trail view	Definition
1. Comparison	Figurative definition of an object, phenomenon, action based on its comparison with another object, phenomenon, action. Comparison is always binomial: it has a subject (what is being compared) and a predicate (what is being compared).	Under blue skies splendid carpets, Glittering in the sun snow lies(Pushkin). Seven hills as seven bells (Tsvetaeva)
2. Metaphor	The transfer of a name from one object, phenomenon or action to another based on their similarity. A metaphor is a convoluted comparison in which the subject and predicate are combined in one word.	At seven bells- bell towers (Tsvetaeva). Lit east dawn new (Pushkin)
3. Metonymy	Transfer of a name from one object, phenomenon or action to another based on their adjacency	Only heard on the street somewhere Lonely wanders harmonic(Isakovsky)
	Figurative (metaphorical, metonymic) definition of an object, phenomenon or action	Through wavy fogs The moon is sneaking, On sad glades liet sadly she is the light (Pushkin)
5. Personification	Such a metaphor in which inanimate objects are endowed with the properties of a living being or non-personal objects (plants, animals) with human properties	Sea laughed(M. Gorky).
6. Hyperbole	Figurative exaggeration	Tears the mouth of a yawn wider than the Gulf of Mexico(Mayakovsky).
	figurative understatement	Below a thin blade We must bow our heads (Nekrasov)
8. Paraphrase	Replacing a word with a figurative descriptive phrase	With a clear smile, nature meets through a dream morning of the year(Pushkin). Morning of the year Spring.
	The use of a word in a sense opposite to the literal, for the purpose of ridicule	breakaway, smart, are you heading? (referring to the donkey in Krylov's fable)
10. Allegory	Biplanar use of a word, expression or a whole text in a literal and figurative (allegorical) sense	"Wolves and Sheep" (the title of the play by A. N. Ostrovsky, implying the strong, those in power and their victims)

2.3 Figure is a set of syntactic means of speech expressiveness, the most important of which are stylistic (rhetorical) figures.

Stylistic figures - these are symmetrical syntactic constructions based on various kinds of repetitions, omissions and changes in the order of words in order to create expressiveness.

The main types of figures

Type of figure	Definition
1. Anaphora and epiphora	Anaphora (unity) - repetition of words or expressions at the beginning of adjacent fragments of text. Epiphora (ending) - repetition of words or expressions at the end of adjacent fragments of text.	Us drove youth On a saber hike Us abandoned youth On the Kronstadt ice. War horses carried away us, On a wide area Killed us(Bagritsky)
	A syntactic construction in which the beginning of the next fragment mirrors the ending of the previous one.	Youth is not lost Youth is alive! (Bagritsky)
3. Parallelism	The same syntactic structure of adjacent fragments of text	We have a road for young people everywhere, Old people are honored everywhere (Lebedev-Kumach).
4. Inversion	Breaking the normal word order	Discordant sounds were heard from calls (Nekrasov)
5. Antithesis	Contrasting two adjacent constructions, identical in structure, but opposite in meaning	I am a king, I am a slave I am a worm - I am God (Derzhavin).
6. Oxymoron	The combination in one construction of words that contradict each other in meaning	"The Living Corpse" (the title of the play by L. N. Tolstoy).
7. Gradation	Such an arrangement of words, in which each subsequent one strengthens the meaning of the previous one (ascending gradation) or weakens it (descending gradation).	Go, run, fly and avenge us (Pierre Corneille).
8. Ellipsis	Intentional omission of any implied member of the sentence in order to enhance the expressiveness of speech	We sat down - in the ashes, Cities to ashes In swords - sickles and plows (Zhukovsky).
9. Default	Intentional interruption of the statement, enabling the reader (listener) to independently think it out	No, I wanted ... maybe you ... I thought It was time for the baron to die (Pushkin).
10. Multi-union and non-union	Intentional use of repeated alliances (polyunion) or omission of alliances (non-union)	And snow, and wind, and night flight of stars (Oshanin). Either the plague will pick me up, Or the frost will ossify, Or a barrier will slam into my forehead A sluggish invalid (Pushkin). Swede, Russian - stabs, cuts, cuts (Pushkin).
11. Rhetorical questions, exclamations, appeals	Questions, exclamations, appeals that do not require an answer, designed to draw the attention of the reader (listener) to the depicted	Moscow! Moscow! I love you like a son (Lermontov). What is he looking for in a distant country? What did he throw in his native land? (Lermontov)
12. Period	Circularly closing syntactic construction, in the center of which is anaphoric parallelism	For everything, for everything you thank you I: Behind secret torments of passions, Behind the bitterness of tears, the poison of a kiss, Behind revenge of enemies and slander Behind the heat of the soul, wasted in a desert, Behind everything that I deceive in life Stand only so that you I won't be long thanked (Lermontov).

three styles:

Tall(solemn),

Average(mediocre),

Short(simple)

Cicero wrote that the ideal orator is one who can talk about the low simply, about the high - importantly and about the average - moderately.

Every day we are faced with a mass of means of artistic expression, we often use them in speech ourselves, without even meaning it. We remind mom that she has golden hands; we remember bast shoes, while they have long gone out of general use; we are afraid to get a pig in a poke and exaggerate objects and phenomena. All these are tropes, examples of which can be found not only in fiction, but also in the oral speech of every person.

What is expressiveness?

The term "paths" comes from the Greek word tropos, which in translation into Russian means "turn of speech". They are used to give figurative speech, with their help, poetic and prose works become incredibly expressive. Tropes in literature, examples of which can be found in almost any poem or story, constitute a separate layer in modern philological science. Depending on the situation of use, they are divided into lexical means, rhetorical and syntactic figures. Tropes are widespread not only in fiction, but also in oratory, and even everyday speech.

Lexical means of the Russian language

Every day we use words that in one way or another decorate speech, make it more expressive. Vivid tropes, examples of which are countless, are no less important than lexical means.

• Antonyms- Words that are opposite in meaning.
• Synonyms- lexical units that are close in meaning.
• Phraseologisms- stable combinations, consisting of two or more lexical units, which, according to semantics, can be equated to one word.
• Dialectisms- words that are common only in a certain territory.
• Archaisms- obsolete words denoting objects or phenomena, modern analogues of which are present in the culture and everyday life of a person.
• historicisms- terms denoting objects or phenomena that have already disappeared.

Tropes in Russian (examples)

At present, the means of artistic expression are magnificently demonstrated in the works of the classics. Most often these are poems, ballads, poems, sometimes stories and novels. They decorate speech and give it imagery.

• Metonymy- substitution of one word for another by adjacency. For example: At midnight on New Year's Eve, the whole street went out to let off fireworks.
• Epithet- a figurative definition that gives the subject an additional characteristic. For example: Mashenka had magnificent silk curls.
• Synecdoche- the name of the part instead of the whole. For example: A Russian, a Finn, an Englishman, and a Tatar study at the Faculty of International Relations.
• personification- the assignment of animate qualities to an inanimate object or phenomenon. For example: The weather was worried, angry, raging, and a minute later it started to rain.
• Comparison- an expression based on a comparison of two objects. For example: Your face is fragrant and pale, like a spring flower.
• Metaphor- transferring the properties of one object to another. For example: Our mother has golden hands.

Tropes in literature (examples)

The presented means of artistic expression are less often used in the speech of a modern person, but this does not diminish their significance in the literary heritage of great writers and poets. Thus, litotes and hyperbole often find use in satirical stories, and allegory in fables. Paraphrase is used to avoid repetition in or speech.

• Litotes- artistic understatement. For example: A man with a fingernail works at our factory.
• paraphrase- replacement of a direct name with a descriptive expression. For example: The night luminary is especially yellow today (about the Moon).
• Allegory- the image of abstract objects with images. For example: Human qualities - cunning, cowardice, clumsiness - are revealed in the form of a fox, a hare, a bear.
• Hyperbola- Deliberate exaggeration. For example: My buddy has incredibly huge ears, about the size of a head.

Rhetorical figures

The idea of ​​each writer is to intrigue his reader and not demand an answer to the problems posed. A similar effect is achieved through the use of rhetorical questions, exclamations, appeals, silences in a work of art. All these are tropes and figures of speech, examples of which are probably familiar to every person. Their use in everyday speech is approving, the main thing is to know the situation when it is appropriate.

A rhetorical question is put at the end of a sentence and does not require a response from the reader. It makes you think about the real issues.

The incentive offer ends. Using this figure, the writer calls for action. The exclamation should also be classified under the "paths" section.

Examples of rhetorical appeal can be found in "To the Sea"), in Lermontov ("The Death of a Poet"), as well as in many other classics. It does not apply to a specific person, but to the entire generation or era as a whole. Using it in a work of art, the writer can blame or, conversely, approve of actions.

Rhetorical silence is actively used in lyrical digressions. The writer does not express his thought to the end and gives rise to further reasoning.

Syntactic figures

Such techniques are achieved through sentence construction and include word order, punctuation; they contribute to intriguing and interesting sentence design, which is why every writer strives to use these tropes. Examples are especially noticeable when reading the work.

• polyunion- deliberate increase in the number of unions in the proposal.
• Asyndeton- the absence of unions when listing objects, actions or phenomena.
• Syntax parallelism- comparison of two phenomena by their parallel image.
• Ellipsis- deliberate omission of a number of words in a sentence.
• Inversion- violation of the order of words in the construction.
• Parceling- intentional segmentation of the sentence.

Figures of speech

Tropes in Russian, examples of which are given above, can be continued indefinitely, but do not forget that there is another conditionally distinguished section of means of expression. Artistic figures play an important role in written and oral speech.

Table of all trails with examples

It is important for high school students, graduates of humanitarian faculties and philologists to know the variety of means of artistic expression and the cases of their use in the works of classics and contemporaries. If you want to know in more detail what tropes are, a table with examples will replace dozens of literary critical articles for you.

Lexical means and examples
Synonyms	Let us be humiliated and offended, but we deserve a better life.
Antonyms	My life is nothing but black and white stripes.
Phraseologisms	Before buying jeans, find out about their quality, otherwise you will be slipped a pig in a poke.
Archaisms	Barbers (hairdressers) do their job quickly and efficiently.
historicisms	Bast shoes are an original and necessary thing, but not everyone has them today.
Dialectisms	Kozyuli (snakes) were found in this area.
Stylistic tropes (examples)
Metaphor	You have my friend.
personification	The leaves sway and dance in the wind.
	The red sun sets over the horizon.
Metonymy	I've already eaten three bowls.
Synecdoche	The consumer always chooses quality products.
paraphrase	Let's go to the zoo to look at the king of animals (about the lion).
Allegory	You are a real donkey (about stupidity).
Hyperbola	I've been waiting for you for three hours!
	Is this a man? A man with a fingernail, and nothing more!
Syntactic figures (examples)
	How many of those with whom I can be sad How few I can love.
	We'll go raspberry! Do you like raspberries? Not? Tell Daniel Let's go for raspberries.
gradation	I think about you, I miss you, I remember you, I miss you, I pray.
Pun	I, through your fault, began to drown sadness in wine.
Rhetorical figures (address, exclamation, question, default)	When will you, the younger generation, become polite? Oh what a wonderful day today! And you say that you know the material superbly? Come home soon - look...
polyunion	I perfectly know algebra, and geometry, and physics, and chemistry, and geography, and biology.
Asyndeton	The store sells shortbread, crumbly, peanut, oatmeal, honey, chocolate, diet, banana cookies.
Ellipsis	Not there (it was)!
Inversion	I would like to tell you one story.
Antithesis	You are everything and nothing to me.
Oxymoron	Living Dead.

The role of means of artistic expression

The use of tropes in everyday speech elevates each person, makes him more literate and educated. A variety of means of artistic expression can be found in any literary work, poetic or prose. Paths and figures, examples of which every self-respecting person should know and use, do not have an unambiguous classification, since from year to year philologists continue to explore this area of ​​the Russian language. If in the second half of the twentieth century they singled out only metaphor, metonymy and synecdoche, now the list has grown tenfold.

A polysemantic word, except for its direct meaning, i.e., the primary one, directly related to the object or phenomenon of reality ( varnish- “lacquer”), can also have a figurative meaning, secondary, not directly related to the real object ( varnish- “to embellish, to present something in a better way than it actually is”).

Tropes are turns of speech in which a word or expression is used in a figurative sense for the purpose of greater artistic expressiveness, figurativeness.

Types of trails:

1. An epithet is a figurative definition that allows you to more clearly characterize the properties, qualities of objects or phenomena: deceived steppe, tanned hills, dissolute wind, drunken expression of a cloud(Chekhov).

General epithets are distinguished, constantly used ( bitter cold, quiet evening), folk poetic ( red girl, clean field, damp land), individually-author's: marmalade mood(Chekhov), globe belly(Ilf, Petrov), rough smell of naphthalene balls(Nabokov).

2. Metaphor - a type of path, which is based on the transfer of meaning based on the similarity of objects in shape, color, nature of action, quality, etc. It is customary to define a metaphor as a hidden comparison.

According to the degree of figurativeness, metaphors are erased, common language ( the prow of the ship, the gold of the hair, the speech flows) and original, individual author's, speech: I open the pages of my palms(Okudzhava); this vobla lives(about a human ) on his wife's estate(Chekhov).

According to the composition of words, metaphors are simple (see above) and complex, detailed, cf. metaphorical image of a storm: Here the wind embraces a flock of waves with a strong hug and throws them on a grand scale in wild anger on the cliffs, breaking emerald masses into dust and spray.(Bitter).

3. Metonymy - a type of path, which is based on the transfer of contiguity, contact of objects, phenomena, their close connection in space and time. This is the relationship between a) an object and the material from which it is made: Not on silver - on gold ate(Griboyedov); b) content and containing: The theater is already full: the boxes are shining, the stalls and chairs, - everything boils(Pushkin); c) action and instrument of action: The pen of his revenge breathes(A.K. Tolstoy); d) the author and his work: I read Apuleius willingly, but I did not read Cicero(Pushkin), etc.

4. Synecdoche - transferring meaning from part to whole or vice versa: All flags will visit us(Pushkin); the use of the singular instead of the plural or vice versa: And it was heard before dawn how the Frenchman rejoiced(Lermontov).

5. Comparison - a figurative expression based on the likening of one object to another on the basis of a common feature. The comparison is expressed: a) by the instrumental case of the noun: Ippolit Matveyevich, who could not bear all the upheavals of night and day, laughed like a rat's laugh.(Ilf, Petrov); b) using the words "similar", "similar": crying song(Chekhov); c) turnovers with comparative conjunctions “like”, “as if”, “exactly”: Tables, chairs, creaky cabinets scattered around the rooms ... like the bones of a disassembled skeleton(Nabokov); Life was rough and low like a bass clef(Ilf, Petrov); d) the form of the comparative degree of adjectives, adverbs: Under it, a stream of lighter azure(Lermontov).

6. Allegory - allegory, the image of an abstract concept using a specific image, for example, in fables, cowardice appears in the form of a hare, cunning - in the form of a fox, carelessness - in the form of a dragonfly, etc.

7. Hyperbole - a strong exaggeration: A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper(Gogol); Oh, spring without end and without edge - Without end and without edge dream!(Block).

8. Litota - an underestimation of the size, strength, significance of an object, phenomenon (this is an inverse hyperbole): Your spitz, lovely spitz, no more than a thimble(Griboyedov).

9. Irony is an allegory in which words take on the opposite meaning, denial and ridicule under the guise of approval and consent. Often used in fables: Otkle, smart, you wander, head(about a donkey)? (Krylov).

10. Personification - attributing to inanimate objects the properties of living beings: And the star speaks to the star(Lermontov); What are you howling about, night wind, What are you so madly complaining about?(Tyutchev); The steppe threw off the morning penumbra, smiled, sparkled(Chekhov).

11. Oxymoron - a combination of contrasting words in meaning: Mum! Your son is beautifully ill(Mayakovsky); And the snow all around burned and froze(Parsnip).

Types of figures of speech

In addition to tropes, to increase the figurativeness and emotionality of artistic speech, stylistic syntax techniques (figures of speech) can be used:

1. Antithesis - a sharp opposition of any phenomena, signs, etc. to give speech a special expressiveness: They agreed. Wave and stone, Poetry and prose, Ice and fire Not so different from each other…(Pushkin); I see sad eyes, I hear cheerful speech(A.K. Tolstoy).

2. Inversion - indirect word order, which has a certain stylistic and semantic meaning: The servants do not dare to die, waiting for you around the table(Derzhavin); Smooth horns rustle in the straw A sloping cow's head(Zabolotsky).

3. Repetitions (words, several words, whole sentences) - are used to enhance the utterance, to give speech dynamism, a certain rhythm.

There are repetitions:

a) at the beginning of sentences (anaphora):

I know the city will

I know the garden is blooming

When such people

In the Soviet country there is(Mayakovsky);

b) at the end of phrases (epiphora):

Dear friend, and in this quiet house

The fever hits me.

Can't find me a place in a quiet house

Near peaceful fire(Block);

c) at the junction of poetic lines (anadiplosis), which gives the effect of "enlarging" the overall picture of the depicted:

He fell on the cold snow

On the cold snow, like a pine(Lermontov).

4. A rhetorical question that does not require an answer serves to emotionally affirm or deny something: What Russian does not like fast driving?(Gogol); Didn't you first so viciously persecute His free, bold gift?(Lermontov).

5. Rhetorical appeal - an appeal to an absent person, an inanimate object to enhance the expressiveness of speech: I greet you, a deserted corner, a haven of tranquility, work and inspiration.(Pushkin).

6. Gradation - alignment of homogeneous members according to the principle of strengthening (ascending gradation) or weakening (descending gradation) of a sign, action: You were, you are, you will be forever!(Derzhavin).

Tropes and figures of speech are used not only in fiction, but also in journalism, in oratory speeches, as well as in proverbs and sayings, in works of oral folk art.

Tasks for self-study

1. Indicate the tropes and stylistic figures used in this text.

I do not regret, do not call, do not cry,

Everything will pass like smoke from white apple trees.

Withering gold embraced,

I won't be young anymore.

Now you won't fight so much

Cold touched heart

And the country of birch chintz

Not tempted to wander around barefoot.

Wandering spirit! You are less and less

You stir the flame of your mouth.

Oh my lost freshness

A riot of eyes and a flood of feelings.

Now I have become more stingy in desires,

My life, or did you dream of me?

Like I'm a spring echoing early

Ride on a pink horse.

All of us, all of us in this world are perishable,

Copper quietly pours from maple leaves ...

May you be blessed forever

That came to flourish and die.

(S. Yesenin)

2. Determine in what functional style the passage of this text is written, argue your answer.

This day has been preserved in me as a memory of the gentle smell of dusty homespun rugs with a cozy, gaudy old-fashioned pattern, the feeling of warmth with which the recently whitewashed walls were soaked through and through, and the image of a huge stove, like a formidable black ship, rooted into one of the white walls.

We drank fragrant tea, smelling of the countryside, from dull glasses, bit by bit with the city biscuits we had brought, and raspberry jam flowed down on the striped oilcloth of the table in thick bloody waterfalls. The glasses clinked festively on the coasters, a freshly woven silver cobweb shone cunningly in the corner, and somehow natively floated into the room from the cold vestibule a dope of worn, frosted boots and wicker mushroom baskets.

We go to the forest, the winter forest frozen in crystal. I was given earflaps eaten by more than one generation of moths, felt boots that belonged to the once deceased Pooh's grandfather, and a cheburashka fur coat that belonged to Pooh himself. We walk along a drizzled path leading to Nowhere, since near the forest itself, ceasing to wind, it sticks into the snowdrift pulp. Further only on skis. Skis, too, Pooh, with one stick, in scales of peeling paint, like two flat skinny fish.

Frost burns bare hands, pitifully peeking out of the stubby, not the size of a quilted jacket. Shrouded in mirror blue, the branches tinkle above our heads like a theatrical chandelier. And silence. (S.-M. Granik "My Fluff")

Every word in Russian has a nominative meaning. This helps to correlate speech with reality and express thoughts. In addition to the main meaning, most words are included in a specific one and have an additional symbolic meaning, which is most often figurative. This lexical property is actively used by poets and writers to create, and a similar phenomenon in the Russian language has also received the name of literary tropes. They give the text expressiveness and help to convey your idea more accurately.

Types of artistic and visual means

Among the tropes, metonymy, periphrase, synecdoche, litote, hyperbole are distinguished. The ability to see them in works allows you to understand the ideological intent of the author, to enjoy the richness of the magnificent Russian language. And the use of tropes in one's own speech is a sign of a literate, cultured person who can speak accurately and expressively.

How can one recognize in the text and learn to apply literary tropes on one's own?

Table with examples from fiction

Let's see how the recognized poets and writers do it.

Literary tropes	Property	Example
	An adjective, less often a noun, an adverb, a participle used in a figurative sense and denoting an essential feature of an object	"And blue eyes bottomless bloom ... "(A. Blok)
Comparison	Turnover with unions AS, AS IF, AS IF, AS LIKE or words SIMILAR, SIMILAR; noun in instrumental case; adjective or adverb in the comparative degree. The point is to liken	“The block seemed to me ... expensive ..., like a nightingale in a spring bush..."(K. Balmont)
Metaphor	Based on value transfer by similarity	«… the soul is full of fire"(M. Lermontov)
personification	Animation of natural phenomena, objects	« The azure of heaven laughs..."(F. Tyutchev)
Metonymy	Transfer value by adjacency	« Rugal Homer, Theocritus... "(A. Pushkin), i.e. their works
Synecdoche	It implies the transfer of meaning based on the ratio in quantity: singular instead of and vice versa	"To him … and the beast is gone... "(A. Pushkin)
Hyperbola	over exaggeration	« Man ... with a fingernail"(N. Nekrasov)
	An over-understatement	« From the wings of a mosquito he made himself two shirt-fronts"(K. Aksakov)
paraphrase	The name of an object or phenomenon through an essential, well-recognized feature	"Love you, petra creation... "(A. Pushkin), i.e. Saint Petersburg

Thus, literary tropes - the table fully reflects their essential features - can be determined even by a person who does not have a special education. It is only necessary to delve into their essence. To do this, let us consider in more detail those means of expression that usually cause the greatest difficulties.

Metaphor and personification

Unlike comparison, in which there are two objects or phenomena - the original and the one taken for comparison, these literary tropes contain only the second. In a metaphor, similarity can be expressed in color, volume, shape, purpose, etc. Here are examples of this use of words in a figurative sense: moon clock wooden», « noon breathes».

Personification differs from metaphor in that it is a more detailed image: The suddenly rising wind tossed and groaned all night».

Metonymy, synecdoche, paraphrase

These literary tropes are often confused with the metaphor described above. To avoid such mistakes, it should be remembered that the manifestation of adjacency in metonymy can be as follows:

• content and what it includes: eat a plate»;
• author and his work: remembered Gogol well»;
• action and the instrument for its accomplishment: " villages were doomed to swords»;
• object and material from which it is made: " porcelain at the exhibition»;
• the place and the people in it: the city didn't sleep».

Synecdoche usually implies a quantitative relationship between objects and phenomena: " here everyone aims at Napoleons».

paraphrase

Sometimes writers and poets, for greater expressiveness and creation of figurativeness, replace the name of an object or phenomenon with an indication of its essential feature. Paraphrasing also helps to eliminate repetitions and connect sentences in the text. Consider these literary tropes with examples: shining steel"- dagger," author of Mumu"- I. Turgenev," old woman with a scythe" - death.

March 22, 2015

Every day we are faced with a mass of means of artistic expression, we often use them in speech ourselves, without even meaning it. We remind mom that she has golden hands; we remember bast shoes, while they have long gone out of general use; we are afraid to get a pig in a poke and exaggerate objects and phenomena. All these are tropes, examples of which can be found not only in fiction, but also in the oral speech of every person.

What are means of artistic expression?

The term "paths" comes from the Greek word tropos, which in translation into Russian means "turn of speech". They are used to give figurative speech, with their help, poetic and prose works become incredibly expressive. Tropes in literature, examples of which can be found in almost any poem or story, constitute a separate layer in modern philological science. Depending on the situation of use, they are divided into lexical means, rhetorical and syntactic figures. Tropes are widespread not only in fiction, but also in oratory, and even everyday speech.

Lexical means of the Russian language

Every day we use words that in one way or another decorate speech, make it more expressive. Vivid tropes, examples of which are countless in works of art, are no less important than lexical means.

• Antonyms- Words that are opposite in meaning.
• Synonyms- lexical units that are close in meaning.
• Phraseologisms- stable combinations, consisting of two or more lexical units, which, according to semantics, can be equated to one word.
• Dialectisms- words that are common only in a certain territory.
• Archaisms- obsolete words denoting objects or phenomena, modern analogues of which are present in the culture and everyday life of a person.
• historicisms- terms denoting objects or phenomena that have already disappeared.

Related videos

Tropes in Russian (examples)

At present, the means of artistic expression are magnificently demonstrated in the works of the classics. Most often these are poems, ballads, poems, sometimes stories and novels. They decorate speech and give it imagery.

• Metonymy- substitution of one word for another by adjacency. For example: At midnight on New Year's Eve, the whole street went out to let off fireworks.
• Epithet- a figurative definition that gives the subject an additional characteristic. For example: Mashenka had magnificent silk curls.
• Synecdoche- the name of the part instead of the whole. For example: A Russian, a Finn, an Englishman, and a Tatar study at the Faculty of International Relations.
• personification- the assignment of animate qualities to an inanimate object or phenomenon. For example: The weather was worried, angry, raging, and a minute later it started to rain.
• Comparison- an expression based on a comparison of two objects. For example: Your face is fragrant and pale, like a spring flower.
• Metaphor- transferring the properties of one object to another. For example: Our mother has golden hands.

Tropes in literature (examples)

The presented means of artistic expression are less often used in the speech of a modern person, but this does not diminish their significance in the literary heritage of great writers and poets. Thus, litotes and hyperbole often find use in satirical stories, and allegory in fables. Paraphrase is used to avoid repetition in literary text or speech.

• Litotes- artistic understatement. For example: A man with a fingernail works at our factory.
• paraphrase- replacement of a direct name with a descriptive expression. For example: The night luminary is especially yellow today (about the Moon).
• Allegory- the image of abstract objects with images. For example: Human qualities - cunning, cowardice, clumsiness - are revealed in the form of a fox, a hare, a bear.
• Hyperbola- Deliberate exaggeration. For example: My buddy has incredibly huge ears, about the size of a head.

Rhetorical figures

The idea of ​​each writer is to intrigue his reader and not demand an answer to the problems posed. A similar effect is achieved through the use of rhetorical questions, exclamations, appeals, silences in a work of art. All these are tropes and figures of speech, examples of which are probably familiar to every person. Their use in everyday speech is approving, the main thing is to know the situation when it is appropriate.

A rhetorical question is put at the end of a sentence and does not require a response from the reader. It makes you think about the real issues.

A rhetorical exclamation ends the motivating sentence. Using this figure, the writer calls for action. The exclamation should also be classified under the "paths" section.

Examples of rhetorical appeal can be found in Pushkin ("To Chaadaev", "To the Sea"), in Lermontov ("Death of a Poet"), as well as in many other classics. It does not apply to a specific person, but to the entire generation or era as a whole. Using it in a work of art, the writer can blame or, conversely, approve of actions.

Rhetorical silence is actively used in lyrical digressions. The writer does not express his thought to the end and gives rise to further reasoning.

Syntactic figures

Such techniques are achieved through sentence construction and include word order, punctuation; they contribute to intriguing and interesting sentence design, which is why every writer strives to use these tropes. Examples are especially noticeable when reading the work.

• polyunion- deliberate increase in the number of unions in the proposal.
• Asyndeton- the absence of unions when listing objects, actions or phenomena.
• Syntax parallelism- comparison of two phenomena by their parallel image.
• Ellipsis- deliberate omission of a number of words in a sentence.
• Inversion- violation of the order of words in the construction.
• Parceling- intentional segmentation of the sentence.

Figures of speech

Tropes in Russian, examples of which are given above, can be continued indefinitely, but do not forget that there is another conditionally distinguished section of means of expression. Artistic figures play an important role in written and oral speech.

Table of all trails with examples

It is important for high school students, graduates of humanitarian faculties and philologists to know the variety of means of artistic expression and the cases of their use in the works of classics and contemporaries. If you want to know in more detail what tropes are, a table with examples will replace dozens of literary critical articles for you.

Lexical means and examples
Synonyms	Let us be humiliated and offended, but we deserve a better life.
Antonyms	My life is nothing but black and white stripes.
Phraseologisms	Before buying jeans, find out about their quality, otherwise you will be slipped a pig in a poke.
Archaisms	Barbers (hairdressers) do their job quickly and efficiently.
historicisms	Bast shoes are an original and necessary thing, but not everyone has them today.
Dialectisms	Kozyuli (snakes) were found in this area.
Stylistic tropes (examples)
Metaphor	You have iron nerves, my friend.
personification	The leaves sway and dance in the wind.
	The red sun sets over the horizon.
Metonymy	I've already eaten three bowls.
Synecdoche	The consumer always chooses quality products.
paraphrase	Let's go to the zoo to look at the king of animals (about the lion).
Allegory	You are a real donkey (about stupidity).
Hyperbola	I've been waiting for you for three hours!
	Is this a man? A man with a fingernail, and nothing more!
Syntactic figures (examples)
	How many of those with whom I can be sad How few I can love.
	We'll go raspberry! Do you like raspberries? Not? Tell Daniel Let's go for raspberries.
gradation	I think about you, I miss you, I remember you, I miss you, I pray.
Pun	I, through your fault, began to drown sadness in wine.
Rhetorical figures (address, exclamation, question, default)	When will you, the younger generation, become polite? Oh what a wonderful day today! And you say that you know the material superbly? Come home soon - look...
polyunion	I perfectly know algebra, and geometry, and physics, and chemistry, and geography, and biology.
Asyndeton	The store sells shortbread, crumbly, peanut, oatmeal, honey, chocolate, diet, banana cookies.
Ellipsis	Not there (it was)!
Inversion	I would like to tell you one story.
Antithesis	You are everything and nothing to me.
Oxymoron	Living Dead.

The role of means of artistic expression

The use of tropes in everyday speech elevates each person, makes him more literate and educated. A variety of means of artistic expression can be found in any literary work, poetic or prose. Paths and figures, examples of which every self-respecting person should know and use, do not have an unambiguous classification, since from year to year philologists continue to explore this area of ​​the Russian language. If in the second half of the twentieth century they singled out only metaphor, metonymy and synecdoche, now the list has grown tenfold.