The most voluminous specific morphological category is the category parts of speech- the core of the entire grammatical system of the Russian language. Its categorical part-of-speech meaning is defined by most scientists as lexico-grammatical, although in Russian studies today the question of differentiation categorical and lexico-grammatical values ​​.

Parts of speech are larger or smaller groups of words that are characterized by a common categorical(lexico-grammatical) meaning, formal morphological features, a predominant syntactic role in the sentence and its own characteristics in word formation.

For example, words child and student belong to the same part of speech noun because they have the following features:

• 1) general categorical(lexico-grammatical) meaning - objectivity;
• 2) uniform formal morphological signs - animation / inanimateness, gender, number, case;
• 3) a predominant role as subject and additions;
• 4) word-formation possibilities: child – babyh- ek(turn. k / / h), guys-to-and, guys-ishk-and etc.

The parts of speech as groups are very uneven in terms of the number of words included in them: the most significant are the verb, noun, adjective, and the number of pronouns, numerals and auxiliary parts of speech is countable.

Parts of speech, depending on what role they play in speech, are divided into significant(independent) and official(insignificant).

Significant (independent, full-valued) parts of speech are for naming objects, signs, quantities, actions, states. In the proposal, they act one way or another. member of the proposal. Here are distinguished:

• – names- noun (table, book, sun, world etc.), adjective (smart, beautiful, kind, mother, fox etc.), noun (one, five, two, one two etc.), pronoun (I, you, him, her, that, each and etc.);
• – verb(read, dictate, sing etc.);
• – adverb(competently, highly, very, very and etc.);
• – state category words(impersonal predicative words (may, no, hot, cold etc.)).

Scientific discussion

Academician A. M. Peshkovsky not only introduced the concept main parts of speech formal (grammatical) categories (noun, adjective, verb, adverb), but also distinguished against their background mixed parts of speech(participle (verb + adjective) and gerund (verb + adverb)) . V. L. Bogoroditsky in the theory of frequent speech opposed the words on the following grounds: 1) with eigenvalue and no intrinsic value those. significant and insignificant; 2) independent(nouns, personal pronouns, verb) and subordinates(adjective with participle, numeral, definitive pronouns, adverbs with gerund). In turn, V.V. Vinogradov defined a "constructive", structural-semantic classification of words.

Modern research gives an ambiguous grammatical description of the parts of speech, so the question remains open and debatable. For example, the grammatical (syntactic) theory of P. A. Lekant offers the following classification of parts of speech: 1) knowing minative- a) main; noun, adjective, verb, adverb; b) mixed("hybrid"): participle, predicative (short adjective); 2) semi-significant- pronoun, numeral, negative (negation not and neither); 3) insignificant- a) braces(preposition, union); b) particles.

Service parts of speech do not have a nominative function, but serve to express relationships between words. The official parts of speech are prepositions (in, on, under, during and etc.), unions (ah, but, yes, when, which and etc.), particles (not, neither, would, whether, then and etc.).

In the system of parts of speech, they stand apart, i.e. do not belong to official or significant parts of speech, modal words (of course, maybe, probably etc.), which express the attitude of the speaker to what is being expressed. In a sentence, they usually perform the function introductory component.

Separately considered interjections (Ay! Choo! Well! Shh! Thank you! Hooray! Guard! Hello! etc.), which serve for the direct expression of feelings and wills.

The classification of parts of speech is always relative, conditional, i.e. depending on the principles that determine the basis of the classification, the number of parts of speech and their qualitative composition may be different.

• Cm.: Peshkovsky A. M. Russian syntax in scientific coverage. M., 1956; Vinogradov V.V. Russian language. The grammatical doctrine of the word. M., 1947.

Noun

Noun- a part of speech that denotes an object and answers the questions who? what?

Note.

A subject in grammar is anything that can be asked about. who is it? what is this?

By meaning, nouns are divided into own and common nouns, animated and inanimate.
Nouns are either masculine, feminine or neuter.

Note.
Nouns by gender do not change.

Nouns change by cases and by numbers.
The initial form of a noun is the nominative singular.
In a sentence, nouns are most often subject and object, as well as inconsistent definition, application, circumstance and nominal part of the compound predicate.

Proper nouns and common nouns

Proper nouns- These are the names of individuals, single objects.
Proper nouns include:

1. surnames (pseudonyms, nicknames), first names, patronymics of people, as well as nicknames of animals.
2. geographical names
3. astronomical names
4. names of newspapers, magazines, works of literature and art, factories, ships, etc.

Note.
Proper nouns should be distinguished from proper denominations.

Proper nouns sometimes turn into common nouns (for example: Ampere is a French scientist, ampere is a unit of electric current strength

Common nouns- this is a common name for all homogeneous objects and phenomena.
Common nouns can become proper nouns (for example: earth - land, Earth - a planet in the solar system).

Nouns animate and inanimate

Animated nouns serve as the names of people, animals and answer the question who?
Inanimate nouns serve as the names of inanimate objects, as well as objects of the plant world and answer the question what?
Inanimate also include nouns such as group, people, crowd, flock, youth, etc.

The number of nouns.

Nouns are used in the singular when referring to one thing, and in the plural when referring to several things.
Some nouns are either used only in the singular or only in the plural.

Nouns that only have the singular form:

1. Names of many identical persons, objects (collective nouns): youth, children, students, humanity and etc.
2. Names of objects with a real value: asphalt, iron, strawberries, milk, steel, beets, kerosene and etc.
3. Names of quality or feature: whiteness, malice, dexterity, youth, freshness, blueness, darkness, blackness and etc.
4. Action or state names: mowing, felling, execution, suggestion, burning and etc.
5. Proper names as names of single objects: Moscow, Volga and etc.
6. The words: burden, udder, flame, crown

Nouns that only have a plural form:

1. Names of composite and paired items: pants, scales, railings, vise, tongs, rakes, scissors, pitchforks, swings and etc.
2. Names of materials or their waste, residues: white, yeast, pasta, cream, bran, sawdust and etc.
3. Names of time intervals, games: hide and seek, hide and seek, chess, holidays, day, weekdays and etc.
4. Names of actions and states of nature: chores, elections, negotiations, shoots, frosts, debates and etc.
5. Some geographical names: Carpathians, Fili, Gorki, Athens, Alps, Sokolniki and etc.

Cases of nouns

There are six cases in Russian. The case is determined by questions.

Nominative - who? or what?
Parent - who? or what?
Dative - to whom? or what?
Accusative - whom? or what?
Creative - by whom? or what?
Prepositional - about whom? or about what?

To determine the case of a noun in a sentence, you need:

1. find the word to which the given noun refers;
2. put a question from this word to the noun.

Declension of nouns

Changing words by case is called declension.
Exist three declensions nouns.

First decline.

The first declension includes feminine nouns with the ending -а (-я) in the nominative singular (country, land), as well as masculine nouns denoting people with the same endings (young man, uncle).

Second decline.

The second declension includes masculine nouns with a zero ending (shore, day), as well as endings -o, -e (house, house) and neuter with endings -o, -e in the nominative singular (word, building ).

Third declension.

The third declension includes feminine nouns with a zero ending in the nominative singular.

Variable nouns.

Ten neuter nouns in -mya (burden, time, udder, banner, name, flame, tribe, seed, stirrup and crown) and the masculine noun way in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases in the singular have 3rd declension noun endings -i, and in the instrumental case they take the endings of nouns of the 2nd declension -em (-em).

Indeclinable nouns.

Indeclinable are nouns that have the same form for all cases.
Among them there are both common nouns (coffee, radio, cinema, jury) and proper names (Goethe, Zola, Sochi).

Morphological analysis of the noun

I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1.
2. Permanent signs:
a) own or common noun,
b) animate or inanimate,
c) gender
d) declination.
3. Irregular signs:
a) fall
b) number.
III. syntactic role.

Adjective

The meaning and grammatical features of the adjective

Adjective- a part of speech that denotes a sign of an object and answers the questions what? which? which? whose?

Note.
Under the attribute in grammar, it is customary to understand the properties, belonging, quantities, etc., characterizing objects.

According to the meaning and form, the categories of adjectives are distinguished: qualitative, relative and possessive.
Adjectives, depending on nouns, agree with them, i.e. are put in the same case, number, gender as the nouns to which they refer.
The initial form of adjectives is the nominative case in the singular masculine. Adjectives are in complete and in brief form (only high quality).
In a sentence, adjectives in full form, as a rule, are agreed definitions, sometimes they are the nominal part of the compound predicate.
Short form adjectives are used only as predicates.
Qualitative adjectives have a comparative and a superlative degree.

Quality adjectives

Qualitative adjectives denote such a sign (quality) of an object that can be in this object to a greater or lesser extent.

Qualitative adjectives designate a feature of an object by:

• form(straight, angled)
• size(narrow, low)
• bloom(red, lemon)
• property(durable, tough)
• taste(bitter, salty)
• weight(heavy, weightless)
• smell(odorous, fragrant)
• temperature(warm, cool)
• sound(loud, quiet)
• general assessment(important, harmful)
• and etc.

Most quality adjectives have full and short forms.
Complete the form changes according to cases, numbers and genders.
adjectives in brief form change according to numbers and gender. Short adjectives are not declined; in a sentence are used as predicates.
Some adjectives are used only in a short form: much, glad, must, necessary.
Some qualitative adjectives do not have a corresponding short form: adjectives with suffixes denoting a high degree of attribute, and an adjective that is part of terminological names (fast train, deep rear).

Qualitative adjectives can be combined with an adverb very, have antonyms.
Qualitative adjectives have comparative and superlative degrees of comparison. In form, each degree can be simple(consists of one word) and composite(consists of two words): harder, quietest.

comparative

comparative shows that in one or another object a sign appears to a greater or lesser extent than in another.

Superlatives

Superlatives shows that one or another object is superior to other objects in some way.

Relative adjectives

Relative adjectives denote such a feature of an object that cannot be in the object to a greater or lesser extent.

Relative adjectives do not have a short form, degrees of comparison, do not combine with an adverb very, have no antonyms.

Relative adjectives change by case, number and gender (singular).

Relative adjectives mean:

• material(wooden spoon, clay pot)
• amount(five-year-old daughter, two-story house)
• location(river port, steppe wind)
• time(last year's plan, January frosts)
• appointment(washing machine, passenger train)
• weight, length, measure(meter stick, quarterly plan)
• and etc.

Possessive adjectives indicate the belonging of something to a person and answer the questions of whose? whose? whose? whose?
Possessive adjectives change by case, number and gender.

Morphological analysis of the adjective

I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1. Initial form (nominative singular masculine).
2. Permanent signs: qualitative, relative or possessive.
3. Irregular signs:
1) for quality:
a) the degree of comparison,
b) short and long form;
2) For all adjectives:
a) fall
b) number
c) genus.
III. syntactic role.

Numeral

The meaning and grammatical features of the numeral.

Numeral- a part of speech that indicates the number of objects, the number, as well as the order of objects when counting.
According to their meaning and grammatical features, numerals are divided into quantitative and ordinal.
quantitative numerals denote quantity or number and answer the question how much?
Ordinal numerals indicate the order of objects in the count and answer the questions what? which? which? which?

Note.

Quantity can also refer to other parts of speech. Numerals can be written in words and numbers, while other parts of speech can only be written in words: three horses - three horses.

The nouns change according to cases.
The initial form of the numeral is the nominative case.
In a sentence, numerals are subject, predicate, definition, adverb of time.
The numeral denoting the quantity, in combination with nouns, is one member of the sentence.

Simple and compound numbers

By the number of words, numerals are simple and compound.
Simple numerals consist of one word, and composite of two or more words.

Cardinal numbers.

Quantitative numerals are divided into three categories: whole numbers, fractional numbers and collective numbers.

Ordinals.

Ordinal numbers are formed, as a rule, from numerals denoting integers, usually without suffixes: five - fifth, six - sixth.

Note.

The ordinal numbers first and second are non-derivative (original words).

Ordinal numbers, like adjectives, change by case, number, and gender.
In compound ordinal numbers, only the last word is declined.

Morphological analysis of the name of the numeral

I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1. Initial form (nominative case).
2. Permanent signs:
a) simple or compound,
b) quantitative or ordinal,
c) category (for quantitative).
3. Irregular signs:
a) fall
b) number (if any),
c) gender (if any).
III. syntactic role.

Pronoun

Meaning and grammatical features of the pronoun.

Pronoun- a part of speech that indicates objects, signs and quantities, but does not name them.
The initial form of pronouns is the nominative singular.
In a sentence, pronouns are used as a subject, definition, object, less often - circumstances, and a pronoun can also be used as a predicate.

Pronoun ranks by meaning

According to their meaning and grammatical features, pronouns are divided into several categories:

• personal(I you he she)
• returnable(myself)
• interrogative(who, what, what)
• relative(who, which, than, which)
• uncertain(someone, something, some)
• negative(no one, nothing, some)
• possessive(mine, yours, ours)
• index(that, this, such, such, so much)
• defining(all, every, other)

Personal pronouns.

Personal pronouns I and you indicate the participants in the speech.
Pronouns he, she, it, they indicate the subject that is being said, has been said before or will be said. They serve to connect independent sentences in the text.
Pronoun you can refer to one person. The verb is the predicate and the short form of adjectives and participles are used in the plural. If the predicate is expressed by the adjective of the full form, then it is used in the singular.

reflexive pronoun myself.

reflexive pronoun myself indicates the person they are talking about.
Pronoun myself does not have a face, number, gender. It can be applied to any person, singular and plural, to any gender.
reflexive pronoun myself is in the offer an addition, sometimes a circumstance.

Interrogative and relative pronouns.

Words that respond to nouns (who? what?), adjectives (what? whose? what?), numerals (how much?), form a group interrogative pronouns.
The same pronouns without a question, as well as the pronoun which They are used to link simple sentences into complex sentences. This is - relative pronouns.
In sentences containing a question, pronouns what, how much- interrogative. In complex sentences, allied words which, what, how much- relative pronouns.

indefinite pronouns.

Indefinite pronouns indicate indefinite objects, signs, quantity.
Indefinite pronouns are formed by adding prefixes to interrogative and relative pronouns -something(something, someone, etc.) and -not(someone, several, etc.), which is always under stress, as well as suffixes something, something, something(someone, someone, anyone, etc.).
Indefinite pronouns change according to the type of pronoun from which oi are formed.
In a sentence, indefinite pronouns are subject, object, definition.

negative pronouns.

Negative pronouns(no one, not at all, no one, etc.) serve to deny the presence of any object, feature, quantity, or to reinforce the negative meaning of the whole sentence.
They are formed from interrogative (relative) pronouns using an unstressed prefix neither-(no one, no one, no one) and a percussion device not-(no one, nothing).
Negative pronouns change by case, number, and in the singular - by gender.

Note.

Pronouns with a prefix are not most often used in impersonal sentences, in which the predicate is expressed in the indefinite form of the verb.

Negative pronouns in a sentence are subjects, objects, definitions.

Possessive pronouns.

Possessive pronouns mine, yours, ours, yours indicate to which person the object belongs.
Pronoun my indicates that the subject belongs to the speaker. Your indicates that the object belongs to the person with whom we are talking.
Pronoun mine Indicates the belonging of the subject to the speaker, or his interlocutor, or a third person who are subjects in the sentence.
All of these pronouns in sentences are agreed definitions.

Demonstrative pronouns.

Demonstrative pronouns that, this, this, such, such, so much, this serve to distinguish among others any specific object, attribute, quantity.
Sometimes demonstrative pronouns that, such, such, so much serve to form complex sentences. In this case they are demonstrative words in the main clause, in the subordinate clause, as a rule, they correspond to the relative pronouns that are in it allied words.
In a sentence, demonstrative pronouns can be subject, object, attribute, predicate.

Definitive pronouns.

Definitive pronouns- all, everyone, everyone, everyone, himself, the most, any, different, other.
Pronouns each, any, most point to one object from a series of homogeneous ones.
Pronoun any points to any object from many homogeneous ones.
Pronouns all, everyone define an object as something indivisible.
Pronoun myself refers to the person or thing that performs the action.
Pronoun most, in addition to the meaning mentioned above, can indicate the degree of the attribute, serves to form the superlative degree of adjectives.

Morphological analysis of the pronoun

I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1. Initial form (nominative singular).
2. Permanent signs:
a) rank
b) person (for personal pronouns).
3. Irregular signs:
a) fall
b) number (if any),
c) gender (if any).
III. syntactic role.

Verb

Verb- a part of speech that denotes an action or state of an object and answers the questions what to do? what to do?
Verbs are imperfect and perfect.
Verbs are divided into transitive and intransitive.
Verbs change according to moods.
The verb has an initial form, which is called the indefinite form of the verb (or infinitive). It shows no time, no number, no face, no gender.
Verbs in a sentence are predicates.
The indefinite form of the verb can be included in the compound predicate, it can be the subject, object, definition, circumstance.

The indefinite form of the verb (or infinitive)

Verbs in indefinite form (infinitive) answer the questions what to do? or what to do?
Verbs in indefinite form have form, transitivity and intransitivity, conjugation. Verbs in the indefinite form have endings -ty, -ty, or zero.

Verb types

Verbs imperfect form answer the question what to do?, and the verbs perfect look- what to do?
Imperfective verbs do not indicate the completion of the action, its end or result. Perfective verbs indicate the completion of an action, its end or result.
A verb of one kind can correspond to a verb of another kind with the same lexical meaning.
When forming verbs of one type from verbs of another type, prefixes are used.
The formation of verb types can be accompanied by an alternation of vowels and consonants in the root.

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Verbs that combine or can combine with a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition are called transitional.
Transitive verbs denote an action that passes to another object.
A noun or pronoun with a transitive verb can be in the genitive case.
Verbs are intransitive, if the action is not directly transition to another subject.
Intransitive verbs are those with the suffix -sya (-sya).

Reflexive verbs

Verbs with suffix -sya (-sya) called returnable.
Some verbs can be reflexive and non-reflexive; others are only reflexive (no suffix -sya they are not used).

verb mood

Verbs in indicative mood denote actions that are happening or will actually happen.
Verbs in the indicative mood change with tenses. In the present and future tenses, the end vowel of the indefinite stem is sometimes omitted.
In the indicative mood, imperfective verbs have three tenses: present, past and future, and perfective verbs have two tenses: past and future simple.
Verbs in conditional mood denote actions that are desirable or possible under certain conditions.
The conditional mood of the verb is formed from the stem of the indefinite form of the verb with the help of a suffix -l- and particles would (b). This particle can stand after the verb and before it, can be separated from the verb by other words.
Verbs in the conditional mood change by number and in the singular by gender.
Verbs in imperative mood express an impulse to action, an order, a request.
Imperative verbs are usually used in the form 2nd person.
Imperative verbs do not change tenses.
Imperative forms are formed from the basis of the present or future simple tense with the help of the suffix -and- or null suffix. Imperative verbs in the singular have a zero ending, and in the plural - -those.
Sometimes a particle is added to imperative verbs -ka, which somewhat softens the order.

verb tense

Present tense.

Verbs in the present tense show that the action is happening at the moment of speaking.
Verbs in the present tense can denote actions that are performed constantly, always.
Verbs in the present tense change in person and number.

Past tense.

Verbs in the past tense show that the action took place before the moment of speech.
When describing the past, the present tense is often used instead of the past tense.
Verbs in the past tense form are formed from the indefinite form (infinitive) using the suffix -l-.
Verbs in the indefinite form -who, -ty, -thread(imperfect form) forms of the past tense singular masculine without a suffix -l-.
Past tense verbs change by number, and in the singular by gender. In the plural, past tense verbs do not change by person.

Future tense.

Verbs in the future tense show that the action will take place after the moment of speech.
The future tense has two forms: simple and compound. Shape of the future composite imperfective verbs consists of the future tense of the verb be and the indefinite form of the imperfective verb. The future tense is formed from perfective verbs simple, from imperfective verbs - future tense composite.

Morphological analysis of the verb

I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1. Initial form (indefinite form).
2. Permanent signs:
a) view
b) conjugation,
c) transition.
3. Irregular signs:
a) inclination
b) number
c) time (if any),
d) number (if any),
e) gender (if any).
III. syntactic role.

Participle

Participle- a special form of the verb that denotes a sign of an object by action and answers the questions what? which? which? which?

Note.

Some scientists consider participles to be an independent part of speech, since they have a number of features that are not characteristic of the verb.

As verb forms, participles have some grammatical features. They are perfect and imperfect; present tense and past; returnable and non-refundable.
The forms of the future tense do not have participles.
There are participles real and passive.

Denoting a sign of an object, participles, like adjectives, grammatically depend on nouns that agree with them, i.e. become in the same case, number and gender as the nouns they refer to.
Participles change by cases, by numbers, by gender. The case, number, gender of participles is determined by the case, number, gender of the noun to which the participle refers. Some participles, like adjectives, have a full and short form. initial participle form- nominative singular masculine. All verb signs of the participle correspond to the initial form of the verb - the indefinite form.
Like an adjective, a full participle in a sentence is a definition.
Participles in short form are used only as a nominal part of a compound predicate.

Active and passive participles

Valid participles designate a sign of the object that itself produces the action. Passive participles denote a sign of the object that is experiencing the action of another object.

Participle formation

When forming participles, the following verb signs are taken into account:

1. Transitivity or intransitivity of the verb(both real and passive participles are formed from transitive verbs; only real participles are formed from intransitive verbs).
2. Verb type(Present participles are not formed from perfective verbs. Real participles of the present and past tense are formed from imperfective verbs, passive past participles are not formed from most imperfective verbs, although these verbs have the corresponding forms of passive present participles).
3. Verb conjugations(both active and passive present participles have different suffixes depending on the conjugation of the verb).
4. Reflexivity or non-recurrence of the verb(passive participles are not formed from reflexive verbs). Real participles formed from reflexive verbs retain the suffix -sya at all times, regardless of which sound (vowel or consonant) is in front of this suffix; the suffix -sya stands at the participle after the end.

When forming participles with present tense suffixes -usch- (-yusch-), -ash- (-box-), -em-, -im- and past tense -vsh-, -sh-, -nn-, -enn-, -t- the endings of the masculine, feminine and neuter singular are added ( -th, -th, -th, -her) or plural endings ( -th, -th).
From a number of verbs are formed Not all types of sacraments.

Note.
Most transitive imperfective verbs do not have a passive past participle form.

Morphological analysis of the sacrament

I. Part of speech (special form of the verb); from which verb the general meaning is formed.

II. Morphological features:
1. The initial form is the nominative singular masculine.
2. Permanent signs:
a) real or passive;
b) time;
c) view.
3. Irregular signs:
a) full and short form (for passive participles);
b) case (for participles in full form);
c) number;
d) kind.

III. syntactic role.

gerund

gerund- a special form of the verb, which denotes an additional action with the main action expressed by the verb, and answers the questions what are you doing? having done what?

As a form of the verb, the participle has some of its grammatical features. gerunds are either perfect or imperfect. They retain the form of the verb from which they are formed.
The gerund retains the verb sign - transitivity.

Note.

A gerund, like a verb, can be returnable and irrevocable.

The participle, like the verb, can be determined by the adverb.
In a sentence, the participle is a circumstance.

Note.

Some scientists consider gerunds to be an independent part of speech, since they do not have many of the grammatical features characteristic of the verb.

Imperfect participles

Imperfect participles denote pending additional action, which occurs simultaneously with the action expressed by the verb - predicate.
Imperfect gerunds are formed from the stem present tense of the verb with a suffix -and I).
After the hissing suffix is ​​used -a, and in other cases - -I.
From the verb to be, the imperfect participle is formed using the suffix - teach.

Notes.

1. From imperfective verbs with a suffix -va- in an indefinite form (give, recognize, get up, etc.), the gerund participle is formed from the basis of an indefinite form: give out (give out) - giving out.
2. Imperfect participles are not formed from some verbs:
   • from verbs whose roots consist of only consonants:
     beat - beat, tear - tear, sew - sew, burn - tourniquet, etc.
     Exception:
     rush - rush - rush;
   • from verbs with a present tense stem to g, k, x: cherish - cherish, able - can, etc .;
   • from most verbs with the stem of the present tense to hissing: write - write, whip - whip, etc .;
   • from verbs with suffix -well-: fade - fade, get wet - get wet, pull - pull, go out - go out, etc.

Perfect participles

Perfective gerunds denote completed extra action, which is usually completed before the action begins. expressed by the verb predicate.

Perfective gerunds are formed from the stem of the indefinite form or the past tense (which, as a rule, coincide) with the help of suffixes -in, -lice, -shi. From reflexive verbs, perfect participles are formed with the suffix -lice (s), -shi (s). The participles with a consonant stem are formed with the suffix -shi.

Notes.

1. From some verbs, the formation of double forms is possible: from the stem of the indefinite form and from the stem of the past tense (when they do not match).
2. To suffix -to reflexive suffix -sya does not join.
   In some verbs, the perfective participles are formed with the help of the suffix -and I) from the basis of the future tense.

Notes.

1. From some verbs, forms with suffixes have been preserved -in, -lice, -shi(having returned, having tuned in, having come, having brought, having brought, having said goodbye, having acquired, having seen, having seen, having heard, having heard). if there are double forms, gerunds with a suffix are more often used -and I) as less cumbersome.
2. Sometimes gerunds with suffixes -in, -lice imperfective verbs are formed, but they are rarely used (former, ate, not having).

Morphological analysis of the participle

I. Part of speech (a special form of the verb). General value.
II. Morphological features:
1. Initial form (indefinite form of the verb)
2. View.
3. Immutability.
III. syntactic role.

Adverb

Adverb- a part of speech that denotes a sign of an action, a sign of an object and another sign.
Adverbs can refer to the verb, to its special forms - participle and gerund, as well as to the noun, adjective and other adverbs.
The adverb means sign of action, if attached to a verb and a participle.
The adverb means object sign, if attached to a noun.
The adverb means sign of another sign, if attached to an adjective, participle and other adverb.
The adverb does not change, i.e. does not bend or hide.
In a sentence, adverbs are most often circumstances.

Note.

Some adverbs can be predicates.

Adverbs are divided into the following groups according to their meaning:

• Adverbs of manner- as? how? - quickly, well, to smithereens
• Adverbs of time- when? since when? How long? how long? - today, now, in winter
• Adverbs of place- where? where? where? - away, upstairs, home
• Adverbs of reason- why - rashly, blindly, reluctantly
• Adverbs of purpose- why? - on purpose, on purpose
• Adverbs of measure and degree- how many? at what time? how much? in what degree? to what extent? - very, completely, extremely

A special group is made up of adverbs that do not name signs of action, but only point to them. They, in addition to the main purpose, are used to link sentences in the text.

• demonstrative adverbs(here, there, here, there, from there, then)
• Indefinite adverbs(somewhere, somewhere, somewhere)
• Interrogative adverbs(how, why, where)
• Negative adverbs(nowhere, never, nowhere, nowhere)

Degrees of comparison of adverbs

Adverbs for -o (-e), formed from qualitative adjectives, have two degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative.
The comparative degree of adverbs has two forms - simple and compound. The simple form of the comparative degree is formed with the help of suffixes -her(s), -e, -she from the original form of adverbs, from which the final ones are discarded -o (-e), -ko. The compound form of the comparative degree of adverbs is formed by combining adverbs and words more and less.
The superlative degree of adverbs has, as a rule, a compound form, which is a combination of two words - the comparative degree of an adverb and a pronoun all (total).

Morphological analysis of the adverb

I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1. The unchangeable word.
2. Degree of comparison (if any).
III. syntactic role.

Service parts of speech.

Pretext

Pretext- the service part of speech, which expresses the dependence of the noun, numeral and pronoun on other words in the phrase, and therefore in the sentence.
Prepositions do not change and are not part of the sentence.
Prepositions express different relationships:

1. spatial;
2. temporary;
3. causal.

Non-derivative and derived prepositions

Suggestions are divided into non-derivatives and derivatives.
Non-derivative prepositions: without, in, before, for, for, from, to, on, over, about, about, from, by, under, before, with, about, with, at, through.
Derived prepositions formed from independent parts of speech by losing their meaning and morphological features.

It is necessary to distinguish derivative prepositions from independent parts of speech homonymous to them.

1. Prepositions:
   • against Houses, ahead detachment, near rivers, inside tents, around garden, along road, near coast, according to instructions;
   • around axes, due to bad weather, about work, due to rain, during days, in continuation nights, say Finally, by virtue of circumstances;
   • thanks to rain, in spite of disease.
2. Independent parts of speech:
   • Adverb:
     live against, go ahead, stand near, wash inside, inspected around, stick along, did not have near, live according to, looked back around, have in mind
   • Noun:
     put to the account jar, because of in this case, during rivers, in continuation novel, in custody on the book, believe by virtue of.
   • gerund:
     thanks to mistress, despite on both sides.

Derivative prepositions are usually used with one case. Many non-derivative prepositions can be used with different cases.

Note.
Prepositions consisting of one word are called simple (in, on, to, from, before, from, in spite of, after and etc.). Prepositions consisting of two or more words are called constituent (in spite of, in conclusion and etc.).

Morphological analysis of the preposition

I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological trait:
immutability
III. syntactic role.

Union

Union- a service part of speech that connects homogeneous members in a simple sentence and simple sentences in a complex sentence.
Unions are divided into coordinating and subordinating.

writing unions connect homogeneous members and equal simple sentences as part of a complex (compound).

Subordinating unions connect simple sentences in a complex (complex-subordinate) sentence, of which one is subordinate in meaning to the other, i.e. from one sentence to the next one can pose a question.
Unions consisting of one word are called simple: a, and, but, or, either, how, what, when, barely, as if etc., and conjunctions consisting of several words, composite: due to the fact that, due to the fact that, while, due to the fact that, despite the fact that and etc.

Coordinating conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions are divided into three groups:

1. Connecting: and; yes (meaning and); not only but; like... so;
2. opposing: a; but; yes (meaning but); though; but;
3. Dividing: or; or or; or; then ... then; not that... not that.

Parts of some unions ( like ... so and, not only ... but also, not that ... not that etc.) are found with different homogeneous members or in different parts of a complex sentence.

Subordinating conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions are divided into the following groups:

1. Causal: because; because of; as; due to the fact that; thanks to; due to the fact that; due to the fact that and others;
2. Target: to (to); in order to; so that etc.;
3. Temporary: when; only; just; Bye; barely, etc.;
4. Conditional: if; if; once; whether; how soon, etc.;
5. Comparative: as; as if; like; as if; exactly, etc.;
6. Explanatory: what; to; like others;
7. concessions: despite the fact that; although; no matter how, etc.

Morphological analysis of the union

I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1) Composing or subordinating;
2) The unchangeable word.
III. syntactic role.

Particle

Particle- a service part of speech that introduces various shades of meaning into a sentence or serves to form word forms.
Particles do not change and are not members of the sentence.
According to the meaning and role in the sentence, the particles are divided into three categories: formative, negative and modal.

Shaping particles

Form-building particles include particles that serve to form the conditional and imperative mood of the verb.
Particle would (b) can stand before the verb to which it refers, after the verb, can be separated from the verb by other words.

negative particles

The negative particles are not and neither.
Particle not can give sentences or individual words not only a negative, but also a positive meaning with a double negation.

The value of the particle is not

1. Negative meaning.
   • of the whole offer: Not hurry up with the answer. Not to be this.
   • a single word: Before us was not small, but a large meadow.
2. Positive value.
   • Comrade not could not help me.

negative particle neither can have other meanings than negative.

The meaning of the particle is neither

1. Negative meaning in a sentence without a subject.
   Neither from place! Around neither souls.
2. Strengthening the negation in sentences with a particle neither and with the word No.
   around no neither souls. Can not see neither bush.
3. Generalizing meaning in sentences with negative pronouns and adverbs.
   What neither (= everything) would do, everything worked out for him. Where neither (= everywhere) look, fields and fields are everywhere.

modal particles

Modal particles include particles that introduce various semantic shades into the sentence, and also express the feelings and attitudes of the speaker.

Particles that add semantic shades to the sentence are divided into groups according to their meaning:

1. Question: whether, really, really
2. indication: here (and here), out (and out)
3. Clarification: exactly, exactly
4. Highlight, limit: only, exclusively, exclusively, almost

Particles expressing the feelings and attitude of the speaker are also divided into groups according to their meaning:

1. Exclamation: what, how
2. Doubt: hardly, hardly
3. Gain: even, even and, neither, and, yet, after all, really, everything, after all
4. Mitigation, requirement: -ka

Morphological parsing of a particle

I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1) Discharge;
2) The unchangeable word.
III. syntactic role.

Interjection

Interjection- a special part of speech that expresses, but does not name, various feelings and impulses.
Interjections are not included in either independent or auxiliary parts of speech.
Interjections do not change and are not part of the sentence. But sometimes interjections are used in the meaning of other parts of speech. In this case, the interjection takes on a specific lexical meaning and becomes a member of the sentence.

Helpful information?

Instruction

The second group consists of service parts of speech. They do not name and do not characterize objects, signs, actions. The words of this group serve to ensure the integrity of expressions, to give semantic and emotional meanings to sentences. The service parts of speech are prepositions, conjunctions and particles.

Ask a question to the word as if you are clarifying or asking again: who? what? which? how many? Find your interrogative variant in the definitions of independent parts of speech below:

1. Who? What? - noun. This part of speech refers to an object. For example: joy, word, person.

2. What? Whose? What? - adjective. Indicates the attribute of an object. For example: cheerful, fox, winter.

3. What to do? What to do? What is he doing? What will he do? What will do? What have you been doing? What did you do? - verb. Names an action that happens to an object or is performed by it. For example: draw, built, writes.

4. How much? Which? What's the score? - numeral. Indicates the number, serial number of the item or the total number of items. For example: two, one hundred, three.

5. How? Where? When? Where? What for? Why? - adverb. This is a variable part of speech that describes a sign of an action or a sign of a sign. For example: carefully, attentively, skillfully, barely, reasonably.

6. Who? Which? Which? - pronoun. This part of speech replaces nouns, adjectives, numerals. The pronoun indicates an object, sign or quantity, but does not name them. For example: I, you, he, this, who, ourselves, ours, so many.

If you cannot ask any of the following questions by the word, then you have one of the service parts of speech:

1. The preposition serves to link words in phrases and sentences. For example: in, on, from, because of, at, after, except.

2. The union connects homogeneous members of a sentence and parts of a complex sentence. For example: and, but, or, to, because, when, what, since.

3. The particle introduces additional meaning into the sentence (negation, question, doubt, etc.). For example: really, even, but, only, neither, whether.

4. Interjection. These unchanging words serve to convey emotions, express strong feelings. For example: uh, uh, uh, uh.

1. Independent parts of speech:

• nouns (see morphological norms of nouns);
• Verbs:
• • sacraments;
  • gerunds;
• adjectives;
• numerals;
• pronouns;
• adverbs;

2. Service parts of speech:

• prepositions;
• unions;
• particles;

3. Interjections.

None of the classifications (according to the morphological system) of the Russian language fall into:

• the words yes and no, if they act as an independent sentence.
• introductory words: so, by the way, total, as a separate sentence, as well as a number of other words.

Morphological analysis of a noun

• the initial form in the nominative case, singular (with the exception of nouns used only in the plural: scissors, etc.);
• own or common noun;
• animate or inanimate;
• gender (m, f, cf.);
• number (unit, plural);
• declination;
• case;
• syntactic role in a sentence.

Plan of morphological analysis of a noun

"The baby is drinking milk."

Kid (answers the question who?) - noun;

• initial form - baby;
• permanent morphological features: animate, common noun, concrete, masculine, 1st declension;
• inconstant morphological features: nominative case, singular;
• in the syntactic analysis of the sentence, it plays the role of the subject.

Morphological analysis of the word "milk" (answers the question of whom? What?).

• initial form - milk;
• constant morphological characteristic of the word: neuter, inanimate, real, common noun, 2nd declension;
• variable morphological features: accusative, singular;
• in a sentence with a direct object.

Here is another example of how to make a morphological analysis of a noun, based on a literary source:

"Two ladies ran up to Luzhin and helped him get up. He began to knock the dust off his coat with his palm. (Example from: Luzhin's Defense, Vladimir Nabokov)."

Ladies (who?) - noun;

• the initial form is a lady;
• permanent morphological features: common noun, animate, specific, feminine, 1st declension;
• fickle morphological noun characteristic: singular, genitive;
• syntactic role: part of the subject.

Luzhin (to whom?) - noun;

• initial form - Luzhin;
• faithful morphological characteristic of the word: proper name, animated, concrete, masculine, mixed declension;
• non-permanent morphological features of a noun: singular, dative case;

Palm (what?) - noun;

• initial form - palm;
• constant morphological features: feminine, inanimate, common noun, concrete, I declension;
• unstable morphos. signs: singular, instrumental;
• syntactic role in context: complement.

Dust (what?) - noun;

• initial form - dust;
• main morphological features: common noun, real, feminine, singular, animate not characterized, III declension (noun with zero ending);
• fickle morphological word characteristic: accusative;
• syntactic role: complement.

(c) Coat (Why?) - noun;

• the initial form is a coat;
• constant correct morphological characteristic of the word: inanimate, common noun, concrete, neuter, indeclinable;
• morphological features are unstable: the number cannot be determined from the context, the genitive case;
• syntactic role as a member of a sentence: addition.

Morphological analysis of the adjective

The adjective is a significant part of speech. Answers questions What? Which? Which? Which? and characterizes the features or qualities of an object. Table of morphological features of the adjective name:

• initial form in the nominative case, singular, masculine;
• constant morphological features of adjectives:
• • rank, according to the value:
  • • - quality (warm, silent);
    • - relative (yesterday, reading);
    • - possessive (hare, mother's);
  • degree of comparison (for qualitative, in which this feature is constant);
  • full / short form (for quality, in which this feature is permanent);
• non-permanent morphological features of the adjective:
• • quality adjectives change according to the degree of comparison (in comparative degrees, a simple form, in superlatives - complex): beautiful-beautiful-most beautiful;
  • full or short form (only qualitative adjectives);
  • genus sign (only in the singular);
  • number (consistent with the noun);
  • case (consistent with the noun);
• syntactic role in the sentence: the adjective is a definition or part of a compound nominal predicate.

Plan of morphological analysis of the adjective

Suggestion example:

The full moon rose over the city.

Full (what?) - adjective;

• initial form - complete;
• permanent morphological features of the adjective: qualitative, full form;
• inconstant morphological characteristic: in a positive (zero) degree of comparison, feminine (consistent with the noun), nominative case;
• according to syntactic analysis - a minor member of the sentence, performs the role of a definition.

Here is another whole literary passage and a morphological analysis of the adjective, using examples:

The girl was beautiful: slender, thin, blue eyes, like two amazing sapphires, looked into your soul.

Beautiful (what?) - adjective;

• the initial form is beautiful (in this sense);
• constant morphological norms: qualitative, short;
• non-permanent signs: positive degree of comparison, singular, feminine;

Slender (what?) - adjective;

• initial form - slender;
• permanent morphological features: qualitative, complete;
• inconstant morphological characteristics of the word: full, positive degree of comparison, singular, feminine, nominative;
• syntactic role in the sentence: part of the predicate.

Thin (what?) - adjective;

• the initial form is thin;
• morphological permanent features: qualitative, complete;
• inconstant morphological characteristic of the adjective: positive degree of comparison, singular, feminine, nominative;
• syntactic role: part of the predicate.

Blue (what?) - adjective;

• initial form - blue;
• table of constant morphological features of the adjective: qualitative;
• inconsistent morphological characteristics: complete, positive degree of comparison, plural, nominative;
• syntactic role: definition.

Amazing (what?) - adjective;

• initial form - amazing;
• permanent signs in morphology: relative, expressive;
• inconsistent morphological features: plural, genitive;
• syntactic role in the sentence: part of the circumstance.

Morphological features of the verb

According to the morphology of the Russian language, the verb is an independent part of speech. It can denote an action (to walk), a property (to limp), an attitude (to equal), a state (to rejoice), a sign (to turn white, show off) of an object. Verbs answer the question what to do? what to do? what is he doing? what have you been doing? or what will it do? Different groups of verbal word forms are characterized by heterogeneous morphological characteristics and grammatical features.

Morphological forms of verbs:

• the initial form of the verb is the infinitive. It is also called the indefinite or invariable form of the verb. Variable morphological features are absent;
• conjugated (personal and impersonal) forms;
• non-conjugated forms: participles and participles.

Morphological analysis of the verb

• the initial form is the infinitive;
• constant morphological features of the verb:
• • transitivity:
  • • transitive (used with accusative nouns without a preposition);
    • intransitive (not used with a noun in the accusative case without a preposition);
  • returnability:
  • • returnable (there are -sya, -sya);
    • irrevocable (no -sya, -sya);
  • • imperfect (what to do?);
    • perfect (what to do?);
  • conjugation:
  • • I conjugation (do-eat, do-et, do-eat, do-et, do-yut / ut);
    • II conjugation (sto-ish, sto-it, sto-im, sto-ite, sto-yat / at);
    • conjugated verbs (want, run);
• non-permanent morphological features of the verb:
• • mood:
  • • indicative: what did you do? What did you do? what is he doing? what will he do?;
    • conditional: what would you do? what would you do?;
    • imperative: do it!;
  • time (in the indicative mood: past / present / future);
  • person (in the present/future tense, indicative and imperative: 1st person: I/we, 2nd person: you/you, 3rd person: he/they);
  • gender (in the past tense, singular, indicative and conditional);
  • number;
• syntactic role in a sentence. The infinitive can be any part of the sentence:
• • predicate: To be a holiday today;
  • Subject: Learning is always useful;
  • addition: All the guests asked her to dance;
  • definition: He has an overwhelming desire to eat;
  • circumstance: I went out for a walk.

Morphological analysis of the verb example

To understand the scheme, we will conduct a written analysis of the morphology of the verb using the example of a sentence:

Crow somehow God sent a piece of cheese ... (fable, I. Krylov)

Sent (what did you do?) - part of speech verb;

• initial form - send;
• permanent morphological features: perfective, transitional, 1st conjugation;
• inconstant morphological characteristic of the verb: indicative mood, past tense, masculine, singular;

The following online example of the morphological parsing of a verb in a sentence:

What silence, listen.

Listen (what to do?) - verb;

• the initial form is to listen;
• morphological constant features: perfect form, intransitive, reflexive, 1st conjugation;
• inconstant morphological characteristics of the word: imperative, plural, 2nd person;
• syntactic role in the sentence: predicate.

Plan for the morphological analysis of the verb online for free, based on an example from a whole paragraph:

He needs to be warned.

No need, let him know another time how to break the rules.

What are the rules?

Wait, I'll tell you later. Has entered! (“The Golden Calf”, I. Ilf)

Warn (what to do?) - verb;

• initial form - warn;
• morphological features of the verb are constant: perfective, transitive, irrevocable, 1st conjugation;
• non-permanent morphology of the part of speech: infinitive;
• syntactic function in a sentence: an integral part of the predicate.

Let him know (what is he doing?) - part of speech verb;

• the initial form is to know;
• inconstant morphology of the verb: imperative, singular, 3rd person;
• syntactic role in the sentence: predicate.

Violate (what to do?) - the word is a verb;

• the initial form is to violate;
• permanent morphological features: imperfective, irrevocable, transitional, 1st conjugation;
• non-permanent signs of the verb: infinitive (initial form);
• syntactic role in the context: part of the predicate.

Wait (what to do?) - part of speech verb;

• initial form - wait;
• permanent morphological features: perfect form, irrevocable, transitional, 1st conjugation;
• inconstant morphological characteristic of the verb: imperative, plural, 2nd person;
• syntactic role in the sentence: predicate.

Entered (what did?) - verb;

• initial form - enter;
• permanent morphological features: perfective, irrevocable, intransitive, 1st conjugation;
• inconstant morphological characteristic of the verb: past tense, indicative mood, singular, masculine;
• syntactic role in the sentence: predicate.

To cope with most of the exam tasks, you need to be able to determine which What part of speech is the word. It is best to do this on the question to which the word answers. However, be careful: words of different parts of speech can answer the same question. For example, the adjective and participle have a common question “what?” And the participles and adverbs have “how?”. It turns out that only a question is not always enough to determine the part of speech. Therefore, it is worth paying attention to the general meaning of the word, as well as its morphological features.

For successful passing the exam In Russian need, of course, not only learn to identify parts of speech, but also to master their main features well. Be sure to repeat what are the moods of the verb, for which ranks adjectives and pronouns are divided according to their meaning.

By the way, about pronouns. They have a separate article on the site, which I recommend reading. So, article by P.N. Malofeeva: read, reflect, discuss!

Service parts of speech

These small (mostly) words are very important in the language. Without them, people would not be able to fully communicate.

When studying (or repeating) the material about the service parts of speech, you need to pay attention to:

1. The difference between prepositions, conjunctions and particles from independent parts of speech.
2. The difference between the service parts of speech from each other.

Prepositions, conjunctions and particles, unlike independent parts of speech, do not answer any questions and are not members of a sentence.

The service parts of speech differ from each other, first of all, by their role in a phrase, sentence or text, that is, by what they are for. serve.

Pretext

Pretext serves to connect words in a phrase, and therefore in a sentence. In this case, the dependence of one word on another is expressed.

We ask questions from main words to dependent ones, and prepositions help answer "in"(example 1) and "during» (example 2). Without them, it would be impossible to build phrases. Moreover, questions cannot be asked to the prepositions themselves, from them - too.

Preposition "in" non-derivative(it appeared in the language directly to express the dependence of some words on others), like other non-derivative prepositions: on, under, to, at, in, for, from, from, etc.

Preposition "during" derivative. You probably felt in it a “trace” from the noun “flow”. Derivative prepositions were formed from the words of significant parts of speech, while losing their morphological features.

Union

Union serves to connect simple sentences as part of a complex one, as well as to connect homogeneous members of a sentence.

Like prepositions, conjunctions are simple and compound, derivative and non-derivative.

Particle

Particles perform two functions in our speech at once. Firstly, they introduce a certain shade of meaning into the sentence - an additional shade, but sometimes very important. In this case, the particles do not transmit any new information. Special particles in this respect are NE and NI. They are able to change the meaning of the statement to the opposite, negative.

Secondly, particles can serve to form all kinds of word forms. For example, for the formation of verb moods or degrees of comparison of an adjective and an adverb.