11/13/2017 Despite the originality and uniqueness of the Russian people, during its long history it has been influenced by representatives of other nations and cultures. Together with foreigners, new trends came to us, which changed the lifestyle of Russians beyond recognition.

English

Russian Anglomania dates back to the era of Ivan the Terrible, when a royal expedition led by Richard Chancellor first visited Muscovy. From that time on, English merchants, jewelers, pharmacists, carpenters, and architects appeared in Russia. Boris Godunov, the “patter of the British,” encouraged his subjects in every possible way to adopt the European lifestyle popularized by the British.

Domestic Anglomania was especially strong in the Victorian era, when Russian aristocrats tried to imitate English gentlemen, instilling in themselves their impeccable taste, deliberate stiffness and emphasized politeness. Women read English novels and preferred to wear elegant dresses, tailored according to the best examples of British style.

Separately, it must be said about the English language, which began to gain popularity in Russia in the first third of the 19th century with an increase in the number of teachers and governesses invited from Foggy Albion. Today, according to sociologists, about 57% of Russians have at least a basic level of English.

England is the country with the highest quality education. It is no coincidence that representatives of the Russian elites, both in tsarist and post-Soviet times, preferred to send their children to study at British universities. The most respectable and wealthy part of our compatriots most often leaves for England. According to the survey, today 67 thousand inhabitants of the British Isles consider Russian as the language of communication.

Germans

Dostoevsky rather categorically stated: "One must especially get used to the German, and out of habit it is very difficult to endure it in large masses." But the Russians had time not only to get used to, but also to adopt some of the features of the German character. Thanks to the dynastic marriages of the Romanovs, our elite was gradually subjected to Germanization. Following the persons of noble families from Germany, “catchers of glory and ranks” were drawn to Russia, and after 1762, thousands of Germans, following the manifesto of Catherine II, enthusiastically began to explore the Russian expanses.

And soon the German regularity and organization gave amazing results on Russian soil. German drill came to the Russian army, practicality to entrepreneurship, a system to science, and love of order to everyday life. But we also adopted the not entirely pleasant side of the German way of life - the bureaucracy, from the excesses of which we cannot get rid of to this day.

Russian art and Russian thought of the 19th century cannot be perceived without the influence of German philosophy, literature, painting and music. And at the end of the 20th century, we already, as ordinary people, admire cars, sportswear and household appliances made in Germany. The Russian stomach was close to the food of the burghers - bread, potatoes, sausages and beer, and the Russian body - the cult of a healthy lifestyle of the Germans.

French people

The fashion for everything French comes to Russia from the end of the 18th century, and from the beginning of the next century, the French language for the Russian aristocracy becomes the second native language. Petersburg is filled with teachers of French and dances, milliners and tutors discharged from Paris. “My body was born in Russia, it is true; however, my spirit belonged to the French crown,” we find such words in Fonvizin’s Brigadier.

The golden age of the Russian nobility, which began under Catherine the Great and ended with the death of Alexander I, coincided with the heyday of France, which inevitably made the life of secular Paris a role model in Russia: French architecture, fashion, poetry, painting, ballet gave rise to a new and stable cultural background. As the memoirist Philip Vigel wrote, “Soon, in the most remote provinces, every poor man, even a landowner, began to have his own marquis.”

Russian cuisine has not escaped French influence either. It was French cooking that instilled in her the combination of products, the grinding of ingredients and the exact dosages in recipes. The French also introduced the Russians to kitchen appliances: a meat grinder, a slotted spoon and a colander. Together with French chefs, many French dishes appear in Russia - cutlets, omelettes, langets and mousses. What is the salad "Olivier" and the cake "Napoleon" worth.

Americans

To influence Russian culture, Americans did not have to personally come to Russia. The era of "Americanization" of our country coincided with the emancipation of the media and the film industry, which was subsequently helped by the Internet. We casually drink cola and a hamburger, wear jeans and sneakers, get addicted to computer games and gadgets, and even think about democracy: all this in the American way.

The first signs of the American way of life came to us in the 30s along with jazz, in the 50s we became interested in the subculture "dudes" and rock and roll, in the 70s black marketers and hippies became a popular phenomenon in the USSR, and in the 80s American cinema came to us thoroughly and for a long time. In the 1990s, after the fall of the Iron Curtain, an unrestrained stream of American mass culture hit Russia, which, in a society squeezed in the grip of the socialist system, turned out to be like a gulp of intoxicating freedom.

Today, even in the context of a new Cold War with the United States and growing anti-American sentiment, a significant part of Russian society does not intend to abandon transatlantic ideals. The propaganda of success, the cult of money and the alluring ideals of glamour, have already eradicated the remnants of the traditional Russian mentality from many. Life under the Stars and Stripes continues to be a cherished dream for such people.

Despite the originality and uniqueness of the Russian people, during its long history it has been influenced by representatives of other nations and cultures. Together with foreigners, new trends came to us, which changed the lifestyle of Russians beyond recognition.

English

Russian Anglomania dates back to the era of Ivan the Terrible, when a royal expedition led by Richard Chancellor first visited Muscovy. From that time on, English merchants, jewelers, pharmacists, carpenters, and architects appeared in Russia. Boris Godunov, the “patter of the British,” encouraged his subjects in every possible way to adopt the European lifestyle popularized by the British.

Domestic Anglomania was especially strong in the Victorian era, when Russian aristocrats tried to imitate English gentlemen, instilling in themselves their impeccable taste, deliberate stiffness and emphasized politeness. Women read English novels and preferred to wear elegant dresses, tailored according to the best examples of British style.

Separately, it must be said about the English language, which began to gain popularity in Russia in the first third of the 19th century with an increase in the number of teachers and governesses invited from Foggy Albion. Today, according to sociologists, about 57% of Russians have at least a basic level of English.

England is the country with the highest quality education. It is no coincidence that representatives of the Russian elites, both in tsarist and post-Soviet times, preferred to send their children to study at British universities. The most respectable and wealthy part of our compatriots most often leaves for England. According to the survey, today 67 thousand inhabitants of the British Isles consider Russian as the language of communication.

Dostoevsky rather categorically stated: "One must especially get used to the German, and out of habit it is very difficult to endure it in large masses." But the Russians had time not only to get used to, but also to adopt some of the features of the German character. Thanks to the dynastic marriages of the Romanovs, our elite was gradually subjected to Germanization. Following the persons of noble families from Germany, “catchers of glory and ranks” were drawn to Russia, and after 1762, thousands of Germans, following the manifesto of Catherine II, enthusiastically began to explore the Russian expanses.

And soon the German regularity and organization gave amazing results on Russian soil. German drill came to the Russian army, practicality to business, a system to science, and love of order to everyday life. But we also adopted the not entirely pleasant side of the German way of life - the bureaucracy, from the excesses of which we cannot get rid of to this day.

Russian art and Russian thought of the 19th century cannot be perceived without the influence of German philosophy, literature, painting and music. And at the end of the 20th century, we already, as ordinary people, admire cars, sportswear and household appliances made in Germany. The Russian stomach was close to the food of the burghers - bread, potatoes, sausages and beer, and the Russian body - the cult of a healthy lifestyle of the Germans.

French people

The fashion for everything French comes to Russia from the end of the 18th century, and from the beginning of the next century, the French language for the Russian aristocracy becomes the second native language. Petersburg is filled with teachers of French and dances, milliners and tutors discharged from Paris. “My body was born in Russia, it is true; however, my spirit belonged to the French crown,” we find such words in Fonvizin’s Brigadier.

The golden age of the Russian nobility, which began under Catherine the Great and ended with the death of Alexander I, coincided with the heyday of France, which inevitably made the life of secular Paris a role model in Russia: French architecture, fashion, poetry, painting, ballet gave rise to a new and stable cultural background. As the memoirist Philip Vigel wrote, “Soon, in the most remote provinces, every poor man, even a landowner, began to have his own marquis.”

Russian cuisine has not escaped French influence either. It was French cooking that instilled in her the combination of products, the grinding of ingredients and the exact dosages in recipes. The French also introduced the Russians to kitchen appliances: a meat grinder, a slotted spoon and a colander. Together with French chefs, many French dishes appear in Russia - cutlets, omelettes, langets and mousses. What is the salad "Olivier" and the cake "Napoleon" worth.

Americans

To influence Russian culture, Americans did not have to personally come to Russia. The era of "Americanization" of our country coincided with the emancipation of the media and the film industry, which was subsequently helped by the Internet. We casually drink cola and a hamburger, wear jeans and sneakers, get addicted to computer games and gadgets, and even think about democracy: all this in the American way.

The first signs of the American way of life came to us in the 30s along with jazz, in the 50s we became interested in the subculture "dudes" and rock and roll, in the 70s black marketers and hippies became a popular phenomenon in the USSR, and in the 80s American cinema came to us thoroughly and for a long time. In the 1990s, after the fall of the Iron Curtain, an unrestrained stream of American mass culture hit Russia, which, in a society squeezed in the grip of the socialist system, turned out to be like a gulp of intoxicating freedom.

Today, even in the context of a new Cold War with the United States and growing anti-American sentiment, a significant part of Russian society does not intend to abandon transatlantic ideals. The propaganda of success, the cult of money and the alluring ideals of glamour, have already eradicated the remnants of the traditional Russian mentality from many. Life under the Stars and Stripes continues to be a cherished dream for such people.

About 200 peoples live on the territory of Russia. The history of some of them goes back to distant millennia BC. We found out which indigenous peoples of Russia are the most ancient and from whom they originated.

Slavs

There are many hypotheses about the origin of the Slavs - someone refers them to the Scythian tribes from Central Asia, someone to the mysterious Aryans, someone to the Germanic peoples. Hence the different ideas about the age of the ethnos, to which it is customary to add a couple of extra millennia “for solidity”.
The first who tried to determine the age of the Slavic people was the monk Nestor, taking the biblical tradition as a basis, he began the history of the Slavs with the Babylonian pandemonium, which divided humanity into 72 peoples: “From now 70 and 2 languages ​​were the language of Slovenesk ...”.

From the point of view of archeology, the first culture that can be called Proto-Slavic was the so-called culture of podkloshy burials, which got its name from the custom of covering cremated remains with a large vessel, in Polish “flare”, that is, “upside down”. It originated between the Vistula and the Dnieper in the 5th century BC. To some extent, we can assume that its representatives were Proto-Slavs.

Bashkirs

The Southern Urals and the adjacent steppes - the territories where the Bashkir ethnos was formed, have been an important center for the interaction of cultures since ancient times. The archaeological diversity of the region confuses researchers and writes down the question of the origin of the people in a long list of "mysteries of history".

To date, there are three main versions of the origin of the Bashkir people. The most “archaic” - Indo-Iranian says that the main element in the formation of the ethnos were the Indo-Iranian Sako-Sarmatian, Dakho-Massaget tribes of the early Iron Age (III-IV centuries BC), the place of settlement of which was the Southern Urals. According to another, Finno-Ugric version, the Bashkirs are the "siblings" of the current Hungarians, since they together descended from the Magyars and the Eni tribe (in Hungary - Eno). This is supported by the Hungarian tradition, recorded in the 13th century, about the path of the Magyars from the East to Pannonia (modern Hungary), which they did in order to seize the inheritance of Attila.

Based on medieval sources, in which Arab and Central Asian authors equate Bashkirs and Turks, a number of historians believe that these peoples are related.

According to the historian G. Kuzeev, the ancient Bashkir tribes (Burzyan, Usergan, Baylar, Surash and others) emerged on the basis of the Turkic early medieval communities in the 7th century AD and subsequently mixed with the Finno-Ugric tribes and tribal groups of Sarmatian origin. In the XIII century, nomadic Kypchakized tribes invaded Historical Bashkortostan, which formed the appearance of modern Bashkirs.

The versions of the origin of the Bashkir people are not limited to this. Fascinated by philology and archeology, public figure Salavat Gallyamov put forward a hypothesis according to which the ancestors of the Bashkirs once left ancient Mesopotamia and reached the Southern Urals through Turkmenistan. However, in the scientific community, this version is considered a "fairy tale."

Mari or Cheremis

The history of the Finno-Ugric people of the Mari begins at the beginning of the first millennium BC, along with the formation of the so-called Ananyin archaeological culture in the Volga-Kama region (VIII-II centuries BC).

Some historians identify them with the semi-legendary Fissagetes, an ancient people who, according to Herodotus, lived near the Scythian lands. Of these, the Mari subsequently stood out, settled from the right bank of the Volga to the mouths of the Sura and Tsivil.

During the early Middle Ages, they were in close interaction with the Gothic, Khazar tribes and Volga Bulgaria. The Mari were annexed to Russia in 1552, after the conquest of the Kazan Khanate.

Saami

The ancestors of the northern Saami people, the Komsa culture, came north in the Neolithic era, when these lands were freed from the glacier. The Saami ethnos, whose name is translated as "land" itself, has its roots in the carriers of the ancient Volga culture and the Dauphine Caucasoid population. The latter, known in the scientific world as the culture of reticulated ceramics, inhabited in the II-I millennium BC a wide territory from the middle Volga region to the north of Fennoscandia, including Karelia.

According to the historian I. Manyukhin, having mixed with the Volga tribes, they formed an ancient Sami historical community from three related cultures: late Kargopol in Belozerye, Kargopol and Southeast Karelia, Luukonsaari in Eastern Finland and Western Karelia, Kjelmo and "Arctic", in northern Karelia, Finland, Sweden, Norway and the Kola Peninsula.

Along with this, the Sami language arises and the physical appearance of the Lapps (the Russian designation of the Sami) is formed, which is inherent in these peoples today - short stature, wide-set blue eyes and blond hair.

Probably, the first written mention of the Saami dates back to 325 BC and is found in the ancient Greek historian Pytheas, who mentioned a certain people "Fenni" (finoi). Subsequently, Tacitus wrote about them in the 1st century AD, talking about the wild people of the Fenians living in the region of Lake Ladoga. Today, the Saami live in Russia on the territory of the Murmansk region in the status of the indigenous population.

Peoples of Dagestan

On the territory of Dagestan, where the remains of a human settlement dating back to the 6th millennium BC are found, many peoples can boast of their ancient origin. This is especially true for the peoples of the Caucasian type - the Dargins, the Laks. According to the historian V. Alekseev, the Caucasian group was formed on the same territory that it now occupies on the basis of the most ancient local population of the Late Stone Age.

Vainakhi

The Vainakh peoples, which include the Chechens (“Nokhchi”) and the Ingush (“Galgai”), as well as many peoples of Dagestan, belong to the ancient Caucasian anthropological types, as the Soviet anthropologist prof. Debets, "the most Caucasian of all Caucasians." Their roots should be sought in the Kuro-Araks archaeological culture that lived in the territory of the North Caucasus in the 4th and early 3rd millennium BC, as well as in the Maikop culture, which settled in the foothills of the North Caucasus in the same period.
Mentions of the Vainakhs in written sources are found for the first time by Strabo, who in his "Geography" mentions certain "Gargarei" living in the small foothills and plains of the Central Caucasus.

In the Middle Ages, the formation of the Vainakh peoples was strongly influenced by the state of Alania in the foothills of the North Caucasus, which fell in the 13th century under the hooves of the Mongol cavalry.

Yukagirs

The small Siberian people of the Yukaghirs ("people of the Mezloty" or "distant people") can be called the most ancient people in Russia. According to the historian A. Okladnikov, this ethnos stood out in the Stone Age, approximately in the 7th millennium BC, east of the Yenisei.

Anthropologists believe that this people, genetically isolated from their closest neighbors - the Tungus, is the oldest layer of the autochthonous population of polar Siberia. Their archaism is also evidenced by the long-preserved custom of matrilocal marriage, when, after marriage, the husband lives on the territory of his wife.

Until the 19th century, numerous Yukaghir tribes (Alai, Anaul, Kogime, Lavrentsy and others) occupied a vast territory from the Lena River to the mouth of the Anadyr River. In the 19th century, their numbers began to decline significantly as a result of epidemics and civil strife. Some of the tribes were assimilated by the Yakuts, Evens and Russians. According to the 2002 census, the number of Yukagirs was reduced to 1509 people.

HELP ME PLEASE!!! what peoples influenced the culture of the Kakzan Khan?? Twa? What was this influence? Why did the Astrakhan Khanate experience great external dependence? What did she show up in?

Answers:

The Kazan Khanate was influenced by Muscovy, the same Russia, before the colonization of Siberia, and the influence was manifested in the fact that Russia took away the territories of other fragments of the horde, and took Kazan with it. And the Astrakhan Khanate experienced great external dependence because it was surrounded by the Crimean Khanate and the Golden Horde, not a single country in the "cauldron" could withstand such tension.

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Despite the originality and uniqueness of the Russian people, during its long history it has been influenced by representatives of other nations and cultures. Together with foreigners, new trends came to us, which changed the lifestyle of Russians beyond recognition.

English

Russian Anglomania dates back to the era of Ivan the Terrible, when a royal expedition led by Richard Chancellor first visited Muscovy. From that time on, English merchants, jewelers, pharmacists, carpenters, and architects appeared in Russia. Boris Godunov, the “patter of the British,” encouraged his subjects in every possible way to adopt the European lifestyle popularized by the British.

Domestic Anglomania was especially strong in the Victorian era, when Russian aristocrats tried to imitate English gentlemen, instilling in themselves their impeccable taste, deliberate stiffness and emphasized politeness. Women read English novels and preferred to wear elegant dresses, tailored according to the best examples of British style.

Separately, it must be said about the English language, which began to gain popularity in Russia in the first third of the 19th century with an increase in the number of teachers and governesses invited from Foggy Albion. Today, according to sociologists, about 57% of Russians have at least a basic level of English.

England is the country with the highest quality education. It is no coincidence that representatives of the Russian elites, both in tsarist and post-Soviet times, preferred to send their children to study at British universities. The most respectable and wealthy part of our compatriots most often leaves for England. According to the survey, today 67 thousand inhabitants of the British Isles consider Russian as the language of communication.

Germans

Dostoevsky rather categorically stated: "One must especially get used to the German, and out of habit it is very difficult to endure it in large masses." But the Russians had time not only to get used to, but also to adopt some of the features of the German character. Thanks to the dynastic marriages of the Romanovs, our elite was gradually subjected to Germanization. Following the persons of noble families from Germany, “catchers of glory and ranks” were drawn to Russia, and after 1762, thousands of Germans, following the manifesto of Catherine II, enthusiastically began to explore the Russian expanses.

And soon the German regularity and organization gave amazing results on Russian soil. German drill came to the Russian army, practicality to business, a system to science, and love of order to everyday life. But we also adopted the not entirely pleasant side of the German way of life - the bureaucracy, from the excesses of which we cannot get rid of to this day.

Russian art and Russian thought of the 19th century cannot be perceived without the influence of German philosophy, literature, painting and music. And at the end of the 20th century, we already, as ordinary people, admire cars, sportswear and household appliances made in Germany. The Russian stomach was close to the food of the burghers - bread, potatoes, sausages and beer, and the Russian body - the cult of a healthy lifestyle of the Germans.

French people

The fashion for everything French comes to Russia from the end of the 18th century, and from the beginning of the next century, the French language for the Russian aristocracy becomes the second native language. Petersburg is filled with teachers of French and dances, milliners and tutors discharged from Paris. “My body was born in Russia, it is true; however, my spirit belonged to the French crown,” we find such words in Fonvizin’s Brigadier.

The golden age of the Russian nobility, which began under Catherine the Great and ended with the death of Alexander I, coincided with the heyday of France, which inevitably made the life of secular Paris a role model in Russia: French architecture, fashion, poetry, painting, ballet gave rise to a new and stable cultural background. As the memoirist Philip Vigel wrote, “Soon, in the most remote provinces, every poor man, even a landowner, began to have his own marquis.”

Russian cuisine has not escaped French influence either. It was French cooking that instilled in her the combination of products, the grinding of ingredients and the exact dosages in recipes. The French also introduced the Russians to kitchen appliances: a meat grinder, a slotted spoon and a colander. Together with French chefs, many French dishes appear in Russia - cutlets, omelettes, langets and mousses. What is the salad "Olivier" and the cake "Napoleon" worth.

Americans

To influence Russian culture, Americans did not have to personally come to Russia. The era of "Americanization" of our country coincided with the emancipation of the media and the film industry, which was subsequently helped by the Internet. We casually drink cola and a hamburger, wear jeans and sneakers, get addicted to computer games and gadgets, and even think about democracy: all this in the American way.

The first signs of the American way of life came to us in the 30s along with jazz, in the 50s we became interested in the subculture "dudes" and rock and roll, in the 70s black marketers and hippies became a popular phenomenon in the USSR, and in the 80s American cinema came to us thoroughly and for a long time. In the 1990s, after the fall of the Iron Curtain, an unrestrained stream of American mass culture hit Russia, which, in a society squeezed in the grip of the socialist system, turned out to be like a gulp of intoxicating freedom.

Today, even in the context of a new Cold War with the United States and growing anti-American sentiment, a significant part of Russian society does not intend to abandon transatlantic ideals. The propaganda of success, the cult of money and the alluring ideals of glamour, have already eradicated the remnants of the traditional Russian mentality from many. Life under the Stars and Stripes continues to be a cherished dream for such people.