- 19.08.2019 The traditional twenty lots of the AI Auction are eight paintings, eight sheets of original and two - printed graphics and two works in mixed media
- 16.08.2019 This time, let me remind you, in addition to 20 lots of regular auctions, we exhibited an additional 11 works as part of the curatorial auction "Russian Classics"
- 13.08.2019 On August 17, the next auction of contemporary art will be held at the Art Litfond at Winzavod, in which 136 artists and their 200 paintings, graphic and sculptural works will take part
- 13.08.2019 The traditional twenty AI Auction lots are ten paintings, five sheets of original and one printed graphics, three works in mixed media and one porcelain plate. Plus 11 lots of Russian Classics!
- 09.08.2019 Sold 9 out of 20 lots - 45%. Paintings and graphics will go to new owners in Moscow, St. Petersburg and Yekaterinburg
- 13.08.2019 Brief excerpts and key figures from the traditional review of the Artprice portal on the state of the global art market
- 09.08.2019 In the wake of the news about the shipment of the paintings by Jeanne Bullock seized by the authorities to the New Jerusalem Museum, there were several calls with the question: “Why this particular museum?” Indeed, why?
- 27.06.2019 On October 17, 2019, the Vasily Polenov exhibition will open in the New Tretyakov Gallery, which is obviously doomed to become a blockbuster along with Valentin Serov and Ilya Repin. In the fall, everyone will write about the artist in vying. So it will take a little time
- 13.06.2019 Buy for five dollars and sell for a million. The craving to draw a lottery ticket haunts many inexperienced buyers. Do not fool me with your books and museums! Answer simply: how to buy a masterpiece at a flea market?
- 06.06.2019 The premonition did not disappoint. The buyers were in good spirits and the auction went great. On the very first day of Russian Week, the top 10 auction results for Russian art were updated. Almost $12 million was paid for Petrov-Vodkin
Publisher, printer, translator, owner of bookstores in Moscow. Older brother .
Anatoly Ivanovich Mamontov was born in 1839 in Yalutorovsk, into a wealthy family of a merchant and entrepreneur, hereditary honorary citizen Ivan Fedorovich Mamontov (1802-1869) and Maria Tikhonovna Lakhtina (1810-1852). The Mamontovs had eight children, two of whom died in childhood. Anatoly was the third child in the family. In Yalutorovsk, in the house of Ivan Fedorovich, there were exiled Decembrists, with whom he was friendly. In 1849, the family moved to Moscow, where Anatoly began to study at the 2nd gymnasium on Elokhovskaya Street. After graduating from the gymnasium, he entered the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics at Moscow University, graduating in 1860 as a real student (without defending his thesis).
After studying, he left for Europe, where in Italy he met the singer Maria Alexandrovna Lyalina, the daughter of a collegiate assessor. In 1864, their marriage took place in Milan, which was not approved by the father. From the age of twenty, deprived of the support of his father, he was forced to live independently. At that time he lived in Moscow in Kamergersky Lane.
In 1862, Anatoly Ivanovich took up publishing. He rented for a three-year period one of the best Moscow printing houses - the printing house of the Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages. A year later, he founded his own publishing house.
Since 1864, the women's printing house created by A.I. Mamontov, which existed in the form of a commune, operated.
In 1871, he acquired ownership of Golovin's stone chambers in Leontievsky Lane. By order of Mamontov, the architect Hartman rebuilt the facades of the chambers, designing them in a pseudo-Russian style. The family of Anatoly Ivanovich lived in the buildings, a printing house and a book and toy store "Children's Education" were also located there. From that time on, the family of Anatoly Ivanovich began to be called the Mamontovs - "Leontievskys" by numerous relatives.
In 1892, A. I. Mamontov established the joint-stock company "Partnership of the printing house of A. I. Mamontov." New bookstores were opened at Neglinka, 19 and Rozhdestvenka, 8.
The main activity of Mamontov was the publication of educational, popular science, reference literature. Particular attention was also paid to fiction and children's literature, as well as art albums, catalogs, and reproductions. The educational activities of Mamontov as a publisher were highly appreciated by his contemporaries.
AI Mamontov raised typography to a high technical and artistic level. His printing house began to use the most advanced printing presses at that time. He was one of the first in Russia who began to introduce new printing techniques in his products, primarily to improve the quality of illustrated publications. To do this, he used chromo-zincography, lithography, phototype, heliogravure.
The publisher Mamontov attached great importance to the artistic side of the publishing business. For the design of his publications, he attracted familiar artists - V.A. Serov, and A.M. Vasnetsov, I.E. Repin, A.S. Stepanova.
During 1895-1899, Mamontov's publishing house published a richly illustrated children's magazine "Children's Recreation", which was edited by Maria Alexandrovna, Mamontov's wife. The magazine published the best examples of Russian and foreign fiction for children, popular science materials, journalism. There was also a practical department with children's games, holiday scenarios, developing tasks. In a word to the readers of the first issues, it was said that the new edition "will pay special attention to the department devoted to art in all its branches, and will also expand the department of children's games, activities and works", trying to promote the development in young readers of "independence, interest in knowledge , artistic flair and love for the motherland.
As a supplement to the magazine, a children's book series "Ten Readings in Literature" was released. For the very young, the Little Library came out, which included eleven books.
In 1895, a collection of Krylov's fables with illustrations by V.A. was published by the Mammoth publishing house. Serov. In 1899, a three-volume collection of works with illustrations by V.M. Vasnetsova, M.A. Vrubel, K.A. Korovin, and other artists who have become textbooks.
In 1900, a set of large-format reproductions of paintings by V.M. Vasnetsov. The set, which consisted of 15 sheets, was accompanied by a selection of works by Russian writers and poets, chronicles, epics and folk tales.
In 1896, Mamontov's publishing house published an illustrated popular science almanac "Art and Science".
A special place among the publications of A. I. Mamontov was occupied by the children's book series “with pictures in colors with gold” based on watercolors by S.V. Malyutin. Five books in this series, as well as a number of other publications by A.I. Mamontov in 1900 were awarded the Silver Medal at the World Exhibition in Paris.
AI Mamontov printed catalogs of private collections and galleries in his printing house. The quality of their printing was one of the best in Russia. The catalog of the Tretyakov Gallery in 1887 was published by Mamontov's printing house. In the same place, in 1896, "Review of the first exhibition of paintings by artists of historical painting in the Imperial Russian Historical Museum in Moscow" was published.
Separately, it is worth noting the highest quality of the binding work of the Mammoth printing house: the design of the covers of the Mammoth publications was one of the best in the country both in design and in the materials used.
Anatoly Ivanovich Mamontov was also known as a translator. In 1897 and 1901, his printing house published a translation of Goethe's Faust, made by the publisher himself.
At the store "Children's Education", which was entirely the brainchild of the wife of A.I. Mamontov, she also opened a carpentry workshop, which closely collaborated with a similar carpentry workshop of E.G. Mamontova in . The workshop produced original children's games and toys, which were distinguished by a high artistic level and workmanship. Presumably, it was in the Mammoth workshop in Leontievsky Lane that the turner V.P. Zvezdochkin carved the first Russian matryoshka doll, painted by the artist S.V. Malyutin.
The family of Anatoly Ivanovich was friendly with many famous Russian artists, writers, theater figures. Many guests were received in their house, the Mamontovs - "Leontievskys" lived openly and hospitably. Known are the portraits of the daughters of Anatoly Ivanovich - Lyudmila, Praskovya, Natalya, Tatiana, painted with love by V.A. Serov and V.M. Vasnetsov.
A.I. Mamontov and M.A. Lyalina had a happy marriage, they raised seven children. After the birth of his grandchildren, Ivan Fedorovich Mamontov forgave his son and resumed relations with him. Ovdov, in 1904 A.I. Mamontov remarried M.M. Gorodetskaya, but this marriage was short-lived.
In publishing, his son Mikhail Anatolyevich Mamontov became his father's assistant and his successor.
In October 1905, from the consequences of a severe stroke, A.I. Mammoth is dead. His ashes are buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.
The Mammoths are an amazing merchant dynasty. It is quite possible to imagine the commercial and industrial life of Russia at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries without the Mamontovs, but culture is impossible.
From peasants to merchants
Pavel Buryshkin, a merchant and chronicler of the Moscow merchants, wrote:
“The Mammoth family was very large, and the second generation was no longer as rich as their parents, and in the third, the squandering of funds went even further.”
At the end of the 18th century, a peasant Fedor Mamontov made a fortune on the wine farm. His sons- Ivan and Nicholas became the founders of two branches of the family Mammoth .
The eldest son, Ivan, moved from Mosalsk to Shadrinsk, and later to Yalutorovsk, where he made acquaintance with the Decembrists assigned to the settlement.
"Artists in Abramtsevo" 1888 S. S. Mamontov, M. A. Mamontov, Yu. A. Mamontov. Seated: V. A. Serov and S. I. Ostroukhov.
But the small Siberian city was too small for Ivan Fedorovich. He established trade in Chistopol, and then in Orel and Pskov, and in 1849 he moved to Moscow with his wife and six children. In the 1850s, Ivan Fedorovich acquired an estate in Kireev, which later became mammoth family nest.
Ivan Fedorovich tried to give his children a decent education. Without this, they would not have been accepted in Moscow society as equals. In addition, the children of Ivan Fedorovich had the opportunity to communicate with artists, musicians, engineers and scientists who were welcomed in the Mamontovs' house.
Ivan Fedorovich Mamontov. Photo, 1860s. In 1858 Ivan Fedorovich became a partner Fyodor Chizhov , who built the first private railway in Russia from Moscow to Sergiev Posad. Its opening took place in August 1862. Six years later, the construction of a section of the road to Yaroslavl began. However, Mamontov died in 1869 before the construction was completed.
Savva is magnificent
The shares in the railways of Ivan Fedorovich were inherited by his third son - Savva . An educated and determined young man easily settled into a new field for himself.
Savva Mamontov surprisingly combined the pragmatism of a businessman and the passionate nature of an artist and creator. While still a student, he showed an interest in theatrical productions. The father did not encourage these hobbies, he was even strict with his son, but he did not achieve anything.
In Italy, Savva Ivanovich studied opera singing. Then it turned out that he had a talent for sculpture. Fascinated by art, Savva did not give up the family business and increased the fortune inherited from his father. On his initiative, sections of the road were built to Kostroma, and further to Arkhangelsk; he connected Donbass and Mariupol by railways; bought, built and reconstructed factories, becoming one of the richest and most respected people in Moscow.
But Savva invested not only in industry. He was a patron. In 1870, S. Ivanovich acquired an estate in Abramtsevo, where Ilya Efimovich Repin, Polenov, Antokolsky, Levitan, Vasnetsov, Nesterov, Vrubel, Korovin lived and worked. Chaliapin and Tamagno sang at Mamontov's Private Opera, Rachmaninov conducted, and Vasnetsov and Vrubel created the scenery. Savva Ivanovich took an active part in the work of the troupe. Stanislavsky himself considered him his teacher.
Mammoths got a nickname Savva the Magnificent, by analogy with Lorenzo the Magnificent, a famous patron of the arts of the Renaissance.
However, Mamontov the merchant lost his craving for large-scale and risky projects. This was especially true of the railway. He decided to create a concern in order to combine the entire cycle in one: from the production of equipment with rails to the construction of the road itself.
On this, the tycoon-philanthropist got burned. And he even ended up under arrest on charges of illegally transferring funds from one enterprise to another.
The court acquitted Mamontov, but he was released bankrupt. The railways belonging to him went to the treasury, and this is exactly what the state wanted when it started a lawsuit against Mamontov. His mansion with all the works of art was sold at auction. In recent years, Savva lived modestly - he was engaged in artistic ceramics. Died in 1918.
Beautiful Margarita
Savva Ivanovich is, of course, the most famous of the Mamontovs. However, there were other people among the dynasty worthy of mention. For example, Margarita Morozova - cousin niece of Savva Ivanovich.
Her father, Kirill Mamontov, knew nothing about trade. He quickly squandered and lost his inheritance at roulette, after which he committed suicide. But Margarita's mother raised her two daughters on her own. There was no talk of a luxurious life: the family lived modestly and closed until the girls grew up. When they began to go out into the world, Margarita Kirillovna immediately earned herself the fame of the first beauty of Moscow. She was eighteen when she married Mikhail Morozov , the owner of a multi-million dollar fortune, a representative of a no less famous merchant dynasty.
Life in marriage was not too happy, but after the death of her husband, Margarita Kirillovna felt free and independent. By the way, she was able to significantly increase the fortune left by Mikhail Morozov.
Margarita Kirillovna patronized many gifted people of her time. Especially close relationship developed with the composer Alexander Scriabin , who for some time simply lived on her money. Also in her salon, she received many figures of culture, politics and science: she was a muse Andrey Bely, discussed with Pavel Milyukov, was friends (and had a love affair) with a philosopher Evgeny Trubetskoy .
Morozova opened a publishing house, helped publish magazines, donated funds for the construction of hospitals, shelters and schools.
Her amazing life changed dramatically after the revolution. All property was nationalized. Until the thirties, Margarita and her sister Elena were allowed to stay in the house in which Morozova had lived before. They only occupied two basement rooms. And then they were deprived of that.
Margarita Kirillovna lived a long life, but to emigrate, as her children did (all except her son Michael), didn't want to. She died in poverty in 1958, before she had time to complete the memoirs, on the royalties from the publication of which she so counted.
Priceless legacy
It is worth saying a little about Anatoly Mamontov , the elder brother of Savva Ivanovich. He married without the knowledge of his father, which is why he did not communicate with his family for many years. But even without financial support, he was able to organize his own enterprise: in 1866 he opened a printing house, and then several bookstores, kept warehouses.
He did a lot to improve printing technology, especially in terms of illustrations. Like Savva, Anatoly was friends with artists, portraits of his daughters were painted by Vasnetsov, Repin, Serov.
S. Mamontov's office in the house on Sadovaya-Spasskaya. From left to right: V. Surikov, I. Repin, S. Mamontov, K. Korovin, V. Serov, M. Antokolsky. 1880s Another active person was Maria Mamontova , by husband - Yakunchikov, niece of Savva Ivanovich. She helped residents of the Tambov province survive the famine winter of 1891, and organized a sewing workshop in the village of Solomenki, employing almost a hundred women. The products of her workshops - Russian dresses, embroideries, lace - delighted foreigners and even won an award at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1900. In exile, Maria Feodorovna became a member of the Union of Zealots in Memory of Emperor Nicholas II.
By the way, the Mamontovs are to some extent connected with the royal family. Sergey Mamontov, conductor first of his famous uncle's "Private Opera", and then of the Bolshoi Theater, was the first husband Natalia Sheremetievskaya who later became the prince's morganatic wife Mikhail Alexandrovich (son of Alexander III and brother of Nicholas II).
Whatever path the Mamontovs chose, almost all of them were gifted, passionate natures, not alien to even some adventurism. They left us a legacy of priceless treasures, which without them would hardly see the light of day, paintings, poems, music. Everything that helps a person to develop spiritually and find his place in this world.
The study was financially supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation within the framework of the federal target program "Scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel of innovative Russia for 2009–2013", state contract No. 02. 740. 11. 0350.
M. A. MAMONTOVA (M. A. MAMONTOVA)
Mamontova M. A. Communicative space of national historical science at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries // Dialogue with time. 2011. Issue. 36. S. 267-277.
Characters: 25603 | Words: 3154 | Paragraphs: 18 | Footnotes: 10 | Bibliography: 24
Keywords: historical science of Russia at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries., communicative field, magazine periodicals
The article attempts to reconstruct the network of communications in Russian historical science on the basis of a review of journal periodicals of the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. The main levels of the communicative space of historical science are identified, the structure of periodicals is presented, which allows showing the features of intra-scientific, interdisciplinary and extra-academic communication of historians.
keywords: a history of Russia late XIXth–early XXth cc., communicative field, periodical press
The article attempts to reconstruct the communicative network of Russian history, it is based on reviews published in the periodical press of the late XIXth – early XXth cc. The article presents the basic levels of communicative space of a history, the structure of periodicals is presented, which allows to show features of interdisciplinary and extra-academic communications of historians.
In modern humanitarian studies, in connection with the turn to the historical and anthropological model, the importance of studying the social practices of a creative person, the communicative space of science, is growing. In Russian historiography, this problem was indirectly reflected in scholar studies, in the study of corporate norms and values, the inner world of science, in the generational approach. Periodics as one of the forms of concentration of science creation, formalized self-organization of science became the subject of research by M. P. Mokhnacheva. In the section devoted to the semantics of the sign systems of journalism and historical science in Russia in the 18th-19th centuries, the author traces the process of the birth of the language of science, the development of the communicative function of the journal, which, on the one hand, exchanges scientific ideas within the community, and on the other hand, the formation of " historiographic component" of public consciousness. The journal acted as a collection of "text-sources", fixing the development of historical science and the historical self-consciousness of the individual and society, as well as the subject of the historiographic process.
Modern sociological and science studies allow expanding the understanding of communications in science from the previous idea of scientific communication only as a means of translating ready-made knowledge to the concept of the "communicative field" of science. Under the communicative field of science we understand the social space of connections in which scientific ideas are born, function, transform and die. The authors of the project “Images of National Historical Science in the Context of Changing Cognitive Paradigms (second half of the 19th – early 21st centuries)” revealed the structure of the communicative field of science, which includes both internal scientific and external communications. Moreover, intrascientific communications cover intradisciplinary and interdisciplinary connections, while external ones are more focused on the sociocultural context, in which the authoritative level of communication practices runs like a red thread.
The formation of the communicative space of historical science in Russia begins from the moment of its institutionalization at the beginning of the 19th century. Initially, universities with historical and philological faculties (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kharkov, Kazan) and the Academy of Sciences, which simultaneously developed and broadcast the norms of the professional community, had communicative tension. But already in the first half of the XIX century. in parallel with them, professional communities of historians began to emerge (for example, the Moscow Society of Russian History and Antiquities), which based their activities not so much on purely research and teaching and educational goals, but on scientific and educational goals. Over time, this communication network, less influenced by the authorities, is expanding significantly, involving a wider range of both professionals and amateurs. For example, the Russian Geographical Society (1848–1917), the Moscow Archaeological Society (1864–1923), the Odessa Society of History and Antiquities (1839–1922), the Russian Historical Society (1866–1917), the Kiev Society Chronicler Nestor (1873-1917), Historical and Philological Society at Kharkov University (1876), Kazan Society of Archeology, History and Ethnography (1877), Historical Society at St. Petersburg University (1889-1917) , Historical and Philological Society at Novorossiysk University (1889), Historical Society at Moscow University (1893–1917). As we can see, the peak of the emergence of new historical societies falls on the 1870s–1880s, which is largely due to self-identification processes within historical science. Each of the newly organized communities is a communicative unit, a kind of actor in the communicative process, attracting specialists in the field of archeology, national history, Byzantine studies, researchers of Russian folklore and folk life.
Along with this, in the second half of the XIX century. a new, more effective in terms of spreading and strengthening corporate norms, communicative network is being formed in the form of informal scientific communities: circles, journalism. The center of attraction for these formations, as a rule, was the bright personality of a historian, researcher, teacher, and scientific mentor. Similar informal structures are formed around K. N. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, P. G. Vinogradov, I. M. Grevs, S. F. Platonov, A. S. Lappo-Danilevsky and others. Within this network, there is an active discussion of corporate norms and precedents for their violation or change. A vivid illustration of self-identification within the scientific community of historians is the problem of scientific schools and its active discussion in the correspondence of S. F. Platonov and P. N. Milyukov, letters of A. E. Presnyakov to his wife and mother.
Periodicals appear in official scientific communities, most of which soon become an independent channel of what is called “written” or “printed” communication. Unlike the institutional component, this communicative space in Russia in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries is, firstly, subject to strict censorship control, forcing authors and editors (editors-publishers) to look for a special language of communication with omissions, reticences, double or hidden meaning, allusions, etc. From here, a journal discourse characteristic of this era is formed, connected not only with the printed text itself, but also with the history of its publication (or non-publication) and the subsequent reaction of the reading public. Secondly, the "vitality" of such communicative links is often short-lived, which is due to the lack of necessary financial resources to continue the publication, the narrowness of the readership (hence the "unsold circulation", as in "Ancient and New Russia") and the opposition of the editorial board. Thirdly, periodicals have a completely different communicative structure than institutions.
In institutions as a communicative space of historical science, the following levels can be distinguished: 1) academic, specializing exclusively in research work, 2) university, engaged in the training of historians and developing official norms for entering the scientific community, 3) level of institutionalized scientific societies, who cares about the "purity" of the scientific corporation and strict observance of corporate standards, and 4) informal scientific associations, which develops unofficial norms of the scientific community and cultivates specific rituals of "entry" of young historians into science.
In journal periodicals, a different structure of the communicative space is distinguished, associated mainly with the organizational principles of the design of the publication: 1) official publications of central government agencies broadcasting scientific norms necessary for the authorities, 2) periodicals of official scientific and historical societies publishing the results of their research (both in the field of collecting historical information and in the field of its research processing) and historical research close to the subject of their activities, 3) specialized historical publications who have formed a community of like-minded people around themselves and publish a variety of historical works, 4) socio-political and scientific and educational publications, in which the participation of historians was fragmented or had a pronounced political overtones, hence the communicative scientific strategies were not well-established. This communicative structure receives the greatest revival in connection with anniversaries and the aggravation of socio-political contradictions in Russia, expressed in student phenomena and revolutionary events of the early twentieth century. Understanding the conditionality of such a gradation, we will try to characterize the communicative features of each of the identified types.
Among the official publications that dictate norms to the community of historians from the side of the political authorities, the Journal of the Ministry of National Education stands out, consisting at the end of the 19th century. from three sections. The first of them was devoted to official government orders and information about public education, the second one published works on humanitarian fields of knowledge, including history, the last section contained reviews, reviews and bibliographic data on published scientific works. To publish a scientific work in this journal was considered prestigious and encouraged historians to build complex relationships. Thus, the acquaintance and mutual sympathy between P. N. Milyukov and S. F. Platonov allowed the first of them to publish his master's thesis “The state economy of Russia in the first quarter of the 18th century. and reforms of Peter the Great" on its pages. Here, not only recognition took place, but also the debunking of the talents of famous historians, as happened with D. I. Ilovaisky, whose textbook aroused sharp criticism among colleagues. The high status of the publication also dictated the working conditions of the editorial board, selected by the Ministry of Public Education in accordance with the "reliability" and "degree" of its members. As the same Platonov notes in a letter to Milyukov, the new composition of the editorial board after L. N. Maikov left it directly depended on the “election of Vasilevsky to the Academy” and his receipt of the status of “ordinary academician”. However, there was no intensive communication between historians on the pages of this journal due to the strict selection by the editors of both articles and reviews. The tone for this publication was set by the Ministry, the editors were only able to somehow correct the subject, but could not deviate from the line imposed by the authorities.
Periodicals published by historical societies were especially specialized. Thus, under the Moscow Society of Russian History and Antiquities, "Readings", "Notes and Works" and "Russian Historical Collection" were published. The Russian Historical Society (under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Education) was also fruitful, publishing the Collections of the Russian Historical Society and the Russian Biographical Dictionary. These periodicals were at the same time a means of communication for a certain historical society, and an independent communication platform, where acquaintance with the latest historical developments, scientific discussions, as well as a “test of the pen” of novice historians took place. On the pages of these journals, there was intense communication between narrow specialists-historians (ethnographers and researchers of the history of everyday life, "countrymen" and specialists in Russian history), which refers to the intradisciplinary nature of scientific communication. For example, the regular authors of the Readings of the Society of Russian History and Antiquities at Moscow University were its active members: A. N. Zertsalov, S. A. Belokurov, I. E. Zabelin, M. P. Pogodin and others.
The participation of historians in specialized journals of other scientific societies was episodic and represented a variant of interdisciplinary communication. For example, historians sometimes placed their articles, notes and reviews on the pages of such journals as the Journal of Civil and Criminal Law (V.N. Latkin), the Legal Bulletin (M.M. Kovalevsky, V.A. Goltsev), “ Russian Anthropological Journal”, “Journal of the Imperial Russian Military Historical Society” and others. In the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. in connection with the self-identification of historical science and the desire to follow the established positivist canon, scientists were reluctant to make various interdisciplinary borrowings, and therefore participation in such publications is unstable. An exception to this rule are the "Notes" and "News of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society", on the pages of which there was a close interdisciplinary cooperation of both historians and philologists, anthropologists, local historians, both professionals and amateurs.
More attractive was participation in specialized journals, formed as a self-sufficient communication platform for historians. Each of the novice researchers sought to publish the results of their first scientific efforts on the pages of such monthly publications as Historical Bulletin, Russian Archive, Russian Antiquity, Ancient and New Russia, Bibliographer, Kievskaya Antiquity. The choice of publication depended not only on the socio-political sympathies of the young researcher and the corresponding position of the publication in a given period, but also on the patronage of a scientific mentor. For example, in historical and literary studies, the liberal “Russian Starina” is often contrasted with the conservative-protective “Russian Archive”, in reality, “Russian Starina” willingly publishes materials from such an “ardent reactionary” as D. I. Ilovaisky.
Among this group of journals, one can single out a close relationship and even a common editorial team. For example, the idea of creating "Ancient and New Russia" (the name was chosen by analogy with the well-known work of N. M. Karamzin) was inspired by the everyday difficulties of one of the historians - M. D. Khmyrov. After his death, the historian S. N. Shubinsky and the bibliographer P. A. Efremov, having found a publisher (represented by an official of the State Bank V. I. Gratsiansky) and enlisting the support of some historians, began publishing the journal in 1875. The first issue opened with an article by Professor K. N. Bestuzhev-Ryumin “Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Administrator and historian of the early 18th century. 1686-1750". The style of this venerable historian can also be seen in the Preface to the edition, where the importance and timeliness of this event was substantiated. The scientist was concerned that "a lot of inaccurate information is spreading in society, very often decorated with the imagination of the writers themselves, forgetting to anticipate the reader about where the facts end and where their own considerations and fabrications begin" . The interest of the inexperienced public in the past in the view of the historian had to be satisfied on the basis of the results developed by science and presented in a publicly accessible form. Hence, the communicative strategy of this publication was seen as “a coherent, coherent story based on a careful and detailed study of sources”, capable of “presenting the most complete and impartial picture of an event or characterization of a person”, and focused on an inexperienced reader. In fact, the publication has become an attractive communication platform for professional historians (K. N. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, I. E. Zabelin, N. I. Kostomarov, S. M. Solovyov, D. I. Ilovaisky, V. I. Guerrier, E. E. Zamyslovsky and others). But soon the magazine went bankrupt and was closed due to "unsold circulation." At first, S. N. Shubinsky began to refuse to edit the journal for the reason that he did not receive the support of readers and was unprofitable (but the editor was cunning here, because he knew that both the Russian Archive and Russian Starina with a circulation of 1200 and 2000–3000 copies, respectively). The circulation of "Ancient and New Russia" fluctuated between 1000 and 1600 copies, which was a common practice. However, Shubinsky was already dreaming of a different magazine. He offered to sell the unprofitable journal, and when V. I. Gratsiansky refused, in September 1879 Shubinsky relieved himself of editing and began cooperation with the publisher of Novoye Vremya A. S. Suvorin, who created a new communication platform, which soon became extremely popular among professional historians - "Historical Bulletin".
The initiative to create such specialized journals was supported by many historians (Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Solovyov, Kostomarov, Zabelin, Ilovaisky), placing their materials on the pages of Ancient and New Russia, and then on the pages of the Historical Bulletin. The last of them has become a powerful communication platform, publishing the authors' studies, despite their socio-political predilections, historical and scientific interests, and scholar relationships. This journal has become a self-sufficient communicative link, welcoming both “scientific” youth and “famous names in historical science”, publishing, for example, the first works of S. F. Platonov and E. F. Shmurlo. Here there is an intensive professional communication, which both presents the results of scientific debates and sets the impetus for the discussion of new topics. In the community of historians, the Historical Bulletin is perceived as an apolitical scientific publication and has an unprecedented success. Having appeared in 1880, after 8 years the magazine was published with a circulation of 5200 copies, and by 1914 - 13 thousand. The journal took the leading position of historical journals, along with the Russian Archive and Russkaya Starina. A distinctive feature of the "Historical Bulletin" was the desire to publish on its pages and completed research papers, and literary works, and reviews, and reviews, thereby combining commercial success, scientific and accessible presentation of the material.
The last group of periodicals, on the pages of which there were small notes of professional historians or any other information about them, included historical-literary, literary-political, popular science, critical-bibliographic, socio-political, illustrated magazines. Among them, one can distinguish journals with a specialized non-historical bias - "Russian Philological Bulletin", "Philological Review", "Family and School", where interdisciplinary communication of historians with representatives of the humanities was possible. Among the other publications there were journals with a clear political focus (Past Years, Voice of the Past, Vestnik Evropy, Mir Bozhiy, Russkiy Vestnik, etc.), in which historians took part depending on their political interests. (for example, P. N. Milyukov published his articles in “The World of God”, in “Russian Thought” by V. I. Guerrier, V. O. Klyuchevsky, in “Russian Wealth” by V. I. Semevsky, etc.) . There was also a category of "philistine", but very popular magazines, among which "Niva" stood out - a weekly magazine of literature, politics and modern life with appendices (circulation reached 200 thousand copies). Brief notes about events "in scientific life" were placed on its pages, from which the general public learned not only about the main events in historical science, but also about the content of certain disputes and scientific achievements.
Characterizing the communicative space of periodicals of historical science at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries. It should be noted that of the four groups identified, specialized journals like the Historical Bulletin, which were originally formed as a communication platform for professional historians, had the greatest intensity. There were few such journals (three with a large circulation and four with a small one), but it was they who concentrated almost all professional historians (and even lovers of antiquity) around themselves; as a rule, intradisciplinary communication was carried out on their pages. The second most important was a group of periodicals (nine titles) issued by official scientific and historical societies, the most popular of which were the Readings of the Moscow Society of Russian History and Antiquities. Here, communication acquired a purely specialized character, largely focusing on the interests of its official body.
Interdisciplinary communication was carried out by five specialized publications that came out under non-historical societies: legal, philological, anthropological, geographical. But the participation of historians was not systematic, which emphasized the absence of a desire for historical science to interdisciplinary communication and strict limitation of "its own research field." Of particular importance was external communication, on the one hand, focused on the power level (Journal of the Ministry of National Education), and on the other hand, on the socio-cultural context of the era, associated with the non-professional reader, the layman at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries. Participation in the first group (to which we included only one journal) was subject to special laws related to the support of the authorities' requests and, of course, to the "political reliability" of the author.
The last group of magazines (23 titles) turned out to be the most motley, where communication was of an inconsistent, one might say, random character, becoming more active on anniversaries and significantly weakening due to the politicization of one or another publication. But this type of communication was very important for the historical community, as it provided feedback to the general public and formed the so-called "social order" of historical topics. Through this channel, the public learned about important marking events within the scientific community of historians, such as dissertation defenses, public speaking, appointments to administrative positions, and so on. On the pages of these journals, interdisciplinary communication also took place with representatives of other humanitarian disciplines (philologists, bibliographers, military men, art critics) and even with natural scientists. But it was also often fragmentary.
During the Soviet period, transformations of the communicative network of historical science are observed, in particular, old journals are preserved for a certain period, new publications appear, the relationship between both the publications themselves and the authors with the authorities is changing.
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