.
Harald the Harsh
Harald Hardraada
Years of life: 1015 - September 25, 1066
Reigned: 1046 - 25 September 1066
Father: Sigurd Pig
Mother: Astrid Goodbrandsdotter
Wives:
1) Thora Thorbergsdotter
2) Elizabeth Yaroslavna
Sons: Magnus, Olaf
Daughters: Maria, Ingegerda
Harald was Olaf the Holy brother by his mother. He was tall, stately, had blond hair, a beard and a long mustache. One of his eyebrows was slightly higher than the other. He was merciless to enemies and severely punished for any resistance. Harald participated in the Battle of Stiklestad, was wounded, but managed to escape. Hiding in the forests, he made his way to Sweden, and from there to Russia to the prince Yaroslav . After spending several years there, Harald moved to Byzantium, where he commanded one of the detachments in the army of Emperor Michael. With his retinue, Harald went on campaigns, and even fought in Africa, but he sent all the loot to Prince Yaroslav for storage in Kyiv. Once Harald laid siege to a city in Sicily. He ordered his soldiers to catch the birds that built their nests in the city, tie pine shavings smeared with sera and wax to their backs, and set them on fire. The birds flew into their nests under the thatched roofs of the houses, and the city was on fire. And then the inhabitants of the city surrendered to Harald, and he spared them. Harald made his way to another city by digging under the fortress wall. At the same time, the exit from the tunnel turned out to be right in the middle of the stone chambers in which people were feasting. Harald took the third city by tricking the inhabitants to fight in an open field. Finally Harald laid siege to the fourth city, the most fortified of all. He pretended to be sick, and soon the townspeople learned that the leader of the Vikings had died. The city priests organized a magnificent funeral and carried Harald's coffin through the city gates. Entering the city, the Vikings who followed the coffin drew their swords and ravaged the city. After spending several years in this city, Harald returned to Constantinople. Leaving all the money received during the years of service with the emperor, Harald went to the Holy Land and bowed to the Holy Sepulcher. Upon returning to Constantinople, Harald learned that his nephew Magnus had reigned in Norway, and decided to return to his homeland, but Empress Zoya did not want to let him go and accused him of stealing the emperor's property. Harald was thrown into prison with two people, but a woman, once healed by Saint Olaf, came to their aid. He tied a rope to the window of the prison, and the Vikings were able to go free. According to the sagas, Harald took revenge on Emperor Constantine Monomakh by blinding him. After that, he fled from Constantinople.
From Byzantium, Harald returned to Kyiv, and Yaroslav returned to him all the gold and jewelry that the Viking sent him for safekeeping during his service to the emperor. It was truly fabulous wealth. In addition, Yaroslav gave Harald his daughter Elizabeth as his wife. From Kyiv, Harald went to Sweden, where he met with Sven Estridsson Ulfsson, whom Magnus had expelled from Denmark. And the Swedish king Olof was the grandfather of Elizabeth, the wife of Harald. Having concluded an alliance, Harald and Sven equipped ships and attacked Denmark, devastating the islands of Zeeland and Funen. Magnus, having learned about the attack, was forced to go to Norway for a new militia. But smart people suggested that he seek reconciliation with Harald and divide Norway. Harald agreed to peace and left Sven. Magnus gathered the Thing and announced to the people that he would grant the title of king to his kinsman Harald. And Harald distributed much of his wealth to the people of Magnus. It happened in 1046.
Throughout the winter, Magnus and Harald ruled Norway together, but soon the agreement between the brothers was broken. However, the next year they sailed together to Denmark, forcing Sven to flee to Scania. But in Denmark, Magnus died unexpectedly, unsuccessfully falling from his horse. He bequeathed Norway to Harald, and Denmark to Sven.
Harald did not agree with his nephew's will. He was about to convene a Thing in Viborg and achieve his proclamation as King of Denmark, but those close to him convinced him that the more important task was to bring the body of Magnus to Norway. Harald did just that, burying Magnus's remains in St. Clement's Church in Trondheim. And then he called the people to the Thing, where he was proclaimed king of Norway. Sven returned to Denmark, and the Danes proclaimed him king.
Harald was a powerful and firm ruler, strong in mind, so that everyone said that there was no such ruler in the Northern Countries who would be equal to him in the reasonableness of his decisions and the wisdom of the advice given. He was a great and courageous warrior. He possessed great strength and handled weapons more skillfully than any other person. During a crop failure in Iceland, Harald allowed the export of grain to Iceland on four ships and determined that a ship pound should not be more expensive than a hundred cubits of homespun cloth. He allowed all the poor to leave the country who could stock up on food for moving by sea. And thus Iceland was able to improve its position.
It is believed that in 1048 Harald founded the city of Oslo, the current capital of Norway, although archaeological research has shown that a settlement existed on this site even before 1000. Harald lived for a long time in Oslo, because from there it was closer to raid Denmark.
Until his death, Harald did not stop trying to subdue Denmark. Almost every year he organized trips to Denmark. Sometimes Sven won the battles, sometimes Harald turned out to be stronger. But they could not destroy each other, as well as completely defeat the army, because the loser each time recruited new people. The war between Harald and Sven lasted 17 years, until, finally, the kings made peace, and each of them remained with his own.
In the meantime, in 1066, King Edward the Confessor of England, who had made peace with Magnus, died, and his brother-in-law Harold became the new king. His brother Tostig was offended, believing that he had no less right to the throne. At first, he turned to Sven Estridsson for help, but he prudently decided that he did not have enough strength to fight England. Then Tostig went to Norway to Harald and called on him for help, promising all kinds of support from the British. Realizing the difficulty of the campaign, Harald proclaimed his son Magnus king before leaving. Another son, Olaf, went with him, as well as his wife and two daughters. In the autumn of 1066, Harald landed at the mouth of the Humbert with 5,000 men, and on September 20, near Fulford, defeated the Jorvik army. A lot of people really joined Harald, first of all, Tostig's relatives. Then Harald began to prepare for the siege of York and stationed his army at Stamford Bridge. Meanwhile, Harold Godwinsson arrived in York with a large army and began to prepare for battle. The battle took place on September 25, 1066. Harald died at the very beginning of the battle: an arrow hit him right in the throat. But the death of the leader only angered the Norwegians. They were close to victory, but could not put the squeeze on the British, since some of the Vikings had recently landed from their ships, and people did not have time to rest before the battle after the transition. In the evening, the British seized the initiative and put the Norwegians to flight. However, this victory turned out to be pyrrhic for Harold. At the same time, William of Normandy landed in the south of England. Harold was forced, not recovering from the wounds received at Stamford Bridge, with a small force to rush to the south, where, as is known, in the Battle of Hastings, he was killed.
After the defeat of the Norwegians, Olaf Haraldsson, who did not take part in the battle (his detachment did not have time to approach the battlefield), was released home and returned with 30 ships, while 300 ships sailed to England.
Used material from the site http://monarchy.nm.ru/
Harald Gardrada (Brave) - Norwegian prince, later King of Norway. Son of the noble Norwegian Sigurd Syr. Born in 1015, died in 1066. At a young age, he left Norway after the overthrow and death of his half-brother, King Olaf Haraldson. In 1031, he arrived in Russia at the court of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, entered his squad and participated with his Norwegian detachment in campaigns against the Poles, as well as in collecting tribute. At the age of twenty he moved to Byzantium, to serve the Emperor Michael IV with 500 soldiers. As part of the Varangian-Russian corps, he participated in the wars of the Byzantines in Sicily in 1036-1039. He fought with the Arabs, distinguished himself in battles with the Bulgarians during the suppression of the uprising of Peter Delyan and received the title of spafar candidate from the emperor. After the death of Michael IV, Harald participated in the overthrow of Michael V and may have been involved in his barbaric blinding. However, after Constantine Monomakh came to power in the empire, relations between him and Harald did not work out for some financial reasons. In 1042, Harald secretly fled by sea on his ship from Byzantium to Russia and there he married Elizabeth, daughter of Yaroslav the Wise. Perhaps he took part in the Russian campaign against Constantinople in July 1043, connected with the anti-Russian policy of Monomakh. In 1047-1066. Harald held the throne of the King of Norway. King Harald Gardrada took part in the attack on England by the Norman army of William the Conqueror, and died in the battle of Startfordbridge on September 25, 1066, 18 days before the famous Battle of Hastings.
Byzantine Dictionary: in 2 volumes / [ comp. Tot. Ed. K.A. Filatov]. St. Petersburg: Amphora. TID Amphora: RKhGA: Oleg Abyshko Publishing House, 2011, v. 1, p. 225-226.
Six weeks before the release of Civilization 6, the locomotive of the declaration of nations accelerated. Today we were told that instead of some obscure Vikings in the game there will be one of the most powerful powers in the world - Norway! But seriously, I would be very happy to read what a high has now risen on the forums of Ziva fans in Denmark and Sweden;)
And since "Harald" is the coolest name in the world, they decided to leave him as the leader of the Norwegians. Just change the number. And a nickname;) Therefore, instead of the fifth Civa and Harald I "Sinezub" there will be a sixth Civa and Harald III "Severe". There is only 100 years difference between them!
How harsh is this Harald?
He is so severe that he died in battle while trying to win the English throne (an arrow pierced his throat)! By the way, with his death, the three-century period of armed expansion of the Scandinavian rulers - the Viking Age - ended. The Anglo-Saxons, however, did not help the victory over the Vikings. Literally a month later, William the Conqueror landed on the shores of England and defeated the army of the Anglo-Saxons, battered in the battle with the Vikings.
By the way, Harald had close ties with Kievan Rus. For example, such a case is known. In 1042, Harald and his Vikings took an active part in a palace coup, as a result of which the emperor Michael V Calafat was overthrown and blinded. Then, as a result of intrigues, Harald falls into disgrace. Fleeing from the court, Harald and his Varangians were forced to flee from Constantinople and took refuge in Kyiv. In the saga of Harald the Severe (XV-XVI verse), after Byzantium, Harald returned not to Kyiv, but to Holmgrad (this is either Novgorod, or the Varangian city between the cities of Ladoga and Kholopy city on the Volkhov River) and he sent booty from his Mediterranean campaigns there . It is rather strange that Harald does not mention Kyiv at all, in which his beloved should be located. Ellisif(Elizabeth), daughter Yaritsleiva(Yaroslav) king in Holmgard.
Norway in Civilization 6
Harald's unique ability is called " Thunder of the North»: All of his naval melee units can pillage land tiles adjacent to the sea.
Norwegian troops do not spend any points to board or leave. And when they open shipbuilding, they can immediately overcome the oceans. Norwegians will be among the first to reach other continents and settle around the world. It seems that the Norwegians ate the Polynesians from the fifth Civa and got their strength;)
Norway Unique Units
Berserk- yes, yes, the same ones that the Vikings had in the fifth cive. Moreover, they also do not lose movement points when looting. But here's another feature more interesting: when the berserkers attack, they get attack bonus. But if they defend themselves, they get defense penalty. I wonder how this change will affect the tactics of playing these units?
Unique building in Norway
Stavkirk- replaces the temple and gives more faith if built near the forest. Well, that is, apparently, the religious district (in which the Stavkirk is being built) should be located near the forest.
A wonderful cartoon about the Vikings found on the net (if you know who the author is, tell me): 
Video with the announcement of Norway from the developers
The king was handsome and stately. He had blond hair, a blond beard, a long mustache, and one of his eyebrows was slightly higher than the other. He had long arms and legs, but he was well built.
The Viking was persistent, and in 1042, 27-year-old Harald returned to Kyiv so rich and famous that Yaroslav the Wise believed in the brilliant prospects of the Norman, gave him the princess and gave all the gold that Harald sent him for safekeeping.
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Fresco in St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv |
In the spring of 1045, Harald, with an army, a young wife, and untold wealth, set off to extract his Norwegian inheritance. And the lucky Viking succeeded - he won the Norwegian throne. So the Russian princess Olisava Yaroslavna became the Norwegian queen Ellisiv.
Harald immediately took up what he loved - every summer he went to war with Denmark and Sweden, not forgetting to brutally rein in the locals who were dissatisfied with his policies, for which he received the nickname Hardrada (Severe). Returning home only for the winter, he also did not waste time - after a few years he brought his younger wife (read - concubine) Tora. Yes, he was formally a Christian, but the king needed heir sons, and Olisawa gave birth to her husband two girls (presumably twins). Torah did her best - she gave the king the sons of Magnus and Olaf, the future Norwegian kings, for the sons of the concubine became legitimate heirs if their father recognized them.
What the exemplary Christian Olisava felt, we do not know. But it was she who accompanied Harald on the last campaign, and this is saying something ... However, perhaps I am also romanticizing this story, and everything was much simpler. For example, being sure of victory, Harald was going to rule the captured England as a king, and marry his daughters to local aristocrats. But how can girls get married without the mother's parting words?
Harald ruled Norway for 20 years, was considered a powerful and firm ruler, a strong mind, so everyone said that there was no such ruler in the Nordic countries who would be equal to him in terms of the rationality of decisions made. But the blood of the Vikings did not allow to sit still. When England happened to be left without a king, Harald decided to take over the ownerless country. Leaving Magnus “on the farm”, and taking Olaf and Olisava with his daughters with him, he led the troops on a campaign. He left his wife and daughters in Orkney and sailed for England.
It seemed that luck was favoring him even now - the first battle was won, the north of England was in the hands of Harald. But for the joys of the experienced Viking, he forgot that the bird-luck must be firmly held in his hands.
A third of the troops remained on the ships, the rest rested on the shore.
It was a fine day and very warm. People took off their chain mail and went ashore, taking only shields, helmets, spears and girding themselves with swords, but many had bows and arrows. Everyone was very cheerful.
The approaching English army took the Vikings by surprise. But a skald remains a skald even in war. Preparing for battle, Harald composed the 1st visu, but then said: It was badly composed, I need to compose another better visu , and he composed the 2nd visu.
Blood crush ice floes- swords.
Labor Tape- female ( Work Goddess, daughter of Thor
Nal monista- too ( nal- goddess).
The sound of darts- battle.
In style and versification, the second visa is skaldic, of a characteristic deliberately sophisticated form, but with minimal information.But what kind of art is it to clothe such a simple text in such an ornate form: “The Goddess ordered to boldly go where the clang of swords is, and in a formidable battle to hold your head high.”
And the first visa is Eddic, simple in form, but containing real details. That is exactly what happened.
The battle was fierce, and many people fell on both sides. Then King Harald became so furious that he stepped forward from the ranks and cut with his sword, holding it with both hands. Neither helmets nor chainmail were a defense against him. Everyone who stood in his way, otpryad.
But then the capricious bird-luck left Harald, and an English arrow pierced his throat. The Vikings fought desperately, and almost everyone died.
Maria, the daughter of King Harald, died suddenly on the same day and at the same hour that her father fell.
Olaf managed to return home, Olisava and her daughter Ingigerda, too. Ingigerda will become the Danish queen, and the fate of Olisava is lost in the darkness of centuries. In that tragic year, she was 41, and Harald was 51.
Harald III the Severe(Harald Sigurdarson (ancient Scandinavian Haraldr Sigurarson), Harald the Severe Ruler, Harald the Terrible, Harald Gardrad (Norwegian Harald Hardrde); c. 1015 - September 25, 1066) - King of Norway (1046-1066). He died in battle while trying to win the English throne. With the death of Harald, the three-century period of armed expansion of the Scandinavian rulers - the Viking Age - ended.
Biography
Youth
Harald, the son of the king of Eastern Norway, Sigurd the Pig of the Horfager family and Asta Gudbrandsdottir, was the younger half-brother of King Olaf II of Norway. His father took an active part in the accession of Olaf. Already in childhood, Harald was distinguished by a warlike disposition. In 1030, when Harald was 15 years old, King Olaf II died while defending the throne from Canute the Great. Harald took part in the Battle of Stiklastadir and was wounded, after which he hid and received medical treatment, and then left Norway, moving to Sweden. Then he formed a military detachment from those who, like him, were forced to leave the country as a result of the death of Olaf II, and in 1031, together with the detachment, arrived in Kyiv, where he entered the service of Yaroslav the Wise.
Russia and Byzantium
- In 1031-1034, Harald, together with Eiliv Regnvaldson, the son of Jarl (posadnik) Aldeigyuborg (Ladoga) Regnvald Ulvson, takes part in Yaroslav's campaign against the Poles and, according to the Scandinavian sagas, is a co-leader of the army.
- In 1034, Harald with his retinue (about 500 people) entered the service of the Byzantine emperor. Harald's detachment entered the elite mercenary detachment known as the Varangian Guard. Quickly enough, Harald showed himself in battle and won the respect of the guards.
- In 1034-1036, Harald took part in campaigns against pirates in Asia Minor and Syria.
- In 1036-1040, Harald's detachment was part of the Byzantine army of George Maniac in the Sicilian campaign. It is believed that he captured one of the Sicilian cities with the help of the same trick that Princess Olga used in the Drevlyansk Iskorosten in 946: “he ordered his birders to catch birds that make nests in the city and fly out into the forest during the day in search of food. Harald ordered pine shavings smeared with wax and sulfur to be tied to the bird's backs and set on fire.
- In 1041, as part of the Varangian guard, he took part in the suppression of the Bulgarian uprising of Peter II Delyan. According to the Scandinavian sagas and the Bulgarian chronicle, Harald personally killed the Bulgarian king in battle. After these events, he became the commander of the entire guard.
- In 1042, Harald and his Vikings took an active part in a palace coup, as a result of which Emperor Michael V Calafat was overthrown and blinded. Then, as a result of intrigues, Harald falls into disgrace. Fleeing from the court, Harald and his Varangians were forced to flee from Constantinople and took refuge in Kyiv. In the saga of Harald the Severe (XV-XVI verse), after Byzantium, Harald returned not to Kyiv, but to Holmgrad (this is either Novgorod, or the Varangian city between the cities of Ladoga and Kholopy city on the Volkhov River) and he sent booty from his Mediterranean campaigns there . It is rather strange that Harald does not mention Kyiv at all, in which his beloved Ellisif (Elizaveta), the daughter of Yaritsleif (Yaroslav) king in Holmgard, should be located.
During his service in Byzantium, Harald mined a huge amount of gold and precious stones, during these years he sent part of this production to Yaroslav the Wise for storage.
- In 1043, Yaroslav, "for the murder of a famous Russian in Tsaregrad" (in Constantinople), sent his son, Prince Vladimir of Novgorod, together with Harald, on a campaign against Emperor Constantine Monomakh. The campaign ended with a peace concluded in 1046.
- In the winter of 1043/1044, Harald became Yaroslav's son-in-law, taking Elizabeth Yaroslavna (Ellisif in the sagas) as his wife, from whom he had two daughters, Maria and Ingigerd. Although Harald was a Christian, in 1048 he took Thora as a concubine, the daughter of Jarl Torberg Arnason, who bore him the future kings Magnus II and Olaf III the Quiet.
2) Torah Thorbergsdottir
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Harald III Sigurdsson (Harald the Harsh, Harald the Severe Ruler, Harald the Terrible, Harald Gardrad) Norwegian Harald Hardrade ; OK. 1015 - September 25, 1066) - King of Norway (1046-1066). He died in battle while trying to win the English throne. With the death of Harald, the three-century period of armed expansion of the Scandinavian rulers ended - the Viking Age.
Biography
Youth
Russia and Byzantium
- In -1034, Harald, together with Eiliv Regnvaldson, the son of jarl (posadnik) Aldeygyuborg (Ladoga) Regnvald Ulvson, takes part in Yaroslav's campaign against the Poles and, according to Scandinavian sagas, is a co-leader of the army.
- In 1034, Harald with his retinue (about 500 people) entered the service of the Byzantine emperor. Harald's detachment entered the elite mercenary detachment known as the Varangian Guard. Quickly enough, Harald showed himself in battle and won the respect of the guards.
- In 1034-1036, Harald took part in campaigns against pirates in Asia Minor and Syria.
- In 1036-1040, Harald's detachment was part of the Byzantine army of George Maniac in the Sicilian campaign. It is believed that he captured one of the Sicilian cities using the same trick that Princess Olga used in the Drevlyansk Iskorosten in 946: “He ordered his birders to catch the birds that build their nests in the city and fly out into the forest during the day in search of food. Harald ordered pine shavings smeared with wax and sulfur to be tied to the bird's backs and set on fire. .
- In 1041, as part of the Varangian guard, he took part in the suppression of the Bulgarian uprising of Peter II Delyan. According to the Scandinavian sagas and the Bulgarian chronicle, Harald personally killed the Bulgarian king in battle. After these events, he became the commander of the entire guard.
- In 1042, Harald and his Vikings took an active part in a palace coup, as a result of which Emperor Michael V Calafat was overthrown and blinded. Then, as a result of intrigues, Harald falls into disgrace. Fleeing from the court, Harald and his Vikings were forced to flee from Constantinople and took refuge in Kyiv. In the saga of Harald the Severe (XV-XVI verse), after Byzantium, Harald returned not to Kyiv, but to Holmgrad (this is either Novgorod, or the Varangian city between the cities of Ladoga and Kholopy city on the Volkhov River) and he sent booty from his Mediterranean campaigns there . It is rather strange that Harald does not mention Kyiv at all, in which his beloved Ellisif (Elizaveta), the daughter of Yaritsleif (Yaroslav) king in Holmgard, should be located.
During his service in Byzantium, Harald mined a huge amount of gold and precious stones, during these years he sent part of this production to Yaroslav the Wise for storage.
Return to Norway
Using funds accumulated in the service of the Byzantine Empire, Harald returned with an army to Sweden in 1045 and immediately became a great threat to King Magnus of Norway and Denmark, who was the son of Olaf II the Saint and Harald's nephew. Harald entered into an alliance with Sven II Estridsen, a pretender to the Danish throne. Magnus upset this alliance by making Harald his co-emperor in Norway in 1046.
However, a year later, Magnus died. It is alleged that he himself before his death proclaimed his heirs in Denmark - Sven II Estridsen, and in Norway - Harald. Harald, disagreeing with such a division, began a war with Sven for the Danish crown. The Danes suffered defeat after defeat, almost every year Norwegian ships ravaged coastal villages. In 1050, Harald plundered and burned to the ground Hedeby - the main trading center of Denmark, in 1062 in a major naval battle at the mouth of the Nice River (or Nis; modern name - Nissan), Harald defeated Sven's fleet and he miraculously escaped death. However, despite all the victories, Harald failed to conquer Denmark, as the local nobility and ordinary people (bonds) provided Sven with unfailing support. In 1064, Harald renounced his claims to the Danish throne and made peace with Sven.
In addition to a long and bloody war with Denmark, in -1065 Harald fought with Sweden, whose king supported the rebellious Jarls. In the battle of Venern (1063), Harald defeated the united army of the Swedes and the rebellious Upplanders.
Harald brutally suppressed attempts of disobedience within Norway, both simple bonds, who rebelled against heavy taxes and requisitions, and large jarls, who were finally subordinated to royal power. Dissenters were either killed or expelled from the country. In an effort to establish a centralized royal power, Harald relied on the support of the church. Under him, Christianity was finally entrenched throughout Norway.
In addition to waging wars, Harald cared about strengthening trade. It was he who founded the trading settlement of Oslo in 1048, which later became the capital of Norway.
Invasion of England
Poetry
From "Vis Joy"
The ship passed in front of vast Sicily. We were proud of ourselves.
The ship with people glided quickly, as one could only wish.
I least of all hope that the idler will imitate us in this.
However, the girl in Garda does not want to feel inclinations towards me.
Harald is credited with the authorship of many vis (poems), including richly alliterated vis addressed to the “girl in the Gards” - Elizabeth Yaroslavna. There he sings of his military exploits and says that they are not expensive, since Yaroslavna "does not want to know him."
In The Saga of Harald the Severe, Snorri Sturluson relates that Harald composed a cycle of sixteen visas under the general title "Visas of Joy", each of which ends with the same line, in which the author laments that "the girl in Garda does not want to feel tendencies towards me.
Starting from the end of the 18th century, the "Visas of Joy" gained great fame in Russia. They were repeatedly translated and remade by Russian poets (including N. A. Lvova, K. N. Batyushkova , A. K. Tolstoy) during the Romantic era. The number of their translations into Russian and free transcriptions is about one and a half dozen.
Marriages and children
First wife- Elizabeth Yaroslavna (1025-?). Nothing is known about her fate after Harald's death. Children:
Second wife- Thora Thorbergsdottir. Children:
- Magnus II Haraldsson- ruler of Norway in 1066-1069.
- Olaf III the Quiet- Norwegian king in 1066-1093.
Harald in art
Literature
- Harald's life is described in "" - one of the sagas included in the "Circle of the Earth" by Snorri Sturluson (1178-1241).
- He is the main character of the historical story by Elizabeth Dvoretskaya "Harald's Treasure"
- Is the main character of the work of Mikhail Weller "Cruel"
- He is one of the main characters in Tim Severin's novel The Last King.
- He is one of the main characters in David Gibbins' novel Crusader Gold.
Cinema
artistic
Documentary
- Secrets of antiquity. Barbarians. Part 1. Vikings.
Write a review on the article "Harald III the Severe"
Notes
- Pashuto V. T. Foreign policy of Ancient Russia. - M .: Nauka, 1968. - S. 134.
- Jackson T.N. Four Norwegian kings in Russia. - M .: Languages of Russian culture, 2000. - 192 p. - ISBN 5-7859-0173-0.
- Snorri Sturluson, "", vi.
- Kostomarov N.I.. // Russian history in the biographies of its main figures.
- Guhnfeldt, Cato. (Norwegian) Aftenposten (September 25, 2006). Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- Guhnfeldt, Cato. (Norwegian) Aftenposten(September 26, 2006). Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- Agerlie, Christine. (Norwegian) NRK Trøndelag(October 25, 2006). Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- Guards (or Gardariki) is the Old Norse name for Russia.
- K. N. Batiushkov. (1816).
- A. K. Tolstoy. (1867).
- Snorri Sturluson. . // Circle of the Earth.
Literature
- Harald // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
- Jones G.. / Per. from English. Z. Yu. Metlitskaya. - M .: Tsentrpoligraf, 2004. - 445 p.
- Ryzhov K.V. All the monarchs of the world. Western Europe. - M .: Publishing house "Veche", 2001. - 560 p.
- Gurevich A. Ya.. - M.-SPb. : University Book, 1999.
- Jackson T.N.- M .: Languages of Russian culture, 2002. - 192 p.
- Uspensky F. B. Name and Power: Name Choice as an Instrument of Dynastic Struggle in Medieval Scandinavia. - M .: Languages of Russian culture, 2001. - 144 p.
- Weller M. Cruel. / Screenplay. - 2003.
- Snisarenko A. B. Knights of Fortune (Chronicles of the European Seas). - St. Petersburg. : Shipbuilding, 1991. - S. 129-135.
Links
- . // "The World History"
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An excerpt characterizing Harald III the Severe
Such a frightening, such a terrible pain suddenly flashed in his eyes, that only now I suddenly realized how much this unfortunate person suffered! bright past and "erase" from his memory all the horror of that last terrible day, as far as his wounded and weakened soul allowed him to do this ...We tried to find Michelle - for some reason it didn’t work ... Stella stared at me in surprise and asked quietly:
“Why can’t I find her, did she die here too?”
It seemed to me that something simply prevented us from finding her on this “floor” and I suggested Stella to look “higher”. We slipped mentally onto the Mental... and saw her at once... She really was amazingly beautiful - bright and clean, like a stream. And long golden hair scattered over her shoulders like a golden cloak... I have never seen such long and such beautiful hair! The girl was deeply thoughtful and sad, like many on the "floors" who lost their love, their relatives, or simply because they were alone...
- Hello, Michel! - Without wasting time, Stella immediately said. - And we have prepared a gift for you!
The woman smiled in surprise and kindly asked:
- Who are you girls?
But without answering her, Stella mentally called Arno...
I won't be able to tell what this meeting brought them... And it's not necessary. Such happiness cannot be put into words - they will fade ... It’s just that at that moment there were probably no happier people in the whole world, and on all “floors”! .. And we sincerely rejoiced with them, not forgetting those who they owed their happiness... I think that both little Maria and our kind Luminary would be very happy seeing them now, and knowing that they did not give their lives for them in vain...
Stella suddenly became alarmed and disappeared somewhere. I followed her, as there was nothing more for us to do here ...
"And where did you all disappear to?" - Surprised, but very calmly, Maya greeted us with a question. “We already thought you left us for good. And where is our new friend? .. Has he really disappeared too? .. We thought he would take us with him ...
There was a problem... Where to put these unfortunate kids now - I had not the slightest idea. Stella looked at me, thinking the same thing, and desperately trying to find some way out.
- I figured it out! - already just like the "old" Stella, she happily clapped her hands. “We will make a joyful world for them in which they will exist. And there, look, they will meet someone ... Or someone good will pick them up.
“Don’t you think we should introduce them to someone here?” - trying to “more securely” attach lonely kids, I asked.
“No, I don’t think so,” the friend answered very seriously. – Think for yourself, because not all dead babies get this... And not everyone here, probably, has time to take care of. So it will be fair to the others if we just create a very nice home for them here until they find someone. After all, the three of them, it is easier for them. And others are alone ... I was also alone, I remember ...
And suddenly, apparently remembering that terrible time, she became confused and sad ... and somehow unprotected. Wanting to immediately bring her back, I mentally brought down a waterfall of incredible fantastic flowers on her ...
- Ouch! Stella laughed like a bell. - Well, what are you! .. Stop it!
- Stop being sad! I didn't give up. - We won, how much more needs to be done, and you are limp. Well, let's go arrange the children! ..
And then, quite unexpectedly, Arno appeared again. We stared at him in surprise... afraid to ask. I even had time to think - did something terrible happen again? .. But he looked "incredibly" happy, so I immediately discarded the stupid thought.
– And what are you doing here?!.. – Stella was sincerely surprised.
- Have you forgotten - I have to pick up the kids, I promised them.
- Where is Michelle? Are you not together?
- Well, why not together? Together, of course! I just promised ... Yes, and she always loved children. So we decided to stay together until a new life takes them.
- So it's wonderful! Stella rejoiced. And then she jumped to another one. - You're very happy, aren't you? Well, tell me, are you happy? She is so beautiful!!!..
Arno looked into our eyes for a long time and attentively, as if wanting, but not daring to say something. Then I finally decided...
– I cannot accept this happiness from you... It is not mine... This is wrong... I am not yet worthy of it.
- How can you not?! .. - Stella literally soared. - How can you not - how can you! .. Just try to refuse !!! Just look how beautiful she is! And you say you can't...
Arno smiled sadly, looking at the raging Stella. Then he embraced her affectionately and quietly, softly said:
“You brought me unspeakable happiness, and I brought you such terrible pain ... Forgive me, dear, if you ever can.” Sorry...
Stella smiled at him lightly and kindly, as if wanting to show that she perfectly understands everything, and that she forgives him everything, and that it was not his fault at all. Arno just nodded sadly and, pointing to the quietly waiting children, asked:
– Can I take them “upstairs” with me, do you think?
“Unfortunately, no,” Stella answered sadly. They can't go there, they stay here.
“Then we’ll stay too…” a gentle voice sounded. We will stay with them.
We turned around in surprise - it was Michelle. “That’s all done,” I thought to myself. And again, someone voluntarily sacrificed something, and again simple human goodness won ... I looked at Stella - the little girl smiled. Everything was fine again.
“Well, will you walk with me a little more?” Stella asked hopefully.
I had to go home for a long time, but I knew that I would not leave her now for anything and nodded my head in the affirmative ...
To be honest, I wasn’t in the mood to walk too much, because after everything that had happened, my condition was, let’s say, very, very “satisfactory ... But I also couldn’t leave Stella alone, therefore, for both to feel good, although If only we were “in the middle”, we decided not to go far, but just relax our almost boiling brains a little, and give rest to our pain-wracked hearts, enjoying the peace and quiet of the mental floor...
We slowly floated in a gentle silvery haze, completely relaxing our torn nervous system, and plunging into the stunning, incomparable local peace ... Suddenly Stella shouted enthusiastically:
- Blimey! Just look at what kind of beauty it is there! ..
I looked around and immediately understood what she was talking about...
It really was extraordinarily beautiful!.. As if someone, while playing, created a real sky-blue "crystal" kingdom!.. We were surprised to look at the incredibly huge, openwork ice flowers, powdered with light blue snowflakes; and bindings of sparkling ice trees, flashing with blue glare at the slightest movement of “crystal” foliage and reaching the height of our three-story house... glittering with tints of unprecedented silvery-blue hues...
What was it?! Who liked this cold color so much? ..
So far, for some reason, no one showed up anywhere, and no one expressed a great desire to meet us ... It was a little strange, since usually the owners of all these wondrous worlds were very hospitable and friendly, with the exception of only those who had just appeared on « floor” (that is, they had just died) and were not yet ready to communicate with the rest, or simply preferred to experience something purely personal and difficult alone.
– Who do you think lives in this strange world? – Stella asked in a whisper for some reason.
- Do you want to see? – unexpectedly for myself, I suggested.
I didn’t understand where all my fatigue had gone, and why I suddenly completely forgot the promise I made to myself a minute ago not to interfere in any, even the most incredible events, until tomorrow, or at least until I get at least a little rest. But, of course, it again worked my insatiable curiosity, which I have not yet learned to pacify, even when the real need arose ...
Therefore, trying, as far as my tormented heart allowed, to “turn off” and not think about our failed, sad and difficult day, I immediately plunged into the “new and unknown”, anticipating some unusual and exciting adventure ...
We smoothly “slowed down” right at the very entrance to the stunning “icy” world, when suddenly a man appeared from behind a blue tree sparkling with sparks ... It was a very unusual girl - tall and slender, and very beautiful, she would have seemed quite young , almost if it were not for the eyes ... They shone with a calm, bright sadness, and were deep, like a well with the purest spring water ... And in these marvelous eyes there was such wisdom that Stella and I had not been able to comprehend for a long time ... Not at all surprised by our appearance, the stranger smiled warmly and quietly asked:
- What do you, little ones?
We were just passing by and wanted to see your beauty. I'm sorry if I disturbed you…” I muttered, slightly embarrassed.
- Well, what are you! Come inside, it will certainly be more interesting there ... - waving her hand into the depths, the stranger smiled again.
We instantly slipped past her into the “palace”, unable to contain the curiosity rushing out, and already anticipating something very, very “interesting” for sure.
Inside it turned out to be so stunning that Stella and I literally froze in a stupor, opening our mouths like starved one-day-old chicks, unable to utter a word ...
There was no, as they say, “floor” in the palace... Everything that was there hovered in the sparkling silvery air, creating the impression of sparkling infinity. Some fantastic "seats", similar to groups of sparkling dense clouds accumulated in heaps, swaying smoothly, hung in the air, then, condensing, then almost disappearing, as if attracting attention and inviting them to sit down ... Silvery "ice" flowers, glittering and shimmering, they decorated everything around, striking with a variety of shapes and patterns of the finest, almost jewelry-like petals. And somewhere very high in the “ceiling”, blinding with sky-blue light, huge ice “icicles” of incredible beauty hung, turning this fabulous “cave” into a fantastic “ice world”, which seemed to have no end ...
- Come on, my guests, grandfather will be incredibly glad to see you! - smoothly sliding past us, the girl said warmly.
And then I finally understood why she seemed unusual to us - as the stranger moved, a sparkling “tail” of some special blue matter stretched behind her all the time, which shone and twisted like tornadoes around her fragile figure, crumbling behind her. her silver dust...
We did not have time to be surprised at this, when we immediately saw a very tall, gray-haired old man, proudly sitting on a strange, very beautiful chair, as if emphasizing his importance for those who did not understand. He quite calmly watched our approach, not at all surprised and not yet expressing any emotions, except for a warm, friendly smile.
The white, iridescent silver, flowing clothes of the old man merged with the same, completely white, long hair, making him look like a good spirit. And only the eyes, as mysterious as those of our beautiful stranger, shocked us with boundless patience, wisdom and depth, making us shudder from the infinity through them...
- You will be healthy, guests! the old man greeted kindly. - What brought you to us?
- And hello to you, grandfather! Stella greeted happily.
And then, for the first time in the entire time of our already rather long acquaintance, I was surprised to hear that she finally turned to someone as “you” ...
Stella had a very funny way of addressing everyone as “you”, as if emphasizing that all the people she met, whether they were adults or completely still kids, were her good old friends, and that for each of them she had a “wide open” the soul is open ... Which, of course, instantly and completely disposed to it even the most closed and the most lonely people, and only very callous souls did not find a way to it.
“Why is it so cold here?” - Immediately, out of habit, questions rained down. – I mean, why do you have such an “icy” color everywhere?
The girl looked at Stella in surprise.
“I never thought about it…” she said thoughtfully. - Probably because we had enough heat for the rest of our lives? We were burned on Earth, you see...
- How - burned ?!. Stella stared at her dumbfounded. - Really burned? .. - Well, yes. It's just that I was a Witch there - I knew a lot ... Like my whole family. Here is grandfather - he is Vedun, and mother, she was the strongest Vidunya at that time. This means that she saw what others could not see. She saw the future just as we see the present. And the past, too... And in general, she could and knew a lot - no one knew so much. And ordinary people apparently hated this - they did not like too many "knowers" ... Although, when they needed help, they turned to us. And we helped... And then those whom we helped betrayed us...
The girl-witch with darkened eyes looked somewhere into the distance, for a moment not seeing or hearing anything around, leaving in some distant world known to her alone. Then, shivering, she twitched her fragile shoulders, as if remembering something very terrible, and quietly continued:
“So many centuries have passed, and I still feel how the flames are consuming me... That’s probably why it’s “cold” here, as you say, dear,” the girl finished, already addressing Stella.
“But you can’t be a Witch in any way!” Stella stated confidently. - Witches are old and scary, and very bad. So it is written in our fairy tales that my grandmother read to me. And you are good! And so beautiful!..
“Well, fairy tales are different…” the girl-witch smiled sadly. - After all, it is people who compose them ... And the fact that they show us old and terrible - it’s more convenient for someone, probably ... It’s easier to explain the inexplicable, and it’s easier to arouse hostility ... You, too, will cause more sympathy if they burn the young and beautiful rather than the old and terrible, right?
“Well, I’m also very sorry for the old women ... but not the evil ones, of course,” Stella said with her eyes downcast. – It’s a pity for any person when such a terrible end – and, twitching her shoulders, as if imitating a witch girl, she continued: – Did they really, really burn you?! Quite, completely alive? .. How must it hurt you ?!. What is your name?
Words habitually poured out of the baby in a machine-gun burst and, not having time to stop her, I was afraid that the owners would be offended in the end, and from welcome guests we would turn into a burden that they would try to get rid of as soon as possible.
But for some reason no one was offended. Both of them, both the elder and his beautiful granddaughter, answered any questions with a friendly smile, and it seemed that for some reason our presence really gave them sincere pleasure ...
