In Russian between heterogeneous definitions comma not
placed between homogeneous definitions a comma is placed.
Several agreed definitions that are not related to each other
unions can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous.
Homogeneous definitions are directly related to the defined (main)
in a word, while they are in relation to each other
enumerations (they are pronounced with enumerative intonation and between
they can put the union and):
Here's an example:
Red, yellow tulips. Yellow tulips. Red tulips. Red
and yellow tulips.
Heterogeneous definitions not pronounced with enumeration
intonation, it is usually impossible to put a union between them and.
Heterogeneous definitions are otherwise related to the defined (main)
word. One of the definitions (the closest one) is directly related to
defined by the word, while the second is already associated with
a phrase consisting of the main word and the first definition:
Here's an example:
Short passenger train.
In this sentence, the composition closest to the main word is associated with
its definition is short.
The definition of short is associated with the whole phrase - passenger
composition (Passenger composition is short).
Definitions are homogeneous if:
Indicate the distinguishing features of different objects;
Here's an example:
Blue, white balls - blue and white balls; the balls were blue; the balls were
white.
Denote various features of one object, characterizing it with
one side;
Here's an example:
Wooden, burnt barn - wooden and burnt barn; barn was
wooden; the barn was burned down.
Characterize the subject from different angles, but in this context
are united by some common feature;
Here's an example:
Sunny, beautiful day - “Sunny, and therefore beautiful”;
cloudy, dreary days - "cloudy, and therefore dreary."
In context, synonyms are created between definitions.
relations;
Here's an example:
sharp, cutting pain in the leg - in this context, the forms are acute and
cutting act as synonyms, that is, as words that are close in
value.
They are artistic definitions - epithets;
Here's an example:
Oval cat eyes.
They form a gradation, that is, each subsequent definition strengthens
the sign they express;
Here's an example:
joyful, festive, radiant mood.
A single definition is followed by a definition expressed by the participial
turnover, that is, participle with a dependent word;
Here's an example:
Grey, neatly combed hair.
Stand after the word being defined;
Here's an example:
Hair gray, combed.
The second definition clarifies the first - between the definitions you can put the union that is or namely.
Here's an example:
Normal, peaceful coexistence of states is normal, that is, peaceful coexistence of states.
Definitions are heterogeneous if they:
They characterize an object from different angles, in different respects, that is, they express signs related to different generic (general) concepts:
Here's an example:
small wooden shed - "size and material",
the wooden shed was small;
gray oval clouds - "color and shape",
the oval clouds were grey;
pot-bellied walnut bureau - "form and material",
the walnut bureau was pot-bellied;
Heterogeneous definitions are more often expressed:
Pronoun and adjective;
His new car.
Qualitative and relative adjectives;
Small wooden shed.
Relative adjective and single participle;
A neglected orchard.
Reference book on the Russian language. Punctuation Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich
§ 10. Homogeneous and non-homogeneous definitions
1. Between homogeneous definitions not connected by unions, put comma.
The definitions are homogeneous:
1) if they indicate the distinctive features of different objects: Crowds of kidsblue, red, whiteshirts stand on the shore(M.G.);
2) if they denote different features of the same object, characterizing it on the one hand: A mighty, violent, deafening downpour pouredsteppe(Bub.). In this case, each of the definitions directly relates to the noun being defined, a coordinating union can be inserted between the definitions: sound, unmoving, healthy sleep(T.); rainy, dirty, dark autumn(Ch.); empty, deserted beach(Ser.); hard, hard work(Er.); strong, resolute, firm word(Furm.); fat, lazy gophers; black, bare trees; dark, reckless, dangerous thoughts; impudent, arrogant, angry face; light, casual, engaging conversation; strict, sharp, jerky command; rotten, green water of the swamp; thick, heavy, opaque liquid; arrogant, capricious face; defiant, impermissible tone; refined, noble, graceful manners; cheerful, bright holiday; great, proud, formidable name; sweet, kind woman; bizarre, menacing shadows; wrinkled, decrepit old woman; hard, prickly, piercing look; thick, shapeless legs; rough, wild, cruel customs of the Middle Ages; an old, faded dress; zealous, frenzied commitment to art; thick, suffocating dust; backward, dark, superstitious people; good-natured, affectionate old man; sharp, intelligent look; hot, cloudless day; long, narrow corridor; a deaf, deserted place; kind, sad, embarrassed eyes; peaceful, calm life; warm, still, dense air; neat, clean, cheerful kids; severe, courageous face; unfamiliar, mysterious, magnificent world of the jungle; hard, painful path; picturesque, meandering river; fresh, grey-green hay; thick, strong man; juicy, fatty leaves of a shrub;
3) if, characterizing the object from different angles, in the conditions of the context they are united by some common feature (appearance, similarity of the impression they make, reference to a distant general concept, causal relationship, etc.): It melted in the skyone small goldenlittle cloud(M.G.) - appearance; Water flows over the pebbles and hidesfilamentous, emerald green algae(Sol.) - general external impression; Withpale, wrinkledface, he suddenly jumped up and grabbed his head(Ch.) - a general concept (“changed from excitement”); It was lunar, clearevening(Ch.) (“lunar, and therefore clear”); resoundedterrible, deafeningthunderclap("terrible, because deafening"); cameheavy, darktime(“heavy, therefore gloomy”); He covered his eyesred, inflamedover the centuries(“red because inflamed”); deserted, inhospitable house; stuffy, oppressive darkness; grey, continuous, fine rain; thick, black smoke; pale, stern face; dusty, ragged people; heavy, evil feeling; senile, colorless eyes; distant, dark corner; proud, brave look; clean, new suit.
Heavy, coldthe rays lay on the tops of the surrounding mountains(L.); Seen somewhere in the skystill, noctilucent clouds(T.); Large, puffybeads in three rows wrapped aroundswarthy, thinneck(T.); He handed mered, swollen, dirtyhand(T.); Peter was nowhandsome, ruddy, fifteen years oldboy(L.T.); Cute, hard, redher lips still puckered as before(L.T.); Show everyone that thismotionless, gray, dirtylife bored you(Ch.); met himskinny, hunchbackedold woman(Ch.); He pinched his fingersthin, fluffymustache(M.G.); ATthick, darkhair shone with gray strands(M.G.); Grey, smallthe Vlasovs' house more and more attracted the attention of the settlement(M.G.); Smooth, monotonousthe muttering is interrupted(Ser.); ... Having washed down with pink, sour, fragrantwine(Cat.);
4) if, under the conditions of the context, synonymous relations are created between the definitions: Nastalidark, heavydays(T.); cold, metalliclight flashed on thousands of wet leaves(Gran.); Withmiraculous,with almost magical ease he wielded his instrument; solid, hopeless darkness; transparent, clean air; red, angry face; timid, apathetic character; thick, heavy oil; quiet, modest life; white, strong teeth; cheerful, good-natured smile; proud, independent look; remote, deserted lane; dry, cracked earth; harsh, stubborn character; happy, mischievous, boyish smile;
5) if they are artistic definitions: Some grasshoppers crackle together, and tiring ... thisincessant, sour and drysound(T.); Hispale blue glasseyes ran(T.); The old woman closedlead, extinguishedeyes(M.G.); the same when using the definition-adjective in a figurative sense: the boy's round, fish-eyed eyes; thin, crane legs;
6) if they form a semantic gradation (each subsequent definition reinforces the sign it expresses): In autumn, the feather-grass steppes completely change and receive theirspecial, unique, uniqueview(Ax.); Arriving home, Laevsky and Nadezhda Fyodorovna went into theirdark, stuffy, boringrooms(Ch.); Joyful, festive, radiantthe mood was bursting(Ser.);
7) if a single definition is followed by a definition expressed by participial turnover: little-known mounds located on the outskirts; an ancient wooden figurine blackened by time; a small, carpeted platform; black, neatly combed hair; a thin face furrowed with deep wrinkles; an empty, snow-covered field; early, slightly played dawn; hard, poorly shaved chin(cf. with a different word order: badly shaved hard chin).
Wed in the language of fiction: In the chest I foundyellowed, written in no-Latinhetman's charter(Paust.); It was somehow no-good sad in thissmall, already touched by late autumngarden(Hump.); That wasthe first, not obscured by any fearsjoy of discovery(Gran.); On thewhite, carefully ironedtablecloths appeared bear meat, dried locust ...(Azh.); View of thetall, slightly rosyfirmament(EAT.); Throughsmall, icywindow ... moonlight broke through(Closed).
But: black spots appeared on the tablecloth; hare half-worn collar; large material collected by the author etc. - the first definition refers to the combination of the second definition with a noun;
8) if they stand after the noun being defined (in this position, each of the definitions is directly related to the noun and has the same semantic independence): I saw a young womanbeautiful, kind, intelligent, charming(Ch.); I will then possess the trutheternal, undeniable(T.).
Possible derogations:
a) in poetic speech, which is connected with the rhythm and melody of the verse: Hello blue autumn days(Br.);
b) in combinations of terminological nature: late winter pear; pipes thin-walled electrowelded corrosion-proof; overhead electric drift crane; gray cloth trousers; aster early terry;
9) if they are opposed to a combination of other definitions with the same defined word: Not long ago in our area stoodlow, woodenat home and nowhigh, stone;In the window of the ticket office stretched outlarge, malehands, thensmall, female;
10) a special case is the so-called explanatory definitions, when a comma is placed between the definitions if the second of them explains the first (a union can be inserted between them i.e or namely): Inside the house the rooms were filledordinarysimple furniture(T.); With quick steps I passed a long "area" of bushes, climbed a hill and ... saw completelyother,to meunfamiliarplaces(T.); With a good feeling of hope fornew, betterlife he drove up to his house(L.T.); Evening was approaching, and in the air stood thatspecial, heavystuffiness that portends a thunderstorm(M.G.); At allothers, urbansounds were heard from outside and inside the apartment(Cat.); …Normal, peacefulcoexistence of states; was of interestand anotherextra work; Soon we will enterinto the newXXI century. In these cases, the second definition appears not as a homogeneous one, but as an explanatory one (see § 23). The possibility of punctuation options is explained by different interpretations of the meaning of the sentence; compare: I want to buyother leatherbriefcase(I already have a leather briefcase). - I want to buyother, leatherbriefcase(I have a briefcase, but not leather).
2. There is no comma between heterogeneous definitions.
Definitions are heterogeneous if the preceding definition does not refer directly to the noun being defined, but to the combination of the subsequent definition with this noun: Alyosha gave himsmall folding roundmirror(Available) (cf.: a round mirror - a folding round mirror - a small folding round mirror); The old mother laid out the grapes onlow round Tatartable(L.T.); … Do you imaginenasty southern countysmall town?(Cupr.); Early severe winterthe dawn broke through the dead haze(F.).
Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different angles, in different respects, i.e., they express features related to different generic (general) concepts: In the corner of the living roompot-bellied hazelthe Bureau(G.) - form and material; Magic underwater islands ... quietly passwhite roundclouds(T.) - color and shape; We lived in the basementlarge stoneHouses(M.G.) - size and material; Once upon a time I had a chance to swim along a gloomy Siberian river(Kor.) - quality and location.
If such features are united by a common generic concept, such definitions can become homogeneous: A large stone house has been allocated for the tourist base - the unifying sign "comfortable".
Depending on the style of speech, some examples allow a different understanding, and in connection with this, different intonation and punctuation; compare: It was these new, large, high-rise buildings that basically determined the face of the city.(Cat.) - in fiction; New large multi-storey buildings were built- in business speech. Wed also: In the distance, tiny, motionless lights could be seen. There were tiny, still lights in the distance.
Inhomogeneous definitions are expressed:
1) a combination of relative adjectives or participles and relative adjectives: summer health camp; marble quadrangular columns; unpublished author's rough sketches; twisted iron staircase; neglected orchard;
2) a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives: high rare last year's reeds; brand new yellow chairs; clean print striped dress; huge black disk-shaped anti-tank mines; uneven clay daubed floor; unironed gray linen towel; beautiful small oval mirror; luxurious carved gilded frame; new high economic frontiers; interesting oblong swarthy face; fashionable fluffy curled wig; thick protruding lower lip; thick curved high eyebrows.
Wed in the language of fiction: The bright winter sun peeked through our windows(Ax.); A tall blue Viennese carriage rode at a fast trot along a wide, large, highwayless road.(L.T.); Snowdrifts covered with thin ice crust(Ch.); Suddenly a horse alarm neighing was heard in the darkness(F.);
3) less often - a combination of quality adjectives: tiny white fluffy dog; soft thick black curls; huge amazing dark blue swallowtails(Shv.); milk jug with thick yellow cream(Cupr.); a light, subdued whisper(T.).
Punctuation has been discussed above with agreed definitions. Inconsistent definitions tend to be homogeneous: A young man enteredabout twenty-five years old, shining with health, with laughing cheeks, lips and eyes(Gonch.).
From the book Handbook of the Russian language. Punctuation author Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich§ 9. Homogeneous members of a sentence not connected by unions 1. Between homogeneous members of a sentence, connected only intonation, a comma is usually placed: Questions, exclamations, stories rained down at each other (T.); Zotov frowned, stopped writing, swayed in his chair
From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (OD) of the author TSB§ 10. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions that are not connected by unions. Definitions are homogeneous: 1) if they indicate the distinguishing features of different objects: Crowds of children in blue, red, white shirts stand on
From the book Spelling and Style Guide author Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich§ 11. Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous applications that are not connected by unions. Applications are homogeneous if they characterize a person or object on the one hand, indicate similar features: Oblomov, a noble by birth, collegiate
From the book A Guide to Spelling, Pronunciation, Literary Editing author Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich From the book Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation. Complete Academic Handbook author Lopatin Vladimir Vladimirovich§ 83. Homogeneous members not connected by unions 1. Between homogeneous members of a sentence not connected by unions, a comma is usually placed, for example: I saw his head, tangled hair, a tattered overcoat strap (Perventsev); Zhukhrai spoke brightly, clearly, understandably, simply
From the author's book§ 84. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions that are not connected by unions. Definitions are homogeneous: a) if they denote the distinctive features of different objects, for example: At a great distance, the city sprawled and quietly
From the author's book§ 85. Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous applications that are not connected by unions. Applications are homogeneous if they characterize an object on the one hand, indicate close signs, for example: Fifteen versts from mine
From the author's book From the author's book From the author's book§ 83. Homogeneous members not connected by unions 1. Between homogeneous members of a sentence not connected by unions, a comma is usually placed, for example: At this time, a swallow flew into the colonnade, made a circle under the golden ceiling, sank,
From the author's book§ 84. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions that are not connected by unions. Definitions are homogeneous: 1) if they indicate the distinguishing features of different objects, for example: A crowd of children in blue, red, white
From the author's book§ 85. Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous applications that are not connected by unions. Applications are homogeneous if they characterize an object on the one hand, indicate close signs, for example: fifteen miles from mine
From the author's book§ 86. Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating unions 1. Between homogeneous members of a sentence connected by single connecting unions and, yes (in the meaning of “and”), dividing unions or, or, a comma is not put, for example: Khlopusha and Beloborodoe did not say
From the author's book§ 87. Homogeneous members connected by repeated unions 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous members of a sentence connected by means of repeated unions and ... and, yes ... yes, neither ... nor, or ... or, whether ... whether, or ... or, then ... then and etc., for example: Darkness of an early winter morning
From the author's book§ 88. Homogeneous members connected by paired unions 1. If homogeneous members are connected by paired (comparative, double) unions like ... and, not like ... like, not only ... but also, not so much ... how much, how much ... so much, although ... but, if not ... then, etc., then a comma is placed
From the author's bookHomogeneous members of a sentence, a comma between homogeneous members not connected by unions § 25 with repeated unions (such as and ... and, neither ... nor). § 26 with a double repetition of the union and § 26 with a double repetition of other unions, except for and § 26 with a pairwise union of members
In this lesson, you will get acquainted with homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, learn how to distinguish between them, learn the rules for determining homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, consider interesting examples of sentences.
2. Homogeneous will be definitions that characterize one subject, but on different grounds.
For example:
terrible, tragic, an incredible set of circumstances did not allow me to complete my homework in the Russian language(Fig. 2) .
Each of these definitions refers directly to the word being defined, and a coordinating conjunction can be inserted between them:
terrible and tragic,
terrible and incredible
Rice. 2. The boy is doing homework ().
3. As a rule, artistic definitions, that is, epithets, are homogeneous.
For example:
bright, gentle sun(Fig. 3)
gloomy, evil neighbor
important, haughty look
cheerful, optimistic disposition
Rice. 3. Bright, gentle sun ().
4. Definitions will be homogeneous if they form a semantic gradation, i.e., each subsequent definition enhances the expressed feature.
For example:
Light, joyful , festive mood overwhelmed Maxim, who finally returned home.
5. If a participle turnover follows after a single definition, then such definitions are homogeneous and are separated by a comma.
For example:
It's been a long time , months-long return(Fig. 4) .
Do not forget that the participial turnover, standing before the word being defined, is not isolated. So after the word months there is no comma.
1. Definitions will not be homogeneous if the previous definition does not refer directly to the word being defined, but to the combination of the next definition with the word being defined.
For example:
Bigsquare chocolate candy(Fig. 5) .
If you carefully consider the sentence, it becomes clear that the word big refers to the combination square chocolate candy, a
definition square refers to the combination chocolate candy.
These definitions characterize an object, in our case, a chocolate candy, according to different features, according to different characteristics.
square(the form)
big(the size)
chocolate(material)
2. Heterogeneous definitions are very often expressed by a combination of a qualitative and a relative adjective. After all, different types of adjectives denote different signs.
For example:
I got delicious strawberry ice cream today(Fig. 6) .
The words delicious and strawberry are heterogeneous definitions.
Rice. 6. Strawberry ice cream ().
There was a huge striped lollipop in a red cardboard box.(Fig. 7) .
Red and cardboard- heterogeneous definitions.
Huge and striped- heterogeneous definitions.
3. It is easy to identify heterogeneous definitions expressed by relative adjectives.
For example:
openworkcast iron gate,
summerlinguistic school,
4. If a relative adjective is combined with a participle, then these definitions will also be heterogeneous.
For example:
decommissionedhomework.
That's all the basic rules that are needed to understand whether definitions are homogeneous or not. However, there are even more complex, but interesting cases, when it is not so easy to understand whether this definition is homogeneous or not, because it is connected with the meaning of the sentence.
If we recognize the definitions as homogeneous, then we want to say that these definitions have some common feature, that we combine them according to some characteristic:
- in appearance;
- by the impression made;
- by cause and effect, etc.
For example:
shone bright , summer sun(Fig. 8) .
In this sentence, we can put a comma if we want to say that it was bright precisely because it was summer.
Rice. 8. Bright, summer sun ().
Even in our candy example:
Large square chocolate candy.
Big , square , chocolate candy.
Big+ square+ chocolate
We combine these signs with a common meaning - a good candy, we like everything about this candy: its size, its shape, and its composition. And, of course, such a sentence is pronounced with a completely different intonation.
Consider another example:
I was treated to a delicious chocolate candy.
In this sentence, the definition is expressed by a qualitative and relative adjective, characterizes the subject in various ways, and, of course, they are heterogeneous. But not everything is so simple. If we still put a comma, this sentence will take on a new meaning:
I was treated to delicious , chocolate candy(Fig. 9) .
In this case, the word chocolate acquires a clarifying meaning, that is, we thus make it clear that only chocolate candy can be tasty, and all other sweets are tasteless.
Rice. 9. Chocolate candy ().
Compare two sentences:
I will order another cream ice cream(Fig. 10) .
I will order another , ice cream.
In the first case, the definitions are heterogeneous and it is clear that the previous ice cream was also creamy. And in the second sentence, the definitions are homogeneous, a comma is placed between them, and the second definition acquires a clarifying meaning, that is, the previous ice cream was not creamy. This sentence is pronounced with a clarifying intonation.
Rice. 10. Ice cream ().
In today's lesson, you learned to distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, and realized how one comma can change the meaning of a sentence.
Bibliography
1. Bagryantseva V.A., Bolycheva E.M., Galaktionova I.V., Zhdanova L.A., Litnevskaya E.I., Stepanova E.B. Russian language. Textbook for senior classes of humanitarian schools, Publishing House of Moscow University, 2011.
2. Barkhudarov S.G., Kryuchkov S.E., Maksimov L.Yu.. Cheshko L.A. Russian language . 8th grade. Textbook for educational institutions,: Education, 2013
3. Russian language: textbook for 8th grade general education. institutions / T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, M.T. Baranov, L.A. Trostentsova and others - M .: Education, JSC "Moscow textbooks", 2008.
1. Website videotutor-rusyaz.ru ()
Homework
1. List the cases in which the definitions will not be homogeneous.
2. Indicate which sentences contain homogeneous definitions.
The fields were wet, loose and dazzling snow.
We walked through the quiet taiga, illuminated by stars.
Heavy cold clouds lay on the tops of the mountains.
A dry, hot wind blew.
The rain-washed young grass smelled stupefyingly.
Quiet in the old country park.
Everything fell into a sound, healthy sleep.
3. Write off the text, placing the missing commas:
In the meantime, the sun had risen slightly above the horizon. Now the sea shone no longer entirely, but only in two places. On the very horizon a long radiant streak burned, and dozens of bright eyes-cutting stars flashed in the slowly rolling waves. Throughout the rest of its vast expanse, the sea shone with the tender, sad blueness of an August calm. Petya admired the sea. No matter how much you look at the sea, you will never get bored. It is always different new unseen. It changes every hour before our eyes. Sometimes it is quiet light blue in several places covered with silvery almost white stripes of calm. That it is bright blue fiery sparkling. Then, under a fresh wind, it suddenly becomes dark indigo woolen, as if it were being stroked against the nap.
If several definitions refer to the same subject or object, this does not mean that you necessarily have a number of homogeneous definitions. There are also heterogeneous definitions. What is their difference?
Homogeneous definitions characterize an object from one side (by color, shape, size) or create a complete picture of the object.
Homogeneous definitions interconnected by a coordinating link; they are equally directly related to the noun being defined and are pronounced with enumerative intonation.
Between homogeneous definitions, you can usually insert a union and .
For example: Ran into the room funny, loud laughing girl. (Cheerful, laughing- homogeneous definitions expressing mood, state, an alliance can be put between them and .) were in a vase red, orange and yellow flowers. (Red, orange and yellow- homogeneous definitions denoting a common feature - color.)
Heterogeneous definitions characterize the subject from different angles. In this case, only the nearest definition refers directly to the word being defined, and the other refers to the combination of the noun being defined with the first definition.
Between heterogeneous definitions there is no coordinative connection, they are pronounced without enumerative intonation and do not allow the insertion of a union and .
As a rule, heterogeneous definitions are expressed by adjectives of different categories (for example, quality and relative ).
For example: Ran into the room small loud laughing girl. (Small, laughing- heterogeneous definitions, it is impossible to put a union between them and .)
were in a vase large red fragrant flowers.(Large, red, fragrant - adjectives denoting different signs: color, shape, smell; these are heterogeneous definitions.)
For demarcation homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, it is necessary to take into account a whole range of features. When parsing and placing punctuation marks, pay attention to the meaning, the way of expression and the order of definitions in the sentence.
Signs of homogeneity of definitions
Denote the signs of homogeneous objects: blue, yellow, red balls;
designate features that are interdependent in context (= since, therefore): lunar, clear evening (= clear, because lunar);
designate artistic images, metaphors: lead, extinguished eyes;
there is a semantic gradation: joyful, festive, radiant mood;
the single definition is placed before the common one: empty, covered with snow field;
located after the defined word: female young, lovely, good, intelligent, charming
;
denote a subjective characteristic (optional feature): small, golden cloud; long, narrow carpet;
in position after the word being defined: clouds round, high, golden gray, with delicate white edges
.
designate signs that are synonymous in the context, while in the context they are combined by some common feature (the similarity of the impression they make, appearance, etc.): He handed me red, swollen, dirty hand; Heavy, cold clouds lay on the tops of the surrounding mountains; AT thick, dark gray strands shone in her hair; pale, strict face; cheerful, good-natured laugh; deserted, surly house; affectionate, alive eyes; proud, brave view; dry, cracked lips; heavy, evil feeling; grey, continuous, small rain etc.
Between homogeneous definitions not connected by unions, put a comma.
For example: Red, white, pink, yellow carnations made a beautiful bouquet. Strange, cutting, painful the cry was suddenly heard twice in a row over the river.
Signs of heterogeneity of definitions
Designate the shape and material: P gnarled walnut the Bureau;
indicate color and shape: white round clouds;
indicate the size and material: large stone Houses;
indicate quality and location: sullen siberian river.
Definitions expressed by different parts of speech are also heterogeneous.
For example: Fell at the end of November first easy snowball.(The words first and easy first- numeral easy- adjective; they do not form a series of homogeneous members). my old house.(The words "my" and " old" belong to different parts of speech: my- pronouns old- adjective, they also do not form a series of homogeneous members). A neglected orchard.(The words " launched" and "fruit" belong to different parts of speech: launched- single communion fruit- adjective).
We draw your attention to the fact that a single participle will be heterogeneous, and a participle with a dependent word (participial turnover) is included in a number of homogeneous definitions, and the participle turnover should be in second place.
For example: black combed hair(heterogeneous definitions); black, smoothly combed hair(homogeneous definitions). A comma is placed only between homogeneous members; after the participial turnover, if there are no special conditions for separation, a comma is not put.
Between heterogeneous definitions comma is not included.
Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications
1. Depending on the meaning, applications that are not connected by unions can be homogeneous and heterogeneous. Applications before the word being defined and denoting close features of the subject, characterizing it on the one hand, are homogeneous and are separated by commas.
For example: Nobel Prize Winner, Academician HELL. Sakharov- honorary titles; Doctor of Philology, Professor S.I. Radzig– academic degree and title; World Cup Winner, Champion Europe - sports titles; Olympic champion, holder of the "golden belt" of the European champion, one of the most technical boxers, candidate of technical sciences, professor- a list of different ranks.
If applications denote different features of an object, characterize it from different angles, then they are heterogeneous and commas are not separated.
For example: First Deputy Minister of Defense General of the Army - position and military rank; chief designer of the design institute for construction engineering for precast concrete engineer - position and profession; general director of the production association candidate of technical sciences - position and academic degree.
2. When combining homogeneous and heterogeneous applications, punctuation marks are placed accordingly: Head of the Interuniversity Department of General and University Pedagogy Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor; Honored Master of Sports, Olympic champion, two-time winner of the World Cup, student of the Institute of Physical Education; Honored Master of Sports, absolute world champion, student of the Institute of Physical Education.
The greatest difficulties in establishing the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the members of the proposal are associated with homogeneous definitions, which should be distinguished from inhomogeneous ones (and this is not always easy).
Primarily, homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions relate differently to the noun being defined.
Each of homogeneous definitions explains the directly defined noun: An interesting and exciting film.
In the case of heterogeneous definitions, only the definition closest to the noun is directly related to it and forms a single complex name together with the noun. And a definition more distant from the noun characterizes all this complex name as a whole: Good May day that is the definition good does not refer to the word day, and to the phrase May day.
Heterogeneity relationships are most often observed between qualitative and relative adjectives-definitions (large glass vase, new leather bag), at the same time, the relative adjective stands immediately before the noun and is part of the complex name, and the qualitative one characterizes all this complex name as a whole.
Definitions are usually heterogeneous if: 1) they are expressed by a pronoun and an adjective: your blue suit; our new friend; every interesting book; 2) numeral and adjective: first winter day; two old linden trees; 3) participle and adjective: crumbling autumn leaves; faded gray eyes; 4) qualitative adjective and relative: large stone house; bright morning dawn; strong male voice. Such definitions denote different attributes of an object: belonging and color, size and material, shape and color, quality and location, etc.
Combinations with homogeneous definitions semantically different. In general, they can be divided into two groups: 1) definitions that name the features of different objects; 2) definitions that name the features of the same object. (Heterogeneous definitions always characterize one subject, but from different angles: There was an old hanging wall clock in the office (L. Tolstoy).)
1) With the help of definitions, varieties of objects that differ in any one respect are indicated: by color, purpose, material, geographical location, etc.
For example: At a great distance, the city sprawled and quietly flamed and sparkled with blue, white, yellow lights (V. Korolenko).
Homogeneity of definitions in such groups is strictly obligatory and easily recognizable. (It is precisely such definitions that either include or allow the inclusion of the union c.)
2) Much more common are such homogeneous definitions, which characterize the same object or a single group of objects. It can be:
a) definitions-synonyms (the homogeneity of which is obligatory, since they express one feature, i.e. characterize the subject from one side): sharp, piercing wind; thick, dense fog;
b) definitions that denote signs different, but often and naturally accompanying each other (between such definitions, you can insert a causal union because, because): dark, low clouds; nocturnal, desert city;
3) definitions are necessarily homogeneous, of which the first is single, and the second is participial turnover (a single definition precedes the common one): walked through the quiet, star-lit taiga(but: walked through the quiet taiga illuminated by stars).
4) definitions-epithets (emotional, artistic definitions). Such definitions are found mainly in the descriptive contexts of works of art, where, with the help of homogeneous definitions every single detail of the description is underlined. Uniformity such definitions may be mandatory or optional. Homogeneity does not receive a distinct design and depends on the entire statement. Such definitions are united by some common feature. The basis for this association may be the similarity of the impression produced: The letter is written in large, uneven, thin handwriting. (A. Kuprin); Short, velvety grass grows green near the spring. (I. Turgenev); Arriving home, Laevsky and Nadezhda Fyodorovna went into their dark, stuffy, boring rooms. (A. Chekhov); In the gray sky there were wadded, dry clouds (K. Paustovsky).
