5. biology

Part C

List the results of the Great Northern War. Formulate what was the significance of this war for Russia. List at least four positions.

Below are two points of view:

A. Russia played a leading role in the liberation of the peoples of the Balkan Peninsula from the Turkish yoke in the years.

B. The position of the Western powers in many respects contradicted the interests of the Slavic peoples of the Balkan Peninsula.

Please indicate which of these points of view you prefer. Give at least three facts, provisions that can serve as arguments confirming your chosen point of view.

History of Russia (Grade 10) Option 2

Part A

The adoption of Christianity in Russia took place during the reign of the prince:

1. Igor; 2. Vladimir; 3. Yaroslav; 4. Oleg.

What was the name of a detour by a prince with a retinue of subject lands who paid tribute in the Old Russian state?

1. Polyudie; 2. quitrent; 3. output; 4. yasak.

The invasion of Batu into Russia and the establishment of the Horde dominion took place in:

1.X century 2. XIII century. 3. XI century. 4. XIV century.

What year did the Battle of Kulikovo take place?

1. 1223; yr; yr; yr.

Khan's charter, which gave the right to the Russian princes to reign.

1. gate; 2. excise; 3. label; 4. bran.

Which of these historical figures were contemporaries?

1. Ivan Kalita; Khan Baty; 2. Andrei Rublev and Alexander Nevsky;

3. Dmitry Donskoy and Mamai; 4. Vladimir Monomakh and Khan Akhmat.

A special order of administration in part of the country's territory, introduced by Ivan IV. 1565 was called:

1. land; 2. outpost; 3. cut; 4. oprichnina.

In what century did the Time of Troubles begin in the Russian state?

1. XIII century; 2. XV century; 3. XVII century; 4. 18th century

Note the reason for the uprising led by Stepan Razin. strengthening of serf oppression; 2. Polish-Swedish intervention;

3. increase in yasak; 4. dissatisfaction with the rule of autocrats.

The policy of absolutism is characterized by:

1. an exaggerated idea of ​​the role of laws in government;

2. lack of serfdom; 3. lack of class differences;

4. substantiation of the idea of ​​unlimited autocratic power.

The biggest battle of the Northern War was the battle

1. Borodino; 2. Poltava; 3. Azov; 4. in Sinop Bay.

As a result of what events did Peter I receive the title of emperor?

1. Narva battle; 2. Northern war;

3. Battle of Poltava; 4. Livonian war.

What is significant in the history of Russia in 1721?

1. the abolition of serfdom; 2. the proclamation of Russia as an empire;

3. receiving by Russia the entire territory of Livonia;

4. the adoption of the "Council Code".

Enterprises based on the division of labor and manual technology were called:

1. workshop; 2. workshop; 3. manufactory; 4. factory.

Conversion of church property into state property:

1. secularization; 2. protectionism; 3. oprichnina; 4. mercantilism.

16. Significant battle of the Patriotic War of 1812:

1. Battle of Smolensk; 2. battle near Borodino;

3. battle near Maloyaroslavets; 4. Battle of Poltava.

1. D. Davydov; 2. P. Bagration; 3M. Kutuzov; 4. A. Tormasov.

A secret society in St. Petersburg became an organization called:

1. "Union of Salvation"; 2. "Society of United Slavs";

3. "Northern Society"; 4. "Southern Society".

What year did the Decembrist uprising take place?

1. 1822; yr; yr; yr.

Most of the population of Russia in the XIX century was:

1. nobility; 2. philistinism and merchants; 3. Cossacks; 4. peasantry.

The policy of the state aimed at supporting the domestic industry through benefits is called:

1. secularization; 2. localism;

3 . enlightened absolutism; 4. protectionism.

The foundations of the Russian national music school were laid by:

1. ; 2. ; 3.; 4. .

Famous scientists in Russia XIX century. were:

Specify the correct answer. 1. ABD 2. ABE 3. GD 4. VGE

"Russian America" ​​at the turn of the XIX - XX centuries. called:

1. Western part of the USA; 2. Kamchatka; 3. Alaska; 4. Kuril Islands.

The Manifesto for the Emancipation of the Peasants was signed by the emperor in:

1. 1861; 2.1865 3.1867

Which emperor was popularly called the "Liberator"?

1. Alexander I; 2. Alexander II; 3. Alexander III; 4. Nicholas I.

What hindered the development of capitalist relations in Russia in the second half of the 19th century?

1. community system; 2. corvee system of economy;

3. expansion of the sales market; 4. foreign investment.

A movement that unites supporters of the preservation of the old order, the foundations of autocratic power:

1. socialism; 2. liberalism; 3. conservatism; 4. reformism.

The concept of "totalitarianism" is characterized by:

1. carrying out mass repressions; 2. observance of civil liberties;

3. freedom of factional struggle; 4. the presence of a multi-party system in society.

What was one of the reasons for the counter-reforms of Alexander III? pressure from the European powers; dissatisfaction of the nobility, the threat of a palace coup; the ineffectiveness of the reforms of Alexander II; terrorist activities of the People's Will.

Part B

Which of the following refers to the period of state fragmentation? Choose two correct answers out of the four given.

A) the creation of Russian Pravda; C) the creation of the Cathedral Code;

B) Neva battle; D) the formation of the Moscow principality.

Establish a correspondence between terms and their definitions.

Terms Definitions

A) patrimony 1. detour by the prince and the retinue of subject lands with the aim of

tribute collection

B) polyudie 2. the head of the local government, appointed by the central government

C) veche 3. land ownership, which was inherited

D) lot 4. people's assembly

5. territory allocated to the possession of one of the younger

members of the princely family

Arrange the following events in chronological order.

A) the accession of the Romanovs; B) the Pugachev rebellion;

B) church schism; D) Trouble.

Read the passage and write the name of the emperor during whose reign these transformations were carried out.

“The Minister of Public Education insisted on the closure of most of the higher courses for women, and in 1887 he issued a circular forbidding the admission of “children of coachmen, lackeys, laundresses, small shopkeepers and similar people” to the gymnasium. Known as a circular about the "cook's children", it became a shameful page in the history of the Russian school.

ANSWER_________

5. Establish a correspondence between the names of outstanding Russian scientists of the 19th century and the branches of science in which they were engaged.

Surnames of scientists Branches of science

A) 1. chemistry

B) 2. astronomy

C) 3. radio engineering

D) 4. biology

5. mathematics

Part C

Specify the reasons for the emergence of secret organizations in Russia in the first quarter of the 19th century. What were the results of their activities? What estates existed in Russia at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century? What main classes existed in Russia during this period, representatives of which estates prevailed in these classes? List at least four classes and four estates.

The key to the test grade 10

Russian history

	Option 1 Part A Option 2
	Judicial		Alexander III

· Each correctly completed task of part A is estimated by one point.

Tasks of part B are evaluated: B1 - 1 point, B2, B4, B5 - 2 points, (2 points - no errors; correct establishment of three matches - 1 point; less than three matches -0 points), B3 - 2 points, if two elements of the answer are correctly indicated, 1 point - if any one element of the answer is correctly indicated.

· Part C assignments are worth 3 points.

The maximum score is 42.

Completed 100-91% of tasks - points - "5"

Completed 90-71% of tasks - points - "4"

Completed 70-50% of tasks - points - "3"

Completed less than 45% of tasks - less than 21 points - "2"

All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren in history. School stage.

2015-2016 academic year

Grade 9

Exercise 1.

1.1. Give a brief rationale for the series by naming each of the historical figures presented.

1. A. B. _________________________ _________________________

AT.
G.

_______________________ ________________________

Justification of the series: _______________________________________________________________

Task 2

Task 3. The name of the community in ancient Russia

Answer:

A form of government in which supreme power is held by people elected by the people

Answer:

State policy aimed at supporting the development of domestic industry and trade

Answer:

The process of creating heavy industry in the state

Answer:

Expansion of the sphere of influence

Answer:

Task 4. Fill in the gaps in the text with the names of princes and princesses.

“In 882, Prince _____________ (1), leaving Novgorod, subjugated most of the East Slavic tribes. (1) made Kyiv, the chief city of the Polyans, the capital of Russia. This wise prince successfully fought with the Byzantine Empire.

(1) Prince ______________ succeeded to the throne (2). Twice he made major campaigns against Byzantium; the first of them was unsuccessful, but the second ended in victory. (2) was killed during the collection of polyudy by the Drevlyans. The prince of the latter, named ____________ (3) set out to marry his wife (2) Princess ______________ (4). However, (4) punished (3) with cunning for killing her husband.

The son of the latter, _____________ (5) had a chance to break the power of one of the enemies of Russia - the Khazar Khaganate and actively compete with Byzantium for influence in Danube Bulgaria ... "

Task 5.

A) agrarian revolution, b) collectivization, c) manufactory, d) industrial revolution, e) handicraft workshop, f) factory.

“In its development, industrial production has gone through several stages. The dominant form of production in the Middle Ages was _____________(1). Within the walls of this enterprise, they gradually begin to produce products not to order, but for sale. In modern times, enterprises appear that retain manual labor, but there is already a division of labor between workers. These enterprises are called ____________(2). In the 1830s, _______________ (3) begins in Russia. This event led to the appearance of the first __________(4). However, feudal vestiges continued to exist in agriculture. By the endXIXin. ____________(5) has not yet been completed. This intensified the contradiction between the relatively developed capitalist industry and the backward semi-feudal agriculture."

Answer:

Task 6.

A) Write the name of the commander, the invasion of whose troops is indicated on the diagram;

B) Write the name of the war, indicate the year (s);

C) Write the name of the emperor during whose reign this event occurred;

Answer:

7. Before you are images of the temples of Russia. Your task is to give the name of each of them, indicate the city and age of construction. Present your answer in the form of a table.

BUT.
B.

AT. G.

Name

cathedral

City

Age of construction

Task 8.

“In the morning I saw a handful of people on the street ... People from all over rush to Senate Square ... I ran to the square. The people dammed up the whole area and worried like a stormy sea. A small island was visible in the waves of this sea - it was your square ... I saw the king, surrounded by his headquarters and persuading the people to go home, I heard how the raging crowd shouted to him in response: "We will not go, we will die with them!" I saw how the cavalry rushed at you ... with what wild frenzy the crowds of the people repulsed the second onslaught with logs of firewood, and I, a sinful person, threw one log in the side of the artilleryman ... I saw you too, how you stood against the soldiers during the third attack , ready to fire a volley, from which all this cavalry, galloping over a square, would lay down in gloss, - as you commanded: "Leave it!" ... I saw how the mortally wounded Miloradovich, staggering in the saddle, galloped away from the recalcitrant soldiers, and finally heard fatal cannon shot. The second shot knocked down many of the advanced. People jumped in all directions. The third shot was aimed at an open square ... "

A) Write the name of the event indicated in the passage;

b) In what year and where did it happen?;

C) Indicate the name of the emperor during whose reign this event occurred;

D) Write the outcome of the event.

Answers:

Task 10. True or false? Enter the numbers of correct judgments in the left column, incorrect ones in the right.

1. At the beginning of the reign of PeterIthe capital of Russia was moved to Azov for several years

2. The established colleges were placed by PeterIin St. Petersburg

3. During the reign of Anna Leopoldovna, the capital of the Russian Empire was moved to Moscow

4. The first imperial palace was built in St. Petersburg only during the reign of CatherineII

5. The coronation of Russian emperors, including Peter the Great, took place in Moscow

6. Emperor PaulIdissolved the Senate

7. Number of ministries created by AlexanderI, significantly exceeded the number of colleges established by Peter the Great

8. The State Council in the Russian Empire was created during the reign of AlexanderI

Creative task (essay or detailed answer, 25 points)

Historical essays

You have to work with the statements of historians and contemporaries about the events and figures of national history. Choose one of them that will be the topic of your essay. Your task is to formulate your own attitude to this statement and substantiate it with the arguments that seem to you the most significant. When choosing a topic, proceed from the fact that you:

1. You clearly understand the meaning of the statement (it is not necessary to fully or even partially agree with the author, but it is necessary to understand what exactly he claims).

2. You can express your attitude to the statement (arguably agree with the author or completely or partially refute his statement).

3. Have specific knowledge (facts, statistics, examples) on the topic.

4. You know the terms necessary for a competent presentation of your point of view.

When writing your paper, try to proceed from the fact that The jury, evaluating your essay, will be guided by the following criteria:

1. The validity of the choice of topic (an explanation of the choice of topic and the tasks that the participant sets for himself in his work).

2. The creative nature of the perception of the topic, its comprehension.

3. Literacy in the use of historical facts and terms.

4. Clarity and evidence of the main provisions of the work.

5. Knowledge of different points of view on the chosen issue.

Sample Essay Topics

1. "Svyatoslav appears to us not only as a formidable warrior, but also as a wise ruler of Russia."

F. Razumovsky

2. "Andrei Bogolyubsky created Vladimir-Suzdal Rus, from which Muscovite Rus later emerged."

B.A. Rybakov

3. “None of the princes more often than Kalita went to bow to the khan, and there he was always a welcome guest, because he did not come there empty-handed. The Horde is accustomed to thinking that when the Moscow prince arrives, there will be a lot of "gold and silver" for the great khan-tsar, and his khan, and all the eminent murzas of the Golden Horde ...»

IN. Klyuchevsky

4. "Dmitry Donskoy rallied Russia on Kulikovo Polek ... Moscow no longer had real competitors in the unification of Russia."

S.V. Bushuev

5. "The personality of Ivan the Third is multifaceted ... He was both a talented sovereign and an experienced strategist in the war."

N.S. Borisov

6. “Born with an ardent soul, a rare mind, a special willpower, he would have all the qualities of a great monarch if education would have perfected the gifts of nature in him, but early deprived of his father, mother and betrayed into the will of violent nobles, blinded by reckless personal lust for power , was on the throne the most unfortunate orphan of the Russian state: for not only for himself, but for millions, he prepared misfortune with his vices ... "

N.M. Karamzin about Ivan the Terrible

7. "Trouble ... created the Cossack class."

R.G. Skrynnikov

8. “Peter created a powerful army and navy. Thanks to this, Russia has ceased to be in constant military danger, having received the opportunity to develop peacefully ... "

ON THE. Shefov

9. “A.V. Suvorov - this is the main name of victories on land during the times of Catherine II.

O.Mikhailov

10. "Alexander the First throughout his reign remained a staunch supporter of autocracy"

E.Tarle

Sample topics for extended responses

1. Why did St. Petersburg become the capital of the Russian Empire?

2. Why did Russia manage to win the war with Napoleonic France?

3. Why did the industrial revolution in Russia begin only in the 1830s-1840s?

4. Why inXVIIIin. cultural development of Russia begins to go in two directions - the nobility and the people?

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Total 100 points

Keywords

TERRITORY / TERRITORY / REGION / REGION / STATE REGIONAL POLICY/ STATE REGIONAL POLICY / REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES/PRIORITIES/ ECONOMIC MECHANISM OF REGIONAL POLICY/ ECONOMIC MECHANISM / TYPOLOGY OF REGIONS AS OBJECTS OF REGIONAL POLICY/ TYPOLOGY / REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT / REGIONAL POLICY / OBJECTS

annotation scientific article on social and economic geography, author of scientific work - Plisetsky E.L.

In the context of the federal construction of the state and significant spatial differences in the economy and the standard of living of the population of the Russian Federation, regional policy is of particular importance, aimed at supporting the socio-economic development of territories. But the insufficient effectiveness of this support explains the relevance of studying foreign experience in the implementation of regional policy, which can be used in solving relevant problems in the Russian Federation. The purpose of the work is to consider the approaches to the implementation of regional policy that exist in different countries, including those related to the choice of priorities and support for regional development from the standpoint of their possible application in Russia. The study is based on methods of comparative analysis and systematization. The analysis carried out allows us to conclude that many approaches and instruments of regional policy used abroad have already found application in the domestic practice of managing regional development. Nevertheless, so far it has not been possible to solve a number of problems that are significant for the economy of the Russian Federation: the territorial disproportions of the national economy that have accumulated over decades have not been reduced; a clear economic policy has not been developed in relation to the remote northern and eastern territories of the country, which are experiencing an acute shortage of labor resources; a clear and interconnected system of strategic and territorial planning has not been built, which would allow coordinating the interests of the state and regions, etc. In solving all these problems within the framework of a purposeful regional policy, one should rely more widely on foreign experience. The publication material is addressed to specialists in the field of territorial development management, and can also be used in the educational process when studying the discipline "Regional Economics".

Related Topics scientific works on social and economic geography, author of scientific work - Plisetsky E.L.

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Foreign and domestic experience of State support of development of territories

Importance In a federal State-building and significant spatial differences in the economy and the living standards of the population of Russia, the regional policy aimed at supporting socio-economic development of the territories is very important. But the lack of effectiveness of this support explains the relevance of studying international experience of regional policy , which can be used in addressing the relevant problems in Russia. Objectives The aim of this study is to examine the approaches existing in different countries to the implementation of regional policy , including the choice of priorities and support to regional development from the perspective of a possible application in Russia. Methods The study is based on the methods of a comparative analysis and systematization. Results The analysis suggests that many of the approaches and instruments of regional policy , used abroad, have found application in the management of regional development in Russia. However, to date, there is no solution to a number of significant problems of the Russian economy: no reduction of the accumulated territorial imbalances of the national economy over decades; no clear economic policies with respect to remote northern and eastern areas of the country experiencing an acute shortage of manpower; no clear and consistent policy and spatial planning system that would reconcile the interests of the State and regions, etc. In addressing all these issues in the framework of targeted regional policy should increasingly rely on foreign experience. Application The material of the article is addressed to professionals in the field of development management of territories and can also be used in the learning process when examining the subject of "Regional Economy".

The text of the scientific work on the topic "Foreign and domestic experience of state support for the development of territories"

REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

UDC 332.1(045)

foreign and domestic experience of state support for the development of territories*

e.l. plisetsky,

Doctor of Pedagogy, Professor, Head of the Department of Regional Economics and Economic Geography E-mail: [email protected] Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation

In the context of the federal structure of the state and significant spatial differences in the economy and living standards of the population of the Russian Federation, regional policy is of particular importance, aimed at supporting the socio-economic development of the territories. But the insufficient effectiveness of this support explains the relevance of studying foreign experience in the implementation of regional policy, which can be used in solving relevant problems in the Russian Federation.

The purpose of the work is to consider the approaches to the implementation of regional policy that exist in different countries, including those related to the choice of priorities and support for regional development from the standpoint of their possible application in Russia.

The study is based on methods of comparative analysis and systematization.

The analysis carried out allows us to conclude that many approaches and instruments of regional policy used abroad have already found application in the domestic practice of managing regional development. Nevertheless, a number of significant problems for the Russian economy have not been solved so far:

* The article was prepared based on the results of research carried out at the expense of budgetary funds under the state assignment to the Financial University on the topic "Directions for improving state support for priority areas of socio-economic development of Russian regions", 2014

The territorial disproportions of the national economy that have accumulated over decades are not reduced;

An understandable economic policy has not been developed in relation to the remote northern and eastern territories of the country, which are experiencing an acute shortage of labor resources;

A clear and interconnected system of strategic and territorial planning has not been built, which would allow coordinating the interests of the state and regions, etc. In solving all these problems within the framework of a purposeful regional policy, one should rely more widely on foreign experience.

The material of the publication is addressed to specialists in the field of territorial development management, and can also be used in the educational process when studying the discipline "Regional Economics".

Keywords: territory, region, state regional policy, regional development priorities, economic mechanism of regional policy, typology of regions as objects of regional policy

In recent years, in the Russian Federation, more and more attention has been paid to improving the territorial structure of the country and managing regional development. It is about perfect

development of the economic mechanism of regional policy, including interbudgetary relations, the development of forecasts, plans and programs for the socio-economic development of regions (subjects of the Russian Federation) and municipalities, public-private partnership in the field of investment activities, the use of various tools to improve the efficiency of the regional economy. The country has adopted a number of laws aimed at solving urgent problems of territorial development1. The Government of the Russian Federation approved the state program “Regional Policy and Federal Relations”2 (hereinafter referred to as the Program), aimed at ensuring a balanced socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, reducing the level of inter-regional differentiation in the socio-economic state of the regions and the quality of life of citizens. The program is designed to create conditions that allow each region to have the necessary and sufficient resources to ensure a decent standard of living for the population, comprehensive development and increase the competitiveness of the regional economy.

At the same time, the current practice and the methods used for managing territories do not always (and not fully) take into account significant differences in natural conditions, in the distribution of the population, in the level of socio-economic development of individual regions, do not allow for a comprehensive assessment and effective implementation of their resource potential. , substantiate the priorities of regional development . Therefore, of particular interest is the analysis of foreign experience in territorial management and conclusions about the possibility of its use in domestic practice, of course, taking into account Russian specifics.

Foreign experience of regional policy. Regional policy (state regulation of regional development) is an activity

1 Federal Law No. 116-FZ of July 22, 2005 “On Special Economic Zones in the Russian Federation” (as amended on March 4, 2013); Federal Law No. 392-F3 of 03.12.2011 “On Territorial Development Zones in the Russian Federation and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation”; Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated June 28, 2014 No. 172-FZ “On Strategic Planning in the Russian Federation”.

2 On approval of the state program “Regional

naya policy and federative relations”: resolution

Government of the Russian Federation dated April 15, 2014 No. 307.

public authorities to manage the political, economic and social development of the country in the territorial (regional) aspect. It is aimed at building relations between the state and its constituent parts - regions, as well as between regions.

With the help of regional policy, the state ensures its participation in the regulation of market processes. Many countries with market economies have accumulated significant experience in solving regional problems using various measures - legislative, administrative, economic, carried out both at the state level and by local authorities.

Starting from the 1960s-1970s. regional policy in industrialized countries is finally taking shape as an integral system of measures used by the state to improve territorial proportions and stimulate the development of the regional economy in the conditions of market functioning. At the same time, substantiation of regional development priorities remains an important part of the decisions being made.

What specific economic instruments are used in the implementation of regional policy? With all their diversity, they can be conditionally grouped into three groups:

Planning and forecasting;

Budget and tax system;

Various economic regulators.

The choice and operation of these instruments are largely determined by the political and economic structure of various states, the level of development of their economies, the peculiarities of the spatial organization of the economy, and the nature of socio-economic problems being solved at the regional level. At the same time, with all the existing differences, one can single out typical features in the approaches of different countries to the regulation of the development of territories, which makes it possible to use foreign experience in developing a strategy and mechanism for regional policy in Russia.

France. Of greatest interest is the development of forecasts, plans and programs for regional development, which is close to domestic practice, and which has developed in France. In the plans and programs developed in this country since the late 1940s, certain priority goals of regional development were put forward:

Arrangement of the Atlantic "facade" of the state;

Revival and renewal of old industrial centers;

Stimulating the development of small and medium-sized towns;

Improving public services in rural areas, etc.

However, unlike the directive planning (mandatory for execution) used in the former USSR, the five-year plans for the national economy being developed in France are of an indicative (recommendatory) nature3. To plan the national economy, 22 economic planning regions have been formed in the country, the boundaries of which are very close to the boundaries of historical provinces. Each of them has established special bodies (departmental and interdepartmental committees) designed to prepare regional development programs and control their implementation4. In turn, the economic planning regions are united into seven large economic regions: Parisian, Northern (North-Pas-de-Calais), Eastern, Lyon (Center - East), Western, Southwestern and Mediterranean.

One of the first priority regional problems, which were solved with the active support of the state, was the decentralization of the Parisian industrial agglomeration, in which approximately 1/5 of the economically active population and industrial potential of the country were concentrated, more than 2/3 of scientists, half

3 The main form of regional planning at present is the system of five-year planned contracts "state - region". The development of a planned contract is a condition for obtaining state financial support with parallel financing from its other participants. The allocated funds are distributed approximately in the following proportion: the state - 45%, regions - 42%, departments and cities - 13%. Financing objects are determined in agreement with all parties to the contracts.

4 In June 2014, French President Francois Hollande presented a project to reform the regional division of France, which includes the merger of some regions and the reduction of their total number from 22 to 14 (excluding overseas possessions). The goal of the reform was to reduce costs and save 10 billion euros over 5-10 years. It is assumed that the law on reforming the territorial division of the country will be adopted before the end of 2014. At the initial stage, the bill does not define either the names for the merged regions or the regional capitals.

engineering staff, etc. For this purpose, a system of economic incentives was used, including financial incentives (loans, loans, benefits in the acquisition of country plots for industrial enterprises, etc.)5.

At present, France has a General Plan for the Territorial Structure for the period up to 2015. The main state funds are allocated for the development of communications, education, urban economy, and for increasing the efficiency of employment. A feature of French regional policy is its focus on the concept of growth poles, according to which the French government has focused its efforts on the development of regional capitals - growth poles (centers)6.

Also, France has accumulated experience in the targeted implementation of regional innovation policy. Its conductors are the so-called “platforms of local initiative” created on the ground, which, by determining the specifics of the region or local community, select tools that allow for a more stable development of the territory. Greater autonomy in choosing a solution is achieved through local loan funds, the diversity of participants (designers, investors, experts), the separation of powers between funding bodies and management bodies, as well as self-determination of the types of supported enterprises and their specialization7.

France, as well as Europe as a whole, is characterized by interregional and intermunicipal partnership in the field of innovation policy.

5 For comparison: the Moscow agglomeration today has over 1/10 of all employed in the Russian economy, 1/5 of fixed assets, 1/4 of the GRP is created, 1/5 of the turnover of retail trade and services to the population is realized. The process of withdrawal of non-core industrial enterprises from the capital has already begun, many industries were stopped during the economic crisis of the 1990s. However, even now the problem of excessive concentration of production, population and transport remains extremely relevant for the city. In terms of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere, mainly from vehicles (over 1 million tons annually), Moscow occupies one of the first places among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

6 Andryushkevich O.A. Indicative planning in economies of various types. URL: http://kapital-rus.ru/articles/article/199716/.

7 Nazarov I.O. Features of the regional policy of France // EGO: Economics. State. Society. Electronic

magazine. 2012. No. 4.

At the same time, the participants of territorial associations coordinate their tax and social policies in relation to investors and together choose priority areas for the development of innovations.

Federal Republic of Germany. Planning of the territorial structure in Germany is carried out at different levels - at the federal level, at the level of the lands, government districts, agglomerations. Regional regulation of the national economy of Germany began in the post-war period (late 1940s - 1950s), when it became necessary to provide assistance to the territories most affected by the Second World War (L. Erhard's reforms, carried out, in particular, on American investments ). For this purpose, a state program of regional assistance to the territories was developed, which was subsequently divided into three independent programs.

Support program for areas bordering the GDR. This program was more of a political nature and was aimed at creating new infrastructure at the expense of the federal budget and the budgets of the states.

Regional Development Program. This program was aimed at supporting regions to be restored or improved (underdeveloped areas with a high level of unemployment, especially seasonal).

The program of industrialization of the main centers of economic development. This program was developed for regions located mainly in rural areas.

In recent years, in Germany, priority has been given to the development of concepts and programs for regional development, as well as the rationale for measures to stimulate the socio-economic development of certain territories, in particular, the more economically backward eastern federal lands (the former GDR) .

The system of economic incentives used in Germany includes various types of investment subsidies, preferential loans, tax incentives, especially for medium and small businesses, etc. Moreover, in the east of the country, these benefits are noticeably higher than those provided in the western lands8.

8 This practice of differentiating the various types of benefits provided by the state is quite acceptable in Russia, primarily in relation to regions with harsh natural conditions located in the east and north of the country.

Italy. The regional policy of Italy is largely determined by the existing disproportions in the socio-economic development of the north and south of the country. The North accounts for 3/5 of the territory and 2/3 of the population of the state, 4/5 of the total industrial production is concentrated here and 3/4 of the GDP is created. The south has historically retained the features of a backward, predominantly agrarian region. It has worse conditions for economic growth and has fewer financial resources. The south of Italy accounts for 2/3 of all the unemployed in the country; it has become almost the main center of population migration in Western Europe9.

As a result, Italy's regional policy is based on the economic recovery of the southern territories, including Sicily and Sardinia10. The beginning of a regional policy towards the Italian South was laid in the 1950s, when the Southern Development Program was developed and the Fund for Assistance to the South (the main source of subsidizing the planned projects) was created, and a system of various benefits began to be applied to attract state and private capital. At the same time, agrarian reform began there.

At the first stage of the program implementation, priority attention was given to the creation of infrastructure facilities - highways, power lines, gas pipelines, water supply and irrigation systems. At the second stage, the industrialization of the South was carried out, new enterprises were created, primarily in the metallurgical, oil refining, petrochemical and chemical industries.

In the 1980s-1990s. regional policy in southern Italy began to acquire some new features. The implementation of emergency measures was terminated, the Aid Fund closed its activities

9 In Russia, an analogue of the southern provinces of Italy in many parameters of socio-economic development can be the economic zone of the North with its characteristic unfavorable climatic conditions, a low level of development of transport infrastructure, and noticeably less investment resources than in Central Russia, which hinders economic development. The unemployment rate here is also higher than the national average, and the migration outflow of the population to other regions of the country is the highest.

10 Ryabova S.G., Dolgova E.V. Foreign experience in the formation and implementation of regional policy // Problems and mechanisms of sustainable socio-economic development of the territory. Electronic scientific journal. 2012. No. 1.

South. Along with funds from the state budget, private capital began to be attracted more widely. More attention has been paid to the development of small and medium-sized businesses.

Despite the efforts made by the state, the South is still inferior to the North both in terms of production and consumption. At the same time, thanks to the efforts of the state, a modern factory industry arose here, the importance of the tertiary sector of the economy increased, the share of agriculture decreased and at the same time the role of industry increased, a diverse infrastructure for recreational purposes was created, and the outflow of the population decreased.

USA. Unlike European countries, where state regulation of regional development, as a rule, extends to the entire territory, regional policy in the United States is targeted and aimed at solving local regional problems, often covering the territory of several states11.

A classic example of state regulation of the economic development of a problematic region was the project for the integrated development of the river basin. Tennessee in the southeast of the country. Here, in 1933, the state corporation Tennesse Valley Authority (Tennessee Valley Administration, hereinafter referred to as the corporation) was established by a special law, which became the largest economic state organization in the United States.

During the existence of the corporation on the river. Tennessee and its tributaries were built three dozen dams, a cascade of hydroelectric power stations. Today, the corporation's energy system, which also includes thermal and nuclear power plants built in the region, is the largest in the United States and ranks 10th in the world. The development of the energy sector stimulated the attraction of energy-intensive industries and high-tech industries to the region, and contributed to the accelerated growth of the economy and the social sphere. The Corporation renders all possible assistance to the development of private business. Its influence extends to the economy of 12 states. In the 1990s The corporation's revenues amounted to several billion dollars a year.

11 Plisetsky E.L. Regional economy: textbook. allowance. Moscow: KnoRus. 2013. 272 ​​p.

12 Similar projects for the use of the hydropower potential of rivers for the economic development of regions

countries were implemented in the former USSR: construction in

The organizational and legal basis of the regional policy in the United States was a series of laws adopted back in the 1960s-1970s:

the Law on Public Works and Economic Development (1965), which determined the main features of the allocation of backward (underdeveloped) and depressed regions, as well as the procedure for implementing incentive programs;

The law on the establishment of the Appalachian Regional Commission (1965), which ensured the program-targeted development of a region of the country with an area of ​​​​more than 300 thousand km2 with a population of more than 20 million people, covering the territory of 13 states (partially coinciding with the area of ​​activity of the corporation);

The Law on Intergovernmental Cooperation (1968), which regulates the distribution of powers for regional regulation between federal authorities, states and local governments, etc. During this period, the intervention of the federal government in the sphere of socio-economic development expanded, the share of federal budget funds allocated to to help state and local governments. At the present stage, regional policy in

The United States is characterized by increased decentralization in economic management and limited government intervention in business activities. At the same time, local authorities (districts, municipalities) are playing an increasingly active role in solving economic issues, having real financial possibilities for this.

Canada. The experience of Canada's state regional policy in

1930s Dnieper HPP cascade (6 stations), in the 1940s-1960s. - Volga-Kama cascade (12 stations), in 1950-1980s. - Angara-Yenisei cascade (5 HPPs) and the creation on its basis of large territorial-industrial complexes, including energy-intensive production of non-ferrous metallurgy, pulp and paper, chemical industries, etc.

13 In contrast to the United States, the financial and budgetary system in Russia is structured in such a way that most of the taxes collected are directed to the federal budget and then redistributed to the regions (and further to municipalities). At the same time, a significant part of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is not able to ensure the balance of their budgets at the expense of collected local taxes, i.e. compliance of spending powers with revenue powers neither at the regional nor at the municipal level.

regarding the development of the natural resources of the North and support for the indigenous peoples living here, given that 2/3 of the territory of Russia belongs to the economic zone of the North. So, in the 1960s. in Canada, special programs for the development of northern territories were adopted and implemented (programs "Facing the North", "Road to Resources", etc.). Here the concept of creation and development of northern cities as centers of economic activity of the entire adjacent territory found its embodiment. Investments of the federal government in the industrial and social infrastructure of such cities sometimes amount to 75% of the total investment in the development of a particular field.

The economic policy pursued by the authorities of Canada and the United States in relation to the northern territories has acquired the form of protectionism: it is aimed at all-round support and increasing the competitiveness of local entrepreneurs. The state provides direct financial assistance in the implementation of the most capital-intensive projects in the North (in road construction, construction of energy facilities and other communications, in the creation of mining enterprises) or indirectly supports entrepreneurship by allocating funds for research and design work, as well as for implementation of social, environmental and other programs14.

Of undoubted interest for the practice of strategic planning and forecasting of the distribution of Russia's productive forces in a market economy is the experience of the regional policy of Asian states - Japan, China and India.

Japan. State regulation of regional development in Japan is directly related to indicative planning, in which a large role is played by

14 Further development of natural resources and especially energy resources of the North and the Arctic shelf should be considered as an important strategic direction for the development of the Russian economy. To solve the problems of socio-economic development of the northern territories, create transport and other infrastructure, attract qualified personnel, it is necessary to maintain state protectionism of entrepreneurial activity in the North, improve the system of state guarantees and compensations, taking into account the specifics of managing in harsh natural and climatic conditions, etc. . .

close interaction between the state and private business. Plans for socio-economic development, regularly adopted since the 1950s, are, in fact, state programs that orient and mobilize individual sectors of the economy to fulfill national tasks.

With the adoption of each new plan, its regional aspect was strengthened. Thus, the Industrial Location Plan (1961-1970) provided for limiting the concentration of industry in the agglomerations of Tokyo-Yokohama, Nagoya-Yokkaichi, Osaka-Kobe and the creation of new industrial centers in the underdeveloped regions of Hokkaido, etc. In the plan for 1967-1971. priority was given to the accelerated development of infrastructure in more backward regions. In subsequent plans, the tasks of a more rational distribution of productive forces and population throughout the country, as well as dispersal of the administrative functions of state institutions, etc., were set.

Various methods are used to implement regional policy in Japan: central government subsidies to local governments for the construction of industrial and social infrastructure facilities (most often roads and port facilities), government loans to speed up the construction of important industrial facilities, and the provision of tax incentives to companies that create production facilities in developing regions, etc.

Distinctive features of Japan's regional policy are:

Firstly, a pronounced legislative principle in matters of regional development and distribution of productive forces (none of the Western countries has such a set of laws that reflect almost all aspects of regional planning);

Secondly, the lack of a system of subsidizing private investment, which is widespread in Western Europe, the USA and Canada;

Thirdly, the paramount attention to the development of infrastructure as a strategic direction of Japanese industrialization, associated with an increase in exports;

Fourthly, the inclusion of plans for territorial development in the national plans for the socio-economic development of the country,

contributing to the regulation of regional proportions of the national economy15. China. For China, with its vast territory, like Russia, and significant differences in natural, socio-economic, ethno-cultural and other conditions, regional policy has always been of particular value. Therefore, ministries and departments dealing with problems of regional development (the State Planning Committee, the State Economic Committee, the State Committee for Nationalities, etc.) work within the State Council (government).

For the purposes of regional policy, the country is divided into three economic zones:

Eastern (seaside) zone, the most economically and socially developed part of the country with large-scale heavy and light industry, intensive agriculture and a dense transport network;

Central zone;

The western zone, the largest in terms of territory, but also the most backward in terms of economic development, is predominantly agrarian16. Along with economic zones in China,

since the late 1950s began to allocate more fractional economic regions (macro-regions). There are six of them in total: North-Eastern, Northern, Eastern, Central-South, North-Western and South-Western17.

15 In Russia, the legislative framework for state management of regional development is also being improved. A new Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated June 28, 2014 No. 172-FZ “On Strategic Planning in the Russian Federation” was adopted, which lays the legal foundations for forecasting, planning, programming and monitoring the socio-economic development of the country, its regions (subjects of the Russian Federation) and municipalities in medium and long term.

16 The economic zoning of the country's territory was typical of the former USSR, where three macroeconomic zones were distinguished: Western (European part), Eastern (Siberia and the Far East) and Southeastern (Kazakhstan and the republics of Central Asia). In addition, the economic zone of the North was singled out (with subdivision into subzones of the Near and Far North). This division was used in forecasting the development and distribution of the country's productive forces in order to identify the macroeconomic proportions of the national economy. The allocation of macroeconomic zones (Western, Eastern and North) has been preserved in modern Russia.

17 In the Russian Federation, modern federal districts should be considered as analogues.

The main efforts of the PRC authorities in the field of regional policy are aimed at the development and implementation of specific regional plans and programs (usually within the framework of national development programs) in order to:

Ensuring balanced development of various regions of the country;

Birth control (it is allowed to have no more than one child in the country);

Better use of local natural resources;

Activation of local initiatives, etc. One of the important features of this policy is that it is implemented in stages. The first stage of regional policy coincided with the economic reforms of the 1980s and 1990s. At this stage, priority was given to the Eastern Economic Zone. As a result, this territory, with its powerful industrial and infrastructural potential, has turned into a kind of locomotive, pulling the entire Chinese economy to new frontiers. At the same time, a significant separation of it from other zones was indicated. That is why since the late 1990s. there is a transition to the second stage, focused on the accelerated development of the Central zone using administrative and economic measures. At the beginning of the XXI century. apparently, the third stage is also approaching - the time of development of the most lagging Western zone.

An integral part of China's regional policy is the creation of administrative and economic entities with preferential regimes - special or free economic zones (Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong, Xiamen in Fujian, Hainan in the province of the same name, etc.), which in many ways, if not first of all, contributed to the rise of the Eastern Economic Zone, and ultimately the entire Chinese economy. The main function of free economic zones (FEZs) is the all-round attraction and use of foreign capital, which receives a number of benefits within them, primarily tax benefits. Enterprises located in the FEZ are exempted from paying customs duties for the import of production equipment, raw materials, spare parts, vehicles, etc. Similarly, export goods produced by enterprises are exempted from customs duties, except for those whose export is restricted.

India. Among the developing countries, India has the richest experience in economic planning and management. However, unlike China, where until the 1990s. the public sector played a decisive role in regulating economic development; in India, along with the state, private national and foreign capital actively participated in the implementation of regional policy.

India, like Russia, is characterized by a significant unevenness in the socio-economic development of individual territories. Therefore, the priority directions of the regional policy of the state in recent decades have become:

Development of the most backward territories in the interior parts of the country, where small-scale agricultural production predominates, with the survivals of feudalism preserved;

Decentralization of the largest industrial and port centers (Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai), in which about 70% of the country's industry is concentrated;

Placement of industrial enterprises outside metropolitan areas;

Creation of so-called "corridors of growth" - transport routes from coastal to central regions, to which many industrial new buildings gravitate, etc. The main link in regional development

India, which is a federal state, is the states created in the 1950s. mainly according to the national-ethnic principle (currently there are 28 states and 7 union territories in the country).

On the one hand, the states have great potential for independent economic development. Their competence includes:

Carrying out agrarian reforms;

Use of land, water and forest resources;

Development of small and medium industry. On the other hand, parochial tendencies are manifested in the activities of regional ethnic elites, which ultimately leads to a certain autarky and damages the development of the entire country and its individual parts.

Common shortcomings of regional policy in developing countries include:

Lack of a comprehensively developed strategy for regional socio-economic development;

Low quality of calculations and justifications for regional projects and programs (weak connection between sectoral and regional approaches, etc.), lack of public funds for their implementation;

Lack of coordination between departments and organizations responsible for regional policy, as well as between central and local authorities;

Poorly trained personnel, preservation of the remnants of the patriarchal-tribal system;

Poor knowledge of the national territory, inaccuracy of regional statistics, etc. As already noted, the economic mechanism of regional policy includes, along with the planning and development of targeted programs for regional development, such tools as the fiscal system and various economic regulators.

The use of the fiscal system as an economic instrument of regional policy provides for:

Financing from the state budget of various regional programs (targeted transfers);

Redistribution of budgetary funds between regions;

Establishment of tax incentives for certain regions and types of entrepreneurial activity, and sometimes complete exemption from them for a certain period, etc.

In the US, for example, federal transfers provide up to 90% of the cost of building highways linking individual states. In the still poorly developed northern territories of Canada, owners of new (in particular, mining) enterprises are completely exempt from income tax for the first three years and enjoy preferential property taxation. In China, when creating free economic zones, preferential taxation, exemption from customs duties and other benefits are used to attract foreign investment. In Germany and France, the practice of redistributing budgetary funds from regions with a higher level of income (donor regions) to poorer (subsidized) territories, etc., has become widespread.

Other economic regulators of regional development, widely used abroad, include:

Preferential lending and subsidizing of firms that create their enterprises in problem regions;

Providing non-refundable loans for capital construction or expansion of existing enterprises;

Financial coverage of expenses related to the training of qualified personnel;

Tariff regulation (reduction of tariffs for transport, electricity, etc.);

Establishment of "northern allowances" to wages (for example, in the north of Canada), etc.

In addition to market regulators, the state also uses administrative measures, for example, bans on the location of environmentally harmful industries in cities and agglomerations with a high concentration of industry and population.

Thus, the analysis of approaches to the implementation of regional policy existing in different countries allows us to draw a number of conclusions.

In a market economy, the state continues to actively participate in the regulation of market relations, influence the development of private business in the regions, and contribute to the solution of territorial socio-economic problems. To do this, it uses economic methods and administrative measures.

In indicative planning and development of targeted programs, as a rule, the following are determined:

Priority areas related to changes in the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy;

Regional problems that require the concentration of joint efforts of the state and regional authorities for their successful solution, including organizational issues and funding.

To finance investment projects within the framework of the implementation of priority areas of regional development, along with the allocation of public funds, private capital is widely attracted. Therefore, one of the important instruments of regional policy is public-private partnership.

Many of the identified approaches and tools of regional policy used abroad have already found application in the domestic practice of managing regional development. However, so far it has not been possible

solve a number of significant problems for the Russian economy, which are:

In reducing the territorial disproportions of the national economy that have accumulated over decades;

In the development of an understandable economic policy in relation to the remote northern and eastern territories of the country, which are experiencing an acute shortage of labor resources;

In the development of a clear and interconnected system of strategic and territorial planning, which would allow coordinating the interests of the state and regions (the relevant Federal Law “On Strategic Planning in the Russian Federation” No. 172-FZ was adopted only on 06/28/2014), etc.

To solve all these problems within the framework of a targeted regional policy, one should rely more widely on foreign experience.

Domestic practice of supporting regional development. The Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 202018 (hereinafter - the Concept) emphasizes that the state regional policy should be aimed at ensuring a balanced socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, reducing the level of interregional differentiation in the socio-economic state of the regions and the quality life. At the same time, balanced territorial development means the creation of conditions that allow each region to have the necessary and sufficient resources to ensure decent living conditions for citizens, comprehensive development and increase the competitiveness of the economy.

Along with the state regional policy implemented at the federal level, the subjects of the Russian Federation develop and implement their own territorial policy aimed at mobilizing internal resources, increasing the competitiveness of their economies and providing the necessary living conditions for the population. The purpose of such a policy is to find a compromise between the interests of the region and the municipalities operating in it.

18 On approval of the Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020: Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation

dated 11/17/2008 No. 1662-r.

The differences between the regional policy of the state and the territorial policy of the subjects of the Russian Federation are primarily in the scale of the problems being solved and the sources of funding. However, it should be noted that there is still no clear distribution of powers and functions for the development and implementation of state regional policy between governments at the federal and regional levels. The current legislation in the field of regional development regulates only certain aspects of regional policy, without revealing its essence and implementation procedure19. The federal law on regional policy in the Russian Federation has not yet been adopted, and the current Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 03.06.1996 No. 184-FZ “On the general principles of regional policy in the Russian Federation” has lost its relevance and does not fully address the issues of its formation and implementation .

The existing methods and tools of state support for the development of territories do not give the expected results due to the fact that they are applied non-systemically, without proper scientific justification. Support for some subjects of the Russian Federation is carried out without taking into account the interests of other regions, which exacerbates the territorial differentiation of their socio-economic development.

The solution of complex and diverse regional problems should be based on a scientific substantiation of the prospects and priorities for the development of the subjects of the Russian Federation, which involves a comprehensive analysis of their socio-economic situation (regional diagnostics), the allocation of various types of territories on this basis and forecasting (taking into account the identified priorities) their further development . This makes it possible to use a specific set of economic regulators for each of the identified types in the formation of regional policy, taking into account the specifics of the prerequisites and conditions for their development, as well as the nature of economic processes in the respective territories.

The criteria that can be used as the basis for such a classification of regions include:

Achieved level of socio-economic development (it is reflected in the general indicator of GRP per capita);

19Doctrine of regional development of the Russian Federation: layout project: monograph. M.: Scientific expert. 2009. 256 p.

Features of the geographical location and natural conditions;

Resource preconditions (including assessment of natural resource, labor potential, accumulated fixed assets);

Provision of social and market infrastructure;

The state of the environment, etc.

It is possible to single out at least five groups of regions that should be considered as special objects of regional policy20.

The first group is favorable regions. To

this group includes territories that have favorable natural, geographical and economic prerequisites for turning into zones of accelerated development of the post-industrial economy, which, among other things, perform the functions of Russia's active inclusion in the world market (largest urban agglomerations, special economic zones, technopolises, etc.) . Examples of such regions and centers are Moscow and Moscow region, St. Petersburg, Leningrad, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara regions, the Republic of Tatarstan, Perm region, Sverdlovsk, Omsk, Novosibirsk regions and some others.

In relation to these regions, state support should be aimed primarily at enhancing scientific, educational and entrepreneurial activities. They should be considered as “growth poles” of the Russian economy, capable of becoming leaders in the structural transformations and innovative development taking place in it. Investments attracted to these regions should be directed primarily to scientific, technical and educational infrastructure and science-intensive industries.

The second group is the supporting regions. This group includes the so-called "supporting regions", which include the old industrial and raw material areas of the country. Old industrial areas are characterized by historically established industrial development with a predominance of heavy industries, and raw materials areas specialize in the extraction and primary processing of natural raw materials and have a pronounced

20 This typology is close to the classification of regions used by the Ministry of Regional Development of Russia. See: Typology of socio-economic development of subjects of the Russian Federation. URL: http://www. minregion.ru.

female export orientation. These include: the Republic of Komi, Yaroslavl, Rostov, Lipetsk, Chelyabinsk, Kemerovo, Irkutsk, Sakhalin regions, Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs, Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), etc.

The old industrial regions are currently experiencing a structural crisis, the causes of which are outdated technologies, the low market competitiveness of many enterprises, the shortage of qualified personnel, the lack of funds for the renewal of production, etc. This, in turn, negatively affects the state of the social sphere and the standard of living of the population.

The state regional policy in the pivotal regions should in every possible way promote the modernization of production, increase its efficiency and competitiveness, attract capital to the production sector, primarily in the manufacturing industry with high and resource-saving technologies. An important task is also the ecological improvement of large industrial centers and areas with a high concentration of hazardous industries.

The third group - depressed regions. This group, currently the most numerous, is represented by depressed regions, which have experienced a deep economic decline in their core industries over the past 15-20 years. They noticeably lag behind the average Russian indicators in terms of socio-economic development and still do not fully use their internal resources (natural, labor, material) to overcome such a lag. As a rule, these are regions with a backward material base, a poorly diversified economy, a shortage of labor resources, high unemployment, and a low standard of living for the population. These include, in particular, the republics of the North Caucasus, the republics of Mari El, Mordovia, Chuvashia, Kalmykia, Altai, Tyva, Buryatia, Pskov, Bryansk, Tver, Ivanovo, Tambov, Ulyanovsk, Kurgan, Magadan regions, Trans-Baikal and Kamchatka regions and others

Regional policy in relation to depressed areas should provide for a set of measures of state support, including financial support, aimed at structural transformations in the economy, the creation of new jobs, and the outstripping development of production

and social infrastructures, stimulating the activity of medium and small businesses. At the same time, it is necessary to increase the interest of local authorities in the fuller and more efficient use of their own economic potential, the improvement of the investment climate, and the growth of private investment.

The fourth group is new territories. This group includes territories of new (mainly focal) economic development, which have a huge natural resource potential and are located mainly in the north and east of the country. These regions are located at a considerable distance from industrial centers of raw materials processing, are characterized by low population density and extreme natural and climatic conditions, which leads to a significant increase in the cost of production of final products, capital construction, transportation of goods, and social services. The development of such territories especially needs comprehensive state support (as evidenced by the foreign experience of Canada and the United States). Federal targeted programs serve as the most important form of its implementation.

There are also special regions that are characterized by a difficult political situation, acute socio-economic and environmental problems, devastating consequences of man-made disasters, etc. With regard to these territories, the development and adoption of special measures to regulate regional development are required, which can combine financial and economic instruments with administrative actions.

Thus, the analysis of foreign and domestic experience in the implementation of the state regional policy shows that already at the stage of developing strategic planning documents, it is important to determine the priorities for the socio-economic development of individual territories, taking into account the specifics of natural conditions, the current demographic situation and the accumulated economic potential. Based on this, the most effective measures and mechanisms of state support for regional development should be proposed.

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Regional economics: theory and practice Region development strategy

ISSN 2311-8733 (Online) ISSN 2073-1477 (Print)

FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC EXPERIENCE OF STATE SUPPORT OF DEVELOPMENT OF TERRITORIES

Evgenii L. PLISETSKII

Importance In a federal State-building and significant spatial differences in the economy and the living standards of the population of Russia, the regional policy aimed at supporting socio-economic development of the territories is very important. But the lack of effectiveness of this support explains the relevance of studying international experience of regional policy, which can be used in addressing the relevant problems in Russia. Objectives The aim of this study is to examine the approaches existing in different countries to the implementation of regional policy, including the choice of priorities and support to regional development from the perspective of a possible application in Russia. Methods The study is based on the methods of a comparative analysis and systematization. Results The analysis suggests that many of the approaches and instruments of regional policy, used abroad, have found application in the management of regional development in Russia. However, to date, there is no solution to a number of significant problems of the Russian economy: no reduction of the accumulated

territorial imbalances of the national economy over decades; no clear economic policies with respect to remote northern and eastern areas of the country experiencing an acute shortage of manpower; no clear and consistent policy and spatial planning system that would reconcile the interests of the State and regions, etc. In addressing all these issues in the framework of targeted regional policy should increasingly rely on foreign experience.

Application The material of the article is addressed to professionals in the field of development management of territories and can also be used in the learning process when examining the subject of "Regional Economy".

Keywords: territory, region, State regional policy, priorities, regional development, economic mechanism, regional policy, typology, objects

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Evgenii L. PLISETSKII

Financial University under Government of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation [email protected]

The article was prepared using the results of the research work carried out at the expense of the State budget within the framework of the State job to the Financial University for 2014 on "Directions of improvement of the State support of the priorities of socio-economic development of the regions of Russia".