Specially protected natural territories (natural monuments)

regional significance

Kuibyshevsky district

Bor-lingonberry, boron lily-of-the-valley-bracken

Bor-lingonberry, lily-of-the-valley-branch forest is located between the Shuitsa and Borovka rivers. The main tree species of the forest area are pine, spruce and birch. The undergrowth in it consists of common spruce. The undergrowth is represented by mountain ash, goat willow and buckthorn brittle, in places common juniper and common raspberry are abundant. May lily of the valley, common heather, oak speedwell, forest cudweed, common cuff, hairy hawkweed, male shieldwort and other species were noted in the herbaceous cover. Blueberries, lingonberries and wild strawberries also grow in the forest.

The current state of the forest is assessed as satisfactory, the level of anthropogenic pressure on it is low. Bor is used by the local population only for seasonal picking of mushrooms and berries.

The forest area has a huge impact on the ecological state of natural complexes, performing such bioecological functions as regulating and filtering water flow, preventing soil erosion, preserving biological diversity, enriching the atmosphere with oxygen, influencing climate formation and preventing air pollution. It is also an important habitat for various representatives of flora and fauna, including those listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region.

The tract "Baydakovka"

The Baidakovka tract is located on the right slope of the floodplain of the Desna River. The main tree crops of the tract are birch and black alder with a large admixture of aspen. But there are also patches of 45-50 year old pines and solitary oaks in it.

In its herbaceous cover, May lily of the valley, forest geranium, meadow foxtail, common sorrel, forest kupyr, creeping tenacious and other species are noted. Also there are lingonberries, blueberries, stone berries and wild strawberries.

Prilepy estate park

The estate consists of two parts, separated by an old carriageway. Its western part is lined with lindens and is divided by a diagonal planting of lindens into a bee house and a front yard with a residential building. The eastern part, which was of economic importance, is planted with lindens, oaks, birches and willows. There are about 100 trees in the park that are over 100 years old. Hairy sedge, common goutweed, forest geranium, meadow foxtail and urban beetle grow in the herbaceous cover. Of the medicinal and berry plants in the park, there are red elderberry, medicinal dandelion, field mint, St. John's wort, wild strawberry and musky, common raspberry and other species.

Park of the estate of the village of Petroselye

The park was planted in the first half of the 19th century. The garden and park ensemble has well preserved its planning structure and woody vegetation. The entire internal space of the estate has an axial construction along the line of the main house of the estate. Plantings of the park are made taking into account the specific landscape of the slope of the Lyubushi River.

Its forest stand is dominated by linden with an admixture of pine, birch and acacia. In total, there are about 350 trees aged 150-180 years. On the south side of the estate, on the ravine, there are two ponds, which were the southern natural boundary of the estate. Unfortunately, one of the ponds is currently empty.

Park of the estate of the village of Petroskoye

The estate arose in the 19th century on the right bank of the Krivotechka River to the west of the village. Petrovskoe. In its layout, plantings of lindens around the former buildings stand out. Also, the forest stand is dominated by common spruce, pedunculate oak, common pine and drooping birch; there are domestic apple trees, common raspberries, stone berries, common pear, wild and musky strawberries, and blueberries. The grass cover is dominated by large plantain, meadow and marsh geraniums, caustic ranunculus, field violet.

Manor park Dobroselye village

At present, from the estate, created in the second half of the 19th century on the right bank of the Snopot River, fragments of linden alleys of intra-economic importance have been preserved. The entire territory of the estate is heavily overgrown with small forests (lindens, birches, ash and maples). No landscape elements are observed. In the herbaceous layer there are common goutweed, chickweed, red clover, loosestrife and common loosestrife, field mint and other plant species. Among the medicinal species, we can distinguish medicinal dandelion, St. John's wort, erect cinquefoil and great celandine.

Zhukovsky district

Spring

The tract "Rodnik" is a mixed forest on the right primary slope of the valley of the Protva River. The main forest-forming species in it is European spruce with an admixture of small-leaved and broad-leaved species. Hazel is present in the undergrowth, young shoots of European spruce are plentiful, common juniper is found singly. The central part of the forest is occupied by a terraced plateau composed of calcareous tuffs, through which streams flow with small but very picturesque waterfalls.

The level of landscape and biological diversity of the natural complex is assessed as high. It is characterized by the presence of orchids, some of which grow in fairly large numbers, and wintergreens relatively poorly withstanding the anthropogenic load, which indicates a good preservation of the forest. Smirensky fireweed is also noted here, growing exclusively on the outcrops of clear spring water, quite rare in the region marsh chickweed and soddy forget-me-not and listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region oak mannik and three-flowered bedstraw.

The tract in its current state is an example of sustainable conservation and improvement of the environment and resource-reproducing functions of the landscape, an important habitat (growth) of rare and endangered objects of the animal and plant world, as well as the largest population in the region of a species of bryophytes, rare in Central Russia - rhynchostegium river or coastal.

Saltykov estate park

The park of the Saltykov estate with its regular and landscape parts was created at the end of the 18th century.

P.V. Saltykov. A small part of the regular park is located in the northeastern part of the ensemble and consists of four linden alleys leading southeast to the parterre in front of the main house. The internally open space of the garden and park ensemble is emphasized by alleys of lindens, oaks and rare pines. The estate includes two dug ponds, observation mounds, walking paths along the Nara River and along its upper edge of the floodplain terrace. Directly opposite the main house of the estate on the bank of the river. Nara has preserved an artificial backwater.

Currently, most of the manor park is a natural forest.

The tract "Mikhalevy Gory"

The tract "Mikhalevy Gory" is a ledge of the first floodplain terrace, on which pine-oak forests grow. This object is the only biocenosis in the lower reaches of the river. Protva, the forest stand of which is dominated by pedunculate oak and small-leaved linden. The level of biological diversity of the territory is medium. 15 species of bryophytes, 161 species of vascular plants, 48 ​​species of birds and 17 species of mammals have been identified here, of which 2 are regionally rare.

Currently, the tract is experiencing a significant anthropogenic load, as evidenced by the well-developed road and path network and organized recreation areas on its territory. However, despite this, the "Mikhalevy Gory" is a picturesque natural complex and a valuable habitat and growth of a large number of diverse species of flora and fauna.

Lake Oglublyanka

Lake "Oglublyanka" is a large oxbow lake of the Protva River, surrounded by floodplain meadows. Its total length is several kilometers, its width is 50-60 meters, the average depth is 4-5 meters, and the area of ​​the water surface is 21 hectares.

The water body is of great value to birds as it is a nesting site for regionally rare or wetland species.

Spruce massif on the river. Nara

Spruce massif on the river. Nara is located on the right gently sloping slope of the outwash Protvinskaya lowland. The main part of the forest is represented by middle-aged spruce and aspen forests with linden and other tree species. Spruce plantations are largely damaged by the bark beetle. The level of biological diversity of the territory is assessed as high.

Pine forests along the river. Protva

Pine forests on the first floodplain terrace of the left bank of the river. Protva is the only natural forest area near the town of Zhukov, undisturbed by garden plots and recreation areas. The main forest-forming species in it are Scots pine and European spruce, as well as warty birch. The age of plantings ranges from 45-130 years. Common hazel prevails among shrubs. In the undergrowth, a sharp predominance of common spruce was noted.

Pine forests along the river. Protva is an important habitat for rare and endangered objects of the animal and plant world, listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga region, such as: Klintukh, Crested tit, Umbrella winter love, Creeping Goodayera, White cinquefoil, Laxative gester and Three-flowered bedstraw.

The grounds of the production and hunting enterprise "Badgers"

The lands of the production and hunting enterprise "Badgers" are a compact forest area between the Protva and Nara rivers. At present, it is included in the borders of the state nature reserve of federal significance "State complex" Tarusa ".

Kozelsky district

Fresh water source near Optina Pustyn Monastery

There are three well-known springs of fresh water near the Optina Pustyn monastery.

"Pafnutevsky source" is located on the banks of the Zhizdra River, 400 m upstream of the river from the monastery of Optina Pustyn. It is decorated with a well and a pool. The water in it is very soft, with a large amount of mineral impurities. It is considered healing and is used by locals for drinking purposes.

"Amvrosievsky kolodez" is located at the monastery skete.

The third spring is located at the monastery pond, 200 m to the north. The water in it is also soft, with a large amount of mineral impurities, and is used to supply the monastery.

All springs are a unique natural phenomenon. The water in them is clean and has healing properties, so the springs are considered "holy".

Linden alley in the estate with. Volkonskoye

Lime alley is located on the outskirts of the village. Volkonskoe. Along the left bank of the stream, flowing at the foot of the hill, there are plantations of linden trees that are at least 130 years old. On the flat top of the hill, century-old lindens are arranged in four parallel rows. The inner two rows make up an alley of centuries-old lindens about 5 meters wide. The location of the alleys is interesting in that the landscape was created, on the one hand, by nature (a sloping hill with a wide flat top, at the foot of the hill there is a stream), on the other hand, by a person who created the aesthetics of landscape lines. Large rhythmic divisions (secular lindens) are interspersed with more fractional divisions (apple orchard) on both sides of the alley.

Sukhinichsky district

Source of fresh water near the village of Uruga

The source of fresh water near the village of Uruga is located 300 m above the confluence of the Sukhoshanka stream into the Urushka river. This stream drains the entire steep slope on the right bank, along which numerous springs flow down. And the most watery of them is the spring near the village of Uruga. The source of groundwater outlet is descending. The water flow rate in it is quite high and amounts to 17 l/s. Water temperature - 6.3 0 C, mineralization - 0.32 g / l. According to the chemical composition, the water is soft - 3.5 o F. The background of nitrates is slightly increased in it, but in general it is of good quality and meets the requirements of SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01 for drinking water.

The spring is located in a picturesque forest area, the main forest-forming species of which are spruce, aspen and birch. Plant species typical of groundwater outlets grow in its vicinity, such as: common impatiens, oak starwort, stinging nettle, common bluegrass, common speedwell. The rare species noted at the key include only fireweed pink.

The current state of the fresh water source near the village of Uruga is assessed as satisfactory. Anthropogenic load on it is minimal. Local residents slightly use the spring for water intake for drinking purposes. The source has been captured, a wooden log house with a roof has been installed at the place of groundwater outlet.

Medynsky district

The Misida River with a protective landscape at a distance of 200 m on both sides of the water's edge

The Misida River is located in the central part of the Medynsky district. It flows mainly in an easterly direction and is a left tributary of the Niga River. The length of the river is 15 km, the width is about 0.5-3.0 m.

In the upper reaches of the river, its floodplain is narrow and mostly forested. Near the highway Kremenskoye - Medyn it flows through the floodplain black alder with numerous exits of springs, which adjoins a non-marshy spruce forest. South of vil. Ivanovskoye is marked by tall grass meadows, and black alder forests stretch along the river, in some places flooded with beavers. On the right bank there is a mixed forest, in which, along with plantings of spruce, old-growth oaks, as well as Norway maple and heart-shaped linden, are noted.

In the lower reaches, the Mishida becomes wider. Its channel winds strongly here, there are small oxbow lakes, mostly overgrown, small key swamps and spring outlets. Elm-leaved meadowsweet dominates in the meadow floodplain, and along its border and in the lower part of the slopes of the valley there are gray alders. Above them are spruce forests with an admixture of birch, aspen and hazel, in places reaching into the floodplain. There is undergrowth of linden, sometimes oaks come across.

The Rut River with a protective landscape at a distance of 300 m on both sides of the water's edge

The Rut River is located in the northeastern part of the Medynsky district. It is a right tributary of the Protva River, which flows into the Oka. The length of the river is 36 km,
within the borders of the Medynsky district - 8 km.

Above with. Yegorye, the Rut River is rather shallow, but in some places with backwaters about 2-3 m wide. Below the confluence of the Bychok river, the width of the river reaches 6-7 m, and in some places it reaches 10 m. The bottom is mostly clayey, in some places it is rocky. Average river depth
50 cm, in some places - 1.0-1.5 m. The water in the river is clear, there are numerous floating pondweeds, a yellow egg capsule and a simple head. Thickets of the reed-like spring were noted along the shore.

In the valley of the Rut River, floodplain meadows are noted, the dominant species of which are stinging nettle and forest bush. In places, areas of grass-forb meadows with the dominance of the meadow foxtail were revealed. The banks of the river are overgrown mainly with gray alders, in some places there are willows - three-stamen, white and brittle. The open slopes are very picturesque and practically undisturbed.

The Bychok River with a protective landscape at a distance of 300 m on both sides of the water's edge

The river Bychok (Bychek) is located in the north-eastern part of the Medynsky district.
It flows mainly in an easterly direction and is a right tributary of the Rut River, which flows into the Protva River. The length of the Bychok River is 17 km, the width
in the upper reaches - about 1.0-1.5 m, below - 3-4 m.

The banks of the Bychok River are overgrown with black alder and willows - mostly brittle and white. The meadow floodplain is relatively wide (more than 100 m in some places) and is represented mainly by grass-forb meadows. It is adjoined by a mixed spruce-small-leaved, in some places spruce forest. There are numerous egg-pods in the river, but there are few pondweeds, since the reservoir is shallow and without dams.

The Niga River with a protective landscape at a distance of 200 m on both sides of the water's edge

The Niga River is located in the eastern part of the Medynsky district. It flows in east and northeast directions and flows into the Luzha River. The length of the river is 23 km, the catchment area is 133 km2.

In the valley of the river Niga above vil. Aduevo marked by floodplain meadows, some of which are real grass meadows without signs of bushing and almost without weeds. Black alder and coastal willows grow in places along the coast.

In the settlement on the river there is a large pond, partially overgrown with aquatic vegetation in the upper reaches. Old willows and willows were found on its banks,
as well as coastal shrub willows and black currants.

There is a small river below the pond. Its valley on average does not exceed 100 m, and the width of the river itself is about 1 m. The water in the river is clean and transparent. The shores here are overgrown with individual coastal tall willows, gray and black alder, bird cherry. Numerous meadows are noted along the slopes of the valley.

Near vil. The width of the Devino river is about 3-5 m. It is strongly dammed by beavers, and the water in it becomes muddy. On the slopes there are meadows, small birch forests and gray alder forests. A small fragment of a spruce forest with an admixture of aspen, birch and hazel was also revealed. On the right bank, 2 km south of vil. There are fields in Devin, and a birch and spruce forest, in some places with oak and linden, approaches the river downstream.

The Medynka River with a protective landscape at a distance of 300 m on both sides of the water's edge

The Medynka River is a right tributary of the Sukhodrev River, which flows into the Shan River. Its length is 51 km, the catchment area is 264 km2.

In the upper reaches of the river Medynka is quite shallow; in some places it has dried up, but there are also areas where large deep backwaters have been preserved. Below vil. Doshino, springs flow into it and beaver dams appear, which significantly raise its level, and it becomes more full-flowing. Below the city of Medyn, the river is heavily eutrophicated and silted. Pond near vil. Mikheevo is lowered.

The river valley is partially plowed - in the floodplain there are fields, in some places - old deposits. Floodplain meadows are well preserved, but they are actively overgrown with shrubs. Among them, both fragments of low-grass meadows, quite diverse in terms of vegetation, and tall-grass meadows dominated by stinging nettle, meadowsweet, elm-leaved meadowsweet, common goatweed, and forest kupyr are noted.

Forest vegetation in the Medynka floodplain is represented by birch forests of warty birch, in some places - with individual oaks. Small gray alders are also noted. North of the village Doshino found a damp birch forest from white birch. South of vil. Doshino and at the village. Ulanovo met broad-leaved and spruce-broad-leaved forest, and above the village. Mikheevo - spruce plantations.

Park Peredelsky

Park Peredelsky "is a park with a landscape and regular layout, which was previously an integral part of the Batashev estate.

The ancient park is formed by picturesque old-growth lindens and oaks. Under their canopy, there is almost no shrubbery and a general impression of free space is created, which is rarely preserved in parks without special care. The herbage consists of ordinary forest and meadow grasses; there are very few synanthropic and ruderal species, and they do not form thickets. In the center of the park are abandoned swampy ditches, which previously apparently formed a complex system of ponds or channels. Also in the park, a section of a spruce alley has been preserved, younger in age than the rest of the alleys, and individual trees of different species.

In total, 134 species were identified in the flora of the park's vascular plants. There are no rare and endangered plants on its territory. However, it is very picturesque and fits well into the surrounding landscape.

The fauna of the park is represented by 3 species of amphibians, 1 species of reptiles and 9 species of mammals, quite common for the region, as well as 45 species of birds, mainly forest and edge complexes.

The current state of the Peredelsky park is assessed as satisfactory. It is quite well preserved for the natural complexes of the Medynsky district and has great recreational and historical value.

Meshchovsky district

Raised swamp to the right and left of the Gavriki-Beklemishchevo road
in the Meshchovsky district

The raised bog to the right and left of the Gavriki-Beklemishchevo road is predominantly of the riding type. The Techa River originates from it - the right tributary of the Ugra River.

The swamp massif consists of two sections, which are separated from each other by the Gavriki-Beklemishchevo road. To the south of the road there is a younger part of the raised bog - a rare birch forest with cottongrass, in some places - with individual low pines. Its marginal areas are more watered, and there is practically no woody vegetation on them, so they can be considered a transitional or even lowland part. To the north of the road, the swamp is a swampy pine forest with sphagnum and old cottongrass tussocks, on which swamp species have been preserved in fragments and in a small number. Common boletus, listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga region, as well as berry shrubs - marsh cranberries, blueberries and blueberries are noted here.

The raised bog to the right and left of the Gavriki-Beklemishchevo road is a fairly rare occurrence for the Meshchovsky opolye and is important for the conservation of the biological diversity of the region.

A swamp to the left of the Gavriki-Podkopaevo road in the Meshchovsky district

The swamp to the left of the Gavriki-Podkopaevo road belongs to the transitional type.
In the center of it is a small lake, from which the river Krapivenka originates.

The ecosystem of the swamp massif as a whole is not disturbed. The southern and western parts of the water body are covered with dense willow thickets, while the eastern and northern parts are swampy meadows. The open part of the bog (lake) is heavily overgrown with macrophyte vegetation, and its shore is surrounded by a quagmire, in some places adjoining coastal aquatic plant species. Noteworthy are the finds here of the narrow-leaved cattail, which is confined to the Oka River valley and large ponds and is rarely recorded in small reservoirs, and the three-notched bedstraw, a rather rare species growing on sedge hummocks along the edge of quays. In the lake there were found the brilliant pondweed, the floating pondweed, the comb pondweed and the hairy pondweed, as well as the adventitious (adventive) species - Canadian elodea, dominating in some places. Grasses typical of damp meadows are noted in the meadows. Of the rare and endangered species listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga region, the swamp was found in the marsh mytary, small pemphigus, common pondweed, common viper and forest bat and Nathusius bat.

The swamp to the left of the Gavriki-Podkopaevo road in the Meshchovsky district is a valuable, practically undisturbed natural complex and is important for the conservation of the biological diversity of the region.

Manor "Shalovo"

The park complex of the Shalovo estate was created at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century and combined the features of regular and landscape garden and park ensembles. At present, the original structure of the park has been lost. Only near the pond (on the north side) fragments with old-aged lindens and individual oaks have been preserved. The forest stand of the park also contains Norway maple and Scotch pine. Undergrowth is dominated by Norway maple, pedunculate oak, heart-shaped linden and mountain ash. The undergrowth is mainly formed by common hazel with the participation of brittle buckthorn, forest honeysuckle and warty euonymus. The herbaceous layer is dominated by common gout, there are giant fescue, loosestrife, musky strawberry, oak bluegrass, fragrant buten, forest kupyr, yellow greenfinch, hairy sedge and other species.

The current state of the estate "Shalovo" as a whole is assessed as unsatisfactory. The park is heavily overgrown. Most of the old-growth trees fell out, and the remaining trees have various external defects, frost cracks, hollows and rot. The orchard is gone. The pond on the left bank of the large pond is lowered. Residents and visiting summer residents actively use the territory of the estate as a place of rest, to collect wild berries, mushrooms, etc.

"Cedar Plantations"

"Cedar plantations" are plantations of Siberian pine or Siberian cedar in 1958-1959.

In the Kaluga region, Siberian pine is an exotic plant that grows only with artificial afforestation. The density of tree crowns on the territory of the natural monument reaches 80%, the age is up to 55 years, the largest trunk diameter at a height of 1.5 m from the ground is 35 cm. Goat willow, common hazel and common mountain ash grow in the undergrowth. The herbaceous cover is represented by wintergreen, creeping tenacious, common odorous, ivy-shaped boudra, medicinal initial letter, meadowsweet elm, forest geranium and other species.

The level of biological diversity of stone pine forests is low. In the flora of vascular plants, only 27 species typical of the coniferous forests of the Kaluga region were identified. The forest fauna is represented by 14 species of invertebrates, 2 species of amphibians, 16 species of birds and 11 species of mammals. There are no rare and endangered objects of flora and fauna on the territory of the natural monument.

The condition of the Cedar Plantations is generally assessed as satisfactory. However, natural thinning of the forest stand is currently taking place, which is expressed in a large percentage of drying specimens of Siberian pine.

Borovsky district

Park of the estate of the artist Pryanishnikov

The park of the artist Pryanishnikov's estate is the remains of regular and landscape parks with ponds, founded in the second half of the 18th century.
A.S. Boltin.

The parks are of a landscape nature and gradually turn into a natural forest. Linden alleys leading to a cascade of ponds and a stream have been preserved in them in excellent condition. On the territory of the landscape park, individual Siberian larch trees aged 400-450 years are noted.

City forest in Borovsk

The city forest in Borovsk is a site of the oldest coniferous forests on the territory of Borovsky and a number of adjacent districts of the Kaluga and Moscow regions, which is part of the historical landscape of the city of Borovsk. The main forest-forming species of the forest area is pine aged 160-170 years of quality I-II in good condition with spruce undergrowth. In addition to conifers, deciduous trees and shrubs grow here, as well as herbaceous plants typical of the flora of Central Russia. There are berry shrubs - blueberries and raspberries.

In addition to its educational value, the forest is distinguished by a picturesque hilly landscape, unusual for the surrounding area, adjacent to the valley of the Protva River, which makes the whole natural complex especially attractive.

Park and garden of the Pafnutev-Borovsky Monastery

The park and garden of the Pafnutiev-Borovsky Monastery is a picturesque park with a cascade of ponds and a holy spring on the banks of the river. Hysteria near the Pafnutev-Borovsky Monastery.

Irregular plantations of linden, Norway maple, elm and willow have been preserved in the park, as well as a pine park with alleys connected to the surrounding forests.

Park and garden of the Satino estate

The park and garden of the Satino estate are of great interest as an example of an 18th-century park and economic estate. It preserved on-farm alleys of lindens and elms and fragments of a regular linden park. Fragments of alleys of elms, oaks and lindens remained from the landscape part of the estate.

Most of the regular and landscape parks are located on the territory of the Moscow State University field base, and the southern part of the estate is almost completely occupied by summer cottages.

Park VNIIFBi P

The park is located on the left bank of the Protva River in the northern part of Borovsk. Judging by the age of the trees that make up the oldest, most valuable part of the park, it was founded in the middle of the 19th century. This is a characteristic manor park, consisting of regular and landscape parts, interconnected by a wide linden alley (linden trees are 180-200 years old). Two larches grow on its territory, the age of which is more than 150 years.

Currently, the territory of the park is partially built up, the paths are asphalted, later planting of trees and shrubs has been completed, benches and bins have been installed.

Spas-Demensky District

Riding swamp Big Naryshkinskoe

The Great Naryshkinskoe bog is located on the watershed of the rivers of the Oka and Dnieper basins. It is of great hydrological importance for small rivers and streams, feeding them. The swamp is pine-sphagnum-shrub-forest forest. Its surface is covered with a continuous carpet of sphagnum and green mosses, on which shrubs are plentifully developed - podbel, heather, wild rosemary, blueberries, lingonberries and cranberries.

The swamp is one of the largest raised bogs in the Kaluga region, the largest and most valuable habitat for boreal bird species, which have a limited distribution in the region.

The current state of the bog complex as a whole is assessed as good. It is practically undisturbed by human activity and is an example of an intact raised bog in the zone of coniferous-deciduous forests.

High bog Knyazev Mokh

The Knyazev Mokh bog burnt out over most of its territory in 2010-2011. In some places, even the sphagnum cover has not been preserved on it, and it is covered with polytric mosses and the remains of burnt cotton grass.

At present, the territory of the swamp is covered with young shoots of downy birch and willow, less often warty birch and, in a lesser abundance of aspen, along the wetter edge - cattail. In the southern part of the massif, near the highway, the skeletons of burnt trunks of birch and pine trees have been preserved in some places, and among them there are slightly burnt areas, where marsh shrubs are noted in a small number - marsh wild rosemary, marsh cranberry and blueberry. On the transitional unburned fragments of the bog, two of the rarest species in the region were found - two-row sedge and willow willow.

Iznoskovsky district

Bog Agafinsky

The Agaf'inskoye Bog is a bog of an upland type, which has well preserved its morphology, diverse bog vegetation, and adjacent glacial landscapes of a moraine-outland gently undulating plain. There is no woody vegetation in the swamp, but cranberry lands are significant. Sphagnum and green mosses predominate in the center of the marsh massif, marsh sedge, podbel, heather, wild rosemary and lingonberry are found, and marsh sheikhzeria is noted in the hollows. Common reed, marsh calla, broad-leaved cattail, as well as medicinal plants - three-leaf watch and marsh cinquefoil were found along the edge of the swamp.

Bog "Zubovskoye"

Swamp "Zubovskoye" is a sphagnum pine forest with birch, in places blueberry, in places with vaginal cottongrass. In the central undisturbed part of the massif, extensive blueberry thickets are noted. In a small number, typical rare marsh plants grow here - common boletus and common hamedafna, as well as marsh cranberries, which are not uncommon in the region. In the swamp, the medicinal rosemary marsh is abundant, blueberries and lingonberries are numerous. A number of marsh sedges were also found, and in the vicinity of the massif, a western type of grass was found - soft bukharnik.

Bog "Sigovskoe"

Swamp "Sigovskoe" is a bog of a riding type, which has well preserved its natural environment and the adjacent glacial landscapes of a moraine-outland gently undulating plain. Before the reclamation work, it was an overgrown glacial lake. At present, thanks to a colony of beavers settled in the swamp, the drainage ditch has been blocked by a dam of large trees and shrubs, the water level has restored, and open water spaces have appeared.

Most of the swamp is overgrown with small birch and cotton grass. Typical species of the sphagnum bog (cranberries, blueberries, common hamedafna, marsh sedges) are noted only along the eastern outskirts. A small mirror of water has been preserved with marshy banks and rafting along the edge, where thickets of aquatic plants (floating pondweed, Canadian elodea, etc.) are developed. A wide variety of hepatic mosses was found along the drying banks and near the stream. Of the rare and endangered objects of the plant world in the Sigovskoye swamp, the white cedar, the common hamedafna and the small pemphigus were noted.

The land of the state farm "Semenovsky"

The land of the state farm "Semenovsky" - forest land, swamps, the Zhelonya River and numerous streams, characterized by a rich species biodiversity of flora and fauna. Large tracts of cranberries, medicinal plants and plant communities from the Ice Age have been noted here. The banks of the river and streams are abundantly overgrown with willow, raspberry, elderberry and other shrubs. Spruce, pine, birch, oak, aspen, alder, bird cherry and other species grow in forests. Perch, roach, chub, gudgeon, pike, ruff, etc. are found in the river. Of the representatives of the animal world, beaver, muskrat, otter, elk, wild boar, roe deer, marten, squirrel, mink, polecat, raccoon dog, badger, lynx, bear, wolf, hare, fox were noted. Birds are very numerous.

Hill "Shatrishchi"

Hill "Shatrishchi" - a kame formation from the melting of the late stage of the development of the Moscow glacier. Kam has well preserved its original, classical for this type of geomorphological objects, form. Visually, "Shat Mountain" is perceived as a real mountain creature. At its top there is an Old Believer cemetery, at the foot there are the remains of ancient mining of stone material from the Stone Age.

Maloyaroslavetsky district

Island Park

Ostrov Park is a natural complex located on the large island of the Sukhodrev River and has well-preserved various biocenoses.

It is a mixed forest surrounded by floodplain meadows. The main type of forest vegetation in the park are pine plantations of various types. The tree stand of the most common type of forest phytocenoses - grass pine forest - is formed by Scotch pine aged 90 years or more with an admixture of birch and aspen. Rare undergrowth is represented by birch and aspen. In a well-developed layer of shrubs, common raspberry, common mountain ash, bird cherry and common honeysuckle are noted. In the herbaceous-shrub layer, wild strawberry, loosestrife, monetized loosestrife, female kochedyzhnik, oak speedwell, Onega hawkweed, sheep fescue and other species were identified.

Meadow vegetation is represented mainly by grasses and grass-forb groups. The basis of the grass cover here is created by meadow fescue, couch grass, common yarrow, common cuff, awnless brome and caustic buttercup.

The fauna of the park is well preserved and representative of the natural communities of the Maloyaroslavetsky district. In the Ostrov park, 61 species of birds of the forest complex nest, presumably nest or visit the territory. Of the mammals, 14 species were noted in it, including the common fox, the European mole, the white hare and the common squirrel.

Park "Ostrov" is a favorite vacation spot for the population of the village. Detchino. It has a developed road and footpath network. On its territory, places for recreation are organized, there is a football field, jogging tracks and ski slopes. The park also has non-timber forest resources suitable for development.

Park "Dubki"

Park "Dubki" is located in the north-eastern part of the town of Maloyaroslavets, on the right side of the watershed root slope of the Luzha River. It appeared about 100 years ago, and to date, both relatively closed stands of this age and individual old trees among younger ones have been partially preserved in it.

The park has a free layout and consists of many more or less open spaces of lawns of different sizes. The spaces formed by oak solitaires, groups and groves flow freely into one another and enthrall the visitor along dirt, softly traced paths. The main entrance to the park is located from the east, from the side of the city center. The entrance path in it bifurcates, and the next two go around a large lawn, around which oaks are planted in rows. Further north the path forks into several small paths that go down the slope and are connected by a path that runs along the stream. As you move from the main entrance, the landscapes - countless variations of tree species with dark trunks and rounded crowns against the backdrop of light open or closed lawns - become more intimate, but complemented by distant views of the Puddle River valley.

The Dubki Park is a rare example of an urban landscape oak park of the late 19th century, a valuable part of the urban environment and has a special cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health significance for the residents of the Maloyaroslavetsky district.

Duminichsky district

Pinery

Pine forest is a pine plantation with a rare admixture of birch, aspen, mountain ash and willow, located on a sandy dune hill on the left bank of the river. Bryn south of the village. Duminici.

The vegetation of the forest area is represented by various types of pine forests: bracken, birch-aspen lily of the valley and mixed herbs, green moss (cowberry, blueberry, sphagnum), as well as aspen birch forest, marshy black alder, young aspen, spruce forest (oxalis and zelenchuk) and vegetation of meadow edges, mainly upland. However, the predominant type of communities in it are green moss pine forests with very rare individual oaks. Along the bank of the river Bryn there are single old-growth oaks.

Pine forest has a huge impact on the ecological state of natural complexes, performing such bioecological functions as regulating and filtering water runoff, preventing soil erosion, preserving biological diversity, enriching the atmosphere with oxygen and carbon absorption, influencing climate formation and preventing air pollution. It is a valuable habitat for a large number of rare and endangered objects of the animal and plant world, including those listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation and (or) the Red Book of the Kaluga Region.

Oak forests in the floodplain Zhizdra

Oak forests in the floodplain Zhizdra are rare for the Kaluga region natural communities of broad-leaved forests, formed in the valley of the Zhizdra River. Rare meadow-edge light oak forests and "dark oak forests" stand out in them. The age of oaks ranges from 200 to 70 years. Young oaks (from 20 to 70 years old) are practically not observed, but there is numerous undergrowth. In the oak forests, remote from the river, the forest stand is more dense, there are other broad-leaved and coniferous species.

Floodplain oak forests are a valuable habitat (growth) for a large number of rare and endangered species, including those listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region. European euonymus, marsh chickweed, swallow swallow, hairy St. John's wort, Siberian iris (iris), lilac hawk hawk, small reddish moth, raspberry, small sash, diamine checker, changeable bumblebee, moss bumblebee, black-headed tit and other species are noted here. In oxbow lakes in oak forests, a Russian muskrat was found, which is listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation.

Coniferous plantations

Coniferous plantations are located near the village. Dubrovka, Duminichsky district, and represent a relatively small area of ​​pure spruce plantations, in some places very thickened. Common hazel, warty euonymus, brittle buckthorn, forest honeysuckle and other species were noted in the sparse undergrowth. The undergrowth consists mainly of deciduous trees - linden, oak, sycamore maple, warty birch and smooth elm. In damp places, by the stream and by the ditches of the road, ash willow, bird cherry and black alder grow.

The current state of the forest area is assessed as unsatisfactory. A significant number of spruce plantations died in 2013-2015 as a result of damage by the bark beetle. Sanitary and recreational activities and reforestation work are being carried out.

Tarussky district

The bank of the Pesochnya River is a picturesque landscape of the Pesochnya River valley, along the slopes of which mixed forests grow, where M.I. Tsvetaeva.

Park with. Baryatino

The first information about the estate dates back to the 18th century. Then this village was called Ilinskoye and belonged to Prince A.M. Golitsyn. It had a house with outbuildings and an orchard. In 1827, the estate passed to Prince D.S. Gorchakov, who in the middle of the 19th century built a new house and the Assumption Church, created a park.

The park consisted of regular and landscape parts. It was planted with spruces, lindens, pyramidal poplars, oaks and willows, as well as introduced plants - larches, cedars, Weymouth pines, Tatar maples and firs. The park also had a system of ponds with islands and separate on-farm alleys.

Currently, the park is in a very neglected state. The road network has been lost. The southern spruce alley has become thinner. The ponds are down.

Park with. Baryatino, despite its neglect, is an excellent example of a mixed-type manor park, common in the era of classicism, and is of great historical, aesthetic and ecological significance.

Park with. ascension

The estate complex was formed at the end of the 18th century and belonged to the wealthy Kaluga landowner S.A. Chaplin. It contained the Church of the Ascension, the manor house, a stud farm, two orchards, two ponds and a regular park.

At present, fragments of the park and the remains of dams from cascading ponds have been preserved from the entire ensemble.

Park with. Ilinskoe

The manor park, which belonged to the Khilkov princes, judging by the age of the trees, was founded at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century. This is a classic landscape park, where there is not a single straight alley. The trees in it are planted in beautiful picturesque groups, each of which is carefully selected according to the composition of the species. Lindens, poplars, pines and elms are noted in the composition of the forest stand.

The current state of the park Ilinskoye is rated as unsatisfactory. Orchards have been lost. Most of the alleys and paths of the park have not been preserved.

Bank of the Tarusa River section "Ilyinsky Omut"

The bank of the Tarusa River, the Ilyinsky Omut site is a picturesque section of the Tarusa River valley, described by K.G. Paustovsky in the story "Ilyinsky pool".

Park with. Istomino

The estate complex was formed in the 18th century. The park was founded at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries on the high slope of the right bank of the Tarusa River. It consists of a regular part and a heavily overgrown landscape part. The forest stand of the park is dominated by lindens and elms over 200 years old, there are old aspens, birch, ash, poplar, willow and mountain ash (150-200 years old).

Currently, the park is running, its parterre is planted with fruit trees. The large "prolific" garden adjoining the landscape park on the east side has not been preserved. The road network and some alleys have been lost.

Park with. Ladyzhino

At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries in the village. Ladyzhino housed a two-story wooden house that belonged to Marquise Maria Lvovna Komponari. It was surrounded by a park in which lindens, firs, jasmine and lilacs grew. At the beginning of the 20th century, the poet Konstantin Balmont and the writer Alexei Tolstoy visited here.

Currently in s. Ladyzhino preserved small fragments of a linden park.

Park with. Pochuevo

The estate is located on the southwestern outskirts of the village, in the upper gentle part of the northern slope, descending to the river Pesochna. The park with an area of ​​about 1.5 hectares is close to a rectangle in plan. Along its southern border runs a row of lime trees more than 100 years old, behind which a ditch has been dug, possibly a former boundary ditch. Along the eastern and western borders, there are also rows of lindens, but younger - 60-70 years old. In the eastern part of the park there is a ravine, in the upper reaches of which a dam was built to support a small pond. Several hundred-year-old lindens grow along its banks. The rest of the open space of the park is occupied by a clearing, in the northwestern corner of which there is a dilapidated well.

Park with. Trubetskoy

Park with. Trubetskoy is the remains of an old orchard planted with squares of lindens, and a small landscape park with ponds on the site of the former estate.

Manor park with. Sivtsevo

The village of Sivtsevo (Sivtsovo) in the 18th century was in the possession of the old noble family of the Sumarokovs. The manor was mainly formed, judging by its history and stylistic features of the ensemble, in the third quarter of the 18th century. By 1767, it had already acquired the boundaries and main planning features that have survived to this day. It had a master's wooden house and two ponds. Obviously, the park had already been laid out then.

The park consists of regular and landscape parts. The regular part is a chamber linden garden with straight alleys and rows of 100-200 year old trees. The landscape part of the park is very spacious. In it, from the main house, the parterre descends down the slope, which from the side of the ravine forms a linden grove with sparsely planted trees. On the border of it and the parterre, a viewing platform was arranged on a hillock. On the other side, the parterre is formed by a row of acacias, individual lindens and late maples, spruces and birches. Old oaks, pines and willows also grow in the park.

At present, the park is overgrown in places, many old trees have fallen out, and the composition of the regular parts of the park has been disturbed. The road network was erased, new paths appeared. Small architectural forms, the design of the entrances to the estate, the orchard and berry fields have been lost. A spruce alley was planted on the stalls along the southwestern facade of the house. The bridge over the river Dryashcha, the southern entrance to the estate, has not been preserved.

Ferzikovsky district

Forest area "Bor"

The forest area "Bor" is a forest area, the main forest-forming species of which are Scots pine with an admixture of English oak, birch and aspen. Hazel, buckthorn, mountain ash and linden grow in its undergrowth. The undergrowth is absent. The ground cover, which is not very diverse, is dominated by representatives of the Grass family.

The forest area is a valuable habitat (growth) of a large number of rare and endangered objects of the animal and plant world, including those listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region.

Kirovsky district

High bog Berezhkovskoye

The Berezhkovskoye swamp is a raised-type swamp in the zone of landscapes of alluvial-glacial origin during the late stage of the development of the Moscow glacier. Its surface is covered with undergrowth of pine and birch, and in the grassy cover, wild rosemary and cranberries are widely developed.

The swampy massif consists of the three most swampy areas, united by swampy forests into a single circular hydrological system. The western part of the peat deposit was partially worked out in the last century. Open reservoirs in the worked-out space are currently of particular interest from the point of view of restoring the biodiversity of disturbed swamp areas. The eastern and southern parts do not have any special hydrological disturbances, since the swamp is drainless and retains its hydrological regime well.

The Berezhkovskoye swamp is a valuable habitat (growth) of a large number of rare and endangered objects of the animal and plant world, a key ornithological territory of Russia of the local rank "Faience peat mining". It is very picturesque and has a special aesthetic, recreational and scientific value.

High bog Knyaz Mokh

Bog "Prince Mokh" is a typical raised bog with characteristic pine-cotton grass and pine-sphagnum associations. Along its edge, transitional areas with willows are noted, and in the western part - typical ridge-hollow areas, areas of pine forests with sphagnum and cranberries, pine forests with wild rosemary, and other plant communities. Apparently, some areas in the eastern part of the swamp were previously covered by forest fires, since typical swamp shrubs and sundews are absent here. In general, the bog complex is characterized by a small abundance of species, but this is typical of intact and homogeneous sphagnum bogs.

The Knyaz Mokh high bog is an undisturbed sphagnum bog, an important habitat (growth) of rare and endangered flora and fauna listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region, as well as resource-valued berry shrubs and medicinal plants.

City of Obninsk

Dacha "Bugry"

Dacha "Bugry" or "Konchalovsky Forest" is a coniferous-broad-leaved forest with plantings of introducers. In its western part, spruce forests predominate, in which the shrub layer is practically not expressed, and the grass cover is oppressed or typical of spruce forests. The eastern part of the massif is occupied by a broad-leaved forest, the forest stand of which is dominated by old pines and spruces with an admixture of aspen and birch. Also in the forest there are small patches of aspen. On its northern border there is a small birch grove.

In the southern part of the forest is the estate of the famous artist P.P. Konchalovsky, known under the name "Bugry".

The level of biological diversity of the natural monument is assessed as high. In total, 234 species of vascular plants, 54 species of birds and 7 species of mammals have been recorded here. Of the rare and endangered objects of the plant world in the forest, Lunnik revived, listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region, was noted.

Particularly valuable for the region natural objects in the specially protected natural area are not marked. In fact, the dacha "Bugry" is a green zone of the city of Obninsk and is used by the population for recreational purposes.

"Lower Park"

Nizhny Park is a forest area located on the southwestern outskirts of the city of Obninsk. The southern part of it is represented by an old spruce forest, in the undergrowth of which hazel, warty euonymus, mountain ash, forest honeysuckle predominate, in the grass layer - oxalis, European hoof and other species. As the relief increases, the spruce forest turns into an old pine forest with tall pines up to 30 meters high.

In the central part of the massif there are two deep ravines, along the bottom of one of which flows a stream known as Repinka. Their slopes are overgrown with aspen, birch with an admixture of oak, linden and elm. Hazel prevails in the undergrowth, in the herbaceous layer - obscure lungwort, hairy sedge, yellow Zelenchuk, male shieldwort and other species.

In the western part of the "Lower Park" there is a birch grove. The age of the birches here exceeds 70 years, the diameter of the trunks is 50-60 cm. There is practically no undergrowth and undergrowth in the grove due to the high level of anthropogenic impact.

The level of biological diversity of the natural monument is assessed as medium. In total, 145 species of vascular plants, 40 species of birds and 7 species of mammals have been recorded here. Rare and endangered species are not registered in the forest area.

"Lower Park" is a favorite vacation spot for local residents.

Przemysl district

Pine forests on the dunes

"Pine forests on the dunes" is a sparse grass-lichen-green-moss pine forest with rare undergrowth of birch, pine and oak, located on a terraced area between the Oka and Zhelov rivers, within the ancient valley complex of the Oka River. The undergrowth in it is poorly developed and is mainly represented by Russian Broom, Common Juniper, European Euonymus and Sorbus. Common bracken, wild strawberry, white-bearded protruding, ortilia lopsided, Veronica officinalis, round-leaved bluebell, oak bluegrass, hairy bluegrass, drooping barley, common sorrel, tricolor violet, amazing violet, black nightshade, medicinal gully, fescue sheep, small rattle and other species. Typical taiga species are also noted, such as common bilberry, common lingonberry and double-leaved Mainik, and plants from the nemoral suite - May lily of the valley and Kupena officinalis. Heather common.

"Pine forests on the dunes" are of exceptional value for the conservation of biological diversity, and the presence of dune formations with a height of 2-3 to 5-7 m within the ancient valley complex of the Oka River, and on the western side of the site (Oka floodplain) - 12-15 meters make them unique for the Kaluga region.

Fresh water source near the village of Gremyachevo

Keys on the root right slope of the river. The Okas are connected with the Aleksinsky and Tarussko-Mikhailovsky aquifers. Most of them have a specific flow rate of no more than 1-2 l/s. In the eastern part of the slope, not far from the Assumption Monastery, there is a spring with a flow rate of more than 10 l/s. All sources are descending. The waters in them are bicarbonate-calcium, hard.

The botanical composition of the grass cover in the vicinity of springs is the same, but the density of herbaceous vegetation is higher in the areas of tuff development. Thickets of black alder and sticky alder are observed in places of mass outcropping of groundwater. The lower part of the slope (the coastal strip of the Oka River) is completely swampy and overgrown with shrubs and marsh vegetation.

Fresh water source near the village of Bragino

In the vicinity of the village of Bragino, the natural erosion relief is well preserved with many springs, natural outcrops of rocks of the Aleksinsky and Mikhailovsky horizons of the Lower Carboniferous. Erosive slopes are covered with trees, shrubs and various herbaceous vegetation. Due to the abundance of springs, the lower part of the river canyon does not freeze in winter, and the grass cover remains green. Sources of fresh groundwater are descending, high-yielding. The water in them is bicarbonate-calcium, hard, with little iron.

Park with. Akhlebinino

Park with. Akhlebinino is a manor park located on the right bank of the river. Oka, 0.5 km from the Kaluga-Tula highway.

Park with. Akhlebinino is a part of the estate "Akhlebinino" and is included in the boundaries of the object of cultural heritage of regional significance "Estate "Akhlebinino" (fragments): the main house (fragments) with a grotto, underground passages and retaining terraces, a western wing, a chapel, a park (fragments)".

At present, a system of on-farm alleys has been preserved on the territory of the park, in the forest stand of which lindens, spruces and larches predominate.

Dzerzhinsky district

A group of ascending springs on the river Veprika

The group of ascending springs on the Veprika River is a unique natural complex, valuable in ecological, scientific, aesthetic and recreational terms, consisting of a water source and the surrounding natural landscape.

The water source is a group dispersed over an area of ​​1 ha of rising groundwater in the form of numerous seething griffins. Groundwater is discharged from the pressure Venevsko-Tarusa horizon near the boundary of its wedging out. The water-bearing rocks are the fissured limestones of the Tarusa and Venev stratigraphic horizons of the lower part of the Carboniferous system. In the occurrence of rock layers, due to the location of the terrain in the inner part of the Kaluga ring structure, there is a sharp rise and fall with an amplitude of up to 200 m and a dip angle of up to 11 °, which creates groundwater pressure.

The waters of the springs are bicarbonate-calcium with a dry residue of 0.3 g/l and a total hardness of 5 meq., practically do not contain iron. The flow rate of the main reservoir with six griffins is approximately 13-15 l/sec.

Groundwater outcrops are surrounded by a damp floodplain meadow, which, like the Veprika riverbed, is partially overgrown with shrubs. Above the springs on the right bank of the Veprika there are open slopes with meadow vegetation, on the left bank there is a pine-green moss forest.

The level of biological diversity of the specially protected natural area is high. In total, 357 species of vascular plants have been noted here, among which 6 (Keleria large, Baltic palmate root, Bloody palmate root, Young shoot-bearing, Winter-loving umbrella, Hemp vine) are listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga region, 2 species of amphibians, 1 species of reptiles and 2 species of mammals.

Lake Holy

Lake Svyatoe is a lake of glacial origin with a clearly defined glacial flanging of loams. It is the source of the Putynka River, a tributary of the Sukhodrev. The lake is fed by atmospheric precipitation and groundwater of the Quaternary and Miocene aquifers. At the bottom there are deposits of sapropel, which belongs to the therapeutic mud of the Moltaevsky type.

Lake Svyatoye and the landscapes surrounding it are a valuable habitat for a large number of rare and endangered objects of flora and fauna, including those listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation and (or) the Red Book of the Kaluga Region: Sheikhzeria bog, Pompa della, English sundew , Round-leaved sundew, Grass-headed grass, Swamp sedge, Graceful cottongrass, Baltic palmate root, Obovate sundew, Lesser pemphigus, Ospreys, etc.

City forest of Kondrovo

The city forest is located within the city of Kondrovo on the right bank of the Shani River.

For 90% it consists of plantations of pine and spruce with an admixture of birch and aspen of high quality.

The main age of the forest stand is 100 years, but there are areas with young pine plantations along clearings. On the territory of the boron, various types of forests are noted, characteristic of the central region of the mixed forest subzone: lichen pine forest (on dry sandy loamy soils characteristic of taiga forests), green moss spruce forest (on fresh soddy-podzolic gray forest soils) and sphagnum spruce forest (in low places ) with a predominance of sphagnum moss in the ground cover. Its undergrowth is rich in red mountain ash, hazel, warty euonymus, and buckthorn. The herbaceous ground cover is diverse: in spring, primroses are plentiful - lute anemone, lungwort and blueberry, in summer - hoof, chickweed, minnik, two-leaved lyubka, orchis and other plants.

The forest is rich in berries - blueberries, strawberries and raspberries, as well as nuts and mushrooms.

The current state of the array is assessed as unsatisfactory. A significant part of the spruce plantations is damaged by the typographer bark beetle and root fungus. There is old and fresh deadwood and windblow. It is required to carry out sanitary and recreational measures (sanitary felling and cleaning from clutter).

Forest area "Galkinsky Forest"

The forest area "Galkinsky Forest" is a standard of mixed coniferous-deciduous forests of the European part of Russia.

The composition of plantations is mixed (40% spruce, 30% pine, 20% aspen, 10% birch and an admixture of oak). The forest is mostly ripe and maturing, medium-density, high quality. In a well-developed undergrowth, brittle buckthorn, mountain ash, hazel and honeysuckle prevail, in the ground cover - strawberries, blueberries, oxalis, lungwort, European octopus, lingonberries, double-leaved mullet, Veronica officinalis, ferns, green mosses and lichens. Rare and endangered plant species have also been noted. The forest is a habitat for a variety of fauna. Here you can meet elk, deer, wild boar, roe deer, hare, fox, badger, marten, squirrel, feathered grouse, black grouse, ducks, snipe, hazel grouse and other species.

The forest area "Galkinsky Forest" is partly included in the boundaries of the national park "Ugra".

Transition swamp

"Transitional swamp" is a transitional swamp with open water saucers, which has well preserved its morphology and biocenoses. It is rich in marsh cranberries. Here you can find white water lily, false calla, frog watercress and other plant species. Mallard ducks and common teal ducks nest in the swamp.

wide meadows

"Wide meadows" are natural meadows within a large forest area with rich and varied vegetation, from which an unnamed stream originates. Along the stream bed, in the area of ​​strong waterlogging, thickets of black alder were noted. In the meadows there are individual trees of pedunculate oak, white birch and warty birch, trembling poplar, European spruce. The species composition of shrubs is diverse, but willow is the predominant species. In the central part of the northern meadows, a bog was noted, overgrown with angustifolia cattail. Rare and endangered plants grow in the meadows, including those listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region.

Peat bogs

Peat bogs are located near vil. Shenyano-Sloboda. They are a heavily swampy area of ​​the forest, the main forest-forming species in which are black alder and birch. Along the bank of the stream flowing through it, a swamp dream grows, which is listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region.

Park in Kondrovo

The park of Kondrovo is a natural mixed forest, preserved within the city limits on the banks of the Shani River. It plays the role of a green zone between the Kondrovo paper company and the Troitsk paper mill, being a kind of ecological buffer and the only "green spot" in the industrial zone of Kondrovo. There are spontaneous walking paths in the forest area. No man-made alleys were found within its limits. At the beginning of the 20th century, lindens were planted between the natural forest and the building of the pedagogical school according to the alley principle, and in front of the school building there was a parterre lined with fir, ash, poplar and arborvitae. The park is actively used by local residents as a recreation area.

Park of the estate in the village of Gorbenki

The park of the estate in the village of Gorbenki is a park on the site of the former estate of the merchants Shaposhnikovs, in which a system of on-farm alleys of lindens and pyramidal poplars has been partially preserved. The current state of the park is assessed as unsatisfactory. It has a lot of dead and wind-fallen trees that require sanitary and recreational measures.

Key source near the village of Makovtsy

The key source near the village of Makovtsy is a descending source of fresh water with a specific flow rate of 0.3-0.5 l/s. The water in it is chemically weak. The key is captured in a metal pipe and equipped. The entrance to it is good, there is parking for cars.

Key source near the village of Ogaryovo

The key source near the village of Ogarevo is a descending source of fresh water with a specific flow rate of 0.2-0.3 l / s, located on the banks of the Medynka River. Its water quality is good. The key is capped by a pipe. The locals use the water from it.

Key source in the village of Tovarkovo

The key source in the village of Tovarkovo is an ascending source of fresh water, located in the floodplain of the Shani River. The source is not captured, but the approach to it is equipped. Local residents do not currently use water from the spring, as there is a large industrial enterprise next to it.

Key source in Kondrovo

The key source in the city of Kondrovo is a descending source of fresh water in the coastal strip of the Shani River. Captured with a metal pipe. Water from the source is used by the population for drinking and household purposes.

The key source near the highway Kondrovo-Nikolskoye

The spring key at the Kondrovo-Nikolskoye highway is an artificially created source of fresh water. The spring is equipped - there is a wooden frame. It has a good entrance, a bench is installed. Previously, local residents used the water from the source. Currently, the water in it is stagnant.

Grove and garden of the village of Galkino

The grove and the garden are located on the territory of the village. Galkino, Dzerzhinsky district. The grove consists of oaks and lindens more than 200 years old, the park - of lindens and firs aged 150-160 years with an admixture of pines and oaks over 200 years old.

The layout of the park is regular, symmetrical with respect to the central alley. In the southern part, cross-shaped paths form rectangular bosquets, in the northern part, a star-shaped layout of paths lined with lindens is visible. Pines and oaks are not included in the park layout. Next to it, the foundations of buildings can be traced and there are old lilac bushes and a small pond, now heavily overgrown.

The grass cover is natural, mainly from cereals, with a large participation of weeds.

Park with. Begichevo

Park with. Begichevo is located on the territory of one of the ancient estates of the Kaluga province, which was owned since the 15th century by the Begichevs, Tolstoys, Smirnovs, princes Trubetskoy. It preserved the system of alleys, planting linden, birch and poplar. The landscape part of the park consists of oak forests, as well as birch-aspen plantations with hazel undergrowth.

Park d. Zheleztsovo

The village of Zheleztsevo, Dzerzhinsky District, is the former estate of the ancient Turgenev family, nobles dating back to the time of Tsar Ivan the Terrible. The manor park is located between two ravines, along the bottom of which streams flow. The natural conditions made it possible to create a system of ponds here. In the regular part of the park, linden alleys have been preserved (the age of the trees is 200-250 years). The garden adjoining the regular part has been lost.

The key source of "Saint Tikhon"

The key source of "Saint Tikhon" is a unique source on the banks of the Veprika River, consisting of several ascending springs of the Protvinsky aquifer. Their waters are low-pressure, bicarbonate-calcium, slightly hard.

The source is a place of pilgrimage for believers.

Oak 300-year-old in the village. Leo Tolstoy is a pedunculate oak with a height of more than 30 meters, a trunk circumference of 4 meters, a trunk diameter of 127 centimeters and an age of 300 years.

Khvastovichi district

Penevichskoe reservoir

The Penevichi reservoir was built on the river. Katagoshcha (left tributary of the Resseta). The shores are mostly open, partially overgrown with shrubs in the upper part of the pond, woody vegetation is currently just beginning to appear, along the shores there are deposits and meadows. The reservoir has extensive shallow waters, while the drainage from the dam is weak (stream), so the water "blooms" due to the strong reproduction of cyanobacteria and has an unpleasant odor.

The reservoir is a stopover place for waterfowl and near-water birds. The number of birds in clusters during the spring migration reaches several tens of specimens. The reservoir is part of the key ornithological territory of Russia "Interfluves of Lovatyanka and Sukremeni" of federal rank.

Sloboda reservoir

The Slobodskoye Reservoir is a shallow pond formed on the Lokhova River, blocked by a dam. On the eastern shore there is a fallow, currently being developed for dacha development, on the western shore there is a swampy meadow, where plant species rare for the region have been noted. The aquatic flora is dominated by standard aquatic macrophytes, predominantly pondweeds, and fairly common coastal thickets.

The reservoir is an important stopover and nesting place for waterfowl and shorebirds. The number of birds in clusters during the spring migration here reaches several thousand specimens. The reservoir is part of the key ornithological territory of Russia "Interfluves of Lovatyanka and Sukremeni" of federal rank.

The Lokhova River and its floodplain

The vegetation of the banks of the Lokhova River is represented by thickets of single willows, mainly Willow ash, with the dominance of the Reed-like spring, Angelica forest and Meadow foxtail, as well as aquatic and coastal aquatic vegetation. Among the coastal-aquatic vegetation, the main dominant is the reed-like spring, the co-dominants are forest angelica, forest reed and sharp sedge. Among aquatic, completely submerged plants, dark green hornwort predominates , Lesser duckweed and three-lobed duckweed, which occupy the main part of shallow waters. In some places there are Yellow Capsule and Vodokras ordinary. Large macrophytes along the coast and in shallow waters are dominated by Lake Kamysh and broad-leaved Rogoz, thickets of Mannik floating . The general list of vascular plants includes 52 species, of which 5 (the longest pondweed, young sprout-bearing, European euonymus, Umbelliferata and Thyme (Thyme) creeping or common) are listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region.

The Lokhova River and its floodplain are difficult to access and serve as a good refuge for birds and wild animals. Among the population of birds in the vicinity of the village. Bojanovichi is dominated by synanthropic species, as well as species of the meadow-field complex, and edge and forest species are found near the Resseta River. In total, 76 species of birds have been recorded here, including 3 species (White stork, Gray crane and Forest lark) listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region. The floodplain of the Lokhova River is part of the key ornithological territory of Russia "Interfluves of Lovatyanka and Sukremeni" of federal rank.

The most common mammal species in the floodplain of the Lokhova River is the muskrat. Traces of its life activity (burrows, fodder "tables" extracted from the silt of the rhizomes of wetland plants) are found throughout the surveyed section of the river. Gnawing, burrows and summer shelters of the river beaver were also noted. Signs of American mink and water vole were found. Of the insectivores, a water shrew has been identified. It is possible that the Russian desman lives in the Lokhova River - a species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation and the Red Book of the Kaluga Region.

The Lovatyanka River and its floodplain

The valley of the Lovatyanka River is distinguished by a rather uniform relief and is a flat alluvial marshy plain with individual dunes, old rivers, and riverbanks. The vegetation is represented by grassy pine forest, low-lying large-grass meadow and coastal-aquatic communities.

The pine forest with bracken-grass oak is characterized by an average degree of crown density, an average stand height and an age of about 70-90 years. Undergrowth is represented by Scots Pine, English Oak, Common Spruce and Silver Birch. In the undergrowth, there are heart-shaped linden, common raspberry and single mountain ash. The herbaceous-shrub layer is dominated by Common bracken, Ground reedgrass and Oak bluegrass. The moss-lichen cover is represented by Kukushkin flax and Schreber's Pleurotium.

In the lowland large-grass meadowsweet-double-spring-sedge-reed meadow in the flooded floodplain of the Lovatyanka River, the grass cover is dominated by Common reed, Reed-like double spring, Acute sedge, Elm-leaved meadowsweet and Common loosestrife . There is overgrowing of the meadow community with Willow ash, Willow goat, Willow philicoleaf and Willow brittle .

The coastal-aquatic vegetation is represented by thickets along the very edge of the water of the Common reed and the Elm-leaved meadowsweet, as well as the floating Mannik . Creeping ranunculus, Forget-me-not marsh and Water mint are found singly .

The aquatic vegetation itself is represented by the common arrowhead, sea sorrel, yellow egg capsule, common vodokras, pierced-leaved pondweed, dark green hornwort, common multi-root, three-lobed duckweed and small duckweed .

Along the entire length of the Lovatyanka River, traces and gnaws of the river beaver and traces of the feeding activity of the muskrat were noted. The inhabitants of the river floodplain are also the raccoon dog , American mink, water vole and water shrew. Given the high protective properties of floodplain water bodies and an extensive network of small tributaries, one cannot exclude the possibility of preserving Russian desman and European mink in a specially protected natural area.

The Vytebet River and its floodplain

The floodplain of the Vytebet River is difficult to access for a significant length of it and can serve as a refuge for wild animals. A mixed forest stretches along the banks. The floodplain vegetation is represented by forest and meadow complexes;

Coastal-aquatic vegetation is represented by thickets of Reed-like spring, Bonfire without awns, Tenacious bedstraw, Dioecious nettle, Prickly thistle, Ivy-shaped Budra, Common wormwood, Common tansy and Riverside ragwort. Also recorded in large numbers are angelica, water mint, common loosestrife, river gravel, meadow horsetail, floating mannik and shoot-bearing bent grass.

Aquatic vegetation is represented by Elodea canadensis, dark green hornwort, yellow capsule, common chastukha and common arrowhead.

The avifauna of the floodplain of the Vytebet River within the boundaries of the Khvastovichsky District is formed by waterfowl and near-water birds (both “native” and transit) of the riverbed, temporary reservoirs of the floodplain and its wetlands, forest species inhabiting floodplain forests and forested floodplain terraces, and using the floodplain as fodder lands.

Muskrat, American mink, river otter and beaver live in the floodplain of the Vytebet River. According to researchers H.A. Hernandez-Blanco, E.M. Litvinova and A.V. Antonevich, traces of the otter's vital activity are found throughout the river, which indicates the well-being of the population. The Russian muskrat was noted in the composition of the fauna of the Orlovskoye Polesye National Park, located upstream of the Vytebet, and the Kaluzhskiye Zaseki Nature Reserve, on the territory of which the lower reaches of the river are located. Probably its distribution throughout the Vytebet river.

The Obelna River and its floodplain

The Obelna River, within the boundaries of the Khvastovichi District, flows mainly through wooded areas, and only in the mouth part it enters a wide open area of ​​a common floodplain with the Resseta River.

The vegetation of the specially protected natural area is represented by herbaceous pine forest, brook black alder, coastal-aquatic and aquatic vegetation. The undergrowth of grass pine forest is dominated by Scotch pine, English oak, Scotch spruce and drooping birch. The undergrowth is formed by bird cherry , Common viburnum, Common raspberry, Gray blackberry, Common mountain ash, Brittle buckthorn, Ash willow, Common hazel and Common hop. Along the coastline of the Obelna River, tall-grass black alders grow in a narrow strip with dominance in the herb layer of Dioecious Nettle, Meadowsweet Elm-leaved and Acute Sedge. . Coastal-aquatic vegetation is represented by thickets along the water's edge of the Reed-like Dvukistochnik and Giant Mannik . Also noted codominants: Arrowhead ordinary, Chastukha ordinary, Sharp sedge, Black sedge, Dioecious nettle, Awnless bonfire, Bittersweet nightshade, Poison milestone. The aquatic vegetation proper is represented by common Arrowleaf, Yellow Capsule, Common Chastukha, Common Vodokras, Podgrass pierced-leaved, Dark Green Hornwort, Common Polyroot, and Three-lobed Duckweed.

The fauna of the Obelna River and its floodplain includes 6 species of amphibians, 4 species of reptiles, 40 species of birds and 29 species of mammals, of which 5 (Common Viper, Gray Crane, River Otter, Small Shrew and Forest Bat or Nathusius) are listed in the regional Red Book .

Green zone of the village of Elensky

The green zone of the village of Elensky is part of a large forest area located on the territory of the Kaluga, Bryansk and Oryol regions.

The vegetation of the natural monument is represented by sphagnum and green moss spruce forests, green moss, complex and blueberry pine forests, secondary grass birch forests, upland and hygrophytic meadows, coastal water and water communities.

The level of landscape and biological diversity of the territory is assessed as high. There are 16 species of macromycete fungi, including 1 species (Gyropore blue or Bruise), listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region, 3 species of lichens, 7 species of bryophytes, 272 species of vascular plants, including 2 species (European spindle tree, Kasatik (Iris) Siberian), listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga region.

The forest fauna is represented by 6 species of amphibians, 4 species of reptiles, 72 species of birds and 28 species of mammals. Seasonal migrations of wild ungulates - elk, wild boar and roe deer - pass through it, there are pine marten, polecat, forest dormouse. Traces of a badger and a raccoon dog were recorded. Residential passages and soil ejecta of the European mole were found on the soil. Of the rare and endangered species of animals listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region, the Red-bellied Toad, Common Viper, Klintukh, Forest Lark, Deryaba, Crested Tit, Splyushka, Common Lynx, Forest Bat or Nathusius and Sonya- shelf.

Green zone of Khvastovichi village

The green zone of the village of Khvastovichi is a well-preserved standard of widespread zonal landscapes.

The vegetation of the natural monument is represented by forest (coniferous and small-leaved (aspen, black alder and birch forests)), meadow and coastal-aquatic vegetation.

Coniferous forests, occupying limited areas, are formed by complex spruce forests and complex pine forests. Small-leaved forests are represented mainly by aspen forests, black alder forests near the brooks and grassy birch forests, developing on the site of abandoned agricultural land.

Secondary grassy birch forests are mainly confined to the areas of burnt areas and clearings. Here, instead of indigenous communities, adventitious ones are represented with the dominance of Birch drooping and insignificant participation of Aspen. Under the canopy of forests, there are many forest and edge-meadow species: Kupena many-flowered, May lily of the valley, Wild strawberry, Common goldenrod or Golden rod, Forest horsetail. Moss cover is absent.

Meadow vegetation is represented only by hygrophytic meadows, well expressed in the floodplains of small rivers and streams.

The coastal-aquatic vegetation of the specially protected natural area is quite diverse, which is due to the ecological characteristics of the habitats. It reaches the maximum species diversity and abundance in areas of watercourses with low banks, composed, as a rule, of peaty-illuvial soils, in the absence of water flow or its low speed, in small oxbow lakes. The group of floating plants is represented by duckweed and Common Root, occupying from 30 to 100% of the water surface.

In total, 4 species of macromycete fungi and 264 species of vascular plants were noted in the green zone of the village of Khvastovichi, including 2 species (Cinna broad-leaved and Lyubka green-colored), listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region.

The forest fauna is represented by 8 species of amphibians, 5 species of reptiles, 57 species of birds and 33 species of mammals. Of the rare and endangered species of animals listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region, there are the Red-bellied Toad, Common Viper, Klintukh, River Otter, Tiny Shrew, Lesser Shrew and Forest Bat.

Forest area near the station. Tereben

Forest area near the station. Tereben" is a large forest area located on the outwash sands of the Dnieper glaciation. Rivers and streams of Koldobina, Skupa, Gorokhovka, Shkovka, Gromovoi, Radnya, Zmeyka, as well as unnamed streams flow through its territory. In the interdune depressions there are lake Yermolovskoe and small swamps. There are numerous outlets of springs, some of which are quite significant in terms of debit.

The vegetation of the natural monument is represented by grass pine forests on the dunes, grass black alder forests, grass lime forests, compound pine forests with an admixture of English oak, green moss pine forests dominated by blueberry, secondary grass birch forests on burned areas and clearings, as well as meadow, coastal water and water communities.

The level of landscape and biological diversity of the specially protected natural area is high. 15 species of macromycete fungi were noted here, including 1 species (Gyropor blue or Bruise), listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region, 2 species of lichens, 4 species of bryophytes and 320 species of vascular plants, including 15 species (Podbel ordinary, Peschanka rocky, Armeria vulgaris, Astragalus sandy, Carnation sandy, Gudaiera creeping, Borodnik spherical, Cornflower head, Gorichnik mountain, Pasque opened, Thyme (Thyme) creeping, Winter-loving umbrella, Linnea northern, Kozelets low, Gentian pulmonary), listed in the Red Book of Kaluga areas.

The forest fauna is represented by 127 species of Lepidoptera, 7 species of amphibians, 4 species of reptiles, 72 species of birds and 35 species of mammals. Seasonal migrations of wild ungulates - Elk and Roe deer - pass through it. From the southern border of the territory, bison visits are regularly observed from the free-living population of the Orlovskoye Polesie National Park, which are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation and the Red Book of the Kaluga Region. The Fox and the White Hare also live within the forest. There are traces of Lynx, Wolf and Brown Bear. Traces of the feeding activity of the Common Squirrel are periodically noted.

Of the rare and endangered species of animals listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region, on the territory of the natural monument, the hawthorn cocoonworm, the small red order ribbon, the alder shooter, the white striped bear, the gray pelosia, the willow ribbon, the red-bellied toad, the common viper, Klintukh, Forest Lark, Misery, Crested Tit, Splyushka, Common Lynx, Forest Bat or Nathusius, Dormouse, Tiny Shrew, River Otter and Brown Bear.

Forest area near the station. Tereben is a valuable habitat (growth) of rare and endangered objects of the animal and plant world and is of great importance for the conservation of the biological diversity of the region.

Zhizdrinsky district

Arboretum in Zhizdra

The arboretum was founded at the end of the 19th century at the Mikhailovsky School of Horticulture, which existed in the city of Zhizdra in the pre-war years, by its teachers F.A. Kryukov and F.I. Schneider. For three years, from 1896 to 1898, 140 different tree and shrub species were planted on an area of ​​about two hectares (“Kaluga province - a geographical outline”, V.M. Koshkarov, 1908). The park was landscaped, the paths were strewn with sand. A beautiful fountain was created, around which flower beds were located in the parterre.

At present, the arboretum has preserved various combinations of trees and shrubs (Siberian larch, Siberian pine, oaks, ash trees, poplars, etc.) of plantings of different years (from the end of the 19th to the middle of the 20th centuries).

Dendropark of the city of Zhizdra is of cultural, historical and recreational significance for the inhabitants of the city, scientific and environmental significance for the Kaluga region as a monitoring area for monitoring the processes occurring with introduced species in the territory of the Zhizdra district. The level of landscape diversity of the territory is assessed as low, but at the same time, a fairly high diversity of species uncharacteristic for the region is noted here.

The tract "Znamenskaya Gorka"

The tract "Znamenskaya Gorka" is a valuable forest. Its upper tier is formed by tall Scotch pine, which, according to the forestry classification, belongs to ripe or already overmature. Spruce and birch are occasionally mixed with pine stands.

The undergrowth is dominated by 45-50-year-old spruces. The renewal of pine is noted.

The undergrowth is formed by mountain ash, buckthorn, small-leaved linden, viburnum, European euonymus. There are also Norway maple and occasionally English oak (along the edges), which are in a depressed state.

Cowberries, blueberries and wild strawberries are abundant in the grass cover. Heather occurs in scattered groups. Green, hypnum mosses are also developed. May lily of the valley is noted in some places.

The main conservation value of the tract "Znamenskaya Gorka" is the maintenance of biodiversity of flora and fauna, as well as the reproduction of representatives of flora and fauna and their further resettlement in adjacent territories.

Spruce-broad-leaved pine forest

Spruce-broad-leaved forest is located on the right bank of the river. Zhizdra in the 132 quarter of the Zhizdrinsky district forestry. The vegetation of the forest area is represented by various variants of mixed forests with a predominance of birch, areas of pine-spruce-birch forests and light forests, areas of spruce culture, uneven-aged areas of pine culture, floodplain willow and alder forests, meadow associations of different options, coastal vegetation of the reservoir and the river. Potya, coastal and aquatic vegetation of the reservoir on the river. Zhizdra. In the herbaceous layer, quite rare species, protected in the region, are noted in some places - mountain sedge and black mountain sedge.

The current state of the forest area is assessed as satisfactory. Recreational load is moderate. A strong anthropogenic impact was noted only in the area of ​​work on the construction of a dam on the lower pond on the Potya River.

The spruce-broad-leaved forest is of great aesthetic and environmental significance for the residents of the city, primarily as a recreational area. The level of landscape and biological diversity of the territory is high. In most of the forest area, intact natural complexes are noted that are of value for the conservation of the biodiversity of the region.

Fresh water source "White Well"

The source of fresh water "White well" is located on the watershed of the rivers Lolyanka, Restitsa and Lovatyanka on a flat, slightly dissected erosional plain developed on the Turonian chalk deposits of the upper section.

The source comes to the surface in the lowland of a natural amphitheater, surrounding the local depression in a semicircle. In the center of the depression is a pond, which receives the effluents of all the springs along the foot of the amphitheater. The flow rate of the source "White well" is about 10.8 l / s.

The water in the spring is ultra-fresh (mineralization - 0.17 g/l). The water temperature is 7.8 0 C. The water quality complies with the established standards. A distinctive feature is the presence of iron in water (concentration - 0.12 g/l at MPC = 0.3 g/l).

Karst lake "Bottomless"

The karst lake "Bezdonnoye" is located on the watershed of the tributaries of the Bolva and Resseta rivers, on a gently undulating, slightly dissected erosive plain. It was formed in the bedrocks represented by the flask and tripoli of the Santonian time of the upper part of the Cretaceous system, under which the Turonian chalk occurs. Probably, due to the suffotic washing out of the chalk, the overlying rocks sank and the lake "Bezdonnoye" was formed, as well as a number of swamps around the village. Ozerskaya.

Karst Lake "Bezdonnoye" is a well-preserved wetland. Along the edge it is surrounded by a quagmire, which has undergone reclamation. From the village Ozerskaya, from the south and east, a transitional, and in some places a low-lying swamp, almost completely overgrown with willows, approaches. On the northern and western shores there is a sphagnum quagmire with a characteristic set of swamp species, an open swamp with tussocks of cotton grass and swamp shrubs. The lake is bordered on the western side by black alder, and on the northern side there are areas resembling a raised bog with pine and even with signs of ridge-hollow relief - between rows of low pines there are hollows with Sheikhzeria marsh, Ocheretnik white and other species listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region .

The local population actively uses the reservoir and the lands adjacent to it for fishing, hunting, picking mushrooms and berries, and recreation. A serious threat to the specially protected natural area is posed by recurring cases of poaching fish with the use of nets, poisonous substances and electric fishing rods.

Forest pine massif "Lukavsky"

The forest pine massif "Lukavsky" is a pine massif with an admixture of birch and spruce, aged 75-85 years and bonitet 1, which is of great importance for maintaining the biodiversity of flora and fauna, as well as for the reproduction of representatives of flora and fauna and their further settlement in adjacent territories . The level of landscape and biological diversity of the territory is assessed as high. In total, 116 species of vascular plants, 20 species of macromycete fungi, 3 species of amphibians, 3 species of reptiles, 60 species of birds, 22 species of mammals and 43 species of invertebrates have been identified in the specially protected natural area.

Forest pine massif "Dubrovsky"

Forest pine massif "Dubrovsky" - pine-spruce plantations with an admixture of birch, aspen and black alder aged 90-100 years. The level of biological and landscape diversity of the territory is low (20 species of macromycetes, 112 species of vascular plants, 43 species of invertebrates, 3 species of amphibians, 3 species of reptiles, 60 species of birds and 22 species of mammals). This is probably due to the fact that about half of the forest plantations within the boundaries of a specially protected natural area have been cut down in the last 10 years.

Forest area "Blueberries"

The forest area "Birchniki" is a blueberry-sphagnum pine forest with an admixture of spruce, birch and aspen. The level of biological diversity of the territory is low (20 species of macromycetes, 2 species of bryophytes, 113 species of vascular plants, 37 species of invertebrates, 3 species of amphibians, 3 species of reptiles, 58 species of birds, 22 species of mammals)

Settlement of forest ants "Ant pillars" (southern cluster)

Settlement of forest ants "Ant pillars" (northern cluster)

The settlement of forest ants "Ant Pillars" is a group of anthills up to 1.5 meters high and 1.0-1.2 meters in diameter at the base, located in a mixed forest of different ages.

Baryatinsky district

Park d. Milotichi

The manor and the garden and park ensemble were created in the 18th - early 19th centuries. The total area of ​​the estate was more than 30 hectares. It included a landscape park on the left slope of the river valley. Kamenka, four ponds, a system of access and on-farm alleys, the main house with outbuildings and St. Nicholas Church.

At present, the landscape part of the landscape park, a dug pond of complex configuration with an island and alleys, the forest stand of which is dominated by linden, maple and ash, are well preserved.

The park is actively used by the local population as a place of recreation.

Park village Kotovo

The park of the estate of the beginning of the 19th century is located in the bend of the river. Svotitsa, on its gently sloping right bank. Linden alleys, fragments of broad-leaved forests, mostly linden, fragments of small-leaved forests, mainly birch forests in place of old birch alleys, floodplain black alder forests with an admixture of willows, mesophytic upland, slope and floodplain meadows and hygrophytic meadows of the river floodplain have survived to the present. Svotitsa.

The park of the village of Kotovo is of scientific importance as an example of restoration successions after the cessation of direct anthropogenic impact, with the participation of well-preserved sections of linden alleys. The level of landscape and biological diversity of the territory is assessed as quite high (181 species of vascular plants, 26 species of fungi, 65 species of invertebrates and 39 vertebrates), and with the expansion of the buffer zone, it can be significantly increased.

Lake Bezdon

Lake "Bezdon" - a lake of glacial origin, filled with clean and clear water. The maximum depth is 22 meters, the prevailing depth is 9-10 meters. The area of ​​the lake is 36 hectares.

The reservoir is an important habitat for rare and endangered species of plants listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region, as well as one of the key stopover and nesting places in this part of the Kaluga Region for waterfowl and near-water birds, including those listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation. Federation and the Red Book of the Kaluga Region.

The natural ichthyofauna of Lake Bezdon has been heavily altered by fisheries. Here they reproduce and grow sturgeon, bream, carp, silver carp, grass carp, tench and pike, which are numerous in the reservoir and reach large sizes.

The oval-shaped lake surrounded by forests is unusually picturesque, it is a wonderful place for recreation for local residents and guests of the region.

Lowland swamp "Shatinsky moss"

The Shatinsky Mokh swamp is the largest example of glaciodepression in the Kaluga region and the only vast swamp of the lowland and in some places transitional type, the habitat (growth) of rare and endangered objects of the animal and plant world, the key ornithological territory of Russia of local rank.

The swamp has been significantly transformed by land reclamation works. A network of ditches has been laid along it - second-order ditches approach the main main ditch that crosses the swamp, covering the entire swamp in parallel lines.

Land reclamation disturbed the hydrological regime of the natural complex, which led to a decrease (disappearance) of open areas (lenses).

Milyatinsky reservoir

The Milyatinsky Reservoir is located on the Bolshaya Vorona River. The water surface area is 458 hectares, and the total volume of the water body is 7580 thousand cubic meters. m. The greatest depth of the reservoir is 5 m, the predominant one is 1.7 m. Coastal-aquatic vegetation is represented mainly by river horsetail, broad-leaved cattail, large manna, southern reed, acute sedge and other species. Noteworthy are the finds of the marsh telipteris fern and the flowering plant of the common cauliflower that live in marshy, hard-to-reach rafts and swamps. Of the medicinal plants, marsh cinquefoil, meadowsweet, river gravel, galangal, blue cyanosis, field mint and other typical meadow plants were identified.

Mosalsky district

Pine forest in Mosalsk

The pine forest of the city of Mosalsk is a typical forest area, the predominant species in which is spruce, in some places - with an admixture of birch, linden and pine. The part of the forest furthest from the road is a zonal well-preserved spruce forest of different ages, grassy in some places, green moss in some places, and with developed broad-leaved undergrowth and shrub layer in some places. Near the Mozhaika River, pine plantations under the age of 100 years predominate.

In the undergrowth, common spruce, common mountain ash, heart-shaped linden and plane-shaped maple were noted. The undergrowth consists mainly of plane maple, mountain ash, brittle buckthorn, common hazel, heart-shaped linden, forest raspberry, gray blackberry, warty euonymus.

The herbaceous cover is dominated by male shieldwort, meadow horsetail, two-leaved mullet, wild strawberry, common sorrel, creeping tenacious and other plant species typical of coniferous forests. In places, thickets of blueberries and lingonberries are plentiful. The part of the forest adjacent to the Mosalsk-Kaluga highway and the town of Mosalsk is significantly disturbed, and weedy, ruderal species are noted among trivial plant species.

The tract "Proidevo"

The tract "Proidevo" is a park, laid out on the right slope of the river valley. Perekshi and having an irregular layout. Old-growth broad-leaved trees have been preserved in it: oaks, lindens, maples, white poplars. In the herbaceous layer, native plants of the broad-leaved forest (cowberry, Kashubian ranunculus, musky strawberry, amazing violet, etc.) coexist with introduced species. Some of them (Aralia, Goryanka) are noted on the territory of the Kaluga region only in this park. All together it is a very decorative, exotic community that has been formed over several decades.

Lyudinovsky district

Lake "Lompad" with adjacent lands

Lake "Lompad" or Lyudinovskoye reservoir is located on the Nepolod River to the north of the city of Lyudinovo and is the largest artificial reservoir in the Kaluga region. The vegetation of its shores is represented by small areas of coniferous forests with broad-leaved elements, small-leaved forests of black alder and silver birch, small fragments of broad-leaved, mainly linden forests, upland forb and hygrophytic tall grass meadows, aquatic and coastal aquatic vegetation. In total, 330 species of higher vascular plants were noted here, among which 8 (common ram, purple reed grass, high fescue, panicled sedge, thick-leaved chickweed, Selkirk violet, umbrella winter love, marsh turkey) are listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga region.

The fauna of the reservoir and the surrounding lands is rich and diverse - more than 30 species of mammals, including: wild boar, European roe deer, European elk, wolf, common fox, raccoon dog, pine marten, ermine, forest polecat, common beaver, muskrat, American mink and otter, and 17 species of fish (roach, perch, bream, rudd, ruff, pike and carp). Of the amphibians, there are common newt, common and green toads, numerous lake, pond, moor and grass frogs; of reptiles - the common viper and the common one, as well as the agile and viviparous lizards.

The reservoir is part of the key ornithological territory of Russia "Lyudinovskie lakes" of local rank. An incomplete list of birds registered in the specially protected natural area includes more than 80 species, among which 7 (European black-throated diver, great white heron, white stork, gray crane, great snail, common tern, thrush warbler) are rare.

Lake "Lompad" with adjacent lands is of exceptional value for the preservation of unique and standard natural complexes and objects and biological diversity of the Kaluga region.

The tract "Molevskoye"

The Molevskoye tract is located on the watershed of the Peretesna and Nepolod rivers, between two swampy ravines 1.5 km northwest of the village of Paloma. It is a community of upland meso-oligotrophic meadows, partially overgrown with shrubs, on the site of the former estate of Mol.

Old perishing apple trees, domestic plum, domestic pear, pedunculate oak, drooping birch, common lilac, individual bushes of ash willow, laxative tin, cinnamon rosehip, black currant have been preserved in the tract. Along the perimeter of the estate, as well as along the roadsides and along the road at the entrance to the estate, there are linden plantations. Together with the heart-shaped linden, drooping birch and pedunculate oak grow. Aspen is found singly. The undergrowth consists mainly of forest honeysuckle and brittle buckthorn. In the grass-shrub layer there are: common goutweed, oak maryannik, meadow bluegrass, forest kupyr .

The fauna of the tract is represented by 1 species of reptiles, 4 species of mammals and 43 species of birds, of which 1 species (Deryaba) is listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region.

Yukhnovsky district

City forest in Yukhnov

The urban forest in the city of Yukhnov is a forest area that performs environmental functions, including maintaining the purity of the atmospheric air and, as a result, creating prerequisites for health-improving recreation, being a regulator of surface and groundwater runoff and having aesthetic value for city residents.

The predominant species in the first tier of the forest is pine of I-II quality classes. The age of pine stands varies from 15 to 160 years. In the southern part of the forest, there are separate small patches of spruces. In the second tier, both broad-leaved species - linden, maple, less often oak, and small-leaved species - birch, aspen (in some places they go into the first tier), shrubs - mountain ash, hazel are noted. In the third and fourth tiers, a grass cover has developed in places. Green moss fragments of pine and spruce forests are not uncommon.

In the forest area, 297 species of vascular plants were noted, including 3 species (creeping Gooddayera, Umbelliferata, Northern Linnea), listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region, 5 species of amphibians, 3 species of reptiles, 41 species of birds, including 1 species ( Crested tit), listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga region, and 17 species of mammals.

Specially protected natural areas of local importance

Velvet Amur

Velvet Amur (Phellodendron Amur or Amur cork tree) grew on the territory of the municipality "City of Kaluga" in the area of ​​house number 90 on the street. Stepan Razin, Kaluga. To date, the monument of wildlife has not been preserved.

Oak 600 years old

Oak 600-year-old grew on the territory of the municipality "City of Kaluga" in the area of ​​house number 27a on the street. Karakozov, Kaluga. To date, the monument of wildlife has not been preserved.

Oak 500 years old

Oak 500-year-old grows on the territory of the municipality "City of Kaluga" in the area of ​​house number 4 on the lane. Resurrection, Kaluga. The approximate age of the tree is 500 years, the height is 28 m, the diameter of the trunk is 118 cm. The tree has 1 category of condition (health without signs of weakening). However, it shows a frost crack in the trunk and dry branches in the crown area. The condition of the tree as a whole is assessed as satisfactory.

Maple globe

Globular maple grows on the territory of the municipality "City of Kaluga" on the territory adjacent to the Kaluga Basic Medical College, located at the address: Kaluga, st. Kutuzova, 26. Trunk diameter - 38 cm, height - 18 m. The tree has a 2nd category condition (weakened). Age condition - unsatisfactory, oppressed. The level of vitality is very low.

Linden small-leaved

Small-leaved linden grows on the territory of the municipal formation "City of Kaluga", in the courtyard of a residential building on the street. Plekhanov, Kaluga. The tree reaches a height of 18 m, with a trunk diameter of about 60 cm. It grows as a single straight trunk and begins to branch from a height of 3.5 m. The state of the wildlife monument is satisfactory.

Weymouth pine (2 individuals)

Weymutov's pines (2 especially) grow on the territory of the municipal formation "City of Kaluga", at the monument to the dead employees of the Internal Affairs Directorate, located at the address: Kaluga, st. Suvorova, d. 137. The trees are located 5 meters apart, symmetrically from the monument on the central alley leading to the building. One tree has 1 condition category (healthy, no signs of weakening). The diameter of its trunk is 40 cm, the height is about 22 m. The trunk diameter of the second tree is 36 cm. It is not possible to determine its condition category due to the absence of a part of the crown at a height of 11-12 m from the butt.

Weymouth pine (5 individuals)

Weymutov's pines (5 individuals) grow on the territory of the municipality "City of Kaluga", in the square near the concert hall of the Kaluga Regional Music College. S.I. Taneyev at the address: Kaluga st. Bazhenova, 5. Currently, a group of trees consists of 3 individuals, each of which is defined as a Weymouth pine. Trees have 1-3 status categories. The diameter of their trunks varies from 45 to 64 cm. The average height of trees is 20 m. 2 individuals are trunks without crown and bark. These trees are classified as windbreak. It is not possible to determine their species, but it is possible that these are Weymouth pines.

Gogol Square

Gogol Square is located in Kaluga, next to the State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics, at the beginning of the street. Academician Korolev. It is a plantation of trees of different ages with the remains of an old garden, on one side of which an alley of young hawthorns of various species is planted. Linden is the dominant species in the square.

Park named after K.E. Tsiolkovsky

Park named after K.E. Tsiolkovsky is located in Kaluga, next to the State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics, at the beginning of the street. Academician Korolev. It is a plantation of lindens of different ages. For decorative purposes, fir and fir trees were planted along the alleys. The state of the park named after K.E. Tsiolkovsky is generally rated as satisfactory.

City Park of Culture and Leisure

The city park of culture and recreation is located at the address: Kaluga, pl. Old Torg, 4. It has a special dendrological value. Old-growth plantations in it are represented by oak, linden and silver poplar, younger trees (80-100 years old) - Norway maple, silver spruce, Siberian fir and larch. The state of the city park of culture and recreation is assessed as satisfactory.

white mulberry

White mulberry grew on the territory of the municipal formation "City of Kaluga" in the area of ​​the Mira Square in Kaluga. To date, the monument of wildlife has not been preserved.

In accordance with the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories", specially protected natural territories of various forms have been created in our country. They are most diverse at the regional and local levels. The central place is occupied by the largest natural parks in terms of area and the most numerous - reserves and natural monuments.

Natural parks are a relatively new category of specially protected natural areas in Russia. This form, despite its exceptional relevance from both environmental and recreational points of view, really entered into practice only quite recently - in the 90s. According to Art. 18 of the Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories", natural parks are environmental recreational institutions under the jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of significant environmental and aesthetic value, and are intended for use in environmental, educational and recreational purposes.

The specific tasks of these parks include:

• preservation of the natural environment, natural landscapes;
• creation of conditions for recreation (including mass recreation) and preservation of recreational resources;
• development and implementation of effective methods of nature protection and maintenance of ecological balance in the conditions of recreational use of the territory.

The key difference between natural parks is their subordination not to the federal structure, but to the regional one. This logically follows from the idea that the most valuable natural objects are subject to protection at the highest (federal) level in the status of national parks, while less significant ones are preserved under regional patronage, that is, in the status of natural or regional parks.

According to the Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories", natural parks are located on lands granted to them for unlimited (permanent) use, in some cases - on the lands of other users, as well as owners.

To date, there are 54 natural parks in the country, and they are almost equally distributed between the European and Asian parts of Russia.

Their total area is 15.4 million hectares, or 0.9% of the country's area. According to the Forest Code of the Russian Federation, the forests of natural parks belong to the forests of the first group.

Reserves are territories (or water areas) that are of particular importance for the conservation or restoration of natural complexes or their components and maintaining the ecological balance.

Landscape reserves are intended for the conservation and restoration of natural complexes (landscapes), biological (botanical and zoological) - for the conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of plants and animals (including economically, scientifically and culturally valuable species), hydrological (marsh, lake, marine, river) - for the conservation and restoration of valuable water bodies and ecosystems, geological - for the conservation of valuable objects and complexes of inanimate nature, paleontological - for the conservation of fossil objects, etc.
In the reserves, economic activity is allowed only to the extent that it does not disturb peace and does not harm protected objects.

At present, there are 2831 nature reserves of the regional level in Russia. Their total area is 72.4 million hectares, or 4.4% of the country's area. In some regions, they are single, in others, on the contrary, they number several hundred. So, for example, in the Tver region alone, the number of reserves reaches almost 600.

The bulk of the reserves belong to the category of hunting, under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia. The most common species reserves are for beaver, elk, wild boar, roe deer, sable, muskrat, upland game, etc. Species reserves have played a significant role in the conservation and restoration of the most valuable game animals in our country.

Monuments of nature are unique, irreplaceable, ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin. For the first time this term was introduced by the famous naturalist A. Humboldt. Like sanctuaries, this category of specially protected natural areas is the most widespread at the regional level - more than nine thousand objects with a total area of ​​4.0 million hectares, or 0.2% of the country's area. Natural objects and complexes declared natural monuments are completely withdrawn from economic use. Any activity that harms a natural monument and its natural environment or worsens the condition and protection of a monument is prohibited. Just like nature reserves, natural monuments are extremely diverse in terms of types of protected objects. They can be both complex, including a number of protected objects of various categories, and highly specialized. The most common landscape, botanical, dendrological, zoological, hydrological, geological, paleontological, geomorphological, speleological, pedological (soil) monuments of nature. A special place among them is occupied by natural and historical monuments of nature. This category of specially protected natural areas includes monuments of landscape art, old estates of memorial and artistic significance, complexes of city parks and gardens.

Among the forms of specially protected natural areas intended for the preservation of natural and historical complexes, it is necessary to note the museum-estates, museum-reserves, memorial museums. All of them are associated with the names of great Russian writers, poets, artists, sculptors, etc. As a rule, these open-air museums form an inseparable unity with their natural environment, artificial or natural landscapes. In many museum-reserves, nature is one of the main values. In particular, this applies to the palace and park ensembles of the surroundings, the Solovetsky Museum-Reserve, the natural and archaeological museum-reserve "Divnogorye", etc.

In addition to the forms discussed above, the group of specially protected natural areas of the regional and local levels, by decision of the administration of the region or municipality, may include such forms as medical and recreational areas, dendrological parks and botanical gardens, green areas of settlements, quiet areas in, water protection zones of small rivers and springs, ravine forests of anti-erosion significance, recreational zones of cities, natural resource reserves, protected natural and anthropogenic landscapes, etc.

An analysis of the structure of specially protected natural areas in Russia shows that the group of reserves is the most representative in terms of area. They make up 37% of the total area of ​​the country. Approximately one-fourth of it is accounted for by natural resource reserves (25%) and state nature reserves (23%). National and natural parks occupy 3% and 9% respectively. Dendrological parks, botanical gardens, health-improving areas and protected natural and anthropogenic landscapes account for about 1% in total.
The share of all federal territories is 28%; the rest of the area falls on specially protected natural areas of regional and local significance.

Introduction to the topic
The Committee on Territorial Administration and Urban Development of the GIS Association asked the experts to answer the problematic issues related to the definition of lists of types of objects of regional and local significance.

The problem arose after the adoption of Law No. 41-FZ, which amended the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the RF CPC), which largely changed the composition and content of territorial planning documents. At present, in various regions of Russia, the principles and criteria for classifying urban planning objects as objects of regional and local significance are understood ambiguously.

Law No. 41-FZ established new standards for the placement of urban planning objects on territorial planning maps.

Firstly, the range of objects has been expanded and not only OKS, but also territories of federal, regional and local significance are placed on the territorial planning maps.

Secondly, the types of objects must be established by the relevant state authority (hereinafter referred to as the OGV), and not independently determined by the designer based on his understanding.

Thirdly, the types of objects of regional and local significance should be established by one OGV of a subject of the Russian

Federation (SRF), which will ensure the continuity of regional and municipal policies.

Please note that the types of objects of federal significance are established by the relevant federal authorities and are not the subject of our discussion.

Discussion questions
1) Based on what principles and conditions should the lists of types of objects of regional and local significance be determined?
2) Should the types of objects being established correspond to two criteria at the same time - be necessary for the exercise of powers (OGV SRF or LSG) and have a significant impact on the socio-economic development of the territory? And how to determine the necessity and materiality?
3) Do you think it is correct to classify sites for investment development in order to develop large, medium and small businesses, as well as those intended for housing construction, as objects of regional significance?

Participants of the discussion:
- IN AND. Popov (Department of Architecture and Urban Planning of the Kaluga Region, Kaluga);
– Yu.A. Perelygin (Lengiprogor Institute, St. Petersburg);
- CM. Novokshonov (mayor's office of Novosibirsk);
– S.D. Mityagin (NIIPG Urban Construction, St. Petersburg);
– D.V. Shinkevich (Institute of Territorial Planning "Grad", Omsk);
- P.N. Nikonov ("Petersburg NIPIgrad", St. Petersburg).

A.N. Beregovskikh:
Perhaps we are asking strange questions, the answers to which are obvious. How can one doubt the role and place of objects of state and municipal importance in the system of Russian territorial planning, day by day engaged in territorial planning on orders from state authorities and local self-government?

The universal role of territorial planning can be defined simply and clearly. We must plan the development of the territory in such a way that, taking into account all the possibilities and limitations, create the most comfortable environment for people's lives, create conditions for the constant improvement of the quality of life of people.

The quality of life is determined by three parameters: the state of the environment, personal safety and satisfaction of the population with the quality of life.

The main thesis, revealing the goals of the state policy, declares that the country's socio-economic development strategy is aimed at improving the quality of life of the population by reducing poverty and increasing the human development index.

From the standpoint of strategic planning for the development of the territory, the quality of life can be improved by creating conditions for the development of factors that ensure the effective functioning of human potential.

The strategy of modern development involves an innovative path, which is based on innovation, investment, development of infrastructure and intelligence. The principle of four "I" corresponds to the model of N. Kondratiev, which ensures the coordination of two main economic processes - growth and decline. It is known to be based on the cycle of "innovation-investment".

Recently, the most commonly used aggregate international indicator of the quality of life of the population is the Human Development Index (HDI). It characterizes three important aspects:
- longevity and health, which are measured by the indicators "life expectancy" and "provision with doctors per 10,000 population";
– educational and professional growth (calculated on the basis of three indicators: the level of employment, the proportion of the unemployed with higher education, the number of students in vocational schools of all types per 10,000 population);
- the level of well-being, characterized by the ratio of average per capita cash income to the subsistence minimum and the provision of housing.

Hence, the conclusion is that territorial planning should ensure the safety of the environment, create conditions for the placement of worthy places for the application of labor, ensuring the realization of human (civil!) potential and enabling people to earn a happy life on their own, including paying taxes to the state, which, in turn, provides all the necessary social benefits and protection of its citizens.

This position is fully consistent with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which guarantees its citizens the right to a favorable environment for life. Life activity includes not only birth, education and treatment until death. Life activity is also work, and entertainment, and housing.

Novokshonov S.M.

So why in most of the regions known to the author, a stable legal position triumphs about the inadmissibility of including investment sites in the types of objects of regional and local significance, intended to create production facilities that provide cities with jobs and fill their budgets? The exception is the Krasnodar Territory (read the materials of the International Investment Forum "Sochi-2011" in the journal "Territory Development Management", No. 3, 2011).

Why is our legislation developing so slowly, so carefully and timidly? The key definitions of the Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation include the definition of "parking". The same concern is added to the powers of local government. We are struggling with trouble - traffic jams and holes on the roads ... When will we take care of the main roads - the strategic directions of the country's development? When will meanings become decisive?

Here are the well-known terms and definitions of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation:
- "territorial planning - planning the development of territories, including for the establishment of functional zones, the determination of the planned placement of objects of federal significance, objects of regional significance, objects of local significance;
- functional zones - zones for which the boundaries and functional purpose are defined by territorial planning documents.

That is, "territorial planning" to establish zones, and zones to determine their purpose. We often criticize the law on the cadastre, which has not set the goals of the cadastre, and therefore, in our opinion, such a disaster with the cadastre is still in progress. It is likely that territorial planning for planning is not recognized by the country, regions and municipalities as an important and necessary matter due to the uncertainty of its goals.
Let's make an attempt to get to the essence of territorial planning through its content. Three categories of objects are subject to approval as part of the master plan: the boundaries of settlements; functional areas; objects of federal, regional and local significance. Reasoning about the meanings of objects of federal significance is deliberately omitted in order to focus on the problem.

Necessity and materiality of objects of regional and local importance.
The main issue in determining the types of objects that are significant for territorial planning is to reveal the essence of the need for objects for the implementation of state and municipal powers and the significance of their impact on the socio-economic development of regions and municipalities.

So, how to determine the necessity and importance of objects in terms of the development of territories? Let us conduct a study of the essence of the issue on the example of an urban district.

Mityagin S.D.

Article 16 of the Law of October 6, 2003 No. 131-FZ “On the General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government” defines issues of local importance of the urban district, which include, among others:
“4) organization within the boundaries of the urban district of electricity, heat, gas and water supply to the population, water disposal, supply of fuel to the population;
5) road activities in relation to local roads within the boundaries of the urban district and ensuring road safety on them, including the creation and maintenance of parking lots (parking spaces), the implementation of municipal control over the safety of local roads within the boundaries of the urban district;
6) providing low-income citizens living in the city district and in need of better housing conditions with living quarters in accordance with housing legislation, organizing the construction and maintenance of municipal housing stock, creating conditions for housing construction;
7) creation of conditions for the provision of transport services to the population and the organization of transport services for the population within the boundaries of the urban district;
8) participation in the prevention and liquidation of the consequences of emergency situations within the boundaries of the urban district;
9) organizing the protection of public order on the territory of the city district by the municipal police;
10) ensuring primary fire safety measures within the boundaries of the urban district;
11) organization of measures for environmental protection within the boundaries of the urban district;
13) organization of the provision of public and free primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general education in basic general education programs, with the exception of the powers to financially support the educational process, attributed to the powers of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation; organization of the provision of additional education to children (with the exception of the provision of additional education to children in institutions of regional significance) and public free preschool education in the city district, as well as the organization of recreation for children during vacation time;
14) organizing the provision of primary health care in the territory of the city district in outpatient, inpatient and outpatient and hospital facilities, emergency medical care (with the exception of sanitary aviation), medical care for women during pregnancy, during and after childbirth;
15) creation of conditions for providing residents of the urban district with communication services, public catering, trade and consumer services;
16) organization of library services for the population, acquisition and preservation of the library funds of the libraries of the city district;
17) creation of conditions for organizing leisure activities and providing residents of the urban district with the services of cultural organizations;
17.1) creation of conditions for the development of local traditional folk art, participation in the preservation, revival and development of folk art crafts in the city district;
18) preservation, use and promotion of cultural heritage objects (monuments of history and culture) owned by the city district, protection of cultural heritage objects (monuments of history and culture) of local (municipal) significance located on the territory of the city district;
19) provision of conditions for the development of physical culture and mass sports on the territory of the urban district, organization of official sports and recreational and sports events of the urban district;
20) creation of conditions for mass recreation of residents of the urban district and organization of arrangement of places for mass recreation of the population;
22) formation and maintenance of the municipal archive;
23) organization of ritual services and maintenance of burial places;
24) organization of collection, removal, disposal and processing of household and industrial waste;
25) organization of improvement and gardening of the territory of the urban district, use, protection, protection, reproduction of urban forests, forests of specially protected natural areas located within the boundaries of the urban district;
26) approval of master plans for the urban district, land use and development rules, approval of territory planning documentation prepared on the basis of the master plans of the urban district, issuance of building permits (with the exception of cases provided for by the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation, other federal laws), permits for the commissioning of facilities into operation during the implementation of municipal construction, reconstruction of capital construction facilities located on the territory of the urban district, approval of local standards for urban planning of the urban district, maintenance of an information system for ensuring urban planning activities carried out on the territory of the urban district, land reservation and withdrawal, including by way of redemption, land plots within the boundaries of the urban district for municipal needs, land control over the use of urban district lands;
26.1) issuance of permits for the installation of advertising structures on the territory of the urban district, the annulment of such permits, the issuance of instructions for the dismantling of unauthorized newly installed advertising structures on the territory of the urban district;
27) assigning names to streets, squares and other areas of residence of citizens in the urban district, establishing the numbering of houses, organizing street lighting and installing signs with street names and house numbers;
28) organization and implementation of measures for civil defense, protection of the population and the territory of the urban district from natural and man-made emergencies, including support in a state of constant readiness for the use of public warning systems about danger, civil defense facilities, the creation and maintenance of reserves for civil defense material and technical, food, medical and other means;
29) creation, maintenance and organization of the activities of emergency rescue services and (or) emergency rescue teams on the territory of the urban district;
30) creation, development and protection of health-improving areas and resorts of local importance on the territory of the city district, as well as the implementation of municipal control in the field of use and protection of specially protected natural areas of local importance;
32) implementation of measures to ensure the safety of people at water bodies, the protection of their life and health;
33) creating conditions for expanding the market for agricultural products, raw materials and food, promoting the development of small and medium-sized businesses, providing support to socially oriented non-profit organizations, charitable activities and volunteering;
34) organization and implementation of activities to work with children and youth in the urban district;
36) exercising, within the limits established by the water legislation of the Russian Federation, the powers of the owner of water bodies, establishing rules for the use of public water bodies for personal and domestic needs and informing the population about restrictions on the use of such water bodies, including ensuring free access of citizens to public water bodies and their coastlines;
38) implementation of municipal forest control;
40) exercising municipal control on the territory of a special economic zone;
41) ensuring the performance of work necessary to create artificial land plots for the needs of the urban district, holding an open auction for the right to conclude an agreement on the creation of an artificial land plot in accordance with federal law.

D.V. Shinkevich

We draw attention to the 33rd authority: “creating conditions for expanding the market for agricultural products, raw materials and food, promoting the development of small and medium-sized businesses, providing support to socially oriented non-profit organizations, charitable activities and volunteering.” And why are the conditions important only for the development of the market for agricultural products? Everyone knows that man does not live by bread alone!

We recall another opportunity to realize through territorial planning the whole complex of tasks of spatial organization. The innovations of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation have established a connection between territorial planning and documents of socio-economic development.

Quote: “The preparation of territorial planning documents is carried out on the basis of strategies (programs) for the development of individual sectors of the economy, priority national projects, interstate programs, programs for the socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, plans and programs for the integrated socio-economic development of municipalities (if any) taking into account the programs adopted in the prescribed manner and implemented at the expense of the federal budget, the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local budgets, decisions of state authorities, local governments, other main managers of the funds of the relevant budgets, providing for the creation of objects of federal significance, objects of regional significance, objects of local importance, investment programs of subjects of natural monopolies, organizations of the communal complex and information contained in the federal state information system of the territorial th planning.

In the new formulation, there was also no place for the development of the production sector, which alone can hold a modern city. In the Soviet period, the master plans of cities also did not design industrial areas, they were separated by a massive border line from residential areas. Production areas were carefully planned by special institutes.

Modern legislation has established a requirement for integrated territorial planning of cities, districts, regions. Creation of conditions for business development is a state task.

Offers:
1. The types of objects of regional and local significance at the level of regional legislation must include territories (investment sites) for the development of production areas, indicating possible directions in accordance with the classifier of types of economic activity.

Nikonov P.V.

2. As part of the materials for the substantiation of territorial planning documents, it is necessary to provide for an assessment of the potentials of the territory to substantiate the effectiveness of the development of specific areas of production activity.

3. The approved part of the territorial planning documents must contain maps of the harmonized location of objects (territories and capital construction projects) that improve the quality of life of the population and increase the human development index.

IN AND. Popov:
This issue is set out in great detail in the opinion of A.N. Beregovskikh, so I will add only a few points from myself and talk about how we are trying to solve this problem in the Kaluga region.

At the beginning of the development of master plans for settlements, we prepared methodological materials and conducted training seminars with employees of local self-government bodies (LSGs), at which we dwelled in great detail on the problem of objects of local importance (LMPs). Our approach is similar to that of A.N. Beregovskikh. We are guided by the Federal Law of October 6, 2003 No. 131-FZ “On the General Principles of Organizing Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation”, which describes in great detail issues of local importance, both for settlements and urban districts. According to these local issues, we compile a list of OMZs.

I would like to add to this that I am constantly updating these lists, as new laws are being approved. The last example is the law of July 1, 2011 No. 170-FZ "On the technical inspection of vehicles ...". Moreover, he does not directly indicate the powers of local self-governments, but refers to the powers of state authorities of the SRF in the field of technical inspection (clause 2 of article 9) “approval of the standards for the minimum provision of the population with technical inspection points for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and for their constituent municipalities” . Thus, the legislator indirectly obliges local self-governments to ensure (plan) the placement of points for the technical inspection of vehicles when developing territorial planning documents.

I will add one more remark on the law No. 131-FZ, paragraph 9 of Art. 14: "Ensuring primary fire safety measures within the boundaries of settlements". In accordance with Art. 65-68 of the Law of July 22, 2008 No. 123-FZ "Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements" "in the territories of settlements and urban districts, such objects of local importance as sources of external fire-fighting water supply should be located." In addition, the master plan should determine the location of fire stations within the transport accessibility of fire trucks, which, although they are not OMZ, should be displayed in the master plan.

Attention should be paid to the difference between the concepts of "organization" and "creation of conditions" in Law No. 131-FZ. In the first case, we are talking about objects that are or will be municipal property after the commissioning of capital construction facilities (ACS), and in the second - about planning, reserving land plots in master plans for the placement of CACs, which will be located after commissioning. in federal, regional, private and other types of property.

Now about the questions that the organizers would like to receive answers to.

Answer to the second question
Perhaps it is rhetorical, since all the objects necessary for the exercise of powers, one way or another, have an impact on socio-economic development (SED). A fire will bring costs and losses, while healthcare facilities, education, and culture will shape the spiritual life of a person and ensure the quality of life, without which SER is impossible, etc.

Answer to the third question
My opinion is clear. These objects should be attributed to the powers of the OGV, LSG, to objects of regional and local significance. We have repeatedly submitted proposals for amendments and additions to Law No. 131-FZ and Law No. 184-FZ of October 6, 1999 “On the General Principles of Organization of Legislative (Representative) and Executive Bodies of State Power of the Subjects of the Russian Federation”, but, unfortunately, on they are ignored.

There is one very weak justification for industrial facilities. There is a law dated February 25, 1999 No. 39-FZ "On investment activities in the Russian Federation, carried out in the form of capital investments." So in Art. 19 of this law says:
“Regulation by local governments of investment activities carried out in the form of capital investments provides for:
1) creation in municipalities of favorable conditions for the development of investment activities carried out in the form of capital investments, by ...
2) direct participation of local governments in investment activities carried out in the form of capital investments, by ... "

But when making changes and additions to the law of the Kaluga region "On urban planning activities in the Kaluga region", our Legal Department under the Governor of the Kaluga region did not accept my arguments and proposals for classifying the specified industrial building construction and housing building construction as types of objects of regional and local significance. Therefore, it is necessary to continue work on the inclusion in the powers and in the list of objects of regional and local significance of these types of activities at the federal level.

It's a shame that in recent years it was the Kaluga region that has achieved success in organizing technology parks and attracting investments in the regional economy (creating automobile plants, manufacturing medicines, etc.)! And from a legal point of view, we have no justification for this work.

In conclusion, I want to add that in the list of types of objects of regional and local significance, which we approved by the law of the Kaluga Region "On Urban Development", we managed to include such types of objects as "other objects of regional (local) significance in accordance with federal legislation (urban planning ensembles, cultural heritage sites, specially protected natural areas, natural landscapes and other objects provided for by law)”. This is our small victory on this front - that is, not only OKS, but also territories can be objects of regional or local significance.

Yu.A. Perelygin:
Any projective activity - forecasting, designing, planning - cannot be precisely regulated in the language of law or legal norms. It is subject to the logical norms of thought and language. That is why it is pointless to try, on the basis of the two "criteria" of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, to determine what is the regional or local ACS.

Urban planning (design) has always been and is still focused on engineering knowledge and proceeds from it when designing certain future objects - whether it is an OKS, a territory or a zone.

The production of knowledge is also production. The production of services is also production! Apparently, we are talking about the industrial production of something material, in the language of the Soviet economy - this is the production of groups A and B.

In this sense, nothing prevents us from planning industrial zones or territories for the development of industries on the basis of programs or strategies for the development of certain municipalities, which is what we do in general plans and territorial planning schemes.

It is obvious that in the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation "On the types of activities" that must be reflected in an accident, it will be necessary, if possible, to fully reflect the production direction. However, I have not come across any such law yet. Therefore, I do not understand what is the relevance of the proposals?

CM. Novokshonov:
Federal Law No. 41-FZ of March 20, 2011 introduced new concepts - "objects of federal significance", "objects of regional significance", "objects of local significance". Their description in Art. 1 pp. 18-20 allows a free interpretation of the belonging of any object to a given concept. I believe that with the currently absent system of classifiers of the OKS, linear objects, special economic zones, specially protected natural areas of federal, regional, local significance, territories of cultural heritage sites and other elements of urban planning, the introduction of these changes into the CRC of the Russian Federation solves specific momentary tasks of the executive authorities. The lack of consistency in the conceptual apparatus slows down a lot of processes related to the economic and social development of the country. This is taxation, land relations, infrastructural development of territories - everything that in total should determine the quality of life of the population. Without quality parameters, any design is irrelevant and unregulated in terms of requirements for a professionally executed product.

Claims to the professionalism of lawyers preparing fundamental legislative acts are based on the absence of a formal basic logic of the document and redirection in the interpretation of the unsaid to the ministries of the federal and regional levels. This already postpones the effect of innovations indefinitely, since the federal law does not set a time frame. It is not clear how to substantiate the thesis "significant impact on socio-economic development". The planning process again depends on the ideas of certain "responsible" officials, and the fate of the designers is to become "draughtsmen", since the evidence base of project proposals has not appeared in their arsenal. You will not envy officials either, because there is no way to explain the definition of product quality from designers to supervisory authorities. Another vicious circle, only with more extended boundaries than the one that existed before.

S.D. Mityagin:
Answer to the first question
The composition of the objects displayed in the documents of the TP of the SRF and municipalities is established by the highest OGV of the SRF and the heads of local self-government in accordance with their powers, rights and obligations arising from the tasks of these governing bodies to implement the constitutional rights of the population of the Russian Federation to favorable living conditions. Therefore, the tasks of organizing employment of the population, rational environmental management, housing security, social, cultural and other types of services and engineering support, organizing transport systems and communication systems in the territories under their jurisdiction, organizing leisure activities for the population, protecting and restoring the environment are within the competence of the authorities both regional and municipal governments. Consequently, a quantitative assessment of the state of the urban planning system, the quality of the environment and the favorable conditions for the socio-economic development of subordinate territories must inevitably be present as substantiation materials in the TP documents of these territories at all levels of administrative structure.

Answer to the second question
Since the main task of all levels of state power and local self-government is to ensure favorable conditions for the life of the population and the constant improvement of its well-being, educational and cultural level, health care and protection of motherhood and childhood, that is, everything that is included in the concept of socio-economic development of the territory and is in the area of ​​responsibility of the governing bodies, then any objects related to the field of urban planning are both essential and necessary. We can only talk about the priorities of creating certain objects. Proposals on the composition of objects should be substantiated in strategic materials for the socio-economic development of subordinate territories and rational distribution in the TP documents.

Answer to the third question
Since the authorities of state authorities and local self-government include the creation of conditions for the investment development of subordinate territories, the TP documents of all levels should reflect areas intended for investment development of any type and purpose.

Obviously, all facilities that can be placed on these sites will certainly have a positive, and sometimes negative impact on the socio-economic development of these territories. Therefore, the choice of objects and the assessment of the consequences of their creation is an important task of strategic and territorial planning.

The dimensions and other conditions for the allocation of investment sites (including for housing construction) are determined based on a comprehensive assessment of the territory in terms of its suitability for various types of activities and the needs of the socio-economic development of the territory.

The approval of the investment development sites identified in the TP documents and the engineering and transport infrastructure facilities associated with them simultaneously forms the investment passport of the territory as an important, but by-product of urban development.

D.V. Shinkevich
Federal Law No. 41-FZ of March 20, 2011 “On Amending the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation Regarding Territorial Planning Issues” introduced the concepts of “objects of regional significance” and “objects of local significance” into the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The types of objects of regional and local significance to be displayed in the territorial planning documents of the corresponding level are determined by the law of the subject of the Russian Federation. Thus, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation directly points to the need to approve lists of objects of regional and local significance in regional legislation. This imperative is a rational step on the part of the legislator and is fully explained by the following provisions:
1. Regulatoryly fixed lists of objects of regional and local importance will make it possible to streamline the system of territorial planning documents within one specific subject, which, in turn, will have a positive effect on territorial planning throughout the country. 2. The process of developing other urban planning documentation, the provisions of which are based on the content of territorial planning documents (land use and development rules, territory planning documentation), will become more streamlined and streamlined.
3. These lists allow you to focus on one or another specificity (climatic, territorial, social, etc.) of a particular region, its economic profile, which, in turn, is of paramount importance in territorial planning as a basis for the further development of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation in various fields. Such a peculiar specialization of the regions is akin to a mosaic: each element is individual, but together they represent an ordered system, a picture of planning the development of the territory, the direction of growth (economic, social, cultural) throughout the country.

Despite the fact that the above norms are more than appropriate, in the light of the need to develop urban planning legislation, they contain a rather serious gap, from our point of view as developers of urban planning documentation, a gap: the content of the lists of objects is not specified, there is no concept of them. After analyzing the regional urban planning legislation, one can clearly see how this affected the normative practice that has developed in relation to this issue.

At the moment, not all regions of the Russian Federation have approved at the legislative level the lists of objects of regional and local significance to be displayed in the materials of TP documents (currently about twenty). As for the approved and current lists, they can be conditionally divided into two groups, thus defining the main directions in the emerging regulatory practice.
So, when implementing the provisions of clauses 19, 20, part 1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the subjects of the Russian Federation, as a rule, go in two ways:
1. The legally approved list of objects is a list of areas in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the objects of which must be displayed in territorial planning documents.
This approach can be called general, since the information contained in the lists is general. In fact, it is not objects that are approved, but spheres, generic features of objects. As an example of regions that have approved laws with similar content, the following can be cited: Altai Territory (Law of the Altai Territory dated July 11, 2011 No. 93-ЗС “On Amendments to the Law of the Altai Territory “On Urban Planning Activities in the Altai Territory”), Arkhangelsk Region (Law of the Arkhangelsk Region dated September 30, 2011 No. 334-24-OZ “On Amendments and Additions to the Regional Law “Urban Planning Code of the Arkhangelsk Region”), Kaluga Region (Law of the Kaluga Region dated July 6, 2011 No. 172-OZ “On Amendments to Law of the Kaluga Region “On Urban Development in the Kaluga Region”), etc. The content of these subject laws is almost identical, and these lists are open. As mentioned above, this approach is not entirely successful, although from a formal point of view, everything was done in accordance with the law.

2. The legally approved list of objects of regional and local importance to be displayed in the TP documents, developed taking into account the characteristics of a particular region, is precisely a list of objects, and not areas of activity.
In our opinion, it was the development of this kind of normative acts that the legislator pursued as his goal, putting into effect the norms of clauses 19, 20 of Art. 1 GK RF. As an example, the following entities can be cited: Amur Region (Law of the Amur Region of October 17, 2011 No. 541-OZ “On Amending the Law of the Amur Region “On Regulation of Urban Development in the Amur Region”), Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Law of the YNAO dated September 30, 2011 No. 93-ZAO “On Amendments to the Law of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug “Urban Planning Charter of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug”). These normative acts can be recommended as a guideline for those regions in which such lists have not yet been approved (and these are currently the majority). These subjects follow an individualized approach. For example, the list of objects of the Amur Region contains such categories as territories of traditional residence and traditional economic activities of indigenous peoples, ethnographic complexes, fur farms; the list of YaNAO includes deer slaughterhouses, shift camps, etc.

It is also worth mentioning such a type of objects as investment sites. In the lists, this category, as a rule, does not occur, or it occurs, but in a slightly different form (YNAO, Tyumen region). Meanwhile, in our opinion, investment sites of regional and local significance are among the objects that determine the economic attractiveness and direction of the region. In this regard, we recommend that the legislative authorities of the subjects include them in the relevant lists of objects.

In addition, we consider it expedient to adopt at the federal level a classifier of types of objects of federal, regional and local significance as an auxiliary document used as a kind of guideline in the development and approval by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation of their own lists of objects, as well as in the development of urban planning documentation in general.

P.N. Nikonov:
Answer to the first question
First of all, about the vicissitudes of classification. The City Planning Code has chosen an unfortunate classification for objects of federal, regional and local significance: for the procedure and technology for displaying them in territorial planning documents and territory planning documentation, it does not matter what they are.

What matters is only the requirements that such an object imposes on the conditions of placement on the territory. So a cosmodrome of any significance, and even a private one, I think, needs extremely precise placement on the surface of the earth, since this can be associated with such a complex of requirements that converge in a unique way all together only at a few points on our planet. A number of social, cultural and public utility facilities should be located within certain service radiuses of places where the population lives. Other objects, on the contrary, should be located outside these radii (cemeteries, prisons, military training grounds, etc.). The next group of objects does not impose special mandatory requirements for the conditions of placement, for example, a court building can be located anywhere in the city where there is a free land plot for this. The same can be said about the building of the Government of the subject of the Federation or the Administration of the municipality. In addition, some objects necessarily require the presence of a separate land plot (military training ground), others may be part of a real estate complex, including as built-in premises, for example, a post office, as a rule, is located in the built-in premises of an apartment building .

There are also objects, the characteristics of the placement of which is of socially significant interest, and objects, the issue of placement of which affects the interests of only those who work in them. For example, the socially significant interest in the characteristics of the placement of objects of trade is quite obvious - the interest of the society is that places for them are reserved on pedestrian flows, in the nodes of their concentration. And, for example, some kind of mail sorting center may be located on the outskirts - this will not affect any public interests, except for the actual employees of the node.

In any case, no matter what the value of the object, it is not distinguished by any features of the procedure and technology and other specifics of the preparation of urban planning documentation. For example, the court is an object of federal significance. But the location of the land plot of its building, the characteristics of this site, the geometry of its layout should be determined in the context of preparing the usual documentation for planning the territory in the process of “grinding” it with all other objects, the placement of which is planned as part of this documentation. What matters is not that it is of federal significance, but the individual requirements that characterize a capital construction object of this type (the technology of its use, the degree of responsibility) - an object of any value can be characterized by individual requirements, which will have to be taken into account equally. This planning project can be developed by order of any subject, and the court in it acts as an ordinary interested party equally competent with the owners of all other real estate located on the territory of the design. With only one difference: an ordinary object, for example, an apartment building, can afford, at the whim of its owner, to change the type of use to any permitted one, but the court cannot.

Speaking further about the role of objects endowed with federal, regional or local significance in the urban structure, it is important to see that some of them are objects of urban planning, while others do not enrich the city in any way, and are rather an ordinary consumer of the city, i.e. subjects of urban planning. The city needs a certain set of objects that make up the details of the mechanism for providing urban life. And the House is a machine for living, and the City, also a machine for living with its own details. This machine can be primitive with a minimal set of parts, the totality of which guarantees the course of life only in minimal sufficiency. But it can also be "advanced" with their great diversity, richness and complexity. These details are the objects of urban planning, without which there is no village or city. For the purposes of urban planning, it is precisely along this “watershed” that objects of all meanings should be distinguished. The developer of urban planning documentation should provide for their presence in his project - this is precisely what is included in the design goals.

Thus, the species diversity of objects of federal, regional and local significance, first of all, reveals itself in the fact that some of them are objects of urban planning, while others are not. The classification under consideration into objects of federal, regional and local significance needs to be reorganized: what is the point of focusing on the fact that, for example, a military research center is an object of precisely federal significance? NII as NII. His whole essence, which makes him treat him as an object of federal significance, is inside him. For the city, this is a closed object; it serves not the city, but itself. Just like the home of any individual. In a sense important for urban planning, both this research institute and a private dwelling are in the same species community. Of all the possible objects of federal, regional and local significance, it is necessary to single out those that have signs of urban planning objects.

One should not think that an object of federal significance cannot be an object of urban planning. For example, the Hermitage in St. Petersburg, being an object of not only federal but global significance, plays a crucial role in its urban planning, although, of course, not as a detail that provides a primitive beginning of life support, but as a detail of an already far advanced mechanism of life, enriched with the features of a high cultural level. But, if the Hermitage does not convince someone, you can call the Moscow Station. So in vain this discussion was limited to consideration of objects only of regional and local significance.

So, what kind of objects should make up the desired list? I believe that these are objects that have long been called infrastructural. The only thing you can argue about here is what kind of infrastructures. Frankly, I believe that all:
- socio-cultural;
- household;
- engineering;
- transport;
- administrative and managerial.

But there are subtleties. For example, when preparing documentation for the planning of a block, it is necessary to display infrastructure data objects. But is any such object an object of the infrastructure of the territory of this particular project? For example, in the quarter there is (or is planned) a traction substation of the tram and trolleybus network - is this facility an object of engineering infrastructure that should be reflected in this project? No. Because in this project it is necessary to display the structural arrangement of this particular territory - its engineering support system. For this territory, this is not an object of its urban planning, but an ordinary construction object, like any neighboring house. It will become an infrastructural object in the project documentation for the territory for which it is intended to serve.

Answer to the second question
I think that the phrase in the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation is unsuccessfully composed, but in fact the legislator did not think about the simultaneous unity of these two signs, but about their alternativeness: necessary for implementation or having an impact. Otherwise, it should be recognized that the norm on the display of these objects loses its meaning: indeed, the threshold between materiality or non-materiality is blurred, but, most importantly, what does socio-economic development have to do with it? The exercise of authority to manage the territory is necessary even if the territory is planned-unprofitable, the mechanism of this management must be provided with planning tools in any case.

But going back to the first assumption...
There is such an established term: the socio-economic development of the territory. And what development of the territory is not socio-economic? Tectonic? Apparently, the proposal to display objects that have a significant impact is a syndrome of thinking with the ideas of a planned economy, thanks to which hopes remain that by building some strategic objects it is possible to lay the main channels for the development of the territory and the economy in general. It may be possible. Not ready to judge.

Answer to the third question
Yes. For example, among the standardized objects of social, cultural and municipal purposes, there are such as, for example, schools and kindergartens, which, after construction, become objects of municipal property. The combination of this type of property and their value is quite organic. But there are other objects that also need to be guaranteed to provide the territory. For example, grocery stores. Experience has shown that purely market regulators do not allow solving this problem with guaranteed success, and where the planning project provided for a grocery store, they sell, for example, shoes. And after some time, the store owner may completely abandon the commercial purpose of his property and reconstruct it into an apartment building (fortunately, the LPP allows it) - the task of providing residents with normalized objects of trade with the current means of urban planning becomes impossible. But, if the law provides for the possibility of burdening individual land plots formed to provide individuals and legal entities for construction with the intended purpose of this construction, in this case, the construction of a grocery store, then this problem is solved: let applicants for the development of this site bargain for the right to build shop.

By the way, the question of the intended purpose of objects of federal, regional and local significance is in any case. If the city needs a court, then when preparing documentation for the planning of the territory, a land plot is selected specifically for the location of the court, and not just a “federal facility”. If schools, then schools, and not "objects of local importance." Thus, the land plots of such facilities should not be subject to the PPP, at least in terms of permitted uses.

Professional, but ambiguous opinions of experts allow us to summarize the discussion as follows:
The named problem exists and its solution lies not only in the legal plane, but also in the semantic - in the methodological one.

The problem affects all types of urban planning documentation: territorial planning documentation (“significant” objects must be provided for with an accuracy of a settlement, or “tied” to a functional zone); territory planning documentation (the location of the object, its placement in the structure of the urban space are determined in the planning project, the boundaries of the land plot - in the land surveying project, the building spot - in the urban planning plan of the land plot); rules for land use and development (the territorial zones and types of their permitted use are established on the urban zoning map, which must correspond in certain cases to the types of “significant” objects). In order to ensure the continuity of the urban planning solution, which brings the object closer to the territory, it is necessary to provide for the formation of a territorial zone on the urban zoning map for each “significant” object within the boundaries of the land plot established by the land surveying project, and with the only type of permitted use corresponding to the type "significant object".

Lists of types of "significant" objects must be approved in accordance with the unified classifier of objects for all types of activities in the areas of territory and real estate management. Significance is in no way determined by the belonging of the object to a particular budget.

The value that gives the object the status of "significance" should probably be determined by the heads of the territories together with the designers - developers of territorial planning documents. The most appropriate time for determining such a list seems to be the stage of coordinating the main project proposals, following the stage of a comprehensive assessment of resources and potentials for the development of the territory.

All opinions of respected experts will be taken into account when preparing proposals on behalf of the Committee for Territorial Administration and Urban Planning of the GIS-Association and the National Guild of Urban Planners on making appropriate changes to the Urban Planning Code, other regulatory legal acts, and will also be used in the preparation of draft guidelines for the preparation of documentation for planning of territories and rules of land use and development.

Question 5.4. About how the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2004 determines the process of forming a system of bodies authorized in the field of urban planning

9) Issues building permits and permits for putting objects into operation in the cases specified in clause 8 of part 6 of this article;

Question 5.6. On concerns regarding the possible liquidation of local architecture and urban planning bodies

Question 6.1. On the eligibility of establishing mandatory qualification requirements for officials by the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation

Question 6.3. On the establishment of qualification requirements for individuals and legal entities through self-regulation mechanisms

Answers to questions to chapter 3 of the urban planning code of the Russian Federation "territorial planning"

Question 7.1. About given facts that predetermine the inevitability of choosing real, not imaginary ways to ensure the complexity of territorial planning

Question 7.2. On the hypothetical presence of two approaches and the reality of only one approach to ensuring the complexity of territorial planning in a federal state

Question 7.3. On the conceptual principle of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2004, according to which authorities of three levels can simultaneously carry out territorial planning in local territories

Question 8.3. On the determination of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2004 on the grounds for making decisions on the withdrawal, including by redemption, of land plots for state or municipal needs

Question 8.4. On the differentiation of powers into two groups - the powers for the implementation of which the forced purchase of real estate is allowed, and the powers for the implementation of which it is not allowed

Question 8.5. On determining the content of objects of various significance - federal, regional, local

Question 9.1. About how to force not to do something that can disorganize territorial development

Question 9.2. About how to induce to do something that will ensure the rational organization of the territory and the implementation of plans within an acceptable time frame

Question 9.3. About how all information about the development of the territory is displayed with the necessary completeness in the documents of territorial planning

Question 10.2. On the composition of territorial planning documents

Question 10.3. About how the composition of the master plan of a settlement, urban district can be determined in the law of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation

13. In Scheme 7 - the scheme for the development of transport infrastructure facilities:

2) Displayed:

14. In Scheme 8 - the scheme of development of other objects, including social service facilities:

2) Displayed:

16. Each of the master plan schemes can be represented as:

2. The plan for the implementation of the master plan is prepared on the basis of and taking into account:

3. The master plan implementation plan contains:

6. The master plan implementation plan is approved for a period of at least two years, after which a new plan is prepared for the next period of at least two years.

7. Based on and taking into account the implementation plan of the master plan, a program for the implementation of the master plan may be prepared for a period of at least five years.

Question 13.1. About what is state expertise, and about the need to separate the expertise of urban planning documents and project documentation

Question 13.2. About how the issues of state examination of urban planning documents were resolved in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of 05/07/98 and how they are resolved by the Civil Committee of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2004

Question 13.3. On the content of the compromise decision on the state examination of territorial planning documents, enshrined in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2004

Question 13.4. On conducting state expertise of territorial planning documents and documentation on territory planning at the transitional stage

Question 14.1. On the provisions, positions, which, according to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of 07.05.98, should have been part of the state urban planning standards and rules

Question 14.2. On the "internal" structure of state urban planning regulations and rules, their "external" compliance with other standards in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of 07.05.98

Question 14.3. On the formal legal status of state urban planning regulations and rules in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of 07.05.98

Question 14.4. On the content, status and composition of regional and local standards for urban planning in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2004

Question 14.5. On the technology of territorial planning in terms of compliance with safety requirements in the absence of technical regulations adopted by means of laws

Part 2 Art. 49 GrK rf dated 05/07/98:

Part 2 Art. 50 GrK rf dated 07.05.98:

Question 15.3. The fact that in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2004, the issues of establishing, changing the boundaries of settlements - the boundaries of "land of settlements" were allegedly missed

Question 15.4. On the principle of indirect pressure - through consequences - on public authorities in order to coerce the implementation of urban planning activities and raise its status

Question 16.1. About how the law of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation can detail the norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2004 on the mandatory joint preparation of territorial planning documents

Question 16.2. On whether, in order to jointly prepare spatial planning documents, one contractor can be involved in the preparation of various spatial planning documents

Answers to questions to chapter 4 of the urban planning code of the Russian Federation "urban planning zoning"

Question 19.1. On the initial basis, common for two possible approaches to understanding the content of urban zoning

Question 19.2. On the content of the legal approach to the understanding and implementation of urban zoning

Question 19.3. On the content of the administrative-technological approach to the understanding and implementation of urban zoning

Question 19.4. On the manifestations of the administrative-technological approach to understanding urban zoning

Question 20.1. On the continuity of the norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of May 7, 1998 and the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2004 in terms of the ratio of functional and urban zoning

Question 20.2. About why functional zoning is carried out in the master plans of settlements, urban districts, and not in other territorial planning documents

Question 23.2. On the consequences of establishing restrictions on the use of real estate through sanitary protection and water protection zones

Question 24.1. On why the action of urban planning regulations does not apply to objects of cultural heritage

Question 24.2. On the fundamental difference between the technology for establishing zones of protection of cultural heritage objects and the technology for establishing sanitary protection and water protection zones

Question 24.4. About what organizational schemes should reflect zones of restrictions in the master plans of settlements, urban districts

Question 24.6. About how restricted zones should be reflected in land use and development rules and whether local governments should approve restricted zones

Question 24.9. On some contradictions and gaps in the legislation on cultural heritage objects

Question 25.1. About documents - the grounds for the preparation of the draft rules for land use and development

Question 25.2. On the subjects of work on the preparation of the draft rules for land use and development

Question 25.3. On the verification of the prepared project, public hearings and the approval of the rules for land use and development

Question 26.2. On the main typological types of urban zoning and their generalized characteristics

Question 26.3. On the plurality of ways to introduce urban zoning and its typological features, modified in relation to Russian conditions

Answers to questions to chapter 5 of the urban planning code of the Russian Federation "territory planning"

Question 27.1. On the types of documentation for the planning of the territory

Question 27.2. On the peculiarities of the preparation of documentation for the planning of the territory by various public authorities

Question 27.3. On how the planning of the territory correlates with previous actions on territorial planning and urban zoning

Question 27.4. On the peculiarities of the preparation of documentation for the planning of the territory during the transition period and after its completion

Question 27.5. On the relationship between the rules of land use and development and documentation on the planning of the territory

Question 27.6. About how the planning of the territory correlates with subsequent actions on architectural and construction design and construction

Question 27.7. That land planning activities are carried out in relation to all territories

Question 27.8. About when the preparation of documentation for the planning of the territory is not required

Question 28.1. On the selection of elements of the planning structure

Question 28.2. On the establishment of parameters for the planned development of elements of the planning structure and the composition of planning projects

Question 29.2. About "entry" into the built-up area occupied by the rights of third parties

Question 29.3. On "entry" to a free, unencumbered by the rights of third parties, undeveloped and undemarcated territory

Question 30.1. On the definition of the concept of "surveying"

Question 30.2. About the composition of land surveying projects

Question 31.1. On the preparation of urban planning plans for land plots in the form of separate documents

Question 31.2. On the purpose of urban planning plans for land plots and on the information contained in them

Question 31.3. On the form of the town-planning plan of the land plot

Question 31.4. About what cases should be reflected in the form of an urban planning plan for a land plot when preparing it as part of the territory planning documentation

Question 33.1. Regarding the fact that the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2004 allegedly does not mention the topic of allocation of land plots necessary for state or municipal needs

Question 33.2. The fact that the Civil Code of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 2004 supposedly should provide the constituent entities of the Russian Federation with powers regarding the reservation of land, land plots

Question 34.1. On the successive stages of providing development with objects of social, engineering and transport infrastructure

Question 34.2. About the incorrect statement, according to which the absence of planning projects is not an obstacle to the development of land surveying projects and town planning plans for land plots

Question 35.1. On the actions of the authorities to streamline and develop the planning structure of the city

Question 35.2. On the control of authorities over the activities of individuals in the division, association, change of boundaries of land

Question 36.1. On urban planning preparation of land plots from the composition of state or municipal lands

Question 36.2. On the allocation of public lands through urban planning preparation of land plots

Answers to questions to chapter 6 of the urban planning code

Russian Federation "architectural and construction

Design, construction, reconstruction of objects

capital construction"

Question 37.1. About how the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2004 determines the rights

Question 37.2. About how some regional acts incorrectly define the rights of public and private entities in relation to urban planning documents and project documentation

Question 37.3. On how the norms of regional acts demonstrate economic motivations that justify the need for a regional design system that is contrary to federal law

Question 38.1. On whether in all cases, without exception, the state should conduct a state examination of project documentation

Question 38.2. About what was changed by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2004 in relation to the state examination of project documentation and why such changes must inevitably be made

Question 38.3. On how the transition to a new system for organizing state examination of project documentation is legally defined

Question 39.1. On the legal status and content of a building permit

Question 39.2. About the authorized bodies of what levels of government, in what cases and for the construction of which objects issue permits

Question 39.3. On the features of issuing building permits by local governments

Question 39.4. On the period of validity of a building permit, its renewal and extension

Question 39.5. On the legal status and content of the permission to put the facility into operation

Question 40.1. The fact that the preparation of project documentation is not required for individual housing construction

Question 40.2. On how control over actions should be carried out in cases where the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2004 does not provide for the issuance of building permits

Question 41.1. About the main provisions regarding the technical conditions and information about the connection fee

Question 41.2. About what are pre-prepared substantive grounds for determining technical conditions and information on connection fees

Answers to questions to chapter 7 of the urban planning code of the Russian Federation "information support for urban planning activities"

Question 42.1. On the relationship between the provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2004 and the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of May 7, 1998 in terms of the legal logic of building information systems for supporting urban planning activities

Question 42.2. On the alleged loss by state authorities of tools and methods of information support for urban planning activities in connection with the novelties of the GRK of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2004

Question 43.1. About why the maintenance of information systems for ensuring urban planning should be carried out precisely at the local level

Question 43.2. On the difference between information systems for ensuring urban planning activities and archives of documents in the field of urban planning activities

Question 44.1. About whether information systems for ensuring urban planning activities include information about documents or copies of the documents themselves

Question 45.1. About duty plans and maps

Question 45.2. On allegedly negative consequences for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation arising from the abolition of the state urban planning cadastre

Answers to questions to chapter 8 of the urban planning code of the Russian Federation "responsibility for violating the legislation on urban planning activities"

Answers to questions to chapter 9 of the urban planning code

Question 47.1. On assessing the situation from the standpoint of the application of legislative norms

Question 47.2. On assessing the situation from the standpoint of the content of existing legislative norms

Federal Law Enactment

Question 8.5. On determining the content of objects of various significance - federal, regional, local

The concept of "objects of federal, regional, local significance" was used without deciphering their meaning in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of 07.05.98, and in other laws. In the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2004, these concepts are also used without defining what it is. In this regard, a number of questions arise:

Why are they not defined in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation dated 12/29/04;

How they could or should be defined in the legislation when it is supplemented in the future by the now missing norms;

How to operate with these concepts at the present time, when there are no corresponding definitions in the legislation.

Let's try to answer these questions.

From what substantive positions and grounds should one approach the definition of the concepts of "objects of federal, regional, local significance"?

The existence of three different levels of power predetermines the presence of a group of objects required for each of these three levels. What is the nature of the division of objects into three groups? The content of differences is determined by a combination of three components:

1) political and administrative;

2) technological;

3) budget.

The features of this combination are clearly manifested in relation to the three groups of objects identified when considering "the issue of differentiation of powers into two groups - the powers for the implementation of which the forced purchase of real estate is allowed, and the powers for the implementation of which it is not allowed."

With regard to the first group of objects (objects that are not linear objects of infrastructure support and related to the use of atomic energy, defense and security, space activities, ensuring the status and protection of the State Border of the Russian Federation), the political and administrative component dominates. Here there are no problems with whether to classify such objects as objects of federal or regional significance. The answer is obvious.

With regard to the second and third groups of objects, the combination of technological and budgetary components comes first. That is, the technological characteristics of certain objects (for example, indicators of their capacity, throughput) are linked to the volume of their load on the budget and the ability, obligation of the relevant subjects of the budget process (subjects of various levels of public authority) to bear this load by allocating appropriate funds and ensuring the construction of appropriate facilities. . Thus, the word "meaning" (federal, regional or local) directly answers the question: who (what level of public authority), for the construction of what (what specific objects, differentiated by their technological characteristics) is responsible for its budget.

Why the concept of "objects of federal, regional, local significance" is not defined inGrKRF from 29.12.04?

The substantive grounds presented above for defining the concepts of "objects of federal, regional, local significance" make the answer to this question clear. It is formulated as follows:

1) the definition of the concepts "objects of federal, regional, local significance" can only be given as a result of linking two substantive positions:

Unified classification by technological features (capacity, throughput, capacity) of objects, the construction of which is financed from budgetary sources;

Distribution of objects classified according to the specified technological features according to budgets of various levels ("linking objects to budgets"), taking into account the principles of formation and planned development of the budget system in terms of revenue sources and their existing and forecasted volumes;

2) in the light of the above, the following becomes obvious:

Due to the fact that the process of reforming the administrative and budgetary systems in the country is at an early stage, at the moment the development of these two substantive positions should be considered as the task of finding a final solution, which is not yet available;

The definition of the concepts "objects of federal, regional, local significance" is beyond the scope of the subject of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2004 and can be fixed in it in the order of making additions developed as a result of solving the task in the field of improving budget legislation.

Thus, the task of defining in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2004 the concepts of "objects of federal, regional, local significance" cannot be considered as an immediate task of this particular federal law, and therefore, in principle, it could not be solved at the stage of its preparation. This is a task to be solved in the future through a comprehensive improvement not only and not so much of the legislation on urban planning as such, but of the entire system of Russian legislation.

How could the concept of "objects of federal, regional, local significance" be or should be defined in the legislation when it is supplemented in the future with currently absent norms?

There are three possible ways to solve this issue - through:

Legislative establishment of a list with the characteristics of the relevant objects;

Use of procedures for determining such objects in the process of territorial planning;

Combinations of both list and procedures.

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of each method.

A method for determining objects of federal, regional, local significance through the legislative establishment of a list with the characteristics of the relevant objects. We revealed the essence of this method above when discussing the question of why the concept of "objects of federal, regional, local significance" is not defined in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2004. The hypothetical advantage of the method is that with its help it would be possible to formalize this process once and for all, as well as to make the process of interaction between public authorities of various levels in their territorial planning extremely clear and simple.

This method can be used as a universal and the only one, provided that two requirements are met:

1) the list is differentiated taking into account the diversity of the specifics of various regions of a huge country. We should not forget about the relativity of the concept of "significance". In developed regions, even a large object may turn out to be not so significant and should be classified, say, as objects of local rather than regional significance. In remote and depressed regions, the opposite is true: even a small facility can be assigned the significance of a federal one (for example, a road with a low carrying capacity, but of exceptional importance in terms of solving a security problem or developing new mineral deposits);

2) the list allows you to solve issues of changing significance over time.

Fulfillment of the first requirement does not encounter insurmountable obstacles of a theoretical and methodological nature, except for one thing - the degree of differentiation proposed by law may turn out to be insufficient, which will complicate the process of territorial planning.

Another thing is the fulfillment of the second condition. Since the list is established by law, taking into account the dynamics of changes in significance over time should be accompanied by periodic amendments to the law. Since the need for changes may arise quite often, their introduction into the law will always be late and cannot be guaranteed.

Thus, for the indicated reasons, the considered method cannot be recognized as universal and unique. This means that it should be combined with procedures that will make it possible to introduce the necessary and prompt clarifications due to the specifics of territorial planning in the respective regions of the country.

A method for determining objects of federal, regional, local significance through the use of procedures for determining such objects in the process of territorial planning. From the point of view of the prospects for the development of the territorial planning system, which, in terms of the legal framework, is at the initial stage of formation in the Russian Federation (which must be recognized), this method can only be used as an addition to the method described above. Since in the current conditions there is still no list of relevant objects established by law, the procedural method should be considered as a transitional one, and therefore the features of its application are discussed below, when discussing the question of how to operate with the concepts of "objects of federal, regional, local significance" at the present time, when there are no relevant definitions in the legislation.

A method for determining objects of federal, regional, local significance through a combination of both a list and procedures. It is clear that the possibility of using such a method will arise when the list established by law is put into effect. Therefore, without entering into a detailed consideration of the features of the application of this method, it is necessary to characterize the basic provisions on which it should be based. As an example, let's take the preparation of a draft master plan for a settlement.

1. The local self-government body of the settlement in its master plan establishes (approves) the boundaries of the zones of the planned placement of objects of local importance, determined in accordance with the law. At the same time, the master plan without fail displays (not approved) the boundaries of the zones of the planned placement of objects of local significance of a municipal district, regional significance - if there are duly approved documents for territorial planning of a municipal district, a constituent entity of the Russian Federation. In the absence of these documents, the master plan may display proposals for the location of the boundaries of the zones of the planned placement of objects of local significance of the municipal district, regional significance.

2. The implementation of decisions of territorial planning documents on the placement and construction of objects of regional and local importance can be carried out autonomously by each level of public authority in strict accordance with the definitions of these objects given by law, as well as in accordance with plans for the implementation of territorial planning documents. Along with autonomous actions, the implementation of territorial planning documents can also be carried out in such a way that, under certain conditions and subject to certain procedures, public authorities of a higher level (municipal district, constituent entity of the Russian Federation) assume financial obligations or part of financial obligations to ensure the construction of certain local facilities. settlement values. Such actions are carried out subject to the following principles:

a) public authorities of a lower level - settlements and urban districts can provide their budget only for the construction of local facilities of settlements and urban districts in accordance with the approved master plans, plans for the implementation of master plans, linked to the volume of budget financing for each current and upcoming financial year;

b) public authorities of a higher level - a municipal district, a constituent entity of the Russian Federation can provide with their budget not only the construction of objects of local significance of a municipal district, regional significance in accordance with approved territorial planning documents, plans for the implementation of such documents, linked to the volume of budget financing for each current and the upcoming financial year, but also the construction of certain objects of local significance in settlements, urban districts based on:

Formalized in accordance with the law (federal and / or regional) settlement procedures that determine the possibility of financial assistance in cases established by law;

Joint plans and programs for the implementation of territorial planning documents approved in the relevant part by representatives of executive power at various levels - a settlement, an urban district, a municipal district, a constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

How to operate with the concept of "objects of federal, regional, local significance" at the present time, when there are no corresponding definitions in the legislation?

Based on the arguments presented above, it must be said with all certainty that the procedural method described above is:

1) transitional in the sense that it is applied until the relevant list is put into effect by federal law, linking the technological characteristics of certain objects with the financial obligations of the relevant levels of public authority to ensure their placement and construction;

2) an objectively necessary transitional stage - its necessity is determined not by the imaginary underdevelopment of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2004, but by other system-wide circumstances that were disclosed above.

Unfortunately, quite often one has to face the fact that the second provision does not meet with understanding. And the point is not so much in the unwillingness to understand, but in the position, which is defined as follows: "everything at once and immediately, otherwise nothing at all is better."

Such a position is nothing more than an objective disregard for the fact that it is fundamentally impossible for a one-time action (through the adoption of one law - in this case, the Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation) to establish a neglected area of ​​​​legal regulation of urban planning activities. Launched not only and not so much because of the disorder, uncertainty and inconsistency of the previously existing legislation on urban planning, but because of the objective reason for the complexity of such legislation, when even minimal actions to improve it inevitably entail actions to streamline other types of legislation or form an "order" for such ordering. This order cannot be fulfilled immediately, including because of opposition to it, unwillingness to recognize its necessity and fulfill it.

The position that the improvement of the legislation on urban planning activity provokes in a positive sense the improvement of other laws has already been illustrated in this work and will be further illustrated with specific examples.

Answering the question of how to operate with the concept of "objects of federal, regional, local significance" when there are no relevant definitions in the legislation, let us consider as an example, as before, the preparation of a draft master plan for a settlement. At the same time, we will keep in mind the most unfavorable situation, when the project is being prepared in the absence of territorial planning documents for both the municipal district and the subject of the Russian Federation.

In such an unfavorable situation, consideration should be given to:

1) a favorable case of joint preparation of a draft master plan by the relevant local self-government body of a settlement (urban district) and territorial planning documents of a municipal district and a constituent entity of the Russian Federation;

2) an unfavorable case when a draft master plan is prepared autonomously by the relevant local self-government body of a settlement (urban district) without parallel preparation of territorial planning documents for a municipal district and a constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

"Favorable case" of the joint preparation of the draft master plan by the relevant local self-government body of the settlement (urban district) and territorial planning documents of the municipal district and the subject of the Russian Federation. The sequence of actions may be as follows:

1) the local self-government body of a settlement or urban district, starting the preparation of a master plan, is guided by the norms of Article 27 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2004 and initiates a parallel process - joint preparation of territorial planning documents with the participation of neighboring settlements, urban districts, as well as a municipal district and a constituent entity of the Russian Federation . Wherein:

Decisions on the joint preparation of territorial planning documents can be made optionally or on a mandatory basis - in cases where, in accordance with Part 6 of Art. 27 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2004, it is not allowed to refuse the joint preparation of territorial planning documents;

Depending on the specific circumstances, the preparation of territorial planning documents for a municipal district, a constituent entity of the Russian Federation can be carried out on a full scale (comprehensively on all issues and in relation to the entire territory of the jurisdiction of the relevant public authority) or partially (not on all issues and not in relation to the entire territory of the jurisdiction of the relevant public authority). authorities, but only to its part in accordance with the needs of the development of a particular municipality);

2) in the process of joint preparation of territorial planning documents, developers, representatives of the relevant public authorities jointly:

As part of draft territorial planning documents, they prepare and justify (including by fixing in cartographic materials) proposals on the distribution and sequence of construction of objects of local significance of a settlement, urban district, objects of local significance of a municipal district, as well as objects of regional significance;

Prepare and substantiate proposals for the plan (program) for the implementation of territorial planning documents, including in terms of priority facilities, sources, volumes and terms of financing work to prepare for construction and financing the construction of objects of various significance;

3) after approval in the prescribed manner of jointly prepared territorial planning documents and plans (programs) for the implementation of territorial planning documents:

The local self-government body of a settlement, urban district provides, using the funds of its budget, work on preparation for construction and construction of local facilities of a settlement, urban district (determined in the process of joint preparation of territorial planning documents and plans for their implementation);

The local self-government body of the municipal district provides, using the funds of its budget, work on preparation for construction and construction of local facilities of the municipal district (determined in the process of joint preparation of territorial planning documents and plans for their implementation). At the same time, the plans for the implementation of these documents may determine financing or participation in financing the construction of certain objects of local importance of the settlement from the budget of the municipal district;

The authorized state executive body of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation provides, using the budget funds of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, work on preparation for construction and construction of objects of regional significance (determined in the process of joint preparation of territorial planning documents and plans for their implementation). At the same time, the plans for the implementation of these documents may determine financing or participation in financing the construction of certain objects of local importance of a settlement, urban district, municipal district from the budget of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

An unfavorable case: a draft master plan is prepared autonomously by the relevant local self-government body of a settlement or urban district without parallel preparation of territorial planning documents for a municipal district and a constituent entity of the Russian Federation. Sequencing:

1) the local self-government body of a settlement or urban district ensures the autonomous preparation of a draft master plan due to the fact that:

Proposals on the joint preparation of territorial planning documents were not sent to public authorities of other administrative-territorial entities;

A refusal was received on proposals for the joint preparation of territorial planning documents sent to public authorities of other administrative-territorial entities - in cases where it is not allowed to refuse these proposals;

2) in the process of preparing the draft master plan, proposals are prepared and substantiated (including by fixing in cartographic materials) on the sequence of construction of facilities:

Local significance of a settlement, urban district, in relation to which there are no questions regarding their significance, as well as regarding the obligations of local self-government bodies of a settlement, urban district to ensure the construction of these facilities from the funds of the relevant budgets;

Local significance of a municipal district, regional significance, in relation to which questions arise regarding their attribution to objects of corresponding significance, as well as regarding the obligations of local governments of a municipal district, state authorities of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation to ensure the construction of such objects from the funds of the relevant budgets;

3) in the process of preparing and coordinating the draft master plan with the local authorities of the municipal district (if we are talking about the master plan of the settlement), the state authorities of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation agree on proposals on the distribution and sequence of construction of objects of local significance of the municipal district, regional significance, in relation to who have questions regarding their attribution to objects of appropriate importance, as well as regarding the obligations of local governments of a municipal district, state authorities of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation to ensure the construction of such objects from the funds of the relevant budgets;

4) as part of the master plan of the settlement, urban district, provisions are approved on the zones of the planned location and the sequence of construction:

Objects of local significance of a settlement, urban district, in relation to which, at the stage of preparation of the draft master plan, no questions arose regarding their significance, as well as regarding the obligations of local governments of the settlement, urban district to ensure their construction from the budget of the settlement, urban district;

Other objects, in respect of which, in the process of coordinating the relevant proposals with the local authorities of the municipal district, the state authorities of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, decisions were made to classify them as objects of local significance of the settlement, urban district with the recognition of the obligations of the local authorities of the settlement, urban district to ensure construction such facilities from the budget of the settlement, urban district;

5) after approval in accordance with the established procedure of the master plan of the settlement, urban district, as well as the plan (program) for the implementation of the master plan:

The local self-government body of a settlement, urban district, using the funds of its budget, provides for the preparation for construction and construction of local facilities of the settlement, urban district;

The local self-government body of a municipal district (in the case of preparing a master plan for a settlement), state authorities of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation shall use the proposals contained in the supporting materials for the approved master plan of a settlement, urban district on the zones of the planned location of objects of local significance of the municipal district, objects of regional significance.

Consideration of all favorable and unfavorable cases allows us to draw the following conclusion: the absence of a formal definition of the concept of "objects of federal, regional and local significance" in federal legislation does not block the process of territorial planning, does not create legal obstacles for public authorities to take actions in this direction.

It should be noted one more circumstance concerning the legal possibility of anticipatory actions at the regional level. If there is an appropriate initiative and before the task formulated at the federal level is solved when discussing the question of why the concept of "objects of federal, regional, local significance" is not defined in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2004, this task can be solved in a certain parts at the regional level, namely:

Prepare a classification according to technological features (capacity, throughput, capacity) of objects, the construction of which should be financed from the regional budget, budgets of municipal districts, budgets of settlements, urban districts;

Distribute the objects classified according to the specified technological features according to budgets of various levels (linking objects to budgets), taking into account the principles of formation and planned development of budgets at the regional and local levels within the respective constituent entities of the Russian Federation in terms of revenue sources, their existing and projected volumes.

Question (9) about the legislative establishment of ways

ensure the integrity of the territorial

planning in the interaction of bodies

public authorities at various levels

This question is divided into two components, which can be conditionally called negative and positive. The negative part of the question: how to force public authorities at various levels not to do something that can disorganize territorial development? The positive part: how to encourage public authorities at various levels to do what will ensure the rational organization of the territory and the implementation of plans within an acceptable time frame?

Highways are those transport arteries that connect various regions and settlements of the country. The federal roads of Russia are of the greatest importance for our state. But the importance of other highways should not be underestimated either. Let's find out how roads are classified, and also compile a list of federal roads in Russia.

Types of road classification

First of all, let's find out what criteria can be used to group. Depending on the criteria, there are several types of classification:

• by value;
• by type of coverage;
• by property;
• by class;
• by category.

Below we will look at each type of classification in more detail.

Road classification by value

This type of classification in the Russian Federation is determined by a special road classification published in 2007. According to it, the routes are divided into federal roads of Russia, regional, intermunicipal and local. We will talk about what this means below.

Russia - these are highways of national importance. They are financed from the federal budget of the Russian Federation.

Regional roads are motorways administered by the authorities in the regions. They have a local, regional degree of importance and are financed from the appropriate budget. If a regional highway provides access to major traffic interchanges or other particularly important objects, then in the Russian road classification it is designated by the prefix A, and all the rest - by the prefix K.

Roads of intermunicipal significance serve to connect settlements within the boundaries of one region, but have a lower level of importance than regional highways, and even more so the federal highways of Russia. All inter-municipal routes are designated by the prefix H.

All other roads are classified as local roads. Often they are located within the boundaries of one region or even a locality and are of significant value only for it. They are financed from the budget of the municipality to which they belong.

Types of roads by type of coverage

According to the type of coverage, highways are divided into only two types: hard-surfaced and unpaved. Moreover, the former are divided into several subspecies: paved, paved with paving stones, reinforced concrete tiles, etc. Dirt roads do not have artificial surface at all.

It should be noted that the list of federal roads in Russia does not include any unpaved transport route. Also, you will not find a single such road among the routes of regional and intermunicipal significance. But among the local roads they can meet.

Types of roads by ownership

According to the right of ownership, the routes of communication are divided into national, regional and private. If the issue does not arise with the definition of the owner of national and regional roads, then with private matters the situation is somewhat different. So, they can belong either to an organization or to an individual. However, we note that the practice of private routes in Russia is not yet very common.

At the same time, it should be emphasized that all the roads that are included in the list of Russian federal highways belong to the state.

Classification by class

There is also a classification by class of roads. According to it, roads are divided into three types: motorways, expressways and ordinary routes.

The main difference between highways and simple express roads is that the first type of highways does not allow access to the highway with an adjoining at the same level, while the second type does.

On ordinary highways, a lower speed limit is set than on the above two. In addition, unlike highways and expressways, such roads are allowed to intersect with cycling, vehicular and pedestrian routes in the same plane.

A mandatory attribute of motorways and express roads is the presence of four or more lanes, with a width of each 3.75 m.

It should be noted that the same road may have a different class in its various sections.

It should be noted that all of the listed types of highways are included in the list of federal roads of Russia, but there are no motorways among the regional highways.

Breakdown of roads by category

All highways have category IA, express roads - IB, but ordinary routes are divided into five categories at once - IC, II, III, IV and V. The difference between IC and all other categories of ordinary roads is that it requires the mandatory presence of a dividing markings, as for motorways and expressways. The rest of the usual type differ among themselves in the total number of lanes and their width. In addition, unlike other options, the routes with category IV and V allow crossing with railway and tram tracks at the same level.

Ways of federal significance

Now let's take a closer look at which routes are included in the list of federal highways in Russia. It includes absolutely all autobahns that connect Moscow with the capitals of other state entities, or connect it with the central cities of the regions of the Russian Federation. In addition, the list of Russian federal highways may include routes connecting the administrative centers of different regions, if such highways are of particular importance. This list also sometimes includes the most significant connecting roads, in particular those that provide access to the largest transport interchanges or to communications of federal importance, for example, to large ports.

The federal roads of Russia are of particular importance for the country's transport system.

Federal road classification

All roads included in the list of Russia have their own separate classification. About her and will go our further conversation.

The federal roads of Russia are divided into two main types: public and European highways.

In addition, when numbering roads connecting Moscow with foreign capitals or centers of regions, the prefix M is used. For those routes that connect the central cities of the regions with each other, the prefix R is used. Federal highways of Russia, which are of great importance as connecting and access roads, are numbered with prefix A.

List of federal roads with M prefix

Now let's take a look at the list of federal roads in Russia. Federal highways of general importance connecting Moscow with European capitals and regional centers have the following names:

• M1 - to Minsk.
• M2 - to Yalta.
• M3 - to Kyiv.
• M4 - to Novorossiysk.
• M5 - to Chelyabinsk.
• M7 - in Ufa.
• M8 - to Arkhangelsk.
• M9 - to Riga.
• M10 - to St. Petersburg.
• M11 St. Petersburg - Moscow (under construction).

List of other federal roads

The list of federal highways of the Russian Federation, which connect the central settlements of its subjects, includes 34 routes. The most significant of these include:

• P23 Belarus - St. Petersburg.
• R56 Pskov - Novgorod.
• P92 Orel - Kaluga.
• R119 Tambov - Eagle.
• P120 Belarus - Oryol.
• P132 Ryazan - Kaluga.
• Р208, Р209 Penza - Tambov.
• P216 Stavropol - Astrakhan.
• P217-"Caucasus".
• P239 Kazakhstan - Kazan.
• P298 Kursk - highway P22.
• P351 Tyumen - Yekaterinburg.
• P402 Omsk - Tyumen.
• Р404 Khanty-Mansiysk - Tyumen.
• Р600 Ivanovo - Kostroma.

The federal highways of the Russian Federation, which serve as connecting and access roads, have 75 names. The most important ones are the following:

• A103 Shchelkovskoe highway.
• A109 Ilinskoe highway.
• A113 Central Ring Road.
• A164 - Transcam.
• A181-"Scandinavia".
• A375-"Vostok".

European roads

In addition, there are federal roads in Russia that have the status of European transport routes. These include the following highways:

• E18 Finland - St. Petersburg.
• E20 Estonia - St. Petersburg.
• E22 Latvia - Ishim.
• E28 Poland - Kaliningrad - Lithuania.
• E30 Belarus - Omsk.
• E38 Ukraine - Voronezh - Kazakhstan.
• E40 Ukraine - Volgograd - Kazakhstan.
• E50 Ukraine - Makhachkala.
• E58 Ukraine - Rostov-on-Don.
• E77 Poland - Pskov.
• E95 St. Petersburg - Belarus.
• E97 Ukraine - Georgia.
• E101 Ukraine - Moscow.
• E105 Norway - Yalta.
• E115 Novorossiysk - Yaroslavl.
• E117 Georgia - Mineralnye Vody.
• E119 Moscow - Azerbaijan.
• E121 Samara - Kazakhstan.
• E123 Chelyabinsk - Kazakhstan.
• E125 Ishim - Kazakhstan.
• E127 Omsk - Kazakhstan.

These federal highways of Russia are important not only because they provide traffic within the country, but also guarantee the stable operation of international transport links.

Asian routes

In addition, there are Asian international roads. In the classification, they are denoted by the prefix AH. But it should be noted that the Asian routes are simultaneously classified also by the prefixes M, P and A, depending on what meaning the given route has.

For example, the P258 "Baikal" highway, passing from Irkutsk to Chita, is part of the Asian road AN6 Belarus - Busan (Republic of Korea). Similarly, the M10 highway St. Petersburg - Moscow (another name for the road is "Russia") is part of the Asian route AN8 Finland - Iran and at the same time a component of the European route E105 Kirkenes (Norway) - Yalta.

Roads under construction

Among the roads included in the list of federal highways in Russia, at the moment only one is being built - M11 St. Petersburg - Moscow. Its main task will be to reduce the flow of vehicles from the M10 Rossiya highway, which runs almost parallel and also connects the two Russian capitals. According to the plan, some sections of the new will be paid. In 2014, the first section of the route was opened for drivers. It was previously planned that the entire highway would be put into operation in 2018, but due to the onset of the economic crisis in the country, the timing could be significantly shifted.

In addition, there are a number of other interesting projects that, if implemented, would receive the status of federal highways. But at present, all of them are only at the idea stage.

Road condition

It should be noted that most federal roads have satisfactory coverage. As for those routes that are subordinate to the authorities of the regions and individual municipalities, their condition is significantly different. It all depends on what part of Russia they are located in, and how much money local governments can allocate for their repair and restoration.

Of course, in the Russian Federation, many local roads are in fairly good condition, but there are also a sufficient number of routes, the condition of which is simply catastrophic, requiring immediate repair of the roadway.

Federal highway management

The management of federal roads is entrusted to the state company Rosavtodor, or, as it is called in another way, the Federal Road Agency. This company was founded in 2004 and reports directly to the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation. From 2012 to the present, its leader is Roman Viktorovich Starovijt. Rosavtodor evaluates the quality of federal roads and makes decisions on repairs, if necessary. The company also draws up a schedule of planned road repairs.

In addition, in 2009, the state organization "Russian Highways" was founded, headed by S. V. Kelbakh. The M1, M3 and M4 highways were transferred to the management of this organization.

Importance of federal roads

It is difficult to overestimate the importance that Russia's federal roads have for the country's transport system. The list presented earlier indicates that they connect the most important settlements and communications for the Russian Federation. Therefore, it is very important to ensure their maintenance in a satisfactory form, to prevent destruction, and to properly distribute the traffic flow.

Moreover, in order to optimize the flow of road transport, a number of large federal highways should be built, the construction of which may take place in the near future.