FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION
SIBERIAN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY
POLYTECHNICAL INSTITUTE
Topic: functional styles of the Russian language.
Completed:
Khlynovskikh A.K.
Group PU 07-05
Checked:
Bogdanova I.V.
Krasnoyarsk 2007
Introduction.
1. What are the styles of the Russian language. Factors affecting its formation and functioning.
2. Features of the scientific style.
3. Features of the official business style.
4. Journalistic style and its features.
5. Features of the style of fiction.
6. Features of conversational style.
Conclusion.
Glossary of terms.
Bibliography.
Introduction.
The purpose of this work is to study the functional styles of the Russian language.
The task that I have set for myself is to form a stable idea of the functional styles of the Russian language in general and scientific and official styles in particular, since they are the basis of communication in production, business, and entrepreneurship.
This work contains seven chapters. The first chapter deals with the styles of the Russian language in general, chapters 2 to 6 deal with these styles in particular.
An auxiliary function in this work is performed by a glossary of terms.
What are the styles of the Russian language.
Factors affecting its formation and functioning .
There are many definitions of the concept of style. Styles- original registers of the language, allowing you to switch it from one key to another. Language style- a set of linguistic means and techniques used depending on the purpose and content of the statement, taking into account the situation where the statement takes place. If we compare these definitions, we can distinguish the most general provisions: style(from the Greek Stylus - a rod for writing on wax tablets) is a kind of literary language that functions (acts) in a certain area of social activity, for which it uses the features of text construction and linguistic means of expressing its content that are specific to this style. In other words, styles are the main largest speech varieties. Style is realized in texts. You can determine the style and its features by analyzing a number of texts and finding common features in them.
functional styles- these are varieties of book language that are characteristic of various spheres of human activity and have a certain originality in the use of language means, the selection of which occurs depending on the goals and objectives that are set and solved in the process of communication.
The functions of the language and the corresponding functional styles began to appear in response to the demands of society and social practice. As you know, in the beginning the language existed only in oral form. This is the original and natural quality of the language. At this stage, he had only one function - the function of communication.
But gradually, with the complication of social life, with the natural and regular appearance of writing, business speech develops. After all, it was necessary to conclude agreements with warlike neighbors, to regulate * life within the state, establishing legal acts. This is how the official-business function of the language develops and business speech is formed. And again, in response to the demands of society, the language finds new resources in itself, enriches itself, develops, forming a new variety, a new functional style.
Various factors influence the formation and functioning of styles. Since style exists in speech, its formation is influenced by the conditions associated with the life of society itself, and are called extralinguistic or extralinguistic. There are the following factors:
a) sphere of public activity: science (respectively scientific style), law (official business style), politics (journalistic style), art (fiction style), domestic sphere (conversational style).
b ) form of speech: written or oral;
in) type of speech: monologue, dialogue, polylogue;
G) way of communication: public or private (all functional styles except colloquial refer to public communication)
d ) genre of speech(each style is characterized by the use of certain genres: for scientific - an abstract, textbook, report; for official business - a certificate, contract, decree; for journalistic - article, reportage, oral presentation; for the style of fiction - novel, story, sonnet) ;
e ) goals of communication, corresponding to the functions of the language. Each style implements all the functions of the language (communication, message or influence), but only one is the leading one. For example, for a scientific style this is a message, for a journalistic style it is an impact, etc.
Based on these factors, the following five styles of the Russian language are traditionally distinguished: scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial, fiction style. However, such a classification is controversial, the artistic style occupies a special place in the system of functional styles. Its main function is not just the transfer of information, but its transfer by artistic means. For this purpose, it can use not only all functional styles of the literary language, but also non-literary forms of the national language*: dialects*, vernacular*, jargon*, etc. In addition, there is another form of the Russian language - this is a religious preaching style. It is close to journalistic, but differs from it in expressiveness and phraseological means belonging to a high style, often archaic *.
Using these styles, the language turns out to be able to express a complex scientific thought, deep philosophical wisdom, inscribe laws in precise and strict words, sound like light, charming verses, or depict the multifaceted life of the people in the epic. Functions and functional styles determine the stylistic flexibility of the language, the diverse possibilities of expressing thoughts. So, the language is poly- or multifunctional - this is evidence of the richness of the language, this is the highest stage of its development.
Features of the scientific style.
scientific style serves the scientific sphere of public activity. The purpose of science is the derivation of new laws, the study and description of natural and social phenomena, teaching the basics of knowledge, and developing interest in science. The scientific style uses the written form of speech to a greater extent, because. science seeks to fix its achievements and pass them on to other generations, and monologue as a type of speech, which corresponds to the linguistic function of communication.
The emergence and development of the scientific style is associated with the progress of scientific knowledge in various areas of life and activity of nature and man. In Russia, the scientific style of speech began to take shape in the first decades of the 18th century, which is associated with the rapid scientific activity of the Russian Academy of Sciences. A significant role in its formation belonged to M. V. Lomonosov and his students. The final scientific style took shape only towards the end of the 19th century.
As a rule, a scientific text is easy to distinguish from a group of texts of different styles. First of all, attention is drawn to special words that name the basic concepts of this science - terms (airplane represents aircraft heavier air With motionless wing serving for education lifting force). But the features of the construction of a scientific text are not limited to this. A scientific text requires accuracy and unambiguity, therefore words in such a text are used in only one meaning. Since science provides us with information about a number of objects, phenomena, the word in a scientific text is used in a generalized sense. When we read in a book birch grows in central Russia, we understand the meaning of the word birch as a birch in general, and not a separate tree. Verbs in such texts play a much smaller role than in other styles, most often they are used as linking verbs. Also, the scientific text is emphasized and logical, this logicality is achieved by repeating words as a means of communication ( Jargon - the language of social and professional groups of people. In addition to professional jargon there is a student, youth and other jargon . So, in the speech of students you can meet such jargon , how…). According to O.D. Mitrofanova, in texts on chemistry for a text volume of 150 thousand lexical units, the following words are used the following number of times: water - 1431, solution - 1355, acid - 1182, atom - 1011, ion - 947, etc.
There are three sub-styles in the scientific style: actually scientific, scientific and educational, popular science.
The formation of these substyles is influenced by who the text is created for (the addressee factor), as well as goals and objectives. So the addressee proper scientific substyle is a specialist in the field, scientific and educational– future specialist or student, popular science- any person interested in a particular science. Target proper scientific substyle - description of new phenomena in science, hypotheses *, their proof; scientific and educational- presentation of the foundations of science, training; popular science- to convey to a person who is not a specialist, knowledge from various fields of science by available means, to interest him. Therefore, while remaining scientific, the texts of different substyles differ (for example, in proper scientific substyle practically does not use emotional words, while in popular science there are many more such words.
Features of the official business style.
Formal business style serves the legal sphere, i.e. used in the field of business and official relations between people and institutions, in the field of law, legislation. It is characterized by the accuracy of the wording (which would exclude the ambiguity of understanding), some impersonality and dryness of presentation ( brought up for discussion, but not we are discussing ; there are cases of non-compliance with the contract etc.), a high degree of standardization, reflecting a certain order and regulation of business relations. The purpose of the official business style is to establish legal relations between the state and citizens, as well as within the state.
Main types of speech are description , narration and reasoning .
Description- this is a type of speech, with the help of which any phenomenon of reality is depicted by listing its constant or simultaneously present signs or actions (the content of the description can be conveyed on one frame of the camera).
In the description, most of all, words denoting qualities, properties of objects (nouns, adjectives, adverbs) are used.
Verbs are more often used in the form of the imperfect form of the past tense, and for special clarity, figurativeness of the description - in the form of the present tense. Synonyms are widely used - definitions (agreed and inconsistent) and nominal sentences.
For example:
The sky was clear, clear, pale blue. Light white clouds, lit from one side with a pink glow, floated lazily in transparent silence. The East was red and flaming, shimmering in other places with mother-of-pearl and silver. From behind the horizon, like giant spread fingers, stretched up across the sky golden stripes from the rays of the sun that had not yet risen. (A. I. Kuprin)
The description helps to see the subject, to present it in the mind.
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Narration- this is a type of speech, with the help of which it is told about any events in their temporal sequence; successive actions or events are reported (the content of the narration can be conveyed only on a few frames of the camera).
In narrative texts, a special role belongs to verbs, especially in the form of the past tense of the imperfective form ( came, saw, developed etc.).
For example:
And suddenly... something inexplicable, almost supernatural, happened. The Great Dane suddenly fell on its back, and some invisible force pulled it off the sidewalk. Following this, the same invisible force tightly gripped the astonished Jack's throat... Jack propped himself up with his front legs and shook his head violently. But an invisible "something" squeezed his neck so that the brown pointer lost consciousness. (A. I. Kuprin)
Narrative helps to visualize the actions, movements of people and phenomena in time and space.
reasoning- this is a type of speech, with the help of which any position, thought is proved or explained; it talks about the causes and consequences of events and phenomena, assessments and feelings (about what cannot be photographed).
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In reasoning texts, a special role belongs to introductory words indicating the connection of thoughts, the sequence of presentation ( firstly, secondly, so, therefore, therefore, on the one hand, on the other hand), as well as subordinating unions with the meaning of cause, effect, concession ( in order to, in order to, because, although, in spite of the fact that etc.)
For example:
If the writer, while working, does not see behind the words what he writes about, then the reader will not see anything behind them.
But if the writer sees well what he writes about, then the simplest and sometimes even erased words acquire novelty, act on the reader with striking force and evoke in him those thoughts, feelings and states that the writer wanted to convey to him. G. Paustovsky)
The boundaries between description, narration and reasoning are rather arbitrary. At the same time, any one type of speech is not always presented in the text. Much more often there are cases of their combination in various versions: description and narration; description and reasoning; description, narration and reasoning; description with elements of reasoning; narrative with elements of reasoning, etc.
Speech styles
Style- this is a historically established system of linguistic means and ways of organizing them, which is used in a certain area of human communication (public life): the field of science, official business relations, propaganda and mass activities, verbal and artistic creativity, the field of everyday communication.
Each functional style is characterized by:
a) scope of application;
b) main functions;
c) leading style features;
d) language features;
e) specific forms (genres).
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scientific style
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scientific style is divided into three sub-styles: actually scientific , scientific and educational and popular science .
Each of these sub-styles has its own characteristics. In scientific, educational and popular science sub-styles, it is allowed to use some (separate) linguistic means characteristic of colloquial speech and journalism, including means of linguistic expressiveness (metaphors, comparisons, rhetorical questions, rhetorical exclamations, parcels and some others).
All types of speech can be presented in scientific style texts: description, narration and reasoning (most often: reasoning-proof and reasoning-explanation).
Formal business style
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Two types of speech are usually presented in formal business style texts: description and narration.
Journalistic style
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Journalistic style is divided into two sub-styles: journalistic and artistic-journalistic.
Actually journalistic style characterized by the topicality of the topic, the use of socio-political vocabulary and terminology ( deputy, power, patriot, parliament, conservatism), specific journalistic vocabulary and phraseology ( reporting, peacemaking, corridors of power, conflict resolution), the frequency of the use of borrowed words that name new economic, political, everyday, scientific and technical phenomena ( distributor, investment, inauguration, killer, croupier, rating and etc.).
The artistic and journalistic sub-style, in its linguistic features, approaches the style of fiction and is characterized by a combination of the functions of influence and persuasion with an aesthetic function, as well as the widespread use of figurative and expressive means of language, including tropes and figures.
In texts journalistic style all types of speech can occur: description, narration and reasoning.
For artistic and journalistic substyle reasoning-thinking is especially characteristic.
Art style
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In artistic style texts, as well as in journalism, all types of speech are widely used: description, narration and reasoning. Reasoning in works of art appears in the form of reasoning-reflection and is one of the most important means of revealing the inner state of the hero, the psychological characteristics of the character.
Conversational style
| Scope (Where?) | Household (informal setting) |
| Functions (why?) | Direct everyday communication; |
| Main style features | Ease, simplicity of speech, concreteness, emotionality, imagery |
| Basic language tools | Colloquial, including emotional-evaluative and expressive, vocabulary and phraseology ( potato, book, daughter, baby, long, plop, the cat cried, headlong); incomplete sentences; the use of expressive syntactic constructions characteristic of colloquial speech (interrogative and exclamatory sentences, sentence words, including interjectional ones, sentences with parcellation ( Will you come tomorrow? Be silent! Sleep would! - Are you in the cinema? - Not. Here's another! Ouch! Oh you!); |
| Genres | Friendly conversation, private conversation, everyday story, dispute, notes, private letters |
DIRECTORY
"TEXT. SPEECH STYLES. SPEECH TYPES»
Compiled by: Zhdanova Oksana Valerievna,
teacher of Russian language and literature
OGBOU NPO "PU No. 15"
Strezhevoy
TEXT AND ITS FEATURES
Text – these are several sentences or paragraphs connected into a whole by a topic and a main idea. The text can consist of one paragraph, or it can be an article, a book.
The main features of the text:
thematic and compositional unity of all its parts;
the presence of a grammatical connection between the parts (chain, parallel);
semantic integrity, relative completeness.
Relationship of sentences in the text
Chain connection - this is a connection in which sentences are connected to each other sequentially, in a chain (the second sentence is connected with the first, the third - with the second, the fourth - with the third, etc.).
The peculiarity of this type of connection is the repetition of a keyword, its replacement with a synonym, synonymous turnover, pronoun, repetition of one or another part of the sentence.
For example:
The cherished goal that Nikolka thought about all these three days, when events fell into the family like stones, the goal associated with the mysterious last words of the prostrate in the snow, Nikolka achieved this goal. But for this, he had to run around the city all day before the parade and visit at least nine addresses. And many times in this running around, Nikolka lost his presence of mind, and fell, and rose again, and yet he achieved it.
(M.A. Bulgakov)
2. Parallel communication - this is a connection in which sentences are not linked to one another, but are compared, subject to the first sentence. With such a connection, all sentences complement, clarify the meaning of the first one.
The peculiarity of this type of connection is the same word order, the members of the sentence are expressed in the same grammatical forms, sometimes by repeating the first word of the sentences. Parallel connections are very often used in poetry.
For example:
How many excellent words exist in the Russian language for the so-called celestial phenomena!
Summer thunderstorms pass over the earth and fall over the horizon. People like to say that the cloud did not pass, but fell.
Lightning now strikes the ground with a direct blow, then blazes on black clouds, like branched golden trees uprooted.
(K. Paustovsky)
Theme of the text - this is the general thing that unites the sentences in the text, this is what or who the text is talking about.
Text idea - this is what this text calls for, what it teaches, for the sake of which it was written.
SPEECH STYLES
Literary language serves different aspects of people's lives, so it is divided into functional styles. The choice of style depends on the purpose of speech and the speech situation, which, in turn, is related to the conditions in which communication takes place. Depending on the tasks of speech, styles are divided into two groups: colloquial and book(scientific, artistic, journalistic, official business). Each of the styles has its own characteristics.
CONVERSATIONAL STYLE OF SPEECH
The conversational style is presented both orally and in writing - notes, private letters. The sphere of colloquial style of speech is the sphere of domestic relations.
Target: communication, exchange of ideas.
General signs: informality, ease of communication; unprepared speech, its automatism; the predominant oral form of communication.
The colloquial style is widely used in fiction for the figurative display of certain events, as well as for the speech characterization of characters.
in vocabulary and phraseology - words that have a colloquial coloring; specific vocabulary; many words and phraseological units with expressive and emotional coloring; common and neutral words;
widely used suffixes of subjective assessment with the meaning of indulgence, disapproval, magnification, with the coloring of colloquialism (noodles, chills, overnight stay, dead meat, doctor); the formation of adjectives of estimated value, verbs (big-eyed, thin, lose weight, talk); to enhance expression, doubling words is used (big-large, big-eyed-big-eyed);
in morphology - there is no predominance of a noun over a verb, verbs are more common, pronouns and particles are used more often, possessive adjectives are very common; participles are rare, gerunds are almost never found, short adjectives are rarely used;
the tense meanings of the verb are varied (past and future in the meaning of the present), verbal interjections are widely used (jump, lope, bang);
syntax - incomplete sentences; interrogative and incentive sentences; word order in a sentence is free; impersonal proposals are widespread.
The phone rang in the Golikovs' apartment:
- Ale! Mishka, is that you? Not? Call me Mishka. Faster!
- What's wrong?
- I want to know: did his problem agree with the answer?
- And who says it?
- Sanka.
“Tell me, Sanya,” the grandmother of the Golikovs asked in a whisper, “this problem does not ask whether it is convenient to get out of bed at one in the morning with a phone call?
- No, - Sanya was taken aback, but immediately found: - What's wrong with that?
(A. Sukontsev)
…Fedor pulled out a canvas on a stretcher, a box ...
Savva Ilyich raised his head:
- Fedyushka, what are you doing?
- Sleep, sleep, Ilyich.
- Where there. I sleep like a bird of God. What are you?
- I want to prime the canvas.
- Time something, like, not working - night?
- Need it in the morning.
- That guy is careless, I see. By the morning it is necessary, but not ready.
Savva Ilyich began to rise.
- Go to sleep!
- I'll help ... careless, upset me. You don't take things seriously.
(V. Tendryakov)
SCIENTIFIC SPEECH
Scientific style - variety of book styles of the literary language. It is used in speech and writing.
The main function is a conclusive presentation of scientific information. Scientific speech is monologue speech. The scientific style is characterized by accuracy, strict logic, clarity of presentation.
The main type of speech: reasoning and description.
The most characteristic language means:
in vocabulary - terms, uniqueness of the word, frequent repetition of keywords, lack of figurative means;
word-formation features - suffixes that give an abstract meaning; international roots, prefixes, suffixes;
in morphology - the predominance of nouns, the frequent use of abstract verbal nouns; deprecation of pronouns I, you and verbs of the 1st and 2nd person singular; uncommon exclamatory particles and interjections;
syntax - direct word order; the widespread use of the phrases "noun. + n. in rp"; the predominance of indefinitely personal and impersonal sentences; rare use of incomplete sentences; an abundance of complex sentences; frequent use of participial and adverbial phrases.
An important means of logical organization of a coherent text is its division into paragraphs.
A paragraph is a piece of written text from one red line to another. In terms of content, a paragraph serves as an expression of the completeness of a part of the whole, a separate link in the general dynamics of thought and a transition to the next part, to the next link of thought. Properly organized paragraphs help a lot to follow the logic of the author's thought. The inability to divide the text into paragraphs leads to a decrease in the logic of speech, significantly complicates its perception.
(B. N. Golovin)
Autumn is the season that lasts in the northern hemisphere of the Earth from the autumn equinox (September 23) to the winter solstice (December 21 or 22). In everyday life, autumn is usually called the months of September, October and November.
(Encyclopedia article)
PUBLICISTIC STYLE OF SPEECH
Journalistic style - it is a style of newspapers, magazines, public speaking, which is used for propaganda purposes. The main function is the function of influence (agitation, propaganda).
Target: impact on listeners or readers.
Publicistic style is characterized by a strict logic of presentation, accuracy of facts, as well as emotionality, imagery, appraisal, appeal.
Genres of journalism - an article in a newspaper, magazine, essay, reportage, interview, feuilleton, oratorical speech, judicial speech, speech on radio, television, at a meeting, report.
The most characteristic language means:
in vocabulary - widespread use of socio-political vocabulary, vocabulary denoting the concepts of morality, ethics, medicine, economics, culture, words from the field of psychology, words denoting the internal state, human experiences; much attention is paid to evaluative vocabulary; the use of figurative means, the figurative meaning of words;
word-formation features - use of foreign words (time out, consensus, know-how);
syntax - frequent use of nouns in the genitive case as an inconsistent definition; verbs in the form of imperative mood, reflexive verbs often act as a predicate; frequent use of interrogative and exclamatory sentences, rhetorical questions, appeals; the use of homogeneous members of the sentence, introductory words and sentences, participial and adverbial phrases, complex syntactic constructions.
The greatest value of a people is its language. The language in which he writes, speaks, thinks. Thinks! This must be understood thoroughly, in all the ambiguity and significance of this fact. After all, this means that the entire conscious life of a person flows through his native language. Emotions, sensations only color what we think about, or push the thought in some way, but our thoughts are all formulated in language.
(D.S. Likhachev)
Why don't you raise your voice with authority against the madness that threatens to envelop the world in a cloud of poison? Every moment, under the scythe of death, a man falls somewhere, and every moment, in some other corner of the earth, a woman, triumphing over the elements of destruction, gives the world a new man ... Thousands and thousands of your sons have covered themselves with brilliance and glory over the centuries. They enriched our lives with great discoveries, their work, the work of your sons, created man from the beast - the best of everything that has been seen on earth. How can you allow the person you have born to descend again into a beast, into a predator, into a murderer.
(M. Gorky)
FORMAL-BUSINESS STYLE OF SPEECH
Official business style of speech used in the field of legal relations, service, production. Its main function is the accurate transmission of business information. It is used for writing various official documents, business papers.
The official business style is characterized by accuracy, brevity of presentation, standardization and stereotyping of text construction. All documents are devoid of emotionality, expressiveness.
The most characteristic features:
in vocabulary- lack of vocabulary of limited use (dialecticisms, colloquial words, etc.); lack of emotionally colored vocabulary; widespread use of standard turns of speech, special terminology, stable phrases of an unemotional nature;
in morphology- the use of imperfective verbs (in statutes, codes, laws); perfect form (in more specific documents - protocols, orders, acts); short adjectives; a large number of denominative prepositions and conjunctions; verbal nouns in the genitive case; masculine nouns to refer to females by their profession;
syntax- complicated simple sentences; strict word order in a sentence; impersonal and infinitive constructions, complex sentences prevail.
Business letter
Exchange members are banks that have received a license to carry out transactions with securities and have assumed all obligations arising from the operation of the Law on Securities and the Charter of the Stock Exchange.
Banks are required to approve and submit a list of individuals authorized by them to carry out transactions with securities, who must also obtain a license for the right to carry out transactions with securities.
ARTISTIC STYLE OF SPEECH
Fiction style- this is the style of works of art: stories, novels, novels, plays, etc. The main function is to influence the reader, as well as to inform him about something.
The artistic style is distinguished by figurativeness, expressiveness, emotionality.
Target: impact on listeners or readers of works.
The most characteristic features:
in vocabulary - use of vocabulary and phraseology of other styles;
the use of figurative and expressive means (metaphor, hyperbole, aphorism, epithet, comparison, personification, etc.);
the use of rhetorical questions, sentences of various syntactic constructions;
manifestation of the creative individuality of the author.
The sun was already descending behind the forest; it threw several slightly warm rays ... Then the rays went out one after another; the last ray remained long; he, like a thin needle, pierced into a thicket of branches, but even that went out.
(I. S. Turgenev)
wavy cloud
Dust rises in the distance;
Equestrian or on foot
Can't be seen in the dust!
I see someone jumping
On a dashing horse.
My friend, distant friend,
Remember me!
(A. Fet)
SPEECH TYPES
The objects of our statements are the surrounding objects, phenomena, animals, people; various concepts; life situations. Depending on this, texts are divided into three semantic types: narrative, description, reasoning.
NARRATORY
Narration - a semantic type of text that describes events in a certain sequence.
Narrative text comes in the form of colloquial and artistic styles.
An artistic narrative text is built according to the following compositional scheme: exposition, plot, development of the action, climax, denouement. Narrative-type works can begin right away with the plot and even with the denouement of the action, i.e. an event can be transmitted in direct, chronological order and in reverse, when we first learn about the denouement, and only then about the action itself.
The expressive and pictorial power of the narrative lies primarily in the visual representation of the action, the movement of people and phenomena in time and space.
Since the narrative reports on events, incidents, actions, a special role here belongs to verbs, especially the forms of the past tense of the perfect form. They, denoting successive events, help to unfold the narrative.
So it took about an hour. The moon shone through the window, and its beam played on the earthen floor of the hut. Suddenly, a shadow flickered across the bright strip that crossed the floor. I got up and looked out the window, someone ran past him a second time and disappeared God knows where. I could not believe that this creature had escaped along the steep bank; however, he had nowhere else to go. I got up, put on my beshmet, girded my dagger, and quietly left the hut; towards me a blind boy. I hid near the fence, and he walked past me with a sure but cautious step. Under his arms he carried some kind of bundle and, turning towards the pier, began to descend along a narrow and steep path.
(M. Yu. Lermontov)
DESCRIPTION
Description - the semantic type of the text, which describes the signs of objects, phenomena, animals, humans.
Descriptive text can be in any style.
The composition of the description, its most characteristic elements:
general idea of the subject;
description of details, parts, individual features of the subject;
In the description, words denoting qualities, properties of objects are widely used.
Verbs are more often used in the form of the imperfect form of the past tense, and for special clarity, figurativeness - in the form of the present tense; agreed and inconsistent definitions, denominative and incomplete sentences play an important role.
The sea hummed menacingly under them, standing out from all the noises of this anxious and sleepy night. Huge, lost in space, it lay deep below, far whitening through the dusk with manes of foam running towards the ground. The erratic rumble of the old poplars behind the fence of the garden, which grew like a gloomy island on a rocky shore, was also terrible. It was felt that in this deserted place now the night of late autumn reigned imperiously, and the old large garden, the house packed for the winter and the opening of the gazebo at the corners of the fence were eerie in their abandonment. One sea hummed evenly, victoriously, and seemed to grow more and more majestic in the consciousness of its strength. A damp wind was blowing down on the cliff, and for a long time we were not able to get enough of its soft, penetrating freshness to the depths of the soul.
(I. Bunin)
REASONING
Reasoning - a semantic type of text in which some phenomenon, fact, concept is affirmed or denied.
Reasoning differs from narrative and description in more complex sentences and vocabulary.
Text-reasoning is in the form of a scientific style and its varieties. Reasoning can appear in different genre forms: in the form of a letter, an article, a review, a report, a student essay, a polemical presentation in a discussion, a polemical dialogue.
The discussion proceeds according to the following plan:
thesis (an idea is expressed);
arguments proving it;
conclusion or conclusion.
The thesis must be provable and clearly formulated.
The arguments must be convincing and sufficient to support your thesis.
This book is strange. There is in it, it seems to me, something mysterious, almost mystical. Here comes the next new edition - and immediately somewhere in the statistics it already appears. But in fact, although the book is, but it is not! Not until at least one reader reads it.
Yes, a strange thing is a book. It stands on the shelf quietly, calmly, like many other items in your room. But now you take it in your hands, open it, read it, close it, put it on the shelf and ... that's it? Hasn't something changed in you? Let's listen to ourselves: didn't some new string sound in our soul after reading the book, didn't some new thought settle in our head? Didn't you want to reconsider something in your character, in your relationships with people, with nature?
Book …. After all, this is a piece of the spiritual experience of mankind. Reading, we voluntarily or involuntarily process this experience, compare our life's gains and losses with it. In general, with the help of the book we improve ourselves.
(N. Morozova)
Literature
A.I. Vlasenkov, L.M. Rybchenkova “Russian language. Grammar. Text. Speech styles” textbook for grades 10-11 of educational institutions. M.: "Enlightenment", 2006
M.T. Baranov, T.A. Kostyaeva, A.V. Prudnikova "Russian language" reference materials. Textbook for students. M.: "Enlightenment", 1993
Lessons in the development of speech 5, 6, 7 cells. Methodological guide for teachers. Under the editorship of G.I.Kanakina, G.V.Prantsova. M.: Vlados, 2000
T.M.Voiteleva, K.A.Voilova, N.A.Gerasimenko and others. "Russian language" is a great reference book for schoolchildren and university applicants. Moscow: Bustard, 1999
Speech styles are a system of speech means that are used in any area of communication, as well as a kind of literary language that performs a function in communication.
scientific style- a special kind of literary style, used both in oral and written speech. The main function of the scientific style of speech is the accurate presentation of scientific information. Careful preliminary consideration of the utterance and a strict selection of linguistic means distinguish the scientific style from the rest. Scientific speech is characterized by the use of special terms and neutral vocabulary. The scientific style is also characterized by its own grammatical features. Scientific texts often use gerunds, participles, verbal nouns. Singular nouns can be used to denote the plural form. The scientific style is characterized by logic, accuracy, clarity of presentation. Emotion and imagery are rarely used. The direct word order in a sentence is characteristic of scientific speech.
business style used to accurately communicate business information. This style of speech is used mainly in written speech. It is used when writing various kinds of official documents, business papers: memorandums, statements, protocols, etc. The business style is characterized by brevity of presentation, accuracy, use of phraseological stamps, special terminology, abbreviations. In business speech there are no words of limited consumption and emotional vocabulary. Business texts use complex sentences, strict word order in a sentence, impersonal constructions. The business style is characterized by the use of verbal nouns and imperative verbs.
Scope of application journalistic style- these are periodicals, news feeds, texts of speeches to the public for propaganda purposes. The main task of texts written in this style of speech is influence, agitation and propaganda. This style is characterized not only by the communication of information, but by the attitude of the author, which complements the text. In a journalistic style, as in a scientific one, the strict logic of presentation and the use of accurate facts are of particular importance, but at the same time, the text may differ in emotional coloring, which is more characteristic of the artistic style. A variety of vocabulary is used in the journalistic style: from dry bookish to emotional colloquial, from terminological to evaluative. Often in journalistic texts, foreign language terms, phraseological units of various kinds, figurative and expressive means of speech can be used. This style is characterized by the use of both bookish and colloquial sentence structures. Often there are interrogative and exclamatory sentences.
Application area colloquial style of speech- communication in an informal setting. Used in written and oral forms. Spoken speech is not distinguished by a strict selection of language means; the speech situation is of greater importance. Spoken language is often emphasized and supplemented by gestures and facial expressions of the people talking. Emphasis, pauses, changes of intonation are used. Accordingly, less stringent requirements are imposed when using colloquial speech, a special emphasis is placed on emotionality, expressiveness of vocabulary. You can often find in the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language a mark corresponding to the vocabulary of the colloquial style - “colloquial”. When applying this style of speech, non-literary words, incorrect speech (vernacular) may occur. Phraseological units are often used, giving the text greater expressiveness and emotionality. The colloquial style of speech is distinguished by the use of appeals, repetitions of words, introductory and plug-in constructions, incomplete sentences. It is common to use colloquial speech in fiction for the speech characterization of characters or the figurative display of events.
Art style or the style of fiction is used when writing works of fiction: novellas, short stories, novels, essays. The main function is to inform the reader and influence him with the help of emotions. Differs in emotionality, figurativeness, expressiveness. The use of artistic language means and verbal turns is widespread: metaphors, comparisons, epithets. Sometimes, to give the text a solemn, sublime color, a special color, outdated words are used - archaisms and historicisms. The artistic style of speech is distinguished by a high degree of information content, combined with the emotionality and expressiveness of the means of the language. Artistic style is also characterized by the use of combinations of features of other styles of speech. The most commonly used elements of conversational style.
