: eleven, forty, ninety;
compound words: hook-nosed, today;
suffix words - finch, blackberry, pantry.
4. Actually Russian vocabulary.
In the 14th century, in connection with the collapse of Kievan Rus, the Old Russian language breaks up into Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian. The Russian (Great Russian) nationality was formed.
Proper Russian vocabulary - ϶ᴛᴏ words that have arisen since the formation of the Russian people and continue to arise to the present.
Words and morphemes of primordially Russian origin served as the basis for the creation of Russian vocabulary proper. ᴛ.ᴇ. common Slavic, East Slavic:
1.almost all words with suffixes: chik / chik, nickname, - evidence, - lux, - ness
mason, wallet, teacher, mower;
2.many difficult words: steamship, plane, steelprogress;
3.words with prefixes on, before, behind and the suffix sya: to look, to wake up, to talk;
4.abbreviations: JSC - joint stock company, CJSC - closed joint stock company, LLC - limited liability company, PSC - private security company.
Types of figurative meanings of a word. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Types of figurative meanings of the word." 2017, 2018.
The plurality of meanings of a word is that aspect of linguistics and linguistics that attracts the close attention of researchers, since each language is a mobile and constantly changing system. Every day new words appear in it, as well as new meanings of words already known. For their competent use in speech, it is necessary to monitor the processes of formation of new semantic shades in the Russian language.
Polysemantic words
These are lexical items that have two or more meanings. One of them is direct, and all the rest are portable.
It is important to note what place in the Russian language is occupied by polysemantic words. Direct and figurative meanings are one of the main aspects of the study of linguistics, since the phenomenon of polysemy covers more than 40% of the vocabulary of the Russian language. This happens because no language in the world is able to give its own specific designation to each specific subject and concept. In this regard, there is a discrepancy between the meanings of one word for several others. This is a natural process that occurs under the influence of factors such as associative thinking of people, metaphor and metonymy.
Aspects of polysemy: relations of meaning
Polysemy implies a certain system of meanings of a word. How does this system come about? How do such two components appear as the direct and figurative meaning of a word? First of all, any lexical unit is formed in the language with the formation of a new concept or phenomenon. Then, due to certain linguistic processes, additional meanings appear, which are called figurative. The main influence on the formation of new meanings is provided by the specific context in which the word is located. Many researchers note that polysemy is often impossible outside the linguistic context.
Words with direct and figurative meanings become such with the help of binding to the context, and their use depends on the choice of meaning in each specific situation.
Aspects of polysemy: semantic relations
It is very important to distinguish between such concepts as polysemy and homonymy. Polysemy is a polysemy, a system of meanings attached to the same word, related to each other. Homonymy is a phenomenon of linguistics, covering words that are identical in form (spelling) and sound design (pronunciation). At the same time, such lexical units are not related in meaning and do not have a common origin from one concept or phenomenon.
The direct and figurative meaning of a word in the light of the semantic relationships between the various meanings attached to a particular word are the object of study by many scientists. The difficulty of studying this group of lexical units is that it is often difficult to find a common initial meaning for polysemantic words. It is also difficult to separate completely unrelated meanings that have many common features, but are only examples of homonymy.
Aspects of polysemy: categorical connection
Of particular importance for scientists in the aspect of the study of the topic "Direct and figurative meaning of the word" is the explanation of polysemy in terms of cognitive categorization. This theory suggests that the language system is an extremely flexible structure that can change due to the acquisition of new concepts about a phenomenon or object in the human mind.
Many researchers are inclined to believe that polysemy appears and develops according to certain laws, and is not due to spontaneous and unsystematic processes in the language. All the meanings of this or that word are initially in the mind of a person, and are also a priori embedded in the structure of the language. This theory already affects not only aspects of linguistics, but also psycholinguistics.
Direct value characteristic
All people have an intuitive idea of what the direct and figurative meaning of the word is. Speaking in the language of the inhabitants, the direct meaning is the most common meaning that is embedded in a word; it can be used in any context, directly pointing to a specific concept. In dictionaries, the direct meaning always comes first. The numbers are followed by figurative values.
All lexical units, as mentioned above, can be divided into single-valued and multi-valued. Single-valued words are those that have only a direct meaning. This group includes terms, words with a narrow subject relatedness, new, not yet very common words, proper names. Perhaps, under the influence of the processes of development of the language system, the words of these categories may acquire additional meanings. In other words, lexical units, representatives of these groups, will not necessarily always be unambiguous.
Portable value characteristic
This topic will definitely be chosen by any teacher of the Russian language at school for certification. “The direct and figurative meaning of the word” is a section that occupies a very important place in the structure of the study of Russian speech, so it is worth talking about it in more detail.
Consider the figurative meaning of lexical units. A figurative is an additional meaning of a word that has appeared as a result of an indirect or direct nomination. All additional meanings are associated with the main meaning metonymically, metaphorically or associatively. For figurative meanings, blurring of meanings and boundaries of usage is characteristic. It all depends on the context and style of speech in which the additional meaning is used.
Particularly interesting are cases when a figurative meaning takes the place of the main one, displacing it from use. An example is the word "balda", which originally meant a heavy hammer, and now - a stupid, narrow-minded person.
Metaphor as a way of transferring meaning
Scientists distinguish different types of figurative meanings of a word depending on the way they are formed. The first one is a metaphor. The main meaning can be transferred by the similarity of features.
So, they distinguish similarities in shape, color, size, actions, feelings and emotional state. Naturally, this classification is conditional, since similar concepts can be metaphorically subdivided into the categories listed earlier.
This classification is not the only possible one. Other researchers distinguish metaphorical transfer by similarity, depending on the animation of the subject. Thus, the transfer of the properties of an animate object to an inanimate one, and vice versa, is described; animate to animate, inanimate to inanimate.
There are also certain models according to which metaphorical transfer occurs. Most often, this phenomenon refers to household items (a rag as a tool for washing the floor and a rag as a weak-willed, weak-willed person), professions (a clown as a circus performer and a clown as one who behaves stupidly, trying to seem like the soul of the company), sounds characteristic of animals (mooing like a sound that a cow makes, and like a slurred speech of a person), diseases (an ulcer as a disease and as satire and evil irony in human behavior).
Metonymy as a way of transferring meaning
Another aspect that is important for studying the topic “Direct and figurative meaning of a word” is metonymic transfer by adjacency. It is a kind of substitution of concepts depending on the meanings inherent in them. For example, documents are often called papers, a group of children at school is called a class, and so on.
The reasons for this transfer of value can be as follows. Firstly, this is done for the convenience of the speaker, who seeks to shorten his speech as much as possible. Secondly, the use of such metonymic constructions in speech may be unconscious, because in Russian the expression "eat a bowl of soup" implies a figurative meaning, which is realized with the help of metonymy.
The use of words in a figurative sense
In practical classes in Russian, any teacher will certainly require examples to be given to the section being studied. “Polysemantic words: direct and figurative meanings” is a topic that is replete with visual illustrations.
Take the word "burdock". The direct meaning of this concept is a plant with large leaves. This word can also be used in relation to a person in the meaning of "narrow", "stupid", "simple". This example is a classic use of metaphor to convey meaning. Adjacency transfer is also easily illustrated by the phrase "drink a glass of water." Naturally, we do not drink the glass itself, but its contents.
So, the topic of figurative meanings is intuitively clear to everyone. It is only important to understand how the direct meaning of the word is transformed.
- to step on a rake, figuratively - to get a negative experience.
- prick up your ears - become very attentive,
- reel fishing rods - leave, and not necessarily from fishing,
- stone heart - an insensitive person,
- sour mine - a displeased expression.
- work hard - work hard
- sharp tongue - the ability to formulate accurate, well-aimed and even caustic information.
Examples of words and expressions with a figurative meaning:
As we can see, words acquire a figurative meaning when they are used together with certain words (which do not have such a quality in the literal sense). For example, nerves cannot literally be made of iron, so this is a figurative meaning, but iron ore just consists of iron (the phrase has a direct meaning).
Any word in Russian initially has one or more direct meanings. That is, the word Key can mean how we close the lock on the front door and can mean water spouting from the ground. In both cases, this is the direct meaning of a polysemantic word. But almost every word in Russian can be given a figurative meaning. For example, in the expression key to all doors, not a word key, not a word doors are not used in their direct meaning. Here the key is the possibility of solving the problem, and the doors are the very problem. The figurative meaning of words is often used by poets, for example, in the famous poem by Pushkin, every word has a figurative meaning:
Or here is the famous young man at Bryusov, who had a burning eye, of course, burning in a figurative sense.
The direct meaning of the word strictly correlates with a certain thing, attribute, action, quality, etc. A word may have a figurative meaning at points of contact, similarity with another object in form, function, color, purpose, etc.
Examples of the meaning of words:
table (furniture) - address table, table 9 (diet);
black color - back door (auxiliary), black thoughts (cheerless);
a bright room - a bright mind, a bright head;
dirty rag - dirty thoughts;
cold wind - cold heart;
golden cross - golden hands, golden heart;
heavy burden - heavy look;
heart valve - cardiac reception;
gray mouse - gray man.
A large number of words and figures of speech in Russian can be used both in the direct and figurative (figurative) sense.
The direct meaning usually completely coincides with the original meaning, the narrator means exactly what he says.
We use words in a figurative sense in order to give figurativeness to our speech, to emphasize some quality or action.
The examples below will help feel the differencequot ;:
The language is in constant development, those words that a few decades ago were used only in the literal sense, can begin to be used figuratively - a birdhouse - a starling's house, a birdhouse - a traffic police post, a zebra - an animal, a zebra - a pedestrian crossing.
The direct is the primary meaning of a word, the figurative is the secondary. Here are some examples:
Golden earrings - direct meaning.
My husband has golden hands - figurative meaning.
Rain worm- direct.
Book worm- portable.
Silver ring - straight.
Silver century - portable.
Burning in the sky star- direct.
Star screen - portable.
Icy sculpture - direct.
Icy smile is portable.
Sugar buns - straight.
Mouth sugar- portable.
Woolen a blanket- direct.
Winter covered everything around with snow blanket- portable.
mink fur coat- direct.
Herring under fur coat- portable.
Marble plate - straight.
Marble cupcake - portable.
Black suit - direct.
Leave for black day - portable.
Sweet tea - sweet kitty, sweet music.
Crying in pain - the prison is crying (for someone).
Soft plasticine - soft light, soft heart.
Sunny day - sunny soul, sunny smile.
A plastic bag is a social package (about vacations, sick leave).
Wolverine skin is a venal skin.
Garden flowers - flowers of life (about children).
Green fruits - green generation.
Woodpecker (bird) - woodpecker (informer).
To poison with pills - to poison with moral violence.
The direct meaning of a word is when the word is used in the sense it originally was. For example: sweet porridge.
The figurative meaning of the word is when the word is not used in the literal sense, such as sweet deception.
In Russian, words can have both direct and figurative meanings. Under direct meaning understand words that name an object of reality or its property. At the same time, the meaning of such words does not depend on the context, we immediately imagine what they call. For example:
Based on the direct meaning, the word may have additional lexical meanings, which are called portable. The figurative meaning is based on the similarity of objects or phenomena in appearance, properties or actions performed.
Compare: stone house and stone face. In the phrase stone house, the adjective stone is used in the literal sense (solid, motionless, strong), and in the phrase stone face, the same adjective is used in a figurative sense (insensitive, unfriendly, harsh).
Here are some examples of the direct and figurative meaning of words:
Many stylistic figures or literary tropes are built on the basis of figurative meaning (metonymy, personification, metaphor, synecdoche, allegory, epithet, hyperbole).
There are a lot of words with direct and figurative meaning in Russian. And as a rule, all these meanings are reflected in dictionaries. Periodically it is very useful to look there.
Examples of words and phrases with a figurative meaning:
Here, I remembered.
But in fact, the fact is very interesting that words can have not only a direct meaning, but also a figurative one.
If we talk about the direct meaning, then in the text we mean exactly the lexical meaning of a particular word. But the figurative meaning means the transfer of the meaning of the lexical initial in the consequence with comparison
And here are some examples:
A word can have both direct and figurative lexical meaning. Multi-valued words have a figurative meaning.
The direct meaning of the word is its main lexical meaning. It is directly directed to the designated object, phenomenon, action, sign, immediately causes an idea of them and is least dependent on the context. Words often appear in the direct meaning.
The figurative meaning of the word- this is its secondary meaning, which arose on the basis of the direct one.
A toy, -and, well. 1. A thing that serves for the game. Kids toys. 2. trans. One who blindly acts according to someone else's will, an obedient instrument of someone else's will (disapproved). To be a toy in someone's hands.
The essence of the transfer of meaning is that the meaning is transferred to another object, another phenomenon, and then one word is used as the name of several objects at the same time. In this way, the ambiguity of the word is formed.
Depending on the basis of which sign the meaning is transferred, there are three main types of value transition:
- metaphor,
- metonymy,
- synecdoche.
The direct meaning of the word
The words of our speech call objects, their signs and actions. Unambiguous words directly correlate with the object of reality, directly name the object, its sign or process of action. This is direct meaning the words.
In the flow of speech, such words immediately evoke an idea of what they are called. Their meaning does not depend on the context, for example:
Over the forest, over the field, over the villages stretched the blue sky.
The sky beckons future astronauts.
Fluffy white clouds float lazily across the sky.
Most of the words of the Russian language appear in the direct meaning, for example:
daughter, house, grass, polite, huge.
The direct meaning of the word is its main lexical meaning.
The figurative meaning of the word
A word can have several lexical meanings that arise from the direct meaning. This new additional lexical meaning is called portable. It appears on the basis of the similarity of objects in appearance, on the basis of the action (function) performed, for example:
in the phrase "stone building" word "stone" names the material from which the building is composed, and denotes a direct sign of the object "strong, firm, immovable".
In the phrase "stone face" adjective "stone" stands for " harsh, unfeeling" or "evil" face. In this example, the word "stone" has a secondary figurative meaning formed on the basis of a direct meaning.
The essence of the transfer of meaning is that it passes to another object, another phenomenon or process along common points of contact in the meaning. Then one word is used as the name of several objects at the same time. This is how the ambiguity of words arises. Multi-valued words have a figurative meaning, for example:
- the blue sea - the sea of wheat - the sea of the people;
- light burden - light hand - light industry.
Direct and figurative meaning of the word
Each word has a basic lexical meaning.
For example, desk- this is a school table, green- color of grass or foliage, there is- it means to eat.
The meaning of the word is called direct if the sound of a word accurately indicates an object, action or sign.
Sometimes the sound of one word is transferred to another object, action or feature based on similarity. The word has a new lexical meaning, which is called portable .
Consider examples of direct and figurative meanings of words. If a person says a word sea, he and his interlocutors have an image of a large body of water with salt water.
Rice. 1. Black Sea ()
This is the direct meaning of the word sea. And in combinations sea of lights, sea of people, sea of books we see the figurative meaning of the word sea, which means a lot of something or someone.
Rice. 2. City lights ()
Gold coins, earrings, goblet are items made of gold.
This is the direct meaning of the word gold. The phrases have a figurative meaning: goldenhair- hair with a brilliant yellow tint, skillful fingers- so they say about the ability to do something well, goldena heart- so they say about a person who does good.
Word heavy has a direct meaning - to have a significant mass. For example, heavy load, box, briefcase.
Rice. 6. Heavy load ()
The following phrases have a figurative meaning: heavy task- complex, which is not easy to solve; hard day- a hard day that requires effort; hard look- gloomy, severe.
girl jumping and temperature fluctuates.
In the first case - direct value, in the second - figurative (rapid change in temperature).
boy running- direct meaning. Time is running out- portable.
Frost bound the river- figurative meaning - means that the water in the river is frozen.
Rice. 11. River in winter ()
House wall- direct meaning. Heavy rain is: rain wall. This is a portable meaning.
Read the poem:
What is that wonder?
The sun is shining, the rain is falling
By the river is big beautiful
The rainbow bridge rises.
If the sun shines bright
The rain is pouring mischievously,
So this rain, children,
called mushroom!
Mushroom rain- figurative meaning.
As we already know, words with multiple meanings are polysemantic.
A figurative meaning is one of the meanings of a polysemantic word.
It is possible to determine in what meaning a word is used only from the context, i.e. in a sentence. For example:
Candles were burning on the table. direct meaning.
His eyes burned with happiness. Figurative meaning.
You can turn to the explanatory dictionary for help. The first is always given the direct meaning of the word, and then the figurative.
Consider an example.
Cold -
1. having a low temperature. Wash hands with cold water. A cold wind was blowing from the north.
2. Translated. About clothes. Cold coat.
3. Translated. About color. Cold shades of the picture.
4. Translated. About emotions. Cold look. Cold meeting.
Consolidation of knowledge in practice
Let's determine which of the highlighted words are used in a direct and which in a figurative sense.
At the table, the mother said:
- Enough chatting.
And son carefully:
- BUT dangle your feet can?
Rice. 16. Mom and son ()
Let's check: babble- figurative meaning; dangle your feet- direct.
Flocks of birds fly away
Away, beyond the blue sea,
All the trees are shining
in multicolored attire.
Rice. 17. Birds in autumn ()
Let's check: blue ocean- direct meaning; multi-colored tree decoration- portable.
The breeze asked as it flew by:
- Why are you rye, golden?
And in response, the spikelets rustle:
- Golden us arms are growing.
Let's check: golden rye- figurative meaning; golden hands- figurative meaning.
Let's write down the phrases and determine whether they are used in a direct or figurative sense.
Clean hands, an iron nail, a heavy suitcase, a wolf's appetite, a heavy character, Olympian calmness, an iron hand, a golden ring, a golden man, a wolf's skin.
Let's check: clean hands- direct, iron nail- direct, heavy bag- direct, wolfish appetite- portable, heavy character- portable, Olympian calm- portable, iron hand- portable, gold ring- direct, Golden man- portable, wolf skin- direct.
Let's make phrases, write down phrases in a figurative sense.
Evil (frost, wolf), black (paints, thoughts), runs (athlete, stream), hat (mother's, snow), tail (foxes, trains), hit (frost, with a hammer), drumming (rain, musician).
Let's check: an evil frost, black thoughts, a stream runs, a cap of snow, a tail of a train, frost hit, rain drums.
In this lesson, we learned that words have a direct and figurative meaning. The figurative meaning makes our speech figurative, vivid. Therefore, writers and poets are very fond of using figurative meaning in their works.
In the next lesson, we will learn what part of the word is called the root, learn how to highlight it in the word, talk about the meaning and functions of this part of the word.
- Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Enlightenment, 2012 (http://www.twirpx.com/file/1153023/)
- Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Balass.
- Ramzaeva T.G. Russian language. 2. - M.: Bustard.
- Openclass.ru ().
- Festival of pedagogical ideas "Open Lesson" ().
- sch15-apatity.ucoz.ru ().
- Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Enlightenment, 2012. Part 2. Do ex. 28 p. 21.
- Choose the correct answer to the following questions:
1. The vocabulary of the language is studied by science:
A) phonetics
B) syntax
C) lexicology
2. The word is used in a figurative sense in both phrases:
A) stone heart, build a bridge
B) the heat of the sun, stone edition
C) golden words, make plans
3. In which row are the words polysemantic:
A) star, artificial, stone
B) single, blinds, jockey
C) rocky, caftan, composer
- * Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, come up with 4-6 sentences with words field and to give, where these words are used in direct and figurative meanings.
