language norm literary codification

The concept of a norm is usually associated with the idea of ​​correct, literary literate speech, and literary speech itself is one of the aspects of a person’s general culture.

The norm, as a socio-historical and deeply national phenomenon, characterizes, first of all, the literary language - recognized as an exemplary form of the national language. Therefore, the terms "linguistic norm" and "literary norm" are often combined, especially when applied to the modern Russian language, although historically this is not the same thing.

Language norm develops in the real practice of verbal communication, is worked out and fixed in public use as an uzus (Latin usus - use, use, habit); the literary norm is undoubtedly based on the usage, but it is also specially guarded, codified, i.e. legitimized by special regulations (dictionaries, codes of practice, textbooks).

literary norm- these are the rules of pronunciation, word usage, use of grammatical and stylistic language means adopted in social and linguistic practice. The norm is historically mobile, but at the same time stable and traditional, it has such qualities as familiarity and obligatory nature. The stability and traditional nature of the norm explain a certain degree of retrospectiveness of the norm. Despite its fundamental mobility and variability, the norm very carefully opens its borders for innovations, leaving them for the time being on the periphery of the language. A.M. spoke convincingly and simply about this. Peshkovsky: “The norm is what was, and partly what is, but by no means what will be.”

The nature of the norm is two-sided: on the one hand, it contains the objective properties of an evolving language (the norm is the realized possibility of the language), and on the other hand, social taste assessments (the norm is a stable way of expression enshrined in the best examples of literature and preferred by the educated part of society). It is this combination of the objective and the subjective in the norm that creates the somewhat contradictory nature of the norm: for example, the obvious prevalence and general use of a linguistic sign does not always (or at least not immediately) receive approval from the codifiers of the norm. Thus, the living forces that direct the natural course of the development of language (and the consolidation of the results of this development in the norm) collide with the traditions of linguistic taste. The objective norm is created on the basis of the competition of variants of linguistic signs. For the recent past, classical fiction was considered the most authoritative source of the literary norm. At present, the center of norm formation has moved to the mass media (television, radio, periodicals). In accordance with this, the linguistic taste of the era also changes, due to which the very status of the literary language changes, the norm is democratized, it becomes more permeable to the former non-literary language means.

The main reason for changing the norms is the evolution of the language itself, the presence of variance, which ensures the choice of the most appropriate options for linguistic expression. The meaning of expediency and convenience is more and more noticeably included in the concept of exemplary, reference standard of a normative language means.

The norm has a certain set of features that must be present in it in their entirety. K.S. writes in detail about the signs of the norm. Gorbachevich in the book "Word variance and language norm". He identifies three main features: 1) the stability of the norm, conservatism; 2) prevalence of the linguistic phenomenon; 3) the authority of the source. Each of the signs separately can be present in a particular linguistic phenomenon, but this is not enough. In order for a language tool to be recognized as normative, a combination of features is necessary. Thus, for example, errors can be extremely common, and they can persist for a long period of time. Finally, the language practice of a sufficiently authoritative printed organ may turn out to be far from ideal. As for the authoritativeness of the artists of the word, then there are special difficulties in assessing, since the language of fiction is a phenomenon of a special plan and high artistry is often achieved precisely as a result of free, not according to strict rules, use of the language.

The quality (sign) of the stability of the norm manifests itself in different ways at different language levels. Moreover, this sign of the norm is directly related to the systemic nature of the language as a whole, therefore, at each language level, the ratio of “norm and system” manifests itself to varying degrees, for example, in the field of pronunciation, the norm depends entirely on the system (cf. the laws of alternation of sounds, assimilation, pronunciation of groups consonants, etc.); in the field of grammar, the system gives out schemes, models, samples, and the norm - speech implementations of these schemes, models; in the field of vocabulary, the norm is less dependent on the system - the content plan dominates the expression plan, moreover, the systemic relationships of lexemes can be adjusted under the influence of a new content plan. In any case, the sign of the stability of the norm is projected onto the linguistic systemicity (an extra-systemic linguistic means cannot be stable, sustainable).

Thus, the norm, having the listed features, implements the following criteria for its evaluation: systemic criterion (stability), functional criterion (prevalence), aesthetic criterion (source authority).

An objective linguistic norm is formed spontaneously by choosing the most convenient, expedient variant of a linguistic means, which becomes widespread and widely used. A strictly enforced rule in this choice is compliance with the language system. However, such a spontaneously established norm will not necessarily be officially recognized yet. We need codification of the norm, its legitimization through official regulations (fixation in normative dictionaries, sets of rules, etc.). This is where some difficulties arise in the form of resistance to the new norms on the part of codifiers or the public, and finally, some group of professionals or "lovers of literature". As a rule, it looks like a ban on everything new. Purism is the desire, out of conservative motives, to keep something (for example, in a language) unchanged, to protect it from innovations (purism - French purisme, from Latin purus - clean).

Purism is different. In the history of Russian literature, for example, ideological purism associated with the name of A.S. Shishkov, Russian writer, president of the Russian Academy since 1813, later minister of public education, who acted as an archaist who did not tolerate any innovations in the language, especially borrowed ones. In our time, one can encounter gustatory purism, when linguistic facts are evaluated from the everyday positions “it cuts or does not cut the ear” (it is clear that the ear can have different sensitivity), as well as scientist purism, which deserves more attention, because it is able to influence development of recommendations. Most often, these are the emotions of a bibliophile, who is a prisoner of tradition. This is revealed in prohibitive recommendations placed in dictionaries, manuals, etc. In part, such purism can be useful, it has the quality of a deterrent.

The norm is based on the usage, the custom of use, the codified norm officially legitimizes the usage (or in some special cases rejects it), in any case, codification is a conscious activity. Since codifiers, both individual scientists and creative teams, may have different views and attitudes, different degrees of manifestation of prohibitive intentions, recommendations in officially published documents often do not coincide, especially with regard to stylistic marks in dictionaries, fixing a number of grammatical forms, etc. . Such disagreements testify not so much to the fact that different criteria can be used when covering linguistic facts, when establishing a norm, but to the inconsistency of the linguistic material itself: the language is rich in variant forms and structures, and the problem of choice sometimes turns out to be difficult. In addition, the "language policy" of the moment is also taken into account. At different stages of the life of society, it declares itself in different ways. The term originated in the 1920s and 1930s. and means conscious interference in speech practice, the adoption of protective measures in relation to it. At present, the state of our statehood and the state of society are such that no one even thinks about protective measures in relation to social and speech practice. The literary norm is clearly being shaken, and above all by the mass media. The phrase "linguistic lawlessness" began to be used along with others, where the internal form of this former slang word (lack of measure in anything that is evaluated negatively) is actively manifested - administrative lawlessness, legal lawlessness, lawlessness of power, army lawlessness, etc. This word became so widely used (in different contexts) that even in dictionaries it acquired new marks, in particular, in the Dictionary of S.I. Ozhegova, N.Yu. Shvedova of the 90s of the edition, the word is presented with the mark “colloquial”, although before this period the word was not included at all in this dictionary as belonging to criminal jargon. The modern popularity of the word could not go unnoticed in the linguistic environment: articles are devoted to it, many pages in monographs.

So, the codification of the norm is the result of normalizing activity, and the codifiers, observing the speech practice, fix the norm that has developed in the language itself, giving preference to the option that is most relevant for a given time.

Language norm- this is the generally accepted use of language means: sounds, stress, intonation, words, syntactic constructions.

The main properties of the language norm:

objectivity- the norm is not invented by scientists, is not prescribed by them;

obligation for all native speakers;

sustainability- if the norms were not stable, easily subjected to various influences, the connection between generations would be broken; the stability of norms ensures the continuity of the cultural traditions of the people, the development of national literature;

historical variability- as the language develops, language norms gradually change under the influence of colloquial speech, various social and professional groups of the population, borrowings, etc.

Changes in the language lead to the emergence of variants of some words. For example, the options tunnel - tunnel, galoshes - galoshes, cottage cheese - cottage cheese are absolutely equal

However, more often the options receive unequal evaluation: the main option is recognized, which can be used in all styles of speech, has a broader meaning. For example, in all styles of speech, the variant of the contract is appropriate, while the form of the contract has a colloquial coloring. Phenomenon form can be used in all meanings of the word, and the colloquial phenomenon is used only in the sense of "a person with unusual abilities".

Many forms that have a colloquial coloration are outside the literary language: calls, understood, lay down, etc.

The admissibility of traditional and new pronunciation gives rise to the idea of two types of norms- "older" and "younger": older– recommended, more strict; the only possible one in stage and announcer speech; younger- permissible, freer, characteristic of everyday speech.

Society consciously cares about the preservation of linguistic norms, which is reflected in the process of codification - the ordering of linguistic norms. The most important means of codification are linguistic dictionaries, reference books, textbooks, from which we can get information about the correct use of language units.

In relation to the literary norm, several types of speech are distinguished, for example:

elite speech which is characterized by observance of all literary norms, possession of all functional styles of the Russian language, the transition from one style to another depending on the sphere of communication, observance of ethical standards of communication, respect for a partner;

literary speech of the middle level, which is owned by most of the intelligentsia;

literary and colloquial speech;

colloquial familiar type of speech (usually speech at the level of family, relatives);

vernacular(speech of uneducated people);

professional speech.

Types of language norms.

The most important quality of good speech - correctness - is based on the observance of various language norms. The types of language norms reflect the hierarchical structure of the language - each language level has its own set of language norms.

Orthoepic norms is a set of rules that establish a uniform pronunciation. Orthoepy in the proper sense of the word indicates how certain sounds should be pronounced in certain phonetic positions, in certain combinations with other sounds, as well as in certain grammatical forms and groups of words, or even individual words, if these forms and words have their own pronunciation features.

Here are some examples of mandatory orthoepic norms (pronunciation of consonants).

The explosive sound [g] at the end of the word is deafened and in its place it is pronounced [k]; fricative pronunciation [γ] is allowed in the words: God, Lord, good.

Voiced consonants, except for sonorants [p], [l], [m], [n], at the end of words and before voiceless consonants are stunned, and voiceless consonants before voiced ones, except for sonorants, are voiced: [teeth] - [mouth], [ kas'it'] - [kaz'ba].

All consonants, except [w], [w], [c], before vowels [i], [e] become soft. However, in some borrowed words, the consonants before [e] remain solid: chalk [m'el], shadow [t'en '], but pace [temp].

At the junction of morphemes, the consonants [h] and [g], [h] and [w], [s] and [w], [s] and [g], [h] and [h '] are pronounced as long hissing sounds: sew [shshtyt '], squeeze [burn '].

The combination of th in the words that, to, nothing is pronounced as [pcs].

Equally important for orthoepy is the issue of stress placement. “There are many words, the pronunciation of which serves as a litmus test of the level of speech culture. It is often enough to hear from a stranger an incorrect stress in a word (like: youth, shop, invention, newborn, tool, document, percentage, whooping cough, beetroot, athlete, self-interest, associate professor, portfolio, condolences, translated, transported, make it easier for people, etc. .p.), in order to form a not too flattering opinion about his education, the degree of general culture, so to speak, the level of intelligence. Therefore, there is no need to prove how important it is to master the correct stress” [K.S. Gorbachevich. Issues of pronunciation of words are discussed in detail in orthoepic dictionaries, for example: Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / edited by R.I. Avanesov. M., 1995 (and other ed.)

Lexical norms- These are the rules for the use of words in accordance with their meanings and possibilities of compatibility.

Lexical norms are subject to historical changes. For example, it is interesting to see how the norm of using the word entrant has changed. In the 1930s and 1940s, both those who graduated from high school and those who entered the university were called applicants, since both of these concepts in most cases refer to the same person. In the post-war years, the word graduate was assigned to those graduating from high school, and the entrant in this sense fell into disuse. Applicants began to call those who pass the entrance exams at the university and technical school.

Dictionaries are devoted to the description of the lexical norms of the Russian language: Vakurov V.N., Rakhmanova L.I., Tolstoy I.V., Formanovskaya N.I. Difficulties of the Russian language: Dictionary-reference book. M., 1993; Rosenthal D.E., Telenkova M.A. Dictionary of the difficulties of the Russian language. M., 1999; Belchikov Yu.A., Panyusheva M.S. Dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language. M., 2002, etc.

Morphological norms These are the rules for the formation of words and word forms.

Morphological norms are numerous and relate to the use of forms of different parts of speech. These norms are reflected in grammars and reference books.

For example, in the nominative case of the plural of nouns, according to the traditional norms of the literary language, most words correspond to the ending -ы, -и: locksmiths, bakers, turners, searchlights. However, in a number of words there is an ending -a. Forms with the ending -a usually have a colloquial or professional coloring. Only in some words the ending -a corresponds to the literary norm, for example: addresses, banks, sides, sides, centuries, bills, director, doctor, tunic, master, passport, cook, cellar, professor, variety, watchman, paramedic, cadet, anchor , sails, cold.

Variant forms, forms corresponding to the literary norm, are described in detail in the book: T.F. Efremova, V.G. Kostomarov. Dictionary of grammatical difficulties of the Russian language. M., 2000.

Syntactic norms These are the rules for constructing phrases and sentences.

For example, choosing the right form of government is perhaps the most difficult thing in modern speech and writing. They reflect the features of the construction of phrases and sentences in the Russian language. The greatest difficulty is usually caused by the choice of a controlled form in a phrase, the agreement of the subject and the predicate, the use of participial and adverbial phrases, as well as the construction of some types of complex sentences.

Stylistic norms- these are the rules for choosing language means in accordance with the situation of communication.

Many words of the Russian language have a certain stylistic coloring - bookish, colloquial, colloquial, which determines the peculiarities of their use in speech.

For example, the word dwell has a bookish character, so it should not be used in combination with stylistically reduced words that evoke ideas of a reduced nature. Wrong therefore: I went to the barn where the pigs lived ...

Mixing vocabulary of different stylistic colors can be used for artistic purposes, for example, to create a comic effect: The forest owner loves to feast on polydrupes and angiosperms… with a concomitant increase in the lipid layer. Yes, the minus range of Mikhailo Ivanovich is not terrible: at least where the hairline, and the noble epidermis ... (T. Tolstaya).

We should not forget about the rules of spelling, which are given the most attention in the school course of the Russian language. These include spelling norms- rules for writing words and punctuation norms - rules for punctuation marks.

Lecture No. 85 Language norm

The concept of a language norm and various types of language norms are considered.

Language norm

The concept of a language norm and various types of language norms are considered.

Lecture plan

85.1. The concept of a language norm

85.2. Types of language norms

85. 1. The concept of a language norm

Every cultured person should be able to correctly pronounce and write words, place punctuation marks, not make mistakes in the formation of word forms, the construction of phrases and sentences.

The concept of language norm is closely connected with the concept of speech correctness.

Language norm - this is the generally accepted use of language means: sounds, stress, intonation, words, syntactic constructions.

The main properties of the language norm:

• objectivity - the norm is not invented by scientists, is not prescribed by them;
• mandatory for all native speakers;
• stability - if the norms were not stable, easily subjected to various influences, the connection between generations would be broken; the stability of norms ensures the continuity of the cultural traditions of the people, the development of national literature;
• historical variability - as the language develops, language norms gradually change under the influence of colloquial speech, various social and professional groups of the population, borrowings, etc.

Changes in the language lead to the emergence of variants of some words. For example, the options are absolutely equal tunnel - tunnel, galoshes - galoshes, curd - curd

However, more often the options receive an unequal assessment: the main option is recognized, which can be used in all styles of speech, has a broader meaning; A minor option is one whose use is limited. For example, in all styles of speech, the option is appropriate contract, while the form agreement has a conversational tone. The form phenomenon can be used in all meanings of the word, and the colloquial version phenomenon used only in the meaning of "a person with unusual abilities."

Many forms with colloquial coloring are outside the literary language: calls, understood, lay down and etc.

The admissibility of the traditional and new pronunciation gives rise to the idea of ​​two types of norms - "older" and "younger": the older one is recommended, more strict; the only possible one in stage and announcer speech; the younger one is permissible, more free, characteristic of everyday speech.

Society consciously cares about the preservation of linguistic norms, which is reflected in the process codification- streamlining of language norms. The most important means of codification are linguistic dictionaries, reference books, textbooks, from which we can get information about the correct use of language units.

In relation to the literary norm, several types of speech are distinguished, for example:

• elite speech, which is characterized by compliance with all literary norms, mastery of all functional styles of the Russian language, the transition from one style to another depending on the sphere of communication, compliance with ethical standards of communication, respect for a partner;
• literary speech of the middle level, which is owned by most of the intelligentsia;
• literary and colloquial speech;
• colloquial-familiar type of speech (usually speech at the level of family, relatives);
• colloquial speech (speech of uneducated people);
• professional speech.

85.2. Types of language norms

The most important quality of good speech - correctness - is based on the observance of various language norms. The types of language norms reflect the hierarchical structure of the language - each language level has its own set of language norms.

Orthoepic norms - it is a set of rules that establish uniform pronunciation. Orthoepy in the proper sense of the word indicates how certain sounds should be pronounced in certain phonetic positions, in certain combinations with other sounds, as well as in certain grammatical forms and groups of words, or even individual words, if these forms and words have their own pronunciation features.

Here are some examples of mandatory orthoepic norms (pronunciation of consonants).

1. The explosive sound [g] at the end of the word is deafened and [k] is pronounced in its place; fricative pronunciation [γ] is allowed in the words: God, Lord, good.

2. Voiced consonants, except for sonorants [r], [l], [m], [n], are stunned at the end of words and before voiceless consonants, and voiceless consonants before voiced ones, except for sonorants, are voiced: [teeth] - [zup] , [kas'it '] - [kaz'ba].

3. All consonants, except [g], [w], [c], before vowels [i], [e] become soft. However, in some borrowed words, the consonants before [e] remain solid: a piece of chalk[m'el], shadow[t'en'], but pace[tempo].

4. At the junction of morphemes, the consonants [h] and [g], [h] and [w], [s] and [w], [s] and [g], [h] and [h '] are pronounced as long hissing sounds: sew[shsht'], squeeze[buzz'].

5. Combination thu in words what to, nothing pronounced like [pcs].

Equally important for orthoepy is the issue of stress placement. As K.S. Gorbachevich, “the correct placement of stress is a necessary sign of a cultured, literate speech. There are many words, the pronunciation of which serves as a litmus test of the level of speech culture. It is often enough to hear from a stranger an incorrect stress in a word (like: youth, shop, invention, newborn, tool, document, percentage, whooping cough, beetroot, athlete, self-interest, associate professor, portfolio, condolences, translated, transported, make it easier for people, etc. .p.), in order to form a not too flattering opinion about his education, the degree of general culture, so to speak, the level of intelligence. Therefore, there is no need to prove how important it is to master the correct stress” [K.S. Gorbachevich. Norms of the modern Russian literary language. M., 1981].

Issues of pronunciation of words are discussed in detail in orthoepic dictionaries, for example: Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / edited by R.I. Avanesov. M., 1995 (and other ed.)

Lexical norms- these are the rules for the use of words in accordance with their meanings and compatibility possibilities.

Can you name an exhibition? opening day? The seagull on the curtain is mascot Art Theater or emblem? Are the words used the same? thanks to- because of, become - stand up, place - place? Can expressions be used? a cavalcade of buses, a memorial monument, a forecast for the future? Answers to these questions can be found in lectures no. 7, № 8, № 10.

Like other types of norms, lexical norms are subject to historical changes. For example, it is interesting to see how the norm of using the word enrollee. In the 1930s and 1940s, both those who graduated from high school and those who entered the university were called applicants, since both of these concepts in most cases refer to the same person. In the postwar years, the word was assigned to those graduating from high school graduate, a enrollee has fallen into disuse in this sense. Applicants began to call those who pass the entrance exams at the university and technical school.

Dictionaries are devoted to the description of the lexical norms of the Russian language: Vakurov V.N., Rakhmanova L.I., Tolstoy I.V., Formanovskaya N.I. Difficulties of the Russian language: Dictionary-reference book. M., 1993; Rosenthal D.E., Telenkova M.A. Dictionary of the difficulties of the Russian language. M., 1999; Belchikov Yu.A., Panyusheva M.S. Dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language. M., 2002, etc.

Morphological norms are the rules for the formation of words and word forms.

Morphological norms are numerous and relate to the use of forms of different parts of speech. These norms are reflected in grammars and reference books.

For example, in the nominative case of the plural of nouns, according to the traditional norms of the literary language, most words correspond to the ending -s , -and : locksmiths, bakers, turners, spotlights. However, in some words there is an ending -a . Forms with ending -a usually have a colloquial or professional coloration. Only in some words the ending -a corresponds to the literary norm, for example: addresses, shores, sides, sides, centuries, bills, director, doctor, tunic, master, passport, cook, cellar, professor, variety, watchman, paramedic, cadet, anchor, sail, cold.

Variant forms, forms corresponding to the literary norm, are described in detail in the book: T.F. Efremova, V.G. Kostomarov. Dictionary of grammatical difficulties of the Russian language. M., 2000.

Syntactic norms These are the rules for constructing phrases and sentences.

For example, choosing the right form of government is perhaps the most difficult thing in modern speech and writing. How to say: dissertation review or for a dissertation, production control or for production,capable of sacrifice or to the victims,monument to Pushkin or Pushkin, decide fate or fate?

The book will help answer these questions: Rosenthal D.E. Reference book on the Russian language. Management in Russian. M., 2002.

Stylistic norms- these are the rules for choosing language means in accordance with the situation of communication.

Many words of the Russian language have a certain stylistic coloring - bookish, colloquial, colloquial, which determines the peculiarities of their use in speech.

For example, the word dwell has a bookish character, so it should not be used in combination with stylistically reduced words that cause ideas of a reduced nature. Wrong therefore: Went to the barn where pigs lived...

Mixing vocabulary of different stylistic colors can be used for artistic purposes, for example, to create a comic effect: The forest owner likes to feast on polydrupes and angiosperms ... And when the siverko blows, how dashing bad weather makes fun - the general metabolism of Toptygin sharply slows down, the tone of the gastrointestinal tract decreases with a concomitant increase in the lipid layer. Yes, the minus range of Mikhailo Ivanovich is not terrible: at least where the hairline, and the noble epidermis ...(T. Tolstaya).

Of course, one should not forget about spelling rules, which are given the most attention in the school course of the Russian language. These include spelling norms- spelling rules punctuation norms- punctuation rules.

Date: 2010-05-22 10:58:52

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As follows from the accepted definition, the norm is both a proper linguistic and socio-historical category. The objective side of the norm is embodied in the functioning of the language, while its “subjective” side is associated with the acceptance and awareness of the norm by the community speaking the given language.

The study of the norm has various aspects, most of which are outlined quite briefly. Without being able to dwell on all these aspects, we will point out some essential features of the language norm, which are also of fundamental importance for characterizing the norms of the literary language.

Among the most common features of a language norm are the relative stability and selectivity, as well as the mandatory and "correct" normative implementations.

These signs - already quite heterogeneous in themselves - reveal a different attitude towards the internal organization of the language and the "external" factors that determine its functioning. If stability refers primarily (although not exclusively) to the property of the linguistic realizations themselves, then their obligatory and correctness is only in the most general form predetermined by the linguistic structure, and the leading moment here is a more or less conscious assessment of certain realizations by society. As for the selectivity of the norm, which manifests itself both in relation to the structural potentials of the language and in relation to their various implementations in the usus, then it is in a certain way connected with the influence of society on the language, because, according to M. M. Gukhman, “the fact of selection is historical and social conditionality of the national norm". Thus, most of the signs of a linguistic norm have a double determinism, that is, it is determined by both linguistic and extralinguistic (mainly socio-historical) factors.

The norm as a proper linguistic phenomenon

Considering the norm as a certain set of implementations, it should be noted that its study should therefore be based on establishing the relationship between the structure of the language and its normative implementations adopted at a certain historical moment and for a certain language community. The structure of the language completely predetermines the implementation only when there is no choice between signs. In this case, the norm includes the definition of the material form of the sign, in which the most essential, realizing side of the norm is manifested. If there is a choice between signs, not only the specific form of their implementation, but also the choice of one and not the other sign belongs to the normative plan of the language, which manifests the second - the selective side of the norm (cf. also).

Another significant aspect of the study of the norm is the characterization of the normative implementations themselves, which, in turn, can be considered in two ways. First, in terms of their degree of stability; at the same time, both constant and variant implementations that are included in the norm are considered, and the range of variation acceptable for the language being studied in certain areas of the implementation of its structure is determined (see below, pp. 569, 584). Secondly, one can consider these implementations in terms of their relative productivity and their selection and distribution among different areas of language use.

At the moment, the importance of studying the category of variance for determining the nature of norms is widely recognized (see, for example: etc.), although the study of invariance on the material of various languages, in essence, is just beginning.

E. Coseriou, clarifying the concept of the norm proposed by him and attributing to it, along with the realizing and regulating function in relation to various variant and isofunctional means, distinguishes two main types of variants, between which the norm maintains a certain balance: on the one hand, it is “an internal balance between combinatorial and distributive variants and between various systemic isofunctional means, and on the other hand, the external (social and territorial) balance between the various realizations allowed by the system...” .

The idea expressed by E. Coseriu about the specific load of norm phenomena was supported by other linguists (see, for example,). According to this idea, even various kinds of variant elements that are included in the norm can be considered identical by far not in all respects. Quite often they have differential features of a secondary order - stylistic, territorial, social. These features also form a kind of series of "oppositions", although of a different kind and less regular than those that form the fundamental structure of language 1 7 .

For each language, the norm is a rather complex phenomenon, which makes it possible to distinguish various types of norms within its limits. The most common for various linguistic idioms should, apparently, be considered the types of norms correlated with different levels of the language system. At the same time, the basis for characterizing the norms in all cases should be an assessment of the relationship between the structural organization of each of the levels of the language and the nature of its implementation. In this regard, the idea of ​​E. Coseriu also deserves attention, noting that the ratio of “systemic” (i.e., bearing functional distinctions, structural) and “normative” plans is very different for different tiers of the language. From the point of view of Coseriu, "the system prevails in the phonetic, in the semantic - and especially grammatical - the norm" .

In phonetics, according to the point of view presented by N. S. Trubetskoy and later developed by J. Fourke, the following points can be attributed to the normative plan: a) the nature of the implementation of phonemes associated with the definition of relevant acoustic features; b) determining the boundaries in which a particular feature is relevant or neutralized (cf.: Rades - Rates, but: Rat - Rad); c) the nature of the implementation of certain oppositions depending on their position in the word and their environment (cf., for example: Dach - Tasse, but: leiden - leiten in terms of the intensity of aspiration of stops at the beginning and middle of the word); d) delimitation of normative options from random fluctuations, etc.

In relation to word formation, the concept of the norm was considered after E. Koseriu N. D. Arutyunova. It distinguishes between “systemic” and normative plans according to the following principle: the general meaning of the word-formation model (for example, the meaning of the performer of the action, the instrument of action, etc.) refers to the systemic function of the word-formation model, and all the specific lexical meanings possessed by derivatives formed according to this model, belong to the norm plan. At the normative level, there is a narrowing, concretization of the semantics of the word-formation model, which also manifests a discrepancy between the structural and normative plans (cf. p. 556 above).

Curious, albeit controversial considerations about the principles of delimitation of the plan of norm and structure in vocabulary - in relation to meaning, - Yu. S. Stepanov expressed. To the structure, he refers the meaning of the word as a set of certain differential features, and to the norm - the meaning as an indication of the denotation 1 8 . ) the norm in the broad sense of the word is the realization of the differential potential of the corresponding structure.

According to the general definition of the norm and its features highlighted above, when considering norms at different levels of the language, the ratio of constant and variant implementations, as well as the degree and nature of differentiation that exist for variant implementations in each of the aspects of the language, should also be taken into account. A detailed consideration of this complex of issues is still difficult due to the fact that the specific language material has been studied in the intended directions so far very little. Usually, the specificity of the lexical norm is noted in a general form in comparison with at least spelling and morphological norms. This specificity is due to the fact that the inventory of lexemes is very wide, and their variance remains quite significant under all conditions. At the same time, variants and synonyms, differentiated in functional-stylistic, social, territorial or chronological terms, prevail. Thus, the types of differentiations in the lexical norm are very diverse, and the lexical norm itself should be considered in this regard as a kind of complex set of various lexical layers. For comparison, we note that, for example, for orthography, where the inventory of graphemes, on the contrary, is very limited, the permissible variance of graphemes and orthograms is relatively insignificant 1 9 , and the differentiation of the available variants is weak.
^

Language norm as a socio-historical category

The dual nature of the norm necessitates its consideration not only in its own language, but also in the socio-historical, that is, "external" in relation to the language itself aspect 2 0 . This aspect - G. V. Stepanov designates it as "axiological" - includes various forms of awareness and evaluation by society of objectively existing language norms.

The degree of awareness of the norm, as well as the nature and forms of its assessment, are historically changeable, however, in any historical situation, from our point of view, two sides can be distinguished, namely, the awareness of normative implementations as mandatory and as correct.

The imperativeness of norms can be stronger or weaker depending on different historical conditions, in particular, the presence of several historically coexisting possibilities of realization, insufficiently differentiated for their carriers, can play a certain role. Such a situation can be created, for example, with the parallel coexistence in a certain equality of "one's own" and "alien" norms, that is, with one form or another of bilingualism of a certain collective. In this regard, one can refer to the opinion of L. V. Shcherba, who also noted that even when languages ​​and dialects are mixed, the norm can be very wide, since there is the possibility of “saying differently”. However, even in such cases, it is apparently more correct to speak not of the absence of a norm, but only of its very wide limits, which allow for significant variation 2 1 .

Considering the concept of linguistic correctness, many linguists paid attention to the arbitrariness of the corresponding concept in relation to the linguistic structure, which can, in principle, be revealed in any set of realizations 2 2 . This proposition, however, receives certain corrections when considering a concrete, i.e., already implemented and functioning language in a certain way.

In such a situation, correctness is largely based on the historical linguistic tradition embodied in the norm, as well as on the social and functional evaluation of the implementations of the linguistic structure. Let us note in this connection that the Prague school of linguists at one time put forward the so-called "functional-teleological" criterion of correctness (cf. ), which is considered in a slightly modified form by other linguists (cf. also). In this case, we are talking about the choice of the "correct" language means in accordance with the goal setting and the conditions of communication 2 3 .

With the assessment of linguistic facts related to the norm, as mandatory for a particular linguistic community and as "correct", the aesthetic characteristics of linguistic phenomena are directly related. First of all, we note that aesthetic assessments may depend on the social characteristics of certain implementations of the language structure, that is, very often what is “socially acceptable” for native speakers turns out to be beautiful (cf. in this regard, the negative assessment of the facts of the language of the lower classes, especially clear in bourgeois society, as well as a corresponding assessment of the language of people who have not received sufficient education, which retains its significance in any social conditions). There is, however, a slightly different aspect of the aesthetic evaluations of linguistic realizations, which is not so straightforwardly correlated with social aspects. So, in a number of cases, “beautiful” is associated with functionally expedient or situationally justified, which applies not only to language (or rather, not only to “speech” behavior), but also to other forms of human behavior - the manner of dressing, manner of bearing, etc. 2 4 In this sense, linguistic norms should be assessed as one of the forms of normativity of customs, thus being included in the category of various social norms.

In conclusion of this section, it should be said that the concept of a language norm, despite some fluctuations in its interpretation, which we could only partially point out above, as well as a number of ambiguities associated with the development of individual problems, seems to us very important and necessary to characterize the essence of language. ; we can hope that over time it will allow us to present in a certain system a whole range of phenomena and processes associated with its implementation and functioning.

However, it should be noted that the creation of a general theory of linguistic realization, the basis of which, apparently, should become - as its organizing center - the concept of norm, to a large extent, is still a matter of the future. This task can be solved only on the basis of drawing on extensive material from various languages, studied from the point of view of the relationship between the structure of these languages ​​and its implementation in the norm and usage. An important role in clarifying the concept of a norm should also be played by the study of various types and forms of linguistic implementation, in particular, a detailed consideration of variant implementations possible for different language subsystems, as well as the study of various types of linguistic differentiations, which reflect various forms of division of the human team or various conditions. and purpose of using the language, etc.

It is essential to determine the significance that the concept of norm has for linguistics as a whole, is the assessment of the possibilities of its use in different types of linguistic research. At the moment, the following areas and aspects of research are outlined for which this concept can be productive:

Studying the nature of the implementation and functioning of various language structures (including determining their productivity and distribution over various functional areas of the language).

The study of historical changes in the language in small historical periods (“microhistory”), when not so much shifts in the language structure are found, as known changes in its implementation and functioning.

The study of the specifics of the implementation and features of the functioning of various "forms of existence" of the language.

In connection with the last of the possible aspects of the study, we note that the concept of the norm is of particular importance for the study of the literary language, which we turn to in the next section.

And accent rules. Lexical and phraseological norms

Plan

1. The concept of a language norm, its features.

2. Variants of norms.

3. Degrees of normativity of language units.

4. Types of norms.

5. Norms of oral speech.

5.1. orthoepic norms.

5.2. Accent rules.

6. Norms of oral and written speech.

6.1. Lexical norms.

6.2. Phraseological norms.

The culture of speech, as mentioned earlier, is a multidimensional concept. It is based on the idea that exists in the mind of a person about the “speech ideal”, a model in accordance with which correct, literate speech should be built.

The norm is the dominant concept of the culture of speech. In the Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language D.N. Ushakova word meaning norm is defined as follows: "legalized establishment, ordinary obligatory order, state." Thus, the norm reflects, first of all, customs, traditions, streamlines communication and is the result of a socio-historical selection of one option from several possible ones.

Language norms- these are the rules for the use of linguistic means in a certain period of development of the literary language (rules of pronunciation, word usage, use of morphological forms of different parts of speech, syntactic constructions, etc.). This is a historically established uniform, exemplary, generally accepted use of elements of the language, recorded in grammars and normative dictionaries.

Language norms are characterized by a number of features:

1) relative stability;

2) general usage;

3) general obligatoriness;

4) compliance with the use, tradition and capabilities of the language system.

Norms reflect regular processes and phenomena occurring in the language and are supported by language practice.

The sources of norms are the speech of educated people, the works of writers, as well as the most authoritative mass media.

Norm functions:

1) ensures the correct understanding of each other by speakers of a given language;

2) hinders the penetration of dialect, colloquial, vernacular, slang elements into the literary language;

3) educates language taste.

Language norms are a historical phenomenon. They change over time, reflecting changes in the use of language tools. Sources for changing norms are:

Colloquial speech (cf., for example, colloquial variants such as calls- along with Lit. calls; cottage cheese- along with Lit. cottage cheese; [de]kan along with lit. [d'e]kan);

Vernacular (for example, in some dictionaries they are fixed as valid colloquial stress options contract, phenomenon, until recently, vernacular, non-normative options);

Dialects (for example, in the Russian literary language there are a number of words that are dialectal in origin: spider, snowstorm, taiga, life);

Professional jargons (cf. stress options actively penetrating into modern everyday speech whooping cough, syringes, accepted in the speech of health workers).

The change in norms is preceded by the appearance of their variants that exist in the language at a certain stage of its development and are actively used by native speakers. Language Options- these are two or more ways of pronunciation, stress, formation of grammatical form, etc. The emergence of variants is explained by the development of the language: some linguistic phenomena become obsolete, go out of use, others appear.

However, the options may be equal - normative, acceptable in literary speech ( bakery and bulo [shn] th; barge and barge; Mordvin and Mordvin ov ).

More often, only one of the options is recognized as normative, while others are assessed as unacceptable, incorrect, violating the literary norm ( drivers and wrong. chauffeurA; catholOg and wrong. catalog).

Unequal options. As a rule, variants of the norm are specialized in one way or another. Very often the options are stylistic specialization: neutral - high; literary - colloquial ( stylistic options ). Wed stylistically neutral pronunciation of the reduced vowel in words like s[a] no, n[a] floor, m[a] turf and the pronunciation of the sound [o] in the same words, characteristic of a high, specifically bookish style: s[o] no, p[o] floor, m[o] turf; neutral (soft) pronunciation of sounds [g], [k], [x] in words like shake up [g’i] wag, wave [x’i] wat, jump up [k’i] wat and the bookish, characteristic of the old Moscow noma, the firm pronunciation of these sounds: shudder [gy] walt, wave [hy] walt, jump [ky] walt. Wed also lit. contract, locksmith and and unfold contract, locksmith I.

Often options are specialized in terms of degree of their modernity(chronological options ). For example: modern creamy and outdated. plum [shn] th.

In addition, options may have differences in meaning ( semantic variants ): moves(move, move) and drives(set in motion, induce, force to act).

According to the ratio between the norm and the variant, three degrees of normativity of language units are distinguished.

Norm I degree. A strict, rigid norm that does not allow options. In such cases, variants in dictionaries are accompanied by prohibitive marks: choice s – wrong. choice a; shi [n'e] l - wrong. shi[ne]l; petition - wrong. petition; pampered - not rivers. spoiled. In relation to linguistic facts that are outside the literary norm, it is more correct to speak not about variants, but about speech errors.

Norm II degree. The norm is neutral, allowing equal options. For example: the loop and the loop; swimming pool and ba[sse]in; stack and stack. In dictionaries, similar options are connected by the union and.

Norm III degree. A mobile norm that allows the use of colloquial, obsolete forms. Variants of the norm in such cases are accompanied by marks add.(permissible), add. obsolete(allowable deprecation). For example: August - add. August; budo[h]ik and additional mouth budo[shn]ik.

Variants of norms in the modern Russian literary language are presented very widely. In order to choose the correct option, you need to refer to special dictionaries: orthoepic, stress dictionaries, difficulty dictionaries, explanatory dictionaries, etc.

Language norms are obligatory for both oral and written speech. The typology of norms covers all levels of the language system: pronunciation, stress, word formation, morphology, syntax, spelling, and punctuation are subject to norms.

In accordance with the main levels of the language system and the areas of use of language means, the following types of norms are distinguished.

Norm types

Norms of oral speech	Norms of written speech	Norms of oral and written speech
- accentological(norms of stress setting); - orthoepic(pronunciation norms)	- spelling(correct spelling); - punctuation(norms for punctuation marks)	- lexical(norms of word usage); - phraseological(norms for the use of phraseological units); - derivational(norms of word formation); - morphological(norms for the formation of word forms of various parts of speech); - syntactic(norms for constructing syntactic constructions)

Oral speech is spoken speech. It uses a system of phonetic means of expression, which include: speech sounds, word stress, phrasal stress, intonation.

Specific for oral speech are the norms of pronunciation (orthoepic) and the norms of stress (accentological).

The norms of oral speech are reflected in special dictionaries (see, for example: Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / edited by R.I. Avanesov. - M., 2001; Ageenko F.L., Zarva M.V. Dictionary of accents for radio and television workers. - M., 2000).

5.1. Orthoepic norms These are the norms of literary pronunciation.

Orthoepy (from the Greek. orphos - straight, correct and epic - speech) is a set of oral speech rules that ensure the unity of its sound design in accordance with the norms that have historically developed in the literary language.

The following groups of orthoepic norms are distinguished:

Vowel pronunciation: forest - in l[i]su; horn - r [a] ha;

Pronunciation of consonants: teeth - zu [p], o [t] take - o [d] give;

Pronunciation of individual combinations of consonants: in [zh’zh ’] and, [sh’sh’] astya; kone[shn]o;

Pronunciation of consonants in separate grammatical forms (in adjective forms: elastic [gy] th - elastic [g'y]; in verb forms: took [sa] - took [s'a], I remain [s] - I remain [s'];

Pronunciation of words of foreign origin: pu[re], [t’e]rror, b[o]a.

Let us dwell on individual, difficult, cases of pronunciation, when the speaker needs to choose the correct option from a number of existing ones.

The Russian literary language is characterized by the pronunciation of [g] explosive. The pronunciation of [γ] fricative is dialectal, non-normative. However, in a number of words, the norm requires the pronunciation of exactly the sound [γ], which, when stunned, turns into [x]: [ γ ]God, Bo[γ]a - Bo[x].

In Russian literary pronunciation, there used to be a fairly significant range of everyday words, in which in place of letter combinations CHN was pronounced SHN. Now, under the influence of spelling, there are quite a few such words left. Yes, the pronunciation SHN preserved as obligatory in words kone[shn] o, naro[shn] o and in patronymics: Ilini[shn]a, Savvi[shn]na, Nikiti[shn]a(cf. the spelling of these words: Ilyinichna, Savvichna, Nikitichna).

A number of words allow for variants of pronunciation CHN and SHN: decent and orderly [w] ny, bool [h] th and bulo [shn] th, milk [n] and young lady. In some words, the pronunciation SHN is perceived as obsolete: lavo [shn] ik, sin [shn] evy, apple [shn] y.

In scientific and technical terminology, as well as in words of a bookish nature, it is never pronounced SHN. Wed: flowing, cardiac (attack), milky (way), celibate.

consonant group Thu in words what to nothing pronounced like PCS: [pcs] about, [pcs] oby, none [pcs] about. In other cases, as Thu: not [th] about, after [th] and, after [th] a, [th] y, [read] ing.

For pronunciation foreign words The following tendencies are typical in the modern Russian literary language.

Foreign words are subject to the phonetic patterns operating in the language, so most foreign words in pronunciation do not differ from Russian ones. However, some words retain the peculiarities of pronunciation. It concerns

1) unstressed pronunciation O;

2) pronunciation of the consonant before E.

1. In some groups of borrowed words that have limited use, an unstressed sound is (unstablely) preserved O. These include:

Foreign proper names: Voltaire, Zola, Jaurès, Chopin;

A small part of special terms that do not penetrate into colloquial speech: bolero, nocturne, sonnet, modern, rococo.

Pronunciation O in a pre-stressed position, it is characteristic in these words for a bookish, high style; sound is pronounced in neutral speech BUT: V[a]lter, n[a]kturne.

The absence of reduction in stressed position is typical for words cocoa, radio, credo.

2. The Russian language system tends to soften the consonant before E. In insufficiently mastered borrowed words, there is a preservation of a solid consonant in accordance with the norm of a number of European languages. This deviation from the typical Russian pronunciation is much more widespread than the unstressed pronunciation. O.

Pronunciation of the solid consonant before E observed:

In expressions that are often reproduced by means of other alphabets: d e facto, d e-ju r e, c r edo;

In proper names: Flo [be] r, S [te] rn, Lafon [te] n, Sho [bae] n;

In special terms: [de]mping, [se]psis, ko[de]in, [de]cadans, ge[ne]sis, [re]le, ek[ze]ma;

In some common words that are in wide use: pu [re], [te] mp, e [ne] rgia.

Most often, consonants retain firmness in borrowed words. D, T; then - FROM, Z, H, R; occasionally - B, M, AT; sounds are always softened G, To and L.

Some words of foreign origin in the modern literary language are characterized by a variable pronunciation of hard and soft consonants before E [d'e] kan - [de] kan, [s'e] ssia - [se] ssia, [t'e] rror.

In a number of words, the solid pronunciation of the consonant before E perceived as cutesy, pretentious: academy, plywood, museum.

5.2. Accentology- a branch of the science of language that studies the features and functions of stress.

Stress norms regulate the choice of options for placement and movement of the stressed syllable among the unstressed ones.

In Russian, the stressed vowel in a syllable is distinguished by its duration, intensity, and tone movement. Russian accent is free, or different places, those. not assigned to any specific syllable in a word (cf. stress in French attached to the last syllable, in Polish - to the penultimate one). In addition, the stress in a number of words can be mobile- changing its place in various grammatical forms (for example, accepted - accepted, right - right).

The accentological norm in the modern Russian literary language is characterized by variability. There are different types of accents:

Semantic variants (diversity of stress performs a meaningful function in them): clubs - clubs, cotton - cotton, coal - coal, submerged(for transport) - immersed(into water; in solving a problem);

Stylistic options (determined by the use of words in different functional styles of speech): silk(common) - silk(poetic) compass(common) - compass(prof.);

Chronological (differ in activity or passivity of use in modern speech): thinking(modern) - thinking(outdated), angle(modern) - cancerurs(outdated).

Stress in Russian is an individual sign of each word, which causes significant difficulties in determining the place of stress in a number of words. Difficulties also arise due to the fact that in many words the stress moves when the grammatical form changes. In difficult cases, when setting stress, you should refer to dictionaries. Taking into account certain patterns will also help to correctly place stresses in words and word forms.

Among nouns there is a significant group of words with fixed stress: dish(cf. plural named after P .: DISHES), bulletin (bulletin, bulletins), keychain (keychain, keychains), tablecloth, area, hospital, font, scarf, syringe, bow, cake, shoes, manger).

At the same time, there are a number of words in which, when the grammatical form changes, the stress moves from the stem to the ending or from the ending to the stem. For example: bandage (bandages), priests (ksendzA), front (fronts), pennies (penny), coat of arms (coats of arms), klok (klokI), hit (hit), wave (waves) etc.

When placing an emphasis on adjectives the following pattern applies: if in the short form of the feminine the stress falls on the ending, then in the forms of the masculine, neuter and in the plural the stress will be the stem: right - right, right, right; and in the form of a comparative degree - a suffix: light - lighter, but beautiful - more beautiful.

Verbs in the past tense, they often retain the same stress as in the indefinite form: to speak - she said, to know - she knew, to put - she laid. In a number of verbs, the stress moves in feminine forms to the ending: take - took, take - took A, remove - removed A, start - started, call - called.

When conjugating verbs in the present tense, the stress can be mobile: walk, walk - walk and motionless: calling - calling, calling; turn on - turn on, turn on.

Errors in setting stress can be caused by a number of reasons.

1. The absence of a letter in printed text Yo. Hence the erroneous stress in words like newborn, prisoner, excited, beets(moving stress and, as a result, pronunciation instead of a vowel O sound E), as well as in the words ward, scam, bigamist, being, in which instead of E pronounced O.

2. Ignorance of the stress inherent in the language from which the word is borrowed: blinds,(French words in which the stress falls on the last syllable), genesis(from Greek. genesis -"origin, occurrence").

3. Ignorance of the grammatical properties of the word. For example, a noun toast- masculine, therefore in the plural form it has an accent on the last syllable toast(cf. tables, sheets).

4. Incorrect partial reference of the word. So, if we compare the words busy and busy, developed and developed, then it turns out that the first of them are adjectives with a stressed ending, and the second are participles that are pronounced with stress on the basis.

The norms of oral and written speech are the norms inherent in both forms of the literary language. These norms regulate the use of units of different language levels in speech: lexical, phraseological, morphological, syntactic.

6.1. Lexical norms are the rules for the use of the words of the language and their lexical compatibility, which is determined by the meaning of the word, its stylistic reference and emotionally expressive coloring.

The use of words in speech is governed by the following rules.

1. Words should be used in accordance with their meaning.

2. It is necessary to observe the lexical (semantic) compatibility of words.

3. When using polysemantic words, sentences must be constructed in such a way that it is clear what meaning is realized by the word in this context. For example, the word knee has 8 meanings in the literary language: 1) the joint connecting the femur and tibia; 2) part of the leg from this joint to the pelvis; 3) a separate joint, link, segment as part of smth., which is a connection of such segments; 4) bending something, going in a broken line, from one turn to another; 5) in singing, a piece of music - a passage, a separate one that stands out with something. place, part; 6) in dance - a separate technique, a figure that is distinguished by its spectacularity; 7) unexpected, unusual act; 8) branching of the genus, generation in the pedigree.

4. Words of foreign origin should be used justifiably, clogging of speech with foreign words is unacceptable.

Failure to comply with lexical norms leads to errors. Let's name the most typical of these mistakes.

1. Ignorance of the meaning of words and the rules of their semantic compatibility. Wed: It was very experienced thorough engineer (thorough - means "thorough" and does not match the names of persons).

2. Mixing of paronyms. For example: Leonov is the first rogue space(instead of pioneer). Paronyms(from Greek . para- near, next to + onyma- name) – similar in sound, but different in meaning or partially coinciding in their meaning, cognate words. Differences in the meaning of paronyms lie in private additional semantic shades that serve to clarify thoughts. For example: human - human; economical - economical - economic.

Humane – attentive, responsive, humane. Human boss. Human – pertaining to a person, to humanity; characteristic of a person. Human society. human aspirations.

Economical – frugal spending something, respecting the economy. Economical hostess. Economical – enabling sth. save, profitable in economic terms, in operation. Economical way of loading. Economic – related to economics. Economic law.

3. Incorrect use of one of the synonyms: The scope of work is significantly increased (should say increased).

4. The use of pleonasms (from the Greek. pleonasmos- excess) - expressions containing unambiguous and therefore unnecessary words: workers again resumed work(again - superfluous word); most maximum (most- extra word).

5. Tautology (from the Greek. tautologia from tauto- the same + logos- word) - repetition of single-root words: united together, the following features should be attributed, the narrator told.

6. Speech deficiency - the absence in the statement of the components necessary for its accurate understanding. For example: The medicine is made on the basis of ancient manuscripts. Wed corrected version: The medicine is made on the basis of recipes contained in ancient manuscripts.

7. Unjustified use of foreign words in speech. For example: abundance accessories burdens the plot of the story, diverts attention from the main thing.

In order to comply with lexical norms, it is necessary to refer to explanatory dictionaries, dictionaries of homonyms, synonyms, paronyms, as well as dictionaries of foreign words of the Russian language.

6.2. Phraseological norms - norms for the use of set expressions ( from small to large; beat the buckets; red as a lobster; salt of the earth; no year week).

The use of phraseological units in speech must comply with the following rules.

1. Phraseologism should be reproduced in the form in which it is fixed in the language: it is impossible to expand or reduce the composition of the phraseological unit, replace some lexical components in the phraseological unit with others, change the grammatical forms of the components, change the order of the components. So, erroneous use of phraseological units turn the bank(instead of roll); play a role(instead of play the role or matter); main highlight of the program(instead of highlight of the program);work hard(instead of to work hard); return to circles(instead of back to square one);eat dog(instead of eat the dog).

2. Phraseologisms should be used in their general language meanings. Violation of this rule results in errors like: The buildings are so close to each other that they don't spill water (turnover water will not spill anyone used in relation to close friends); At the solemn line dedicated to the holiday of the last bell, one of the ninth graders said: “We have gathered today to carry out the last journey their senior comrades(to spend on the last journey - “to say goodbye to the dead”).

3. The stylistic coloring of a phraseological unit should correspond to the context: colloquial and colloquial phrases should not be used in the texts of book styles (cf. the unsuccessful use of a colloquial phraseological unit in a sentence: The plenary session, which opened the work of the conference, gathered a large number of participants, the hall was packed - can't get through with a gun ). With caution, you need to use book phraseological units in everyday colloquial speech (for example, it is stylistically unjustified to use a book biblical phrase in the phrase This gazebo in the center of the park - holy of holies youth of our neighborhood).

Violations of phraseological norms are often found in works of fiction and act as one of the means of creating the individual style of the writer. In non-fiction speech, one should adhere to the normative use of fixed phrases, referring in cases of difficulty to phraseological dictionaries of the Russian language.

Questions and tasks for self-control

1. Define the language norm, list the signs of the norm.

2. What is a variant of the norm? What kinds of options do you know?

3. Describe the degree of normativity of language units.

4. What types of norms are distinguished in accordance with the main levels of the language system and the areas of use of language means?

5. What do orthoepic norms regulate? Name the main groups of orthoepic norms.

6. Describe the main features of the pronunciation of foreign words.

7. Define the concept of accentological norm.

8. What are the features of Russian verbal stress?

9. Give the definition of an accent variant. List the types of accents.

10. What do lexical norms regulate?

11. Name the types of lexical errors, give examples.

12. Define the concept of phraseological norm.

13. What rules should be followed when using phraseological units in speech?

Lectures No. 4, 5

GRAMMAR STANDARDS