There are about 3000 languages all over the world, no one has yet been able to calculate the exact number. Although according to the available data of UNESCO there are 2796 languages in the world. Seeing the exact figure, any linguist will smile, not that the exact number of languages in the world was counted, but from what they counted. All over the world there are many mixed languages and languages that have become extinct or languages of small tribes that are not officially listed anywhere. In this regard, it is almost impossible to calculate the exact number of languages. But linguists managed to distribute all the languages of the world into groups or families.
Many different languages are similar to each other, for example, a citizen of Russia can communicate with a citizen of Belarus and Ukraine, or vice versa, and everyone will be able to understand each other. Basically, the languages are similar to those peoples whose lands border on each other or on the ethnic origin of countries. As we know, 1000 years ago, on the territory where Belarus, Ukraine and Russia are now located, there were lands of Kievan Rus. And the ancestors of the above countries communicated in the same language, Old Church Slavonic. Until our time, the borders have changed, and three new states of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus have grown in place of Kievan Rus.
Map of distribution of languages in Ukraine
Map of Chinese dialects
Indigenous languages of South America
Arabic dialects
Dialects of the Russian language
African languages map
Map of German dialects
Map of Finno-Ugric languages
Map of Slavic languages
Map of the languages of India
Families and groups of languages
Currently, linguists distinguish the following families and groups of languages:
- Indian group. This is the largest group in terms of number of speakers, as Indian languages are spoken by over 1 billion people. This group includes the languages of Central and Northern India, as well as Pakistan. Gypsies who migrated to Europe from India in the 5th - 10th centuries can also be attributed to this group. n. e. Of the extinct languages, this group includes the ancient Indian language - Sanskrit. The famous epic poem of ancient India "Mahabharata" was written in this language.
- Iranian group. The languages of this group are spoken in Iran (Persian) and Afghanistan (Afghan). In this group there is a dead language of the Scythians.
- Slavic group. This includes a large number of different languages, which are usually further divided into subgroups.
- eastern subgroup; Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian
- western subgroup; Polish, Slovak, Czech, Kashubian, Sorbian and Polabian which is a dead language
- southern subgroup; Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian, Old Church Slavonic or Old Church Slavonic which is also a dead language
- Baltic group. This group speaks Latvian and Lithuanian.
- German group. This group includes almost all the languages of Western Europe; Scandinavian (Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Icelandic), English, German, Dutch and Modern Hebrew Yiddish. Among all the above languages in this group, English is the most widely spoken language, spoken by more than 400 million people. US 215 million, UK 58 million, Canada 33.5 million, Australia 20 million, Ireland 4 million, South Africa 4 million, New Zealand 3.6 million. German is spoken in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Regarding the Yiddish language, it can be said that almost all Jews speak it. One of the languages of the Germanic group, Boer is spoken in South Africa thanks to settlers from Holland.
- Roman group. French, Romanian, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese. This group also includes Provencal, Sardinian (Sardinia), Catalan (Eastern Spain) and Moldovan.
- Celtic group. The languages of this group are spoken in Ireland and on the nearest islands, as well as on the Brittany Peninsula, France (Breton), in Wales (Welsh). The dead languages of this group include the language of the ancient Gauls, who lived in the territory of modern France.
In addition to the above groups, Greek, Albanian and Armenian languages are separately distinguished, which are classified as Indo-European languages. This group also includes such dead languages as Hittite (Asia Minor) and Tocharian (Central Asia).
Geography is one of the oldest sciences that arose to help people. In the modern interpretation, it is the application of geographical knowledge and skills that is used:
- to preserve the environment and conduct socially responsible activities in it
- to adapt to living conditions in a certain area
- for self-assessment of the level of environmental safety as a sphere of life
Education played a huge role already in the very initial stage of human development. But it took thousands of years for a continuously developing society to give rise to such a modern form of education as a lesson.
Jan Amos Comenius clearly formulated the basic principles of education in the "great didactics" almost 400 years ago (based on the principle of sensationalism - a sense of perception, cognition, as opposed to rationalism)
As you know, the lesson is a form of implementation of pedagogical influences, where there is direct and systematic communication between the teacher and students, aimed at activating the cognitive abilities of students.
“A lesson is a “cell” of the pedagogical process. In it, like the sun in a drop of water, all its sides are reflected. If not all, then a significant part of pedagogy is concentrated on the lesson ”(M.N. Skatkin)
Even if the teacher knows what he can rely on from this student and what he needs to develop, then this will still not be the answer to the question - with the help of what methods of educational work can this be done?
“What is required for the successful completion of a given task is developed by this task” - this principle is universal and conceptual for developmental learning.
There are no isolated corners in the modern world. International economic and cultural ties are expanding. Air transport has brought the continents astonishingly close together. But even an astronaut needs about an hour and a half to fly around the Earth. Meanwhile, man has long possessed a wonderful tool that opens the eyes of our entire planet or gives a detailed picture of its individual parts, their nature, population, economy and culture. This tool is a geographic map. Therefore, it is completely logical that among the goals of studying geography in a modern school at a basic level is this:
- mastering the ability to navigate the terrain;
Use one of the "languages" of international communication - a geographical map and modern geoinformation technologies and Internet resources for the correct assessment of the most important socio-economic issues of international life, the geopolitical and geo-economic situation in Russia, other countries and regions of the world, the trends of their possible development.
And among general educational skills, skills and methods of activity at the basic level, the ability to work with maps of various subjects stands out.
Teaching of geography at the profile level is also planned in the senior school. Particular attention in the process of profile study of geography should be paid to the methods of geographical research and, first of all, cartographic.
From all of the above, it is obvious that work with a map in the modern school occupies a special place for a professional geographer, this is obvious.
But how to convince a modern student that a map is a source of information and an object of research?
A modern student should be with a card for "you". To help, I offer an effective course, designed for 8 hours.
So ,
Map is the second language of geography.
Lesson #1 "A Brief Outline of the History of Cartography"
- the origin and development of cartography
- current state of cartography
- development prospects
Lesson #2 "Cartography and geographical maps"
- definition of cartography
(cartography is the science of geographical maps, as a special way of displaying reality, which includes in its tasks a comprehensive study of geographical maps, as well as the development of methods and processes for their creation and use.)
The definition adopted by the International Cartographic Association: "cartography is the totality of research and work - scientific, artistic and technical (starting with the processing of the received sources) carried out in the design and creation of maps and other forms of representation, as well as in their use."
- basic properties of a map (it has long been considered a geographical map as a reduced image of the earth's surface on a plane using conventional signs.
However, three features define the specifics of cartographic images:
- mathematical definite construction
- use of cartographic symbols
- selection and generalization of the depicted phenomena
- the meaning of cards in science and practice
- map elements
Lesson #3 "The Mathematical Basis of Maps"
- concept of map projections
- projection classification
- distortion in map projections
- grids
- scale
Lesson number 4 Cartographic signs and methods of cartographic representation. Inscriptions on maps.
- cartographic signs
- cartographic imaging methods
- cartograms, cartograms, relief models, block diagrams
- inscriptions
Lesson number 5 "Cartographic Generalization"
Lesson #6 “Classification, types and types of geographical maps. Atlases.
- map classification
- card types
- atlases
Lesson number 7 “Review of the main maps and atlases. Map Analysis»
- general geographical, topographic, thematic and complex maps and atlases
- nautical charts
- analysis and evaluation of maps. Analysis Methods
Lesson #8 "The use of maps as a means of research
- analysis methods
- use of maps for forecasting purposes
The newly emerging needs of society give rise to the need to create a methodology for working with a map, taking into account the problems put forward by real life. And the successful, progressive development of these problems creates the necessary conditions for solving the problem of forming the basic competencies of a modern pupil.
The main features by which ethnic communities are distinguished are language and culture. There are 5 thousand different languages in the world. They are grouped into numerous language families: Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, Semitic-Hamitic, Austronesian, etc.
The largest is the Indo-European language family. It unites about 2500000000 people, which is almost half of the world's population. It includes such language groups that unite different peoples: Slavic (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Bulgarians, Serbs, Slovenes, etc.); Germanic (Germans, British, Americans, Norwegians, Dutch, etc.); Romanesque (French, Italians, Spaniards, Portuguese, etc.). The Sino-Tibetan language family is the second largest, with about 1 billion people speaking its languages (Chinese, Tibetan, Burmese). The most widely spoken languages in the world are Chinese (975 million), English (478), Hindi (437), Spanish (392), Russian (284), Arabic (225), Bengali (200), Portuguese (184), Indonesian (159). ), Japanese (128), French (125) and German (123 million) are spoken by two-thirds of the world's population.
Where is the best place to go fishing in the Moscow region? How to find the best fishing spots? What does the term "vip fishing" mean? How is paid fishing different from free fishing and what is "eco-fishing"? A special resource about fishing in the Domodedovo district of the Moscow region will answer these questions.
The UN helps refugees and the hungry. More than 23 million refugees and displaced people are assisted and protected by UN emergency agencies. The World Food Program, the leading UN organization, is responsible for food aid, sends more than 5 million tons of food per year, providing food to approximately 113 million people in 80 countries around the world.
The Council of Europe (CE) is the oldest international political organization in Europe, founded in 1949. The CE bodies are located in the French city of Strasbourg, on the border of France and Germany, as a symbol of reconciliation between the two countries.
The main goal of the Council of Europe is the development of a united Europe based on the principles of freedom, democracy, the protection of human rights and the rule of law. Its activities are aimed primarily at ensuring and protecting human rights, then civil, political, economic, social or cultural rights. Consequently, the activities of the Council of Europe cover all spheres of human life. This organization does not deal with the news of the economy and the military-political issue of us. Since 1995, Ukraine has also been a member of the Council of Europe, currently uniting 46 states.
One of the most significant achievements of the Council of Europe is the development and adoption of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The Convention establishes inalienable rights and its body for the same and obliges the holding to guarantee these rights to every person. The main difference between the Convention and other international treaties in the field of human rights is the existence of a mechanism for the protection of these rights.
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