Google Mars Virtual Map is an Internet application that is very similar to Google Earth, the map of Mars is also made on this engine. This color map of Mars is nothing but a topographic map of Mars 3d. This gives us an idea of the heights of the area. This map of Mars from Google also allows you to switch between visible and real-time infrared views. The toggle buttons are in the top right corner.
Control
In the google map of mars program, you can move up, down, left or right using the buttons indicated by arrows in the upper left corner of the screen. To zoom in and out on the Google Mars map, simply move the tool slider. It is also on the left side.
This Mars Odyssey imagery map of Mars is a mosaic of images taken from orbit.
If you're wondering why Google Mars maps are sharper in infrared, it's because clouds and dust on the planet are transparent to infrared light.
Additional features
In the search bar, you can search for objects of interest to you, for example, Mount Olympus - Olympus mons and read its description and detailed pictures. To return to the map, press "Backspace". It also provides a search for pre-selected groups: spacecraft, mountains, volcanoes, craters, canyons, etc. To do this, click on the appropriate link to the right of the Google icon.
Topographic map of Mars
Pyramids and the Face on Mars
If you don't know how to google Mars pyramids, then it's pretty easy. The Google Mars program allows you to quickly search. You can see the coordinates on Google Mars, but the search for them does not work.
Region Cydonia
Kydonia, some translate as Cydonia, is a plateau located in the northern hemisphere of the planet and is famous for the fact that the numerous hills of this region, according to the first images of the Viking 1 orbiter, resembled the Face (by the way, Google Mars allows you to see in one click), the Sphinx and pyramids.
Subsequently, more detailed images of the Mars Odyssey and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft (the Google Mars service also uses their images) showed that these hills have nothing to do with the activities of supposedly intelligent representatives of the planet, and what previously seemed like quite meaningful figures appeared in the form the usual Martian landscape. However, interest in these formations does not fade away, and therefore the pyramids on Mars, Google Mars are quite easy to find. It is enough to type Cydonia in the search bar and switch to infrared mode. Google's satellite map of Mars shows the Face and just below the pyramid. We hope that with Google Mars, you will constantly discover new discoveries for yourself.
Google Mars Pyramid coordinates are 40.75N, 9.46W. By the way, the planet Google Mars pyramid coordinates allows you to calculate quite easily, just select the object you are interested in and the necessary information of interest will appear in the drop-down menu.
Valles Marineris
The Mariner Valley is the longest and deepest canyon in the solar system. It is a companion of the highest mountain in the solar system, Mount Olympus, which is also on the red planet. This pair demonstrates what extremes can be found using google mars online. To search for a valley, it is enough to type “Valles Marineris” in the command line of the map.
Valley dimensions
The Marinera Valley is about 4000 km long and 200 km wide, in some places the depth reaches 7 km. It runs along the equator and covers almost a quarter of the planet's circumference, or 59% of its diameter. The Google Mars map shows that the Mariner Valley system is a network of interconnected ravines that start in the west, and Google shows this well. Noctis Labyrinthus or "Labyrinth of the Night" is considered the beginning of the Mariner Valley. The canyon passes through various areas of chaotic terrain (ridges, fissures, and plains mixed) before ending in the Chryse Planitia basin.
The most common theory for the formation of such a huge canyon is that it was formed by stretching a surface layer. The theory is supported by erosion and destruction of the rift wall. Rift valleys usually form between and during the formation of two mountain ranges.
Discovery history
The mighty canyon is named after NASA's Mariner 9 spacecraft, which first photographed it from close range in 1971-1972. Mariner 9 was the first spacecraft to orbit another planet, ahead of the Mars 2 and Mars 3 missions.
The Mariner Valley on Mars is the focus of many scientists because of its geological past. It indicates that Mars used to be much wetter and warmer. If you are looking for interesting places on Google Mars, then this valley is rightfully in the TOP5.
Software updates
In 2012, the Google Mars program was significantly updated. The reason for this was that by that time, as many as three orbiters were circling in the orbit of the red planet, continuously surveying the surface in various ranges and with different resolutions.
Most of the Google Mars resource is now represented by images taken by the Context Camera (CTX), which is installed on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) satellite. The Google map of Mars has a pretty good resolution - 6 meters per pixel - this is much better than most of the images of our Earth in Google Maps (about 15 meters per pixel) and significantly exceeds previous photographs of the planet.
Telescope in orbit
The newest map of Google Mars shows some parts of the surface with a resolution of 25-30 cm per pixel! This is the merit of the HiRISE camera, which is installed on the MRO satellite. The HiRISE camera is actually a telescope with a main mirror diameter of 30 cm! Despite the monstrous detail, it will take many years to fully map the planet with such a resolution, so scientists are interested in the most relevant regions of the planet and the places where the rovers work, of which there are now two (Curiosity and Opportunity).
A collection of photographs transmitted by the HiRISE camera
To view in full screen mode, use the button on the top right.
Do not forget that such bright colors of the planet are due to the fact that the camera captures part of the infrared range. Images obtained using different filters and wavelengths are necessary to identify various features of the surface and mineral deposits.
Gale Crater has received quite a bit of attention on Google Mars. The new version of Google Mars shows fresh satellite images in grayscale, so they are easy to distinguish from old ones and remember that these are not Google Mars artifacts, despite the fact that quite a lot of interesting objects were found on the Google Mars map.
Lava tubes on the surface
Quite interesting formations are collapsed lava tubes - channels that form during uneven cooling of lava that flows from the slopes of the volcano. So the virtual map of Mars allows you to watch not only well-known objects, but also quite rare geological formations. However, the Google Mars map is just high-detail images, so we recommend Google Mars maps 3D, which quite well convey the feeling of being on an alien planet. It is especially pleasing that recently it has become possible to watch Google Mars in Russian. So the Google Mars app is not only a good visualization and technology demonstration tool, but also a whole multimedia entertainment center that allows you to make exciting trips around the red planet.
3D view
The Google Mars 3D map allows you not only to explore the planet, but also to make a virtual journey, because the relief map of Mars conveys the surface of a distant planet much more realistically. In 3D mode, users can enjoy the surface of the planet from a bird's eye view, and the 3d Google Mars map allows you to virtually move to the most popular objects, view the "Face on Mars" and Mount Olympus.
This view from the Google Mars satellite was obtained using the modern NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and Mars Express orbiters, as well as from the Mars Odyssey spacecraft.
A little about the planet itself
After the Earth, practically the only place in the solar system that could shelter people. But there are many things that we have to overcome on the red planet.
Orbit
The orbit of the planet of the "god of war" in terms of eccentricity ranks second in the solar system. Only the orbit of Mercury has a greater eccentricity. At perihelion, it is at a distance of 206.6 million km from the Sun, and at aphelion, 249.2 million km. The average distance from it to the Sun (the so-called semi-major axis) is 228 million km. One rotation of Mars takes 687 Earth days. The distance to the Sun changes depending on the gravitational influence of other planets, and the eccentricity can change over time. More recently, approximately 1.350 million years ago, it had an almost circular orbit.
At its closest point, it is about 55.7 million km from Earth. The planets of maximum approach each other every 26 months. Because of the vast distance, a trip to Mars will take anywhere from 10 months to a year, depending on how much fuel we use.
The size
Mars is very small and the global topographic map of Mars shows that its area is very small. The size of Mars is only 6792 km across, which is about half the diameter, and only 10% of the mass of the Earth. The Google Satellite Map of Mars lets you view the planet as if you could stand on its surface. Mars, but unfortunately does not convey to us that we would experience only 30% of gravity on the surface of the Earth.
Seasons
Mars, like all planets in the solar system, has an axial tilt of about 25.19 degrees. This slope is similar to Earth's, so it has seasons. Martian seasons are longer than Earth's, because the year on it is almost twice as long as the Earth's year. The drastically changing distance between Mars at aphelion and perihelion means that its seasons are out of balance.
Day
One day on Mars is only a few minutes longer than on Earth. You can quickly adapt. Another advantage is that the tilt of the Martian axis is very similar to the Earth's, it is a pity that the map of Mars online from the satellite does not show this.
Conditions
But Mars has a very inhospitable environment. Its , is only 1% of the thickness of the Earth's atmosphere. It consists mainly of carbon dioxide. You will not be able to breathe in such an atmosphere. at night it can drop to -100 °C, even at the height of summer at the equator. This interactive high resolution map of Mars shows the huge polar ice caps at the planet's poles.
One of the most important problems is the planet's lack of a magnetosphere. Here on Earth, radioactive particles from space are deflected away from the surface, but there is no protection on Mars.
B in the end, I recommend watching the popular science film Mars: the underground (The Mars Underground).
Aerospace engineer and Mars Community President Robert Zubrin dreams of sending humans to the red planet in the next 10 years.
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Mars is considered a planet with unusual landscapes consisting of craters, once-flowing riverbeds, volcanoes and hardened lava, once scattered by volcanoes on Mars. Not so long ago, the surface of Mars was unknown to us and it was difficult to study it from our planet due to a number of reasons, but with the help of the Mars Odyssey apparatus, this became possible. Mars has always been the object of special attention of scientists, since it once looked like Earth and in order to avoid the same future on Earth, it is necessary to find out what happened to Mars and prevent it on Earth.
The map of Mars was created using several thousand images taken with the THEMIS camera. This camera creates images based on the analysis of the thermal radiation of the planet. After creating a huge number of images, the experts were engaged in creating a general picture of the Martian surface. The experts used various methods of combining images into one and removed the distortion associated with the special optics of the camera. 
Now the Mars-Eksperss apparatus is also operating in the orbit of Mars, which also surveys the surface of the planet. The card obtained with it will be unique. Surveying the surface of Mars is carried out using laser technology. The device sends a laser pulse to the surface of the planet, the laser pulse itself is reflected from the planet and sent back to the spacecraft. Based on the time spent on overcoming the distance from the spacecraft to the planet, a conclusion is made about the distance to the surface. This apparatus can detect slopes too small to be seen from the Earth's surface. Thus, photographing the surface is more accurate than using a simple photograph. may interfere with this method of photography, but after receiving conflicting data, scientists understand that they hit the satellite, after some time the signal is sent again.
Mars on Google Maps
A map of the planet Mars also exists in google maps. In order to view the surface of Mars using google maps, you need to install a project from google - google maps and there in the menu you need to select the item - “planet Mars” (how to do this, see
Mars- the fourth largest planet from the Sun and the seventh largest planet in the solar system; the mass of the planet is 10.7% of the mass of the Earth. Named after Mars, the ancient Roman god of war. Mars is sometimes referred to as the "red planet" because of the reddish hue of the surface given to it by iron oxide.
Mars is a terrestrial planet with a rarefied atmosphere (the pressure at the surface is 160 times less than the earth's). The features of the surface relief of Mars can be considered impact craters like those of the moon, as well as volcanoes, valleys, deserts and polar ice caps like those of the earth.
Mars has two natural satellites - Phobos and Deimos (translated from ancient Greek - " fear" and " horror”, the names of the two sons of Ares who accompanied him in battle), which are relatively small (Phobos - 26.8 × 22.4 × 18.4 km, Deimos - 15 × 12.2 × 10.4 km) and have an irregular shape.
mars map
Structure
It, like others from this group, has the same structure: core, mantle and crust, although each layer differs in thickness, depending on the planet. Mercury has an average density of 5.43 g/cm3. Earth is the only denser planet than Mercury. Mercury most likely has a liquid core composed primarily of an iron-nickel alloy. Venus has a crust that dips 10-30 km below the surface. After that, the mantle reaches a depth of about 3000 km. The planetary core is liquid, composed of an iron-nickel alloy. The average density is 5.240 g/cm3.
Height map with marks where the vehicles descended
The earth's crust is on average 30 km thick for land and 5 km for the seabed. The mantle extends to a depth of 2900 km.
The core begins at a depth of about 5100 km and consists of two separate parts: the outer core is a liquid iron-nickel alloy, and the inner core, which is a hard alloy of iron and nickel. The average density of the planet is 5.520 g/cm3. Mars is about half the diameter of Earth. The depth of the crust and mantle is not known for sure, the average density is 3.930 g/cm3.
The size
Firstly, even the online satellite map of Mars does not show how small the radius of the red planet is, which is 3.389 km. Its circumference is 21344 km. Further, its volume is 1.63 × 10 * 11 km3. And the mass, which is equal to 6.4169 × 10 * 23 kg.
For comparison, it has only 53% of the diameter and about 38% of the Earth's surface area. This is approximately equal to the area of all the continents of the Earth and the 3d map of Mars from the satellite clearly confirms this. Its volume is equal to 15% of the volume of the Earth, and its mass is 11% of the mass of the Earth. As you can see, Mars is a small world, only Mercury is smaller, but despite this, a magnified map of Mars allows you to examine its surface in detail.
Surface features
mount olympus on mars Despite its small size, it has many interesting features. The 3D satellite map of Mars allows you to enjoy the majestic spectacle of Mount Olympus, which is the highest mountain in the solar system with a height of 21.2 km from the base.
Before us is a map of Mars, the Mariner Valley is the deepest valley. Mars is home to hundreds of thousands of craters that are clearly visible on the surface, and a large relief map of Mars confirms this. A 3D map of Mars allows you to see in detail the North Polar Basin and the Hellas Basin - the largest in the solar system.
Region Cydonia
Color image of the Cydonia region There are hundreds of volcanoes on the surface of Mars. NASA's map of Mars allows some of them, thought to be the tallest mountains in the solar system, to be viewed in great detail.
An interactive map of Mars can tell a lot of interesting things, Cydonia, perhaps the most “popular” region of the planet. In this place, the most mysterious surface formations are concentrated, such as the pyramids, the “face on Mars” and the sphinx. The map of Mars shows the pyramids in detail, and you can see them in detail thanks to the numerous photographs of orbital scouts. A lot of interesting features of the surface are concealed by the map of Mars, the sphinx is one of the symbols of “aliens” or a race that existed many years ago on the planet. But the study of the application of the map of Mars from a satellite, the pyramids, like other mysteries, appear before us only as unusual features of the relief of the red planet, but not as evidence of disappeared races.
Pyramids, Sphinxes and Face
Some of the images of the surface of Mars taken in the 70s by the Viking orbiter showed that these formations resemble a face. Fans of extraterrestrial life immediately considered this a structure built by thinking life forms, but the inaccurate map of Mars was to blame for everything, the Viking made it in very low quality.
In one of the photographs, the pyramid had almost perfect symmetry. Since the pyramids were located near the "Face on Mars", they gave rise to a huge amount of speculation about their origin. These fascinating theories dissipated much later when higher resolution photographs were taken.
The famous "Face on Mars" in high quality A detailed map of Mars, satellite photos and other studies have shown that the "Face on Mars" is a hill that has a peculiar shape. Similar geological formations can be found on Earth. They are usually formed by the action of ice or weathering. There are good examples of such formations on Earth, such as the Matterhorn in Switzerland, Mount Thielsen in the USA, and the Canadian Mount Assiniboine.
The past of the planet
With a high probability, this is how the planet looked in the past Mars is currently dry and cold, but it has been determined that it was once a wet and warm world. Some instruments on the Mars Express probe returned data suggesting that ancient Mars was warm enough to support liquid water on the surface. The probe's instruments detected chemicals formed only in the presence of liquid water. In addition, there are features on the surface, which, according to scientists, were formed as a result of water erosion.
Visualization of the distant past of Mars A map of Mars in the past clearly shows what the planet might have looked like billions of years ago. Animation by amateur astronomer Kevin Gill, showing us a virtual living Mars that could have existed in its heyday. Such a complete map of Mars was created using data from the laser rangefinder installed on the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft and satellite imagery from NASA's Blue Marble Next Generation project.
Volcano Olympus This map of Mars with the oceans is not entirely accurate, the sea levels were not set from a scientific point of view, but with the expectation that the liquid would flood most of the Mariner Valley, and also form a coastline in the northern part of the planet, on the outskirts of Mount Olympus.
Flooded Mariner Valley The clouds are taken directly from the same Blue Marble project and rendered quite randomly, but they still look good. This map of Mars with water deserves another name, such as a map of Mars after colonization or a map of Mars after terraforming, but not fictional images of the planet's distant past.
One day from the past life of the planet
Methane in the atmosphere
Many people think that Mars is a dead world covered in a thin layer of iron oxide. People who thought it was a dead world were shocked when researchers found evidence of methane in the Martian atmosphere.
There are two reasons for the presence of methane in the planet's atmosphere: biological or geological. The possibility of life on the planet, an intriguing but almost impossible reason. What remains is the geological process, i.e. volcanism. A map of Mars from satellites indicates that there are not so many volcanic regions, the largest is the Tharsis plateau, on which the four largest volcanoes are located, including Olympus mons.
Tharsis region, computer model. On the right, the Labyrinth of the Night is visible, three volcanoes in the center - Mount Askriyskaya, Mount Pavlina and Mount Arsia By the way, a real-time satellite map of Mars allows you to make a virtual trip to this mountain in one click.
Methane is rapidly destroyed in the atmosphere by radiation from the Sun and the solar wind, so the source that provides the methane must be constantly active. Methane is the main component of natural gas on Earth. With a very low accuracy, the map of Mars allows you to see the content of methane in the atmosphere and its presence, therefore, for a more complete study of this gas, the Indian probe Mangalyaan rushes to the planet.
Mangalyaan (Mars Orbiter Mission) Methane is of interest to astrobiologists because organisms produce most of Earth's methane when they digest nutrients. If microscopic organisms exist, they must be deep under the planet's crust. Purely geological processes such as the oxidation of iron (remember, the planet is covered in iron oxide) also release methane.
Geology
Visual map with symbols Without plate tectonics, volcanoes on the planet have been erupting for millions of years. A detailed map of Mars reveals these massive eruptions, which explain why the entire surface is covered in basalt, rich in iron. Iron in basalt rocks interacted with the Martian atmosphere and oxidized. Iron oxide explains why the entire surface of Mars is covered in reddish dust.
Past cataclysms
Scientists believe that it was a much larger planet at the beginning of the solar system's history. The impact that created the North Polar Basin was powerful enough to knock part of the planet into space, so the planet may have lost some of its mass in the impact, a high resolution map of Mars will help you see the effects of this cataclysm.
Map of the North Pole of the planet Even the Hubble Space Telescope cannot show us all the details of the mysterious world of the red planet. However, the map of Mars in 3d, from Google, will help you explore the planet in detail. This interactive map of Mars in Russian was created from more than several thousand images taken by artificial probes. Based on data received from the Mars Odyssey, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and Mars Express of the European Space Agency, a satellite map of Mars was compiled from the Mars Odyssey satellite, the information received was the most relevant.
Mars Odyssey These spacecraft show us new details of the surface and its structure. A convenient map of Mars with names will help you unravel the mysteries of the red planet without leaving your home. Management is intuitive. By zooming in, you can see the surface in more detail. This detailed map of Mars online is one of the most interactive tools that helps not only amateurs, but also educational organizations to more clearly describe the red planet.
Hypsometric map
Hypsometric maps of both hemispheres of the surface This detailed hypsometric map of Mars is based on the data and measurements of the laser altimeter, which is installed on the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft (“Mars Global Surveyor”). On it, heights (up to 10 km) were marked in red, and maximum heights (more than 10 km) were painted in pink and white-pink. For negative heights, green and blue were used. This photo relief map of Mars well shows the phenomenon of dichotomy in the structure of the planet's surface, which consists in the fact that its northern part, on average, is slightly lower than the southern one in height. Scientists believe that many billions of years ago, the northern part of the planet, namely its lowlands, was filled with liquid, and a detailed gravitational map of Mars confirms this.
Also transmitted data from Mars Global Surveyor showed in detail the shape of the coastline. The most complete map of Mars shows us well the Hellas basin, as well as the Tharsis plateau with four giant extinct volcanoes. This map of Mars, Olympus shows near the edge of Tharsis, and the rest of the Askrian mountains are the top of the three, below are Peacock and Arsia. The map of Mars shows the valleys well, but the Mariner Valley is best seen - a tectonic fault, about 5000 km long. It should be noted that this large map of Mars was compiled by our compatriots according to the data of American interplanetary probes. Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences of the State Astronomical Institute named after P.K. Sternberg, J.F. Rodionov, the map of Mars is her direct brainchild.
Topographic designations
A high-quality, modern map of Mars, along with the new names that were assigned to landforms, according to satellite images, also uses the old mythological and geographical names that were proposed by the Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli. An accurate NASA map of Mars shows that the largest hill on the planet was named Tharsis, and a large ring depression, a depression in the south, with a diameter of more than 2000 km, was named Hellas (as Greece was called in ancient times). A modern map of Mars, a photo of the surface shows heavily cratered, and various parts of the surface are referred to as: Noah's Land, Prometheus' Land, etc. The valleys are given the names of the planet in various languages of the peoples of the Earth. If you take the Valley of Hrat, then it means “Mars” in Armenian, and the Valley of Maadim in Hebrew. There is also a detailed map of Mars, the labyrinth of the night in which is represented by the latest detailed images.
Mosaic image of the Labyrinth of the Night (Noctis Labyrinthus), image of Mars Express But as with all rules, there are exceptions - the large Mariner Valley, which was named after the successful photographing of the entire surface by the Mariner 9 spacecraft. Smaller, along the length of the valley, are called the names of the rivers of our planet. For example, Arsia is the name of a classical albedo formation. Aeria - "a distant country beyond the mists" in Greek. Pearl Bay - named after the Hindustan Peninsula, where pearls were mined in ancient times.
craters
By the way, any fairly clear map of Mars, in high resolution, shows us that the Martian craters are different from the same craters on the Moon or Mercury. The most accurate map of Mars tells us that these craters are shallower and have traces of water and wind erosion.
Holden crater, ESA image Unlike the Moon and Mercury, where there is no liquid (liquid was present on the red planet millions of years ago), no atmosphere. The largest of the craters: Huygens (its size is about 470 km and a depth of about 4 km), Schiaparelli (its size is 465 km, a depth of 2 km) and Cassini (its size is 411 km.) A 2014 satellite map of Mars indicates that some are very young Martian craters have radial ejections of soil, in those places where there was an opening of subsurface ice. It is worth noting that such splashes of soil are often found near those craters that are located in the northern regions of the planet.
Map selection
Geographic map Finally, we present to your attention a small selection. The big map of Mars undoubtedly deserves the main attention, as a physical map of Mars it is undoubtedly good. This high-resolution National Geographic map of Mars is produced by an authoritative scientific magazine that is popular in many countries around the world, so the National Geographic map of Mars is a great find for anyone interested in astronomy.
And do not forget, in order for the National Geographic creation, the map of Mars, to appear before you in the maximum size, you need to save it to your computer. It is quite easy to do this - click on the image with the left mouse button, and when it opens, in full screen mode, right-click on the image and select the menu item “save as” (save as) and save it to a convenient place for viewing.
Amateur astronomers in action
Map by Daniela Machacek This panoramic map of Mars was compiled by Czech enthusiast Daniel Machacek. He posted this beautiful result of his work on his blog. Map of Mars, objects indicate all relevant (for 2013), also shows the topography of heights. This map of Mars is quite rich in symbols - Daniel has spent quite a lot of time on a detailed compilation that does not contradict such a "monster" as NASA's map of Mars.
Mars rover Curiosity
Gale crater topography - Curiosity rover landing site, according to Mars Express satellite 
Panorama of Mount Sharp taken by Curiosity on Sol 170 (Martian day) Spacecraft operating in the orbit of the planet
Even the newest map of Mars, built from images of the MRO probe - Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter - NASA's multifunctional automatic interplanetary station, is not able to convey all the nuances of the surface with such detail. A complete exploration of Mars, a map of Mars and its detailed characteristics are being refined all the time, and with the introduction of new spacecraft into the orbit of the planet, the data is becoming more detailed. In comparison, the main camera (HiRISE) of the MRO probe is a 30-cm telescope, which gives an image resolution of about 30 centimeters per pixel, from a height of 250 km above the surface.
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter A satellite map of Mars, accurate and detailed thanks to many years of work not only by such probes as MRO and Mars Odyssey, but also by the Mars Express probe of the European Space Agency.
Mars Express A map of Mars from space is actually a cross-linking of data from all spacecraft, which makes it possible that even a large wall map of Mars will look very detailed and accurate. And using modern technology, even a map of Mars is available from home, you can watch online the entire surface of the planet without much effort.
The openness of the data allowed Google to compile a lot of data and get a modern map of Mars, in which the MRO satellite played a key role. This joint program of Google and NASA, a map of Mars, allows you to view using a regular browser, such as Google Chrome or Mozilla Firefox. So today it is possible to see a map of Mars for free without making any special efforts to search.
Mars Global Surveyor
Day surface temperature The surface temperature of the planet ranges from -65 to -120 degrees Celsius. The Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) aboard the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft made this detailed temperature map during a 500 orbital pass over the night side of the red planet.
Night surface temperature This temperature map of Mars shows the following temperature scale - white is the warmest areas of the planet, and the colder ones are respectively colored red, yellow and green, and the coldest - blue. On this map, the northern hemisphere is summer while the southern is a cold Martian winter. Near the planet's equator, small variations in nighttime temperature are associated with features of the surface material. The cold blue regions of the planet are covered with fine dust particles, while the warm regions are covered with sand and rocks.
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The red planet Mars, next after the Earth and fourth from the Sun, is perhaps the most mysterious of all objects in the solar system. It is easy to distinguish in the night sky by its characteristic reddish tint.
Mars makes one complete revolution around the Sun in about 687 days. And this is not surprising, because they are separated by 230 million kilometers! Days on Mars are only slightly different from those on Earth. There they are 24 hours 39 minutes 35 seconds.
A manned project to the red planet is still in the future, but in our time, modern rovers have explored every centimeter of its surface, thanks to which there is already a map of Mars - Google Mars (Google Mars).
Another gadget that allows you to view the surface of the planet Mars in high resolution is presented in the box below. In contrast to the version presented above, in this interactive window you can see the planet very well from all sides. The best browsers for viewing are Google Chrome, Firefox and Internet Explorer.
Google Planet Mars
(use mouse to rotate and zoom planet)
Google gives us the opportunity to see a 3D view of the surface of the red planet.
While there is no reliable information about life on Mars, but there are some sensational facts. Mars has two "moons" of its kind. These are Phobos and Deimos. Our ancestors believed in the negative that this planet carries, which is why they named it after the god of war, and the satellites - Fear and Terror. This is how the words Phobos and Deimos are translated. Both of these satellites are irregularly shaped, which is an exception in the Solar System.
Have you ever asked yourself the question: Why is Mars red? ". This shade is given to it by iron oxide (i.e. the usual "rust") contained in the Martian soil. The highest mountain in the solar system, Mount Olympus, is located on Mars. Its height is three times greater than that of Everest. But all these facts are overshadowed by one thing - there is water on Mars! True, there it is in the form of ice. Scientists have proven that once it flowed freely there in the form of rivers, etc.
The largest canyon in the solar system is also on Mars. This is the Mariner Valley. The most important reason for the absence of life on Mars is that it has no magnetic field, and therefore protection from solar radiation and asteroids.
Two-thirds of all attempts to explore Mars have failed. This is a big problem for scientists, because in order to send rovers and orbiters to the planet, you need to spend huge amounts of money. 1 kilogram of material launched there is about 309 thousand dollars! This is a big problem that hinders the exploration of the red planet. Therefore, Mars still remains for us one of the most mysterious objects in the solar system.
Appendix " Maps of Mars in 3D"offers an exciting journey through surfaces"red planet", but first, let's take a closer look at this amazing part of our solar system.
Surface structure of Mars
Mars is a representative of the terrestrial group of planets, where Mercury, Venus and Earth lead. Unlike the rest of the planets, which appear to us as gas giants, this group has a metal core and a rocky surface.
This planet, like the quadruple it is part of, consists of a liquid core, mantle and crust, but the thickness of the layers is different for each. Mercury has an average density of 5.4 g/cm³ (the Earth has a slightly higher density of 5.5 g/cm³), it has a liquid core, consisting mostly of iron and nickel. The core of Venus has a similar composition, but with a slightly lower density - 5.2 g/cm³.
The average thickness of the earth's crust of Mars is 30 km for land, and 5 km from the bottom surface at sea. The core of the planet consists of two parts: the outer one, which begins at a depth of 5100 km and consists of a molten iron + nickel alloy; and internal - having a similar chemical composition, but with a more solid structure. Surface density - 5.520 g/cm³. The red planet is half the size of Earth.
Dimensions of the planet Mars
The radius of Mars is 3.389 km, and its circumference is 21.3 thousand km. The volume is 1.63 ¹¹ km³, the mass is at around 6.41 ²⁴ kg. Compared to Earth, the Martian planet has a diameter of 53% of Earth's and a surface area of 38%. A three-dimensional map of the surface of Mars confirms that the total area of this planet is equal to the sum of the areas of all the earth's continents. Its mass is only 11% of the earth, and the volume is 15% compared to our earthly home. Mars is smaller than its relative Mercury, but its unique world attracts with its mystery, and magnifying 3d maps of Mars allow you to view it in detail.
Surface of Mars
Although Mars cannot boast of its size, however, the largest mountain in the solar system - Olympus (21.2 km), located on its surface, retains the splendor of the dignity of the planet.
Surface of Mars completely cratered, and the deepest is the Mariner Valley. Using the program, you can examine in detail all the basins of the planet and volcanoes, which are considered the largest in the solar system.
Interactive NASA maps will tell you about the most prestigious area of Mars - Cydonia, where the most mysterious formations are concentrated: "Face on Mars" and "Sphinx". Thanks to high-resolution photographs taken by orbiting reconnaissance, you will have the opportunity to get much closer to Mars. The surface formation "Sphinx" in its appearance resembles a pyramid built by an extraterrestrial civilization. Although, in fact, this and other mysteries of the red planet are nothing more than a miracle of relief.
Surface temperature of Mars from Mars Global Surveyor
The daytime surface temperature of the planet Mars ranges from -65°C to -120°C. Onboard the Mars Global Surveyor probe, a thermal emission spectrometer, transmitted a detailed temperature map of Mars.
The nighttime surface temperature describes the t scale, where the warmest places on the planet are white, and the coldest places are colored red, yellow and green, and the coldest is shown in blue.
The data was taken at the time of the passage of the device, over the night side of Mars. The map shows that the southern part of Mars is winter, while the northern part of the Martian planet is summer.
"Sphinx", "Face on Mars" and "Pyramids"
Move to:
- Mount Olympus
- Face on Mars
- Chasma Canyon
Important! Most likely, to run the application, you need to connect to the Google Earth service. Next, restart your browser.
"Face" on Mars
Numerous mountains and pyramids located on the surface of Mars have even symmetry. Photos taken in the 70s by the Viking spacecraft looked like a face, so many speculated about the existence of an extraterrestrial civilization. But, as it turned out later, the photos taken in poor quality were to blame.
One of the images was of perfect symmetry, similar to a face, which has become food for controversy among many scientists. However, all the intrigue ended when the photos were received in higher quality.
The “face on Mars” turned out to be nothing more than a hill, similar outlines of which can be observed on Earth. Such formations are often created under the influence of ice or constant wind, notable examples of this are the Assiniboine mountain in Canada, Thielsen in the USA and the Matterhorn in Switzerland.
History of Mars
Mars was once warm and humid, but now it is a dry and cold planet. NASA rovers transmit data that the climate on the ancient planet was warm enough, and the surface held water. Confirmation of this conclusion is the chem. discovered by the probe. substances that can only be created in the presence of moisture. Scientists also suggest that some reliefs could not have been created without the participation of the water depth.
It is interesting to look at the alleged map of Mars in the past, to look at several billion years ago. Kevin Gill, an astronomer who has visualized the real Mars in the past, used a laser rangefinder located on the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft.
The oceans and seas recreated on Mars were created with deep valleys flooded, so they only "predict" the planet's water structure.
The displayed clouds are also of an arbitrary nature of creation. The information for their "reconstruction" was taken from the NASA Blue Marble project. A more accurate name for this water map would be Mars after many years of asteroid formation and ingestion.
Gas - methane
For many, Mars is a cold world with a red surface, but when methane was found on its surface, many people's opinion changed.
Why is methane present in the Martian atmosphere? There can be only two explanations for this: biological and geological. Quite a few people would like to believe in the first reason, but the probability of the emergence of life on Mars is negligible. The second is volcanism. Satellite maps show that there are not so many volcanic clusters on the planet. The largest is the Tharsis plateau, which gave birth to four volcanoes, one of which is Olympus.
If you look closer at the Tharsis plateau, on the right you can see the "Labyrinth of the Night" and three mountains in the very center: Arsia, Pavlina, Askriyskaya. The program "3d maps of Mars" allows you to get closer to these mountains and make a trip near their foot, just by clicking once on the mouse button.
Methane gas tends to be rapidly destroyed by exposure to sunlight and wind, so it is logical to conclude that sources of methane release must be constantly active. The created map of Mars does not allow to convey with great accuracy the location of all methane sources, but this problem will be solved by the Mangalyaan probe launched to the surface, the purpose of which is to collect accurate data.
Methane is under scrutiny by astrobiologists, as it is well known that most of this gas on Earth is produced by microscopic organisms. And besides, the red color of the planet is partly due to the release of methane.
Geological data on the surface of Mars
The absence of tectonic plates would have allowed volcanoes to erupt for hundreds or millions of years. The map of Mars reports a large number of permanent eruptions, which contain a large percentage of iron. The "iron" surface gradually oxidized under the influence of the Martian atmosphere, so this is a suitable explanation for why the surface of the planet is covered with a red film.
The past of the red planet
Researchers believe that Mars used to be much larger, but a powerful blow, after which the North Polar Basin remained, suggests that the planet has lost some of its mass. On closer examination of the surface, this conclusion seems justified.
It is worth noting that the studies conducted by the Hubble shuttle do not fully represent the mysterious world of Mars. But an interactive map in 3d will allow you to conduct a deeper study. When creating this map, thousands of photographs taken by space probes were taken into account. A detailed map of the surface of Mars was made possible by studies of the Mars Odyssey, Mars Express and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter probes. These space probes made it possible to see the beauty of the surface and structure of the planet. An interactive 3d map from Google will captivate you with the landscapes of Mars without leaving your home. This is a fairly simple and intuitive application that allows you to zoom in and see the corners of the red planet, previously inaccessible to the human eye. Karata is available online, so its study and study is available to everyone: both amateurs and scientists located anywhere in the world.
Hypsometric map of the surface of Mars
The map was created based on the research of the laser altimeter, the Mars Global Surveyor space probe. Here, peaks up to 10 km high are marked in red, and all higher mountains are indicated in pink and white-pink. The color for depressions is green and blue. Exploring this map, you will notice that the northern part of the planet is slightly lower in height than the southern. According to scientists, it becomes clear that the northern part was filled with water in the past, moreover, these words are confirmed by the gravitational map of the red planet.
Images transmitted from the Mars Global Surveyor unmanned research station also made it possible to get a closer look at the outline of the coastline. This detailed map allows you to see the Hellas basin, as well as four inactive volcanoes located on the Tharsis plateau. These pictures are quite detailed, but the Mariner Valley is best seen here - it is a tectonic fault, the total length of which is 5 thousand km. It is worth emphasizing with special pride that this map was created by our countrymen, who took as a basis the data obtained from American space probes. Zh. F. Rodinova made special efforts.
Topographic designations of the surface of Mars
The modern map, compiled by the efforts of the latest spacecraft, contains new names for landforms, along with old geographical and mythological names. This latest map of Mars allows you to see that Tharsis is the highest elevation, and Hellas is the annular depression in the south. Many valleys are called planets in different languages of the peoples of the Earth. For example, the Hrat Valley - which means "Mars" in Armenian, as well as the Maadim Valley - in Hebrew.
However, there is one exception in the names - this is the Mariner Valley, which bears the name of the Mariner 9 spacecraft, which photographed this surface in detail. Small valleys were named after the rivers of the Earth. Arsia is a classical albedo formation. The Pearl Bay is the name of the Hindustan peninsula, where in ancient times they were looking for pearls.
Craters on the surface of the Red Planet
Any detailed map of Mars shows that the craters of this planet are different from the craters located on the Moon and Mercury. Even small craters testify to the presence of erosion on their surface caused by water and wind.
The moon and Mercury do not have liquid and atmosphere, but on Mars it was all millions of years ago. The largest craters: Huygens - 470 km, with a depth of 4 km; Schiaparelli - 465 km in size, with a depth of 2 km; Cassini - 411 km in diameter. A satellite map of Mars in 2014 shows that in places where ice breaks from the surface, radial ejections of soil are observed. What is characteristic - such ejections of soil are found in craters located in the north of the planet.
Cards
Large map of the red planet - is a good physical map of Mars. This map was compiled by the staff of the popular science magazine National Geographic, whose authority is recognized throughout the world, therefore these works are of particular interest to people who cannot imagine life without knowledge of space.
Advice. To view a high resolution map created by National Geographic, download it to your computer. This operation is quite simple to perform: after the map is fully opened in the browser, click on the left mouse button and select "save as" and specify a convenient folder for saving.
Curiosity rover
The translation of the name of the comical all-terrain vehicle Curiosity, literally means "opportunity". The device is equipped with all the tools for collecting geochemical, geological and other information. It also has a nuclear radioisotope thermogenerator, so the Curiosity rover is able to collect and transmit a lot of photographs, which are then glued together and studied by scientists. Thanks to the images of this equipment, we have the opportunity to take a closer look at the Hale crater, located in a very interesting area of \u200b\u200bthe planet. Curiosity Pictures - in fact, deliver amazing and most mysterious photos that we can enjoy viewing, everyone at home.
Even the latest spacecraft launched by the NASA Research Office cannot provide perfect detail on the surface of Mars. The map of the red planet is constantly updated, and new / more powerful spacecraft are launched into orbit. Interesting: The MRO probe used by NASA has a 30 cm telescope capable of taking images with a resolution of 30 cm per pixel, even though the images are taken from a height of 250 km above the surface of Mars.
A detailed map of Mars was created with the active participation of the MRO and Mars Odyssey spacecraft, as well as the Mars Express probe from the European Space Agency.
By and large, a map of Mars is multiple images of different spacecraft combined together, so even a standard-sized wall map will be quite accurate. At the same time, using computer technology, you, sitting at home, can view online the entire surface of Mars, without making any special efforts to manage the program.
Thanks to the efforts of the giant company Google, it was possible to combine all the data to create an interactive 3d program. It is worth mentioning that the MRO probe took over the largest part of the research work. This map is the fruit of a joint collaboration between Google and NASA. An ordinary browser, such as Google Chrome or Ethernet Explorer, allows you to open a map of Mars online, so an overview of the surface of the red planet is available to anyone today. In order to view the maps of Mars online, you just need to go to the global network and find the appropriate service. The maps will be of particular interest to people who are fond of astronomy, but a detailed examination of the maps and surprisingly interesting places will lure even amateur beginners. It is worth noting that mankind has not yet seen such a detailed study of Mars, so the examination and study of the red planet, using interactive 3d maps from Google, will allow a person of the twenty-first century to own the most advanced information.
