Participle gerund examples. Correct spelling: what is participle and participle, rules with examples

The answer to the question of how the participial turnover differs from the participle, lies in the terminology. It is enough to remember what their forming parts of speech are:

participle - an unconjugated form of the verb, which also has the features of an adjective, expressing the procedural attribute of the subject;
gerund - an unconjugated form of a verb that also has the features of an adverb, expressing a procedural sign of an action (more often it means an additional one).

The combination of participles and gerunds with grammatically dependent words is called turnovers.

Comparison

The considered syntactic constructions inherit all the properties and features of their fundamental parts of speech. The participial turnover denotes the temporal attribute of an object as an action that it produces or undergoes. Peter, head of the land gentry cadet corps, proved to be a worthy successor to the work of Munnich. The adverbial turnover denotes an additional action that characterizes another action. Sophia Augusta Frederica of Anhalt-Zerbst, having arrived in Russia, tried to become Ekaterina Alekseevna as soon as possible.

The difference between the participial turnover and the participial is easy to notice from the questions asked: the first one answers “what did / did / does?” or, more generally, "what?"; the second - “what are you doing/having done?” or “how/how?”.

The participial turnover is associated with a noun, numeral or pronoun, the participle - with a verb-predicate. It always refers to the person performing the main action. Berlioz able to speak verbosely, but meaningfully, a conversation with a supposedly foreigner was easy. Poet Homeless, forced to act as a listener I fully shared his point of view.

The adverbial turnover does not change, unlike the participle, which is declined by gender, number and case. A boy who bought chocolate, a girl who bought chocolate, first-graders who bought chocolate, a client who bought chocolate as a gift, a client who bought chocolate. The boy (girl, first-graders), having bought chocolate, went (-slid, - were) to the exit.

In the sentence, the participial turnover acts as an agreed-upon isolated definition (and is underlined by a wavy line during syntactic analysis), the participial - as a separate circumstance (graphically indicated by dots with a dash).

What is the difference between participle and participle in terms of punctuation? For the first, its location relative to the word being defined is important: when it comes in front of the sentence, the construction is highlighted with commas, when vice versa, no punctuation marks are placed between them. The participial turnover is isolated in any case if it refers to a personal pronoun, has an additional causal, conditional or clarifying meaning, and also if there are other members of the sentence between it and the word being defined.

The adverbial turnover is always distinguished by commas, if it is not part of a stable combination (slipshod, headlong). The exception is when it enters the semantic center of the statement. The students who were waiting for Kedrov, rather nervous and reverent in advance, dispersed in bewilderment. In addition, if he acts as a member of a sentence, homogeneous with a non-isolated circumstance, then he is not punctuated. Members of the institute commission studied the girl with the surname Brushtein suspiciously and frowning.

Table

Participial	Participial turnover
Formed by a participle with dependent words (has signs of an adjective)	Formed by a gerund with dependent words (has signs of an adverb)
Denotes a sign of an object, answers the questions “what did / did?”	Indicates an additional action, answers the questions “what by doing / having done?”
Refers to noun, pronoun, numeral	Refers to the verb-predicate
Changes in numbers, genders and cases	Doesn't change
Acts as a stand-alone definition	Acts as a separate circumstance
For isolation, the location relative to the word being defined is important	Is isolated regardless of the place in the sentence

In Russian, speech constructions can be enriched with participial and adverbial phrases. This article discusses the features and rules for the use of each type of turnover, examples of their competent use in speech are given.

Communion and gerund in Russian- these are special forms of the verb (some authors have independent parts of speech), which, together with dependent words, form special syntactic constructions: participial and adverbial phrases.

Participial, like a single participle, denotes a sign by action, answers questions Which? What? Doing what? What has done? and in the sentence refers to the word being defined. The syntactic role is a separate or non-separate definition.
Examples of sentences with participial turnover: Sitting by the window the boy put down the book and looked at his mother (the boy (who? who did what?) was sitting by the window). Furniture, brought from the cottage, we put in the corridor (furniture (what?) Brought from the dacha).
Participial turnover indicates an additional action, answers questions What do you do? Having done what? and in the sentence refers to the verb-predicate. It performs the syntactic role of a separate circumstance.
Examples of the use of adverbial turnover: Doing the exercise, the student noticed a typo in the textbook (notice (what while doing?) doing the exercise). Having cooked dinner, Katya decided to rest a little (decided to rest (what did she do?) Having cooked dinner).

Note! In the formation of participial turnover, the main word of the construction can only be a participle, and the participial turnover can only be a participle.

Isolation of participial revolutions

In a sentence, the isolation (separation by commas) of the participle in the sentence depends on its position in relation to the word being defined:

Before the word being defined, the participial turnover is not isolated.
Examples: Dima raised fallen off the hanger hat. Student redrawn given in the textbook scheme.
After the word being defined, the participial turnover is separated by commas on both sides.
Examples: Janitor, sweeping the leaves all morning went out for lunch. Painting, painted in modern style hung over the sofa.

Also, the participial turnover is isolated if it refers to a personal pronoun or expresses an adverbial meaning.

Examples: Moved to another group They haven't met yet. Worried about a friend, the man called the hospital every hour (called (why? what did you do?) worrying about a friend).

Isolation of adverbial phrases

The adverbial phrases have one rule of isolation in sentences - the adverbial phrase is always distinguished by commas, regardless of its position in relation to the verb-predicate.

Findings site

The participle denotes an additional action and refers to the verb. The participle indicates a sign of an object by action and refers to a noun or substantiated parts of speech.
Participles and participles answer different questions.
The adverb does not change. The participle can change according to the type of adjective.
The syntactic role of the participle is a circumstance. The participle acts as a definition.

Participles and participles

Rule: If the participial turnover is after the word being defined, then it is distinguished on both sides by commas: The blue southern sky, darkened by dust, is cloudy. Rule: In the suffix -enn-, after hissing under stress, e (e) is written, although it is pronounced [o]: burned, resolved. Rule: In short passive participles, one letter n is written: read, told. Rule: If the participle is formed from verbs in -at, -yat, then the letters a or i are written before -nn- and -n-: plow - plowed - plowed; to oblige - obligated - obligated. If the participle is formed from any other verbs (not on -at or -yat), then the letter e is written before -nn- and -n-: study - studied - studied. Rule: In full passive participles with suffixes -enn- and -nn-, two letters n (nn) are written if:

1) the sacrament has a prefix (except not): boiled fish, plowed field;

2) the sacrament has words dependent on it: fish fried in oil;
3) perfect participle: solved example;
4) the participle is formed from verbs with suffixes -ova-, -eva-, (-irova-): pickled mushrooms, asphalt highway. If the word does not have any of the listed features, it is written with one n: boiled fish, fried fish.
(p.146)
Rule: Not with full participles is written separately:
1) if the participle has dependent words, i.e. forms a participial turnover: On the table lay a letter that I had not sent. There was an unsent letter on the table;
2) if the sentence contains a contrast with the union a: The vase contained not wilted, but fresh flowers. Not with full participles it is written together:
1) if it does not have dependent words: incessant rain;
2) if the sacrament is not used without not: a hating look. With short participles, the particle is not written separately: The letter was not sent. Book not read.(p.146)

Rule: Particle not with gerunds is written separately: Answered without hesitation.
Rule:
The adverbial turnover is always distinguished by commas: Howling angrily, a cold autumn wind blows. Blowing, howling angrily, cold autumn wind. The cold autumn wind blows, howling angrily.

Participles have a number of correspondences among adjectives, partly in origin ascending to participles. These include:

1) Real participles of the present tense and adjectives with the same root:
Blushing - red;
bluish - blue;
whitening - white.

2) Present participles of the active voice (as well as reflexive ones) and adjectives with the suffix -uchy, -yuchy, -achiy, yachiy, which are Old Russian participles by origin:
flowing - loose;
seated - seated;
prickly - prickly.

3) The real participle of the present tense (usually with negation) and an adjective coinciding with the passive participle of the present tense with a negative prefix non-: Non-burning - fireproof;
not fading - unfading;
waterproof - waterproof.

4) Passive participles of the present tense (usually with negation) and adjectives with the prefix non- and the suffix -imy:
Invalid - invalid;
not conquered - invincible;
untamed - untamed.

5) Real past participles and adjectives formed from participles with the suffix -ly:
Tanned - tanned;
burnt - burnt;
blue - blue.

6) Further in meaning from participles are non-prefixed adjectives in -ly, which do not have participles that fully correspond to them; for them there are only more distant participles with prefixes:
Ripe - ripe;
mature - mature;
withered - sluggish.

7) Passive past participles and adjectives that were formed from these participles; usually the first with prefixes, and the second without prefixes:
Welded - boiled;
grated - grated;
broken - broken.

8) Real and passive participles and adjectives homonymous with them, formed from these participles:
a) A stone shining in the sun is a brilliant report.
A cape protruding into the sea is an outstanding figure.
Jackals wandering in the forest - a wandering smile. A director calling a technician is a calling tone.
b) A respected person is a respected comrade.
A driver-controlled car is a controlled balloon.

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Communion and participle

Communion and gerund in Russian- these are two special forms of the verb that differ in meaning, grammatical and syntactic features. Participles denote a sign by action and answer questions Which? Which? Doing what? What did you do? What has done? Participles indicate an additional action and answer questions What do you do? Having done what?

The rules regarding the use and spelling of participles and gerunds with examples are given in the table.

the presence of a full and short form;

-usch-/-yushch-/-asch-/-yashch-(real participles HB);

-vsh-/-sh-(real participles PV);

-em-/-om-/-im-(passive participles HB);

-nn-/-enn-/-t-(passive participles PV).

The syntactic role is a circumstance.

The girl was walking down the street smiling.

The syntactic role is a definition or part of a compound nominal predicate.

Features of participial and participle turnovers

Participle and participle turnovers are syntactic constructions that differ in common meaning and function in a sentence:

Participial turnover is a gerund with dependent words. In a sentence, as well as a single gerund, they perform the syntactic role of a separate circumstance (they are separated by commas on both sides) and denote an additional action.

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Material on the Russian language (grade 6) on the topic:
Table "The difference between a participle and a participle"

The table will help to understand the differences between participle and participle

Preview:

Table 1. Differences between participle and participle

What is he doing? What did you do? What did he do? What are you doing?

AS? HOW?

What am I doing? What did you do in? What did the lice do?

Developing, remembering, writing, moving

I develop, remember in, write lice

Refers to a noun (pronoun)

Refers to the verb (predicate)

Present tense: -usch-(yushch), - asch-(yashch) - valid.

Em-, -im- - passive

Vsh-, -sh- - real

Nn-, -enn-, -t- - passive

Imperfect form (present tense):

Perfect form (past tense):

Participle turnover is a participle with words dependent on it

Software is a separate definition

A participle turnover is a participle with words dependent on it

DO is a separate circumstance

There was a man on the porch who was engaged in arming people.

Pierre could not fall asleep for a long time, thinking about what had happened.

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Lesson of repetition and generalization of the studied material on the topics "Communion" and "Communion". Students are given a variety of assignments. The lesson is built using modular technology. Attached pre.

Synopsis of a lesson in the Russian language on the generalization of what was studied in the form of the game "Hour of Stars".

I taught this lesson while participating in the competition "Teacher of the Year". The class to which I was giving a lesson was unfamiliar to me (such was the condition of the test). But thanks to the skit at the beginning of the lesson, the guys a.

Synopsis of a generalizing lesson in the 6th grade according to the program of M.M. Razumovskaya.

The selected test material allows you to check your knowledge on the topics: "Communion" and "Gernal participles" most fully.

The lesson reinforces the skills of forming participles and gerunds, spelling their suffixes.

The collection is a control tests, verification work, allowing in practice to work out a difficult topic for sixth graders: "Communion and gerund". Tasks work out op.

2.7. Communion and participle

Difficulties associated with the use in speech of a special form of the verb - participles, can be divided into two groups: in the formation of participle forms and in the use of participles.

Errors in the formation of participles usually consist in the incorrect design of the formative basis (cf.: the use of the wrong form galloping instead of the normative galloping) and in the wrong choice of the formative suffix. Since the choice of a form-building basis is common for conjugated and non-conjugated forms, then in case of difficulty, you should use the recommendations given in paragraph 2.6.

When choosing a formative suffix in the formation of the participle form, pay special attention to the following cases.

1. Most of the real past participles are formed using suffixes -vsh- from the stem of the infinitive (past tense) ending in a vowel:

write - wrote, decide - decider.

The suffix -sh- is used if the stem of the infinitive ends in a consonant:

carry - carried, carry - carried.

2. Passive past participles use the suffixes -nn- (-n-), -enn- (-en-) and -t- ( cleaned, laid out, drunk). In speech, quite often there is a mistake associated with the use of one suffix instead of another.

For example, in a sentence: Cleaned up in the room- instead of the normative form removed with the suffix -n-, the suffix -t- was mistakenly used.

3. It should be remembered that when forming a participle, all derivational prefixes and suffixes of the verb must be preserved. The most common mistake is to drop the -sya suffix when forming participles from reflexive verbs.

For example, in a sentence: The wind tore off the leaves left on the trees– the suffix -sya was illegally omitted. The grammatically correct sentence would be: The wind blew the leaves off the trees.

4. It should be borne in mind that some verbs are characterized by the absence or uncommonness of certain forms of participles. So, according to the rules of Russian grammar, passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs:

Passive participles cannot be formed from verbs like get up, lie down etc., since these verbs cannot be combined with the accusative case without a preposition.

At the same time, the absence of separate forms of participles may be due not to grammatical laws, but to tradition.

arrest, protect, beat, take, wake, carry, twirl, twist, carry, knit, stroke, look, cook, warm, smash, load, gnaw, crush, hold, regret, fry, reap, wait, burn, call, know, have, boil, put, glue, prick, feed, paint, sculpt, heal, pour, revenge, grind, wash, find, plow, sing, bake, write, saw, drink, weed, spoil, hide, tear, cut, chop, salt, set, guard, dry, sprinkle, weave, stew, pull, teach, bury, clean, whisper, sew and etc.

2) There are no forms of passive past participles for transitive verbs:

When using participles in speech, special attention should be paid to the following points.

1. The opposition of real and passive participles is connected with the meaning they express.

Real participles (suffixes -usch-, -yushch-, -asch-, -yashch-, -vsh-, -sh-) denote a sign of who (what) directly performs the action:

singing girl, drawing boy.

Passive participles (suffixes -om-, -em-, -im-; -nn- (-n-), -enn- (-en-), -t-) indicate a sign of who (what) is experiencing the action:

a book being read, a magazine bought.

In speech, a fairly common mistake is to use real participles instead of passive participles, and vice versa.

For example, in a sentence: I had one ticket- the passive participle is unlawfully used, since in this case this construction means: I won a ticket, and not a specific prize, amount of money, etc. on a lucky ticket. Grammatically correct in this situation would be to use the real participle ( winning ticket), since the noun being defined does not experience, but produces an action.

2. In Russian, the passive meaning can be expressed both by passive participles and by active participles from reflexive verbs with the suffix -sya.

In some cases, both possible forms are used in the literary language:

a project approved by all - a project approved by all.

In other cases, either only the passive participle is used, or only the real participle from the reflexive verb.

Wed: built house - a house under construction.

Should be remembered that the main exponent of the meaning of passivity is precisely the passive participle, and where it exists, the return participle is usually unacceptable.

So, turns will be grammatically incorrect: a child dressed as a nanny; carpenter-made box. AT this case It is obligatory to use the passive participles: a child dressed as a nanny; a box made by a carpenter.

The reflexive participle is usually used when there is no corresponding passive participle in the language or it is of little use. For example, forms of passive past participles from imperfective verbs are not formed or are of little use.

Wed: a report written by a student last year; a report written by a student during the year.

3. It should also be remembered that in Russian there are no and cannot be participles of the future tense. You cannot use participles in relation to the future! Therefore, constructions like:

Within a few years, we will have a whole range of enterprises that can cause an ecological catastrophe.

When forming forms of gerunds, the following points must be taken into account.

1. Imperfect gerunds are formed from the stem of the present tense of imperfective verbs with the help of suffixes -а/-я:

take - take - taking; crying - crying - crying.

A number of imperfective verbs also form gerunds using the suffix -uchi/-yuchi:

being, riding, pitying, playfully, walking, sneaking.

However, they have not received any wide distribution in the literary language. Usually the forms in -uchi/-yuchi are perceived either as obsolete or as a means of stylization of folk and ancient speech.

In addition, not all imperfective verbs are able to form gerunds. As a rule, verbs that do not have vowels in the stems of the present tense do not form gerunds (cf .: weave - weave):

beat, twist, lie, bend, eat, reap(hand) reap(rye), wait, burn, lie, pour, crush, drink, tear, send, sleep, weave, rub, sew.

There are no or not used gerunds from verbs with alternation in the stems of the infinitive and the present tense of the consonants z–zh, s–sh (cf .: knit - knit, dance - dance j ut):

weigh, knit, seem, mow, lick, dance, cut, scratch.

Imperfect verbs do not form gerunds for -ch, for -nut:

protect, burn, be able, bake, whip, guard, cut, flow, wither, go out, stall, grow stronger, freeze, get wet, smell, sink, pull.

Imperfect participles from verbs are not used:

arrest, run, stab, climb, plow, sing, be born, be ashamed, want.

2. Perfective gerunds are formed from the stem of the infinitive (past tense) of perfective verbs mainly with the help of the suffix -v:

buy - bought, decide - decided.

From a number of verbs of the perfect form, gerunds are formed using the suffix -а / -я ( enter - entering, subtract - subtract etc.) or suffixes -lice, -shi ( offended, upset and etc.).

In the overwhelming majority of cases, forms with the suffix -в are used: they are shorter and more harmonious. Discordant forms of type having written M. Gorky especially emphasized. But it should be borne in mind that reflexive verbs usually have only one form - laughing, curled up. The use of the suffix -shi instead of the suffix -in is also characteristic of many verbs with a consonant stem: grow up - grown up; save - save.

The use of the suffix -а / -я in the formation of perfect participles (cf .: putting - putting, hearing - hearing, noticing - noticing) was quite common in the 19th and early 20th centuries. For example, such forms were widely used by M. Gorky: stooping, approaching, descending and others. Currently, many of these forms are out of use.

3. The main mistake in the formation of gerunds is the use of one suffix instead of another.

For example, in a sentence: I dialed the number, hung up- the form of the participle with the suffix -a was mistakenly used. From verbs with a stem to a sibilant, perfective gerunds are usually formed with the suffix -a, but the normative variant is the form with the suffix -v (putting handset).

Errors of this kind are quite frequent when using phraseological units. Many of them contain obsolete forms of gerunds ( put your hand on your heart, oh my head). Arbitrary replacement of such forms with modern forms in some idiomatic expressions ( rushed out of the head) is a mistake!

Quite regularly in speech, the so-called filling of “empty cells” is also observed, that is, the erroneous formation of gerunds from verbs that in the literary language cannot have gerunds at all (for example: Sleeping, he trembled).

Correct spelling: what is participle and participle, rules with examples

In Russian, there are special parts of speech adjacent to a noun or a verb. Some linguists consider them to be special verb forms and explain this by the presence of similar features.

Morphological features

Let's consider in detail what is participle and participle. Even ancient grammarians noted their duality, so they gave them a name meaning “involvement” in a noun, adjective or verb.

Declines, that is, changes in gender, number, cases, has a short and full form. At the same time, it has the properties of a verb. For example, having a view:

checking notebooks (imperfect view) - the one who checks (what is he doing?);
checked (perfect form) - the one who checked (what did he do?).

Besides , has a time value. This is a constant feature of these parts of speech, which have the form either present time(creating) or past(built). There is also the presence of a return form (recognized sya).

It is characterized by the presence of two pledges - passive and real. Passive participles designate a sign of an object that experiences an action on itself (received package - received the package). The real ones reflect the sign of an object that independently produces an action (a running person is the one who runs himself).

From the foregoing, the conclusion follows: this part of speech denotes a sign of an object by action, manifested in time.

gerund

The term originated in the 18th century, meaning " relation to action”, which is indicated by the first part of the word “dee-” (doer, deed). In modern grammar, such a name has a part of speech denoting additional action in relation to the main, expressed by the verb. Therefore, this form has verb features:

view perfect(opening), imperfect (closing);
recurrence(pretending camping).

Perhaps this is the limit of the similarity of the parts of speech under consideration, but there are numerous differences.

What is the difference

First of all, it should be noted that gerund does not change, that is, it does not decline and does not conjugate. Therefore, in his morphemic composition no flexion. On the contrary, participle endings are their hallmark.

To distinguish between these verb forms will help the questions they answer:

Full Communion(which (th; -th, -th)?); short (what (-a; -o, -s)?).
gerund(doing what? doing what? how? how?).

Another difference is the different syntactic role. The participle performs the function of circumstance (Bending, winding, a river into the distance.). Brief Communion is only a predicate (The doors to the world of beautiful dreams are open.). Complete can be:

definition (Foaming waves crashed against high, impregnable rocks.);
part of a compound nominal predicate (Bread was moldy).

The formation of participles and gerunds occurs in a suffixal way.

Participles are formed from verbs of the corresponding form. Table 1.

And participles. There is no need to talk about the mystery of these parts of speech: the question of their place in the morphology of the Russian language has not yet been resolved. Their main features, features and differences will be considered in our article.

Verbal formations

The fate of these parts of speech remains unknown. In the modern school curriculum, depending on the author of the educational and methodological complex, the concept of what participles and participles are is interpreted differently. Some authors, such as Razumovskaya, rightly consider them to be peculiar forms of the verb. Undoubtedly, there is some truth in this, since participles and participles were formed precisely from the verb.

Both of these versions have the right to exist, they are logical and each of them can be argued in its own way.

Here is such a mysterious, Russian language. Communion and participle are special forms that make our speech more dynamic and colorful.

Turnover with participle

Any part of speech is remarkable in its own way. And what are participles and gerunds, what do they do in a special sentence that other parts of speech cannot? Their main distinguishing feature is the formation of revolutions. This happens when one of them has dependent words.

For example: A girl walking in a summer garden admired nature. If we carefully consider this sentence, we will see that from the participle "walking" one can ask the question "where?". The answer will be the phrase "in the summer garden." This means that we have a sacramental turnover. It is much more competent and beautiful to use turns than to endlessly repeat the word “which”.

Do not forget to put commas if it is after your defined word (here it is “girl”). When parsing, the question arises: how to underline it? Everything is simple here: we ask a question from the word being defined: (girl) what? It is answered by a secondary member of the sentence, known to all of us - the definition. Therefore, it is worth emphasizing the entire revolution with a wavy line.

In the case when the turnover comes before its defined word, everything is different. You don't need to put commas there. The syntactic function of such a turnover is different - each part of speech in it is emphasized independently of each other.

Participial turnover

With him, things are a little different. Firstly, the gerund itself may not contain any dependent words, but, nevertheless, will be separated by commas. Linguists call it single.

For example: Without hesitation, he rushed into the burning house to save people.

As you can see, the participle is very similar in meaning to the adverb (here it answers the question “how?”). You can even replace it with this part of speech: He quickly rushed to the burning house to save people.

As in the case of the participle brother, the gerund participle can subjugate words and thereby form a turnover. Since it always performs only one role in a sentence, it is customary to call it. You can’t overdo it here with punctuation marks: commas are absolutely always put. And you don’t need to look at how the word being defined is located relative to this turnover.

For example: Without doing his homework, Misha went for a walk.

From the gerund "not having done" let's ask the question "what?" and get the answer - "homework". Before us is a participial turnover.

and gerunds

Word formation of each part of speech is studied by schoolchildren, starting from the fifth grade. Some of them (for example, a noun and an adjective) have several ways of appearing new words: not only prefixes and suffixes, but also addition and abbreviation. With participles and gerunds, everything is simpler: their main way of word formation is suffixal. It is by this morpheme that we distinguish them from other parts of speech.

Knowing what participles and gerunds are, remembering suffixes will not be difficult. You need to know a few simple rules. Do not forget that participles are divided into two large groups: active and passive.

The active participles in the present tense have the following suffixes: ush / yush (dancing, singing), ash / box (screaming, flying).

In the suffering I eat- (oscillating), -om- (drawn), im (dependent).

When participles are in the past tense, we will also distinguish them by pledge.

Valid adj. :- vsh- (bought), sh (grown up).

Suffering par. :- t- (split), -enn- (scrolled), -nn- (measured).

The main thing to do is to correctly determine the part of speech. Then the suffixes of participles, gerunds are much easier to remember. Moreover, they are similar to each other.

The gerunds do not have a pledge category, they differ only in time. Current Time: - a (slowly), -ya (guessing), -learn (being), -yuchi (sing along). Past tense: -in (having done), -lice (not knowing).

Conclusion

Suffixes of participles and gerunds are easy to remember in practice. It is enough to complete a few exercises on this topic to fix their spelling. Despite the apparent complexity of these verb forms, they will not present much difficulty for those who carefully read the rule.

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