How fast is the iceberg moving? Miracles from adp: a = icebergs and ice islands

Icebergs are giant floating ice mountains of various shapes that have broken off from the glaciers that cover the continents.

1. Melting glaciers. Glaciers of the Himalayas.

Glaciers are natural formations that are accumulations of ice of atmospheric origin. On the surface of our planet, glaciers occupy more than 16 million km 2, that is, about 11% of the total land area, and their total volume reaches 30 million km 3.

More than 99% of the entire area of the Earth's glaciers belongs to the polar regions. However, glaciers can be seen even near the equator, but they are located on the tops of high mountains. For example, the highest peak in Africa - Mount Kilimanjaro - is crowned with a glacier, which is located at least 4500 m.

The area where snow accumulates, which does not have time to completely melt during the summer period, is the area where the glacier feeds. It is here that a glacier is born from the snow.
In the feeding area, snow turns to ice in various ways. First, there is an enlargement of the crystals, a decrease in the space between them. This is how firn is formed - a transitional state from snow to ice. Further compaction under the pressure of the overlying snow leads to the formation of milky white ice (due to numerous air bubbles).

2. A giant glacier has broken up in Greenland.

Glaciers tend to flow, revealing plastic properties. This forms the tongue of the glacier, one or more. The speed of movement of glaciers reaches several hundred meters per year, but it does not remain constant. Since the plasticity of ice depends on temperature, the glacier moves faster in summer than in winter. Glacial tongues resemble rivers: atmospheric precipitation gathers in a channel and flows down the slopes.

Northern icebergs break away from the Greenland Ice Sheet. It annually throws more than 300 km 2 of ice into the ocean. In size, the northern icebergs are inferior to the southern, Antarctic ones. Most often, northern icebergs are 1-2 km long, but there are also those that reach 200 or even 300 km in length and more than 70 km in width. The height of individual ice mountains, together with the underwater part, can reach 600 m.

The sailing range of icebergs and the duration of their existence depend not only on the speed and direction of sea currents, but also on the properties of the iceberg itself. Very large and deeply frozen (up to -60°C) Antarctic icebergs exist for many years, sometimes even more than a decade.

Greenland icebergs are melting faster - in just 2-3 years. They are smaller, and their freezing temperature is not lower than -30°C.
Icebergs differ in shape depending on their origin. Greenland icebergs are dome-shaped ice mountains, less often they have a pyramidal shape. Antarctic icebergs most often have a flat surface and vertical sheer walls.

Table-shaped icebergs are characterized by flat, relatively even tops and huge sizes and are formed as a result of breaking off ice shelves. They consist of ice of various stages of formation - from compressed snow - firn, to solid glacier ice. The density of the main iceberg massif is from 0.5 to 0.8 g/cu. cm, which provides it with good buoyancy with a significant deepening of the underwater part.

The color of the icebergs is constantly changing: the freshly broken ice mass has a dull white color due to the high air content in the upper layers of the young firn ice. Gradually, air bubbles are replaced by drops of water, and the color acquires a delicate bluish tint.

Table-shaped icebergs can reach colossal sizes. In 1956, the Glacier icebreaker near Scott Island encountered an iceberg 385 kilometers long and 111 kilometers wide, which had been drifting in the ocean for many years - in 1959 it was discovered by the whaling ship Slava.

Ice giants are not uncommon - in December 1965, ice reconnaissance discovered an ice island with an area of \u200b\u200babout 7,000 square kilometers. Basically, table-shaped icebergs are much smaller than the record holders: the average length is 580 meters, the average height of the surface part is 28 meters, under water there are more than a hundred meters of ice block.

Pyramidal icebergs are formed as a result of long tongue glaciers sliding into the ocean, they have a pointed top and a high surface part. Their dimensions are relatively small: the average length is about 130 meters, height - 54 meters.

In 1904, the ship "Zenith" in the Falkland Islands met an iceberg 450 meters high, there were also higher pyramidal blocks.
They usually have a soft greenish or bluish hue, but darker icebergs are also found. The ice block contains a large amount of rock fragments, silt and sand absorbed by the glacier as it moves over land.

In 1773, the first press report appeared about black icebergs off the coast of Antarctica. Scientists have suggested that the black color of the icebergs is caused by the activity of volcanoes in the South Shetland Islands. The glaciers on these islands are covered with a thick layer of volcanic dust, which is not washed away even by sea water.

Icebergs in the northern and southern hemispheres pose a serious threat to navigation. Especially dangerous are the icy mountains of the North Atlantic, which, even on clear nights, are distinguishable from a distance of no more than 500 - 600 meters. At such a distance, the ship can no longer avoid a collision, even after working "full back".

In this area, the cold Labrador Current meets the warm waters of the Gulf Stream, which creates dense and prolonged fogs in which an iceberg can be detected from the bridge of the ship in a matter of minutes before the collision. Dozens of ships became victims of ice wanderers, thousands of people died.

Icebergs float up to about 40 latitudes in the northern and southern hemispheres and end up in areas of intense shipping, for which they pose a threat. The danger lies in the fact that, firstly, the ice reflects the sun's rays, cools the air and contributes to the formation of fogs; secondly, most of the iceberg (up to 90% of its volume) is under water.

Ship collisions usually occur on the invisible part of the iceberg.
The world was shocked by the death of the Titanic in April 1912, which, avoiding a direct collision with an iceberg, only slid its starboard side along its underwater part - two hours later only a few crowded boats remained on the surface of the ocean.
Of particular danger are old, melted icebergs, which are generally impossible to detect when the sea is rough. It was this iceberg that caused the Titanic disaster.

7. "Titanic"

In 1913, thirteen major maritime powers signed an agreement to establish the International Ice Patrol, with its headquarters in Newfoundland. It maintains contact with ships and aircraft in the patrol area, analyzes data
observations and provides timely notification of all ships about discovered icebergs.

Watching the movement of icebergs is a rather difficult task, since it is very difficult to predict in which direction and at what speed the ice hulk will move. To facilitate observation, the iceberg is marked with bright paint or an automatic radio beacon is dropped onto its surface.
Observational data obtained from space satellites give good results.
Now ships are equipped with special devices that warn of icebergs.

The measures taken gave tangible results - the disasters practically stopped, but on January 30, 1959, the Danish cargo-passenger ship Hans Hedhovt, with a displacement of 3,000 tons, collided with an iceberg and died with all passengers and crew. True, the collision took place outside the patrol area. It is impossible to guarantee the complete safety of ships in areas where icebergs occur, therefore, navigators on watch on the navigation bridge should be especially careful.

Swimming close to an iceberg is also dangerous - at a melted iceberg, the center of gravity shifts upwards, it is in a state of unstable equilibrium and can roll over at any moment. The tipping of the iceberg was observed from the ship "Ob" in the Davis Sea, and eyewitnesses described this event as follows: " In calm weather, there was a strong roar, comparable in strength to an artillery salvo. Those on the deck saw, at a distance of no more than one kilometer from the vessel, a slowly overturning pyramidal iceberg about forty meters high. Huge blocks of ice broke off from its surface and fell into the water with a roar. When the surface of the iceberg sank into the water with a noise, a rather large swell began to diverge from it, causing the ship to roll. On the surface of the sea, among the debris, a new, hilly and uneven tip of the iceberg slowly swayed.».

The edge of the iceberg may collapse, which also threatens the ship with serious consequences. Especially dangerous is the position of the vessel, sandwiched in the ice.
The iceberg, moving under the influence of the undercurrent, crushes the ice fields and, approaching the ship, can crush it.
Of the various projects for the destruction of icebergs, not one has been carried out: bombing is perceived by the ice giant as needle pricks, and a fantastic amount of energy is required to melt millions of tons of ice.

But icebergs can also serve as a source of fresh water, which is increasingly lacking for people. They are already developing projects to "capture" and tow icebergs to waterless regions of the Earth. The initiator of the first conference to discuss the problem of using icebergs was the king of Saudi Arabia, a country located in the desert.

In recent years, many parts of Africa and Australia have experienced an acute shortage of fresh water. Therefore, a project arose to tow individual icebergs to the shores of South Africa and Australia and use the water generated during their melting for industrial and other
goals. It has been calculated that one medium-sized iceberg can produce an amount of clean fresh water that can be compared to the flow of a large river.

In the southern latitudes of the oceans, in the areas of the "roaring forties", the ship even has nowhere to hide from the storm wind and waves - you will not find a single island for hundreds of miles around. Huge icebergs can become a reliable protection - from the leeward side, you can wait out the storm and carry out reloading operations from ship to ship. A flat area of table-shaped icebergs can be used as a runway for light aircraft.
But in carrying out these operations, one should constantly remember the insidious nature of icebergs, which at any moment can turn into a dangerous enemy.

The famous "Calypso" Jacques-Yves Cousteau was heading to Antarctica for oceanographic and meteorological observations.

10. "Calypso"

Hundreds of ice blocks surrounded a small ship, and then the troubles began: at first one screw failed, then the axis of the second screw broke - the ship lost control. Wind and waves drove the Calypso to the foot of a giant iceberg, which lurched suspiciously. Fragments of ice rained down on the deck of the ship in a hail, and another wave of Calypso hit the side of the iceberg - a one and a half meter hole was formed, but, fortunately, it was above the waterline.
Only the improvement of the weather saved the ship from destruction, it hardly reached the nearest island, from where it was towed to the South American harbor.

striped icebergs:

Steven Kazlowski photographed these majestic natural ice sculptures, which are carved by sea water and polar winds at the western tip of Antarctica. Breakaway icebergs float in Antarctic waters for years, and for years mother nature, like a skilled sculptor, creates intricate figures.

Colonnade in the iceberg - not photoshop!

Iceberg (German Eisberg, “ice mountain”) is a large, free-floating piece of ice in the ocean or sea.

As a rule, icebergs break off ice shelves.

The nature of icebergs was first correctly explained by the Russian scientist Mikhail Lomonosov.

Since the density of ice is 920 kg/m³ and the density of sea water is about 1025 kg/m³, about 90% of the iceberg's volume is under water.

In 2000, the largest iceberg known to date, B-15, with an area of over 10,000 km², broke away from the Ross Ice Shelf as a result of mechanical ablation.

In the spring of 2005, its fragment - iceberg B-15A - had a length of more than 115 kilometers and an area of \u200b\u200bmore than 2500 km² and was still the largest observed iceberg.
A breakaway iceberg from the Ross Ice Shelf, named B7B, measuring 19 kilometers by 8 kilometers (the ice area is larger than that of Hong Kong) was spotted in early 2010 by NASA and ESA satellite imagery at a distance of approximately 1,700 kilometers south of Australia.

The original size of this iceberg was about 400 square kilometers.

Icebergs of this size, so far from their source of origin, have not been recorded in the last hundred years of observations.

It took about 10 years for iceberg B7B to sail this far north. The coordinates of the iceberg B7B at the beginning of 2010 are -48.8, 107.548 ° S. sh. 107° E / 48.8°S sh. 107.5° E d..

If the iceberg is blue, it is most likely over 1000 years old.

Dark blue color have the so-called. "black" icebergs that have recently turned over in the water.

Icebergs pose a very great danger to navigation. One of the most famous examples of an iceberg colliding with a ship is the sinking of the Titanic in 1912.

They are carried away by sea currents. And the amazing thing is that sometimes icy mountains seem to float against the current.

This happens because only an eighth or a ninth of the entire iceberg rises above the surface of the water, the rest is submerged deep into the water, where the current is sometimes opposite to that on the surface.

Above the sea surface, icebergs can reach a height of 100m.

An ice mountain floating in warm waters is usually shrouded in dense fog - this is the water vapor of warmer air condensing over its cold surface.

The largest icebergs are born from the giant glaciers of Antarctica.

From time to time, deep cracks form in the glacier, and it splits into separate blocks.

The birth of an iceberg is a spectacular sight. A huge mass of ice with a roar, reminiscent of a monstrous explosion, falls into the water.

Even a relatively small ice mountain, 150 m thick, 2 km long and half a kilometer wide, contains almost 150 million tons of fresh water, and of very high quality.

This amount of water would be enough for a whole month for such a gigantic city as Moscow, with a population of many millions.

In the United States, projects are being developed to transport icebergs to the multi-million city of Los Angeles, to the port cities of South America, Africa, and Australia.

Once in the water, the iceberg sets sail.

Sooner or later, currents carry it to warmer latitudes, where it is washed by warm waters and slowly melts under the rays of the sun.

But especially large icebergs have time to move far south if they are Arctic icebergs, or far north if they are Antarctic.

In total, about 26 thousand icebergs come off the ice cover of the Arctic every year.

During the year, approximately 370 icebergs pose a threat to navigation. Therefore, in the open ocean, they are vigilantly monitored by a special service.

The construction of inhabited research bases is practiced on icebergs.
Even now, towing icebergs to arid regions is sometimes practiced.

Sources of information and some photographic materials.

Extracurricular activity in geography

Brain - ring "Connoisseurs of geography"

(grades 7-8)

Geography teacher: Pospelova Nadezhda Viktorovna

GBOU secondary school №121

Moscow

Goals:

To develop and arouse students' interest in the subject through extracurricular activities.
Systematize, repeat and consolidate the knowledge acquired by students in the classroom.
Expand students' horizons through additional information.
To instill in students a sense of collectivism, friendship, mutual assistance, responsibility.
Develop students' oral language and imagination.

Preparing for the game:

Preparing games for spectators
- Riddles-jokes
- Geographic charades
- Geographic anagrams
- Find the mistake in the story
- Find a match for a geographic feature
- puzzles
- Artist - illustrator
Preparation of the block "It's interesting"
- Poem "Greenland"
- Message "Ozone holes"
Prepare two teams for participation (4 people each from 6-9 grades)
Choose a jury
Submit an announcement about Geographic Evening
Prepare room decor
- Poster with the name of the game
- Statements about geography
- Musical arrangement

Equipment:

Certificates for teams - 2 pcs.
Tokens for spectators
game tables - 2 pcs.
Jury table
magnetic board, chalk -2 pcs.
Draw cards (2pcs-tsunami; 2pcs-volcano)
Outlines of South America - 2 pcs.
Cards with a logical row - 8 pcs. ("Geographic associations")
Prizes for spectators
Prizes for teams
Hourglass
Team name boards
For the jury: leaflets, pens, answers.
For teams: leaflets, pens, pencil, colored pencils.
the globe
Scarves for playing with spectators
cube
Cards - tasks (for the competition "geography and poetry")
Sign "ANTARCTIDA"
Outlines of Russia - 2 pcs.

Rules of the game:

The team chooses a captain
The captain is responsible for the order in the team, for giving answers: either he answers himself, or gives this opportunity to another.
Teams must be polite to their team members and to the other team.
The team is forbidden to argue and argue with the jury and the presenter.
The right of the first move is played out, the next right of move is given to the team that won the previous contest.
The jury evaluates the answers.
Teams roll a magic dice and the scores received on the dice are added to the points received for the competition.
The team with the most points wins.
During the game there will be two types of tasks: for time and for speed. Time - 4 minutes. If the task is for speed, then the team that answered faster and correctly wins. If the answer is incorrect, the other team gets the right to answer, but if they answered incorrectly, then the question is transferred to the audience. You cannot answer the same question twice.
The jury, for the bad behavior of the team, can remove from it from 1 to 3 points.

Game progress:

Introductory part.

1. Team draw.

2. The choice of captains.

3. Presentation of commands.

4. Presentation of the jury.

5. Oath of the jury:

We, the members of the jury, in the name of the great geographers, putting our hand on the symbol of geography - the model of the Earth, solemnly swear:

*Be honest and fair

*Be objective

* To judge experts, regardless of faces, but in spite of knowledge.

We swear, we swear, we swear!!!

6. Host:

Let the fight rage

May the strongest win our competition.

Let fate decide

And also your knowledge!

7. We play the right of the first move:

In what part of the world do only southerly winds blow? (at the North Pole)

Game block.

1 competition "Auction of the names of famous geographers"

Within 4 minutes, teams must write as many names as possible of people who have contributed to the development of geographical science.

* How many names - so many points

Game with the audience: geographical questions - jokes
The name of which river can be found in the mouth (Desna)
Which river is cut with a penknife (Prut)
If one letter is removed from the name of this bird, it will turn into the largest river in Europe (Ivolga - Volga)
The name of this city consists of a bird and an animal (Voronezh)
To which building should the letter “a” be added to get the name of a large and fast river (Angar - a)
This city can be found in compote (raisin)
This city is floating in the air (Eagle)
Name the most angry city (Grozny)
Which European city stands on a very soft spot (Paris on the Seine)
Name an island that recognizes itself as belonging to linen (I am a T-shirt)
This peninsula itself speaks of its size (I'm small)
If you put one small horse between two identical letters, you get the name of the state (I-pony-I)
If you read the name of this fish in reverse, you get a city in Italy (Bubble-Milan)
What notes on the river sailors measure their way (Mi-la-mi)
The name of this decorative flower must be combined with the title of the Tatar prince and a soft sign to make a port on the banks of the Volga River (Astra-khan-y)

2 competition "Guide"

The team receives a fragment of a map with the contours of the mainland "South America". You need to sign as many geographic features on a given continent as possible in 4 minutes.

* How many correct objects - so many points

For viewers: The poem "Greenland"

In the north, in the north, as well as in the south,

So many interesting things, almost unknown to us

And a fabulous miracle.

To the mysterious Greenland, the land of snow and ice,

From a geography lesson to atlases and maps

Our frigate is rushing.

Here the ice does not melt all year round, there are snow all around,

And the Eskimo doesn't hide his nose when it's cold outside.

And a strong storm.

Here everything is unusual for us, they live in an igloo

And they walk in this house not at all on the parquet -

On blue ice.

Our brave Eskimo bravely leads his kayak,

And we all know that the Eskimo is not only an experienced sailor,

But also a fisherman.

Half a year night, half a year day, the polar circle runs ...

And we are not too lazy to run after him, a seal waves its fins to us,

Our sweet new friend.

We looked around, and now it's time

We return to the lesson, waiting for us,

Our sailing frigate is completely chilled.

Questions:

What is Greenland (island)
What is the name of the people living there (Eskimos)
What is the name of their dwelling (Igloo)
What is the name of the Eskimo boat (kayak)

3 competition "This wonderful world of geography"

Teams choose two sections of geography for themselves, the leader asks them questions.

* Three points for each correct answer.

a) Orientation

On this small, uninhabited island, lost in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, as a result of a shipwreck, there were representatives of different nations. They built a raft, on which they expected to swim to the nearest land inhabited by people. But in which direction to sail on it? The comrades in misfortune on this issue began a dispute. At night, we can navigate the constellation called Arktos, the Greek suggested. My ancestors are Romans, objected the Italian, they chose only the constellation Ursus for this. And mine is a constellation called Utygan, - said the Mongol. I know for sure that the constellation "Beer" will not yield to any of the listed constellations in the correct determination of the direction to the north, - said the Anglo-Saxon. Our sailors would lead us, focusing solely on the chariot, - the Arab said with a sigh. Yes, so we will not agree soon, - the Russian interrupted his friends. Then he invited everyone to draw what they suggested. After that, not in the sand, everyone depicted the constellations they proposed. Moreover, they all turned out to be an exact copy of the same constellation of 7 stars. What constellation is this?

Answer: This is the constellation Ursa Major. It has been known as an important celestial landmark since ancient times. Among the finds of archaeologists, among the drawings, on stone slabs and metal plates, you can find images of 7 stars of the constellation Ursa Major. Already in ancient times, it served the people, and they considered it necessary to keep its image. The inhabitants of Ancient India also knew about the polar countries 6 or 7 thousand years ago, in which there are long black nights in winter, they knew about the white “frozen” sea and about the polar bears that live in those parts. They also knew that 7 bright northern stars point the way to this cold country. In many works of ancient authors, these northern countries were called the “land of bears”. Probably, it is for this reason that the constellation showing the way to the north was called Ursa Major.

b) "Hydrosphere"

What exactly did the geographer M.F. Mori describe in his book: “There is a river in the ocean: it does not dry up during severe droughts and does not overflow during the biggest flood. Its banks and channel are cold waters, between which its warm blue waters quickly flow. Nowhere in the world is there such a majestic stream. It is faster than the Amazon, faster than the Mississippi, and the mass of both rivers taken together will not be a thousandth of the volume of water that it carries?

Answer: This is the warm ocean current Gulf Stream.

c) "Atmosphere"

We all remember Chekhov's teacher of the Greek language, Belikov, "the man in the case," who constantly, even in dry and clear weather, went out into the street in galoshes and with an umbrella in his hands. Interestingly, the people of Honolulu do the same. Although they have nothing in common with the famous "man in a case" at all. Even when there is not a cloud in the sky, it is very warm, a breeze blows from the ocean, the Hawaiian goes out into the street with an umbrella, though without galoshes. The fact is that he goes to visit friends who live in this city in the next block, located higher up the mountainside. Why does a Honolulu man take an umbrella with him?

Answer: As stated in the problem, the city of Honolulu is located on the side of a mountain. The air flow, moving, encounters it, the air rises up. This process causes its cooling, vapor condensation occurs. Therefore, in different quarters of Honolulu, a different amount of precipitation falls: the higher the slope, the more it is. In the uppermost quarters of the city, precipitation falls 6 times more than in the lower ones. It is not surprising that all prudent inhabitants of the city, when they go "upstairs", not without reason, expect rain and take an umbrella with them.

d) "Relief"

The expedition, led by the great Russian traveler, searched for this lake for a long time in the wilderness of Central Asia. In the place where it was shown on the old Chinese map, the expedition members could not find the lake. It was much further south. Surprisingly, after a few decades, the lake returned to its old place. In 1923, another expedition found it where old Chinese maps indicated. What is this strange wandering lake? What is the reason for this? What is the name of the traveler who visited its shores?

Answer: This is Lake Lop Nor. He was visited by N.M. Przhevalsky. The location of the lake is associated with high water and the direction of the flow of the very capricious Tarim River.

Game with the audience: "Geographical charades"
Personal pronoun - beginning, 4. To a victory cry

The second is a preposition, add a consonant sound,

You will find the whole in Siberia, And the mountains will stretch

A river flows among the stones. From North to South.

(I-on) (Ural)

You probably know me, 5. The first syllable is a sea animal,

I am the hero of Pushkin's fairy tales, sometimes they hunt him,

But if you change “I” to “n”, And the interjection is the second,

Then immediately I will become a river. All the same, the state

(Elisei - Yenisei) Guess which one.

I am a Siberian river

Deep and wide

Instead of "e" you take "y"

I will become a satellite of the Earth.

(Lena - Luna)

4 competition "Geography and poetry"

You need to determine which place names are missing.

* for each correct answer - 3 points

Washes yellow....

red-hot steps

Royal graves.

/M.Yu.Lermontov/

No. 2. To lie on my mound,

Over the mighty river

To hear how it rages

Old …. under the steep

/T.Shevchenko/

No. 4. Though I am fate at the dawn of my days,

O southern mountains, cut off from you,

To remember them forever

There must be times:

Like the sweet song of my homeland,

I love ….

/M.Yu.Lermontov/

№3. …., …..,

In the spring of high water

That's not how you fill the fields.

Like the great grief of the people

Our land is full.

/N.A.Nekrasov/

No. 5. I fill my heart with a game

Words that I have found.

Who is behind the mountain?

Behind the mountain....

/A.Prokofiev/

No. 6. That the Oka is full-flowing soon

Will become the Volga, the great river,

And he will see... Sea,

Volga-Don, followed by Gidrostroy.

/A.Nikolaev/

Game with the audience "Artist"

They play in pairs. The host blindfolds the players, they draw a globe with three parallels and three meridians with their eyes closed.

5 contest "Overtaking"

* 1 point for each correct answer

The shallowest sea in Russia (Azov)
The deepest lake in Russia and the world (Baikal)
The largest lake in Russia and the world (Caspian)
The largest peninsula of Russia (Taimyr)
The largest island in Russia (Sakhalin)
The highest active volcano in Russia (Klyuchevskaya Sopka)
The highest mountain in Russia (Elbrus)
The most abundant river in Russia (Yenisei)
The largest river basin in Russia (Ob with Irtysh)
City of Russia with the northernmost tea plantations in the world (Sochi)
City of Russia with the highest winter temperatures (Sochi)
City of Russia with the lowest winter temperatures (Oymyakon)

6 competition "Competition of captains"

Who will make up more words from the word ANTARCTINA and who is the largest.

*one point for each word + 3 points for the largest word

Game with the audience "Find a couple"

Geographical objects are cut into pieces, whoever connects faster wins.

7th competition "Geographic associations »

According to the proposed logical series, it is necessary to guess the geographical term

*two points for a correctly guessed term

Wave , earthquake, speed, danger, disaster (tsunami)

River, sea, evaporation, cloud, precipitation (water cycle)

Wind, ocean, bottle, letter, Kuroshio (current)

Rocks, rapids, water, spectacle, crash (waterfall)

ocean, ice, mountain, danger, Titanic (iceberg)

Earthquake, warning, points, Richter, writes (seismograph)

Heaven, hell, 5000 species, hummingbird, hercules beetle (Selva, Amazon forest)

Heat, dry, amplitude, mirage, dune (desert)

Game with the audience "Rebuses"

8 competition "Who is more"

We need to write as many African records as possible.

* how many records - So many points

For viewers: Report "Ozone holes"

9 competition "Five tips »

1. Water is collected here from about half of the continent

2. Its area is 7 million km. 2

3. It is located in South America

4. It contains the Amazon River and its tributaries

5. This is the territory from which water is collected in the Amazon River

(Amazon river basin)

1. He collects water from 4 lakes

2. It is located in North America

3. It is located on the US-Canada border

4. He stopped for 30 hours

5. It is the most stormy in the world.

(Niagara Falls)

The temperature is higher than around.
Water does not freeze.
Birds nest on the rocks
It is located in Antarctica
There is one in the desert

(Oasis in Antarctica)

It is located on the East European Plain
It is located in the country of "Lakes and Granite"
It is located on the Sunna River
There is now a nature reserve with the same name
Its height is 11 meters.

(Kivach waterfall in Karelia)

Game with the audience "Geographic anagrams"

In each of the given words, you need to rearrange the letters so that you get the names of cities or rivers.

Bottom - Don
Hand - Kura
Game - Riga
Muar - Amur
Eyelids - Kyiv

And now in each of the listed place names you need to rearrange the letters so that you get other place names

Neva - Vienna
Iraq - Cairo
Tokyo - Kyoto
Cuba - Baku

10 contest "Restore the map" - contest of artists

Teams get the outlines of Russia, which team will paint more accurately.

*Maximum - 5 points.

Game with the audience "Find the mistake in the story"

... Apparently, we were washed up on the African coast ... Our ships, made of a giant tree velvichia , were broken. We decided to go deep into the mainland in search of food and water ... The area was a savannah, which was teeming with animals. A herd of antelopes could be seen in the distance, the long necks of giraffes and their okapi relatives flashed by. One day, several pygmy hippos blocked our path, and a lion's roar was heard in the distance.

Of the vegetation, baobabs were occasionally encountered, surprising with their size. We have reached the Zambezi tributary, the locals Arabs helped us get to kayaks . About 45 0 S the savannah has turned into a woodland. When the third week was up, we came to the Zambezi River. We swam in Songwe, as the locals called it. Nilotic . The water was calm and clear, the current was almost not felt ...

Game with the audience "Geographical chain"

The guys take turns calling cities and states with the letter “G”, whoever doesn’t name comes out.

Final block

Jury's word
Rewarding

Certificates
Prizes for players
Prizes for viewers
The winning team - "5" each
Final word from the teacher.

Answers for the jury

Competition No. 4:

No. 1 - Nile; No. 2 - Dnieper; No. 3 - Volga;

No. 4 - Caucasus; No. 5 - Baikal; No. 6 - Caspian.

Contest No. 5:

Azov, Caspian, Baikal, Taimyr, Sakhalin, Klyuchevskaya Sopka, Elbrus, Yenisei, Ob, Sochi, Sochi, Oymyakon.

Competition No. 7:

#1 - tsunami #5 - iceberg

No. 2 - water cycle No. 6 - seismograph

No. 3 - current No. 6 - selva (Amazon forest)

No. 4 - waterfall No. 7 - desert

Competition No. 8:

Located on four hemispheres
Ethiopia is the birthplace of the most valuable (hard) varieties of wheat
the longest land faults in the earth's crust - East African
The largest number of diamonds are mined
The hardest diamonds are mined
Largest Cullinan diamond found
hottest continent
Tripoli - the highest temperature recorded (+58 0)
The largest desert is the Sahara
hottest sahara desert
The longest river in the world is the Nile
Widest Victoria Falls
The longest freshwater lake in Tanganyika
The largest great apes - Gorillas
The largest concentration of large animals
The smallest bird on earth - Sunflower Hummingbird
The largest bird on earth - the African ostrich Emu
Welwitschia plant - only in Africa
Marabou bird - only in Africa
Kenya has the highest birth rate in the world
Kalahari Desert - river goes underground
The Congo River is the deepest river in the Eastern Hemisphere

Competition No. 9:

Amazon river basin
Niagara Falls
Oasis in Antarctica
Waterfall Kivach

Last December, photographer Alex Cornell was lucky enough to photograph an amazing blue iceberg during his expedition to Antarctica. It turned out that the iceberg turned over and that part of the iceberg, which is usually under water, became visible. Very beautiful color, I have never seen anything like it before.

Video of how icebergs can turn:

Just beautiful

After these photos, Osya and I talked a lot about icebergs, and here are some interesting facts that you can tell the children:

1. How are icebergs formed?

They break away from large shelf (i.e. floating or bottom-supported) glaciers.

You can launch a small boat and several frozen ice floes in colored water with foam. And arrange a study - what exactly is floating in front of the ship - just a giant ice floe or a real iceberg?

- In plastic forms (for example, from ice cream), you can freeze flat ice floes if you do not pour a lot of water into them.
- Uneven ice will turn out if you freeze water in crumpled plastic cups. It's just better not to wrinkle, otherwise they will crack.
- Separately, you can freeze water in special forms for ice, and then these ice pieces will easily stick to each other and you can make different "icebergs".

We checked whether the iceberg really does not sink, and how much it sinks into the water.

2. Iceberg types. Icebergs are table-shaped, dome-shaped and pyramidal. An iceberg with a flat surface can easily be mistaken for an island. And it is convenient to live on it if you are a penguin.

And there are also "dry dock" icebergs - the middle of such an iceberg lies below the surface of the water.

We tried to make icebergs of different shapes, it turns out very funny. The best iceberg is made from ice in a salad bowl.
At the same time, we discussed the bottom of the iceberg. Scientists know cases when icebergs drifted against the current. And Osya guessed for a long time how it could be? And the thing is that only a third or a quarter of the entire iceberg rises above the surface, while the rest is submerged in water, and there is so much of it that it is "controlled" by active undercurrents.

3. The biggest iceberg:
In 2000, the largest known iceberg (B-15) in history broke away from the Ross Ice Shelf, reaching 295 km in length and 37 km. It's very hard to imagine, I think.

4. I wonder what these ice giants can travel great distances. For example, icebergs from the Arctic swim almost to Bermuda, located at a distance of 4,000 km from the place of their formation. But Antarctic icebergs can be seen in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro. And this is more than 5,000 km from the coast of Antarctica!

5. Sail away so far icebergs can be very dangerous for shipping. Everyone knows the tragic fate of the English passenger liner Titanic, which on April 14, 1912 collided with a huge iceberg and sank as a result. Shortly thereafter, the International Ice Patrol was created, which monitors the movement of icebergs and warns ships of possible danger. And since the beginning of the work of the ice patrol in the North Atlantic, not one person has died from a collision with icebergs.

It is very interesting that it turns out that there is a tug of icebergs. In the ocean, the Atlantic Eagle is fighting large icebergs.

Its sole purpose is to move the iceberg a few degrees off an undesirable course. When a tugboat approaches an iceberg, its crew receives an image of the underwater part of the iceberg using radar. Then the tugboat goes around it, bending around the ice floe and unwinding hundreds of meters of a powerful cable. Having made a loop, both ends are fixed on the ship with huge brackets. Then, increasing the power of the vessel, they move the iceberg from its place. All this can be very dangerous, because if the iceberg suddenly decides to capsize, then it will cause a huge wave or split, and this can lead to the sinking of the ship.

6. iceberg color

Young icebergs are white in color and are composed of ice and air bubbles. These air bubbles form in a glacier from which an iceberg breaks off. When the snow is compressed and turns into ice grains, part of the air is also "pressed" into the ice and can occupy up to 15% of the iceberg's volume. When the glacier moves, cracks form in it. They are filled with water, which, unlike snow, freezes without bubbles. Then blue streaks appear in the iceberg: this is ice free from air.
This is how striped icebergs appear.

They write that in this iceberg, when drifting, sea water with algae got into the cracks and froze:

And there are also “black” icebergs: they are formed when the glacier begins to move and “removes” layers of rock or soil from the surface, which later form black in its thickness. And the black color in icebergs may be a remnant of volcanic dust that covers their parent glaciers.

Preview:

Geographic brain ring

for grades 8-9

"Our home is planet Earth"

Rules of the game:

The team chooses a captain
The captain is responsible for the order in the team, for giving answers: either he answers himself, or gives this opportunity to another.
Teams must be polite to their team members and to the other team.
The team is forbidden to argue and argue with the jury and the presenter.
The right of the first move is played out, the next right of move is given to the team that won the previous contest.
The jury evaluates the answers.
The team with the most points wins.
During the game there will be two types of tasks: for time and for speed. Time - 2-3 minutes. If the task is for speed, then the team that answered faster and correctly wins. If the answer is incorrect, the other team gets the right to answer, but if they answered incorrectly, then the question is transferred to the audience. You cannot answer the same question twice.
The jury, for the bad behavior of the team, can deduct 1 point from it

Game progress:

Introductory part.

1. Team draw.

2. The choice of captains.

3. Presentation of commands.

4. Oath of the jury:

We, the members of the jury, in the name of the great geographers, putting our hand on the symbol of geography - the model of the Earth, solemnly swear:

*Be honest and fair

*Be objective

* To judge experts, regardless of faces, but in spite of knowledge.

We swear, we swear, we swear!!!

5. Presenter:

Let the fight rage

May the strongest win our competition.

Let fate decide

And also your knowledge!

6. We play the right of the first move:

In what part of the world do only southerly winds blow? (at the North Pole)

1 competition "Auction of the names of famous geographers"

Within 3 minutes, teams must write as many names as possible of people who have contributed to the development of geographical science.

* How many names - so many points

2 competition "This wonderful world of geography"

Teams choose two sections of geography for themselves, the leader asks them questions.

* Three points for each correct answer.

a) Orientation

Answer: This is the constellation Ursa Major.. It has been known as an important celestial landmark since ancient times. Among the finds of archaeologists, among the drawings, on stone slabs and metal plates, you can find images of 7 stars of the constellation Ursa Major. Already in ancient times, it served the people, and they considered it necessary to keep its image. The inhabitants of Ancient India also knew about the polar countries 6 or 7 thousand years ago, in which there are long black nights in winter, they knew about the white “frozen” sea and about the polar bears that live in those parts. They also knew that 7 bright northern stars point the way to this cold country. In many works of ancient authors, these northern countries were called the “land of bears”. Probably, it is for this reason that the constellation showing the way to the north was called Ursa Major.

Team Victoria

b) "Hydrosphere"

Answer: This is a warm ocean current Gulf Stream.

c) "Natural phenomenon"

“... Everything here is saturated with the smell of sulfur. The slopes are covered with outlandish flowers made of crystalline sulfur, whitish patterns of ammonia, roses of the finest workmanship. Siliceous deposits of salts of mineralized water are visible everywhere. These are deposits of either pearl, brown, or bright orange hues. There are many small lakes and puddles of various colors around, from sky blue and turquoise to brick red. Mud pots snort and spit in the thickets of the silk mantle, and on the slopes every centimeter puffs, gurgles ... "

Answer: They are geysers.

G) "… It's a terrible, deadly thing. It is the death of all living things. She is the fatal error of the heavens, a defect in the complex mechanism of the solar system. She's terrible, but at the same time, she's gorgeous. She is deadly, but one can hardly find a more beautiful sight on earth than her. While it lasts, people and animals are threatened with death and madness. Her arrival is heralded in the early twilight. And then a terrible hour comes, and evil spirits fall upon the country. Far to the south, in forest huts, the descendants of the first settlers tell their children wonderful tales about the celestial Flying Dutchman, and in the North, the inhabitants whisper to each other: “Evil spirits have played out, and the demons have eclipsed the sunny face with their charms.” And for many agonizing months the struggle for existence continues, in which the strongest wins .... " (James Oliver Curwood. "Lightning")

Answer: This is polar night.

e) "Mineral resources"

It can also be found in the mountains in the form of crystals. In another way it is called halite, and this name comes from the Greek word "gallos". It is the only mineral that can be eaten. In color, it is predominantly white, it can be found colorless. Sometimes, due to impurities of other minerals, it acquires an intense blue or red color. What is this mineral?

Answer: Salt

3rd competition "Geography and poetry"

You need to determine which place names are missing.

* for each correct answer - 3 points

Washes yellow....

red-hot steps

Royal graves.

/M.Yu.Lermontov/

No. 2. To lie on my mound,

Over the mighty river

To hear how it rages

Old …. under the steep

/T.Shevchenko/

No. 4. Though I am fate at the dawn of my days,

O southern mountains, cut off from you,

To remember them forever

There must be times:

Like the sweet song of my homeland,

I love ….

/M.Yu.Lermontov/

№3. …., …..,

In the spring of high water

That's not how you fill the fields.

Like the great grief of the people

Our land is full.

/N.A.Nekrasov/

No. 5. I fill my heart with a game

Words that I have found.

Who is behind the mountain?

Behind the mountain....

/A.Prokofiev/

No. 6. That the Oka is full-flowing soon

Will become the Volga, the great river,

And he will see... Sea,

Volga-Don, followed by Gidrostroy.

/A.Nikolaev/

Answers:

No. 1 - Nile; No. 2 - Dnieper; No. 3 - Volga;

No. 4 - Caucasus; No. 5 - Baikal; No. 6 - Caspian.

Team "Young Geographers"

4 competition "Artist"

They play in pairs. The host blindfolds the players, they draw a globe with three parallels and three meridians with their eyes closed.

5 contest "Overtaking"

* 1 point for each correct answer

The shallowest sea in Russia (Azov)
The deepest lake in Russia and the world (Baikal)
The largest lake in Russia and the world (Caspian)
The largest peninsula of Russia (Taimyr)
The largest island in Russia (Sakhalin)
The highest active volcano in Russia (Klyuchevskaya Sopka)
The highest mountain in Russia (Elbrus)
The most abundant river in Russia (Yenisei)
The largest river basin in Russia (Ob with Irtysh)
City of Russia with the northernmost tea plantations in the world (Sochi)
City of Russia with the highest winter temperatures (Sochi)
City of Russia with the lowest winter temperatures (Oymyakon)

6 competition "Competition of captains"

Who will make up more words from the word ANTARCTINA and who is the largest.

*one point for each word + 3 points for the largest word

7th competition "Geographical associations"

According to the proposed logical series, it is necessary to guess the geographical term

*two points for a correctly guessed term

№1:

Wave , earthquake, speed, danger, disaster(tsunami)

№2:

River, sea, evaporation, cloud, precipitation(The water cycle)

№3:

Wind, ocean, bottle, letter, Kuroshio(flow)

№4:

Rocks, rapids, water, spectacle, roar(waterfall)

№5:

ocean, ice, mountain, danger, Titanic(iceberg)

№6:

Earthquake, warning, points, Richter, writes (seismograph)

№7:

Heaven, hell, 5000 species, hummingbird, hercules beetle (Selva, Amazon forest)

№8:

Heat, dry, amplitude, mirage, dune(desert)

8 competition "Puzzles"

You need to write as many guessing puzzles as possible

9 competition "Five tips"

№1

1. Water is collected here from about half of the continent

2. Its area is 7 million km. 2

3. It is located in South America

4. It contains the Amazon River and its tributaries

5. This is the territory from which water is collected in the Amazon River

(Amazon river basin)

№2

The temperature is higher than around.
Water does not freeze.
Birds nest on the rocks
It is located in Antarctica
There is one in the desert

(Oasis in Antarctica)

№3

It is located on the East European Plain
It is located in the country of "Lakes and Granite"
It is located on the Sunna River
There is now a nature reserve with the same name
Its height is 11 meters.

(Kivach waterfall in Karelia)

10 competition "Geographic duel"

In 4 minutes, the teams must name as many geographical instruments as possible. For each correct device - 1 point.

SUMMARIZING.

Jury presentation.

The first place was taken by the team "Young geographers"

2nd place - team "Victoria"

Portal for the student. Self-training

Preview:

RELATED ARTICLES