Adverb in English. Main features and features

Among the independent parts of speech of both Russian and English lexical composition, adverbs (adverbs) occupy quite a significant place. Adverbs in English are different in that they are often confused with adjectives and sometimes used in the wrong place. The task of the speaker in this case is not only to distinguish between an adverb and an adjective, but also to put this word in the right place in the sentence, since sometimes its position can change depending on different circumstances. Such difficulties include the need to consider what an adverb is in English, how this part of speech differs from others, and also to determine how its main forms are formed.

Main features and features

In order to understand how to distinguish an adverb from other parts of speech, it is necessary to ask a question to the word. Adverb is different in that it always specifies the verb form (as opposed to a preposition or adjective, which is always associated with a noun or pronoun) and answers the question how? In sentences, as a rule, it acts as an adverbial modifier.

Despite the rather significant difference compared to adjectives, the grammar rule still provides for some connection between these two parts of speech. This is expressed in the fact that often there are adverbs formed from adjectives. In this case, adverb suffixes come into play, and the popular suffix –ly is the most common. This is especially often observed in long structures; polysyllabic adjectives to which such a suffix is added turn into adverbs. Here are some translation examples:

beautiful (beautiful) - beautifully(nice)
thorough (thorough) - thoroughly(thoroughly)
easy (easy) - easily(easily)
wonderful (wonderful) - wonderfully(great)
strong (strong) - strongly(strongly)

However, there are not only derivative words, but also those that coincide in their forms with adjectives. As a rule, this applies to monosyllabic adverbs, which have exactly the same structure as adjectives. Examples of this kind of adverb are fast (quickly), quite (quietly), hard (hardly), etc.

The structure of English adverbs

The formation of adverbs in English occurs according to the four main types of formation of these parts of speech. So, this classification provides the following types of possible adverbs in terms of their structure:

1. Simple (simple). Their essence lies in the fact that no word-forming morpheme is put with them: fast (fast), then (then), soon (soon), here (here), etc.

2. Derivatives. A similar word is usually formed with a suffix. The most popular morpheme is the -ly suffix, but other variants are sometimes used: slowly (slowly), headlong (headlong), likewise (also), freely (freely), etc.

3. Complex (compound). Among the words defined in this category, those that consist of two stems stand out, forming a single and whole adverb: nowhere (nowhere), everywhere (everywhere), sometimes (sometimes), anyhow (one way or another), etc.

4. Composite (composite). Their essence is that they usually consist of two separate words, but the translation of adverb will be the usual: at last (eventually), at once (immediately), at least (finally), in vain (wasted), etc.

Types of English adverbs by meaning

One or another type of adverbs is determined not only by their structure, but also by the meaning that they convey. So, in English sentences, adverbs are of the following types:

adverbs of time in English, they display the moment at which an action occurs. Typical adverbs of time include such as yesterday (yesterday), tomorrow (tomorrow), soon (soon), etc.
adverbs of frequency in English indicate the frequency with which a particular process is performed. Here the words frequency or regularity are used directly. These are such adverbs of frequency as often (often), seldom (rarely), sometimes (sometimes), etc.
adverbs of place in English show a specific location. Such words are sometimes presented in the literature as demonstrative adverbs: there (there), here (here), up (above).
adverbs of manner (mode of action) show exactly how, that is, in what way an action is performed. Typical adverbs of manner in English are hard (hard), slowly (slowly), kindly (kindly), etc.
adverbs of possibility and probability (opportunities and probabilities) carry some degree of certainty and often display vague contexts: certainly (obviously), indeed (in fact), perhaps (probably), etc.
reasons and purposes answer the question why, why: therefore (therefore), hence (hence), consequently (as a result)
relative adverbs in English, as a rule, connect parts of sentences with each other: the place where… (the place where…), the reason why… (the reason why…), etc.
adverbs of measure, quantity and degree (measures, quantities and degrees) show the total number or ratio to a particular degree: enough (enough), very (very), exceedingly (extremely), etc.

Place in the offer

Determining the place of an adverb in an English sentence is quite simple: as a rule, such a word is used after the verb. However, there are some special adverb sentences in which adverbs can be either initial or final.

In the first case, the structure is placed at the beginning when it is necessary to expressively emphasize a particular situation:
Today she is 18! – She is 18 today! (Emphasis on the fact that she is 18 not yesterday and not tomorrow, but today)

At the very end, adverbs that do not have the -ly suffix are often put:
You are to come at 10 sharp - You must come exactly at 10

Degrees of comparison

The use of adverbs in degrees of comparison is also possible, and here the comparative and superlative forms are also distinguished. Nevertheless, there is still some difference from adjectives: firstly, the article the is not needed in the superlative degree, because adverbs do not describe nouns, and secondly, word endings do not play any role. The principle here is quite simple: you need to look at the syllables. For monosyllabic words, the suffix -er / -est is added, and for polysyllabic words, the words more and most are added.

In addition, there are also exceptions here, which in many ways resemble words from the category of adjectives. However, most forms are still different, and any table with exceptional cases will reflect this. For example, there is no adverb bad, it is an adjective, but adverb would look like badly. Here are some special words:

Proverbs and sayings

Proverbs with adverbs in English are quite common. Of course, these sayings do not consist exclusively of adverbs, but the latter sometimes play an important role in them. For example:

It's never too late to learn - It's never too late to learn
A friend in need is a friend indeed - A friend is known in need
Lost time is never found again - Lost time cannot be returned

All these conditions and features of English dialects play a very important role in the process of learning the language, since the essence of the whole phrase largely depends on the correct use of this part of speech. Various exercises and training materials can help you practice using adverbs and learn all the special cases.

Hello my dear readers.

Adverbs in English are quite an interesting phenomenon of speech, have you ever thought? Probably, only in nouns there are so many exceptions. But don’t worry, today we will put everything on the shelves so carefully that you will never have doubts about the correct use of this part of speech. I will give you the rules of use, show you the most commonly used words and even give you a list of them with translation.

What it is?

Adverbs are words that usually describe verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, or even a whole sentence.

Little clear? Well, let's figure it out.

These are such small words that most often end in – ly. For example, quick ly - fast . Most schoolchildren define them by this ending. But do not rely only on this, because there are adverbs that you just don’t recognize. For example, well- well .

In general, the rules of use can be described as follows:

Adverbs can describe how an action occurs:

They were driving slowly due to the traffic. -From— behind traffic jams they were driving slowly.

We walked in carefully. - We carefully come in inside.

Can indicate a place - adverbs of place:

There was his phone. - There was his phone.

I am absolutely sure you left your book somewhere in the library. -I absolutely sure, what you left book where— then in library.

They can even denote time - adverbs of time:

They are going to the country side today. - They are are going in village today.

We are leaving for the meeting tomorrow. - We we are leaving on the negotiation tomorrow.

And they can even express frequency - the so-called adverbs of frequency:

She visits her grandmother not often enough. -She is not enough often visits grandmother.

They usually go to the Caribbean twice a year.- They are usually drive on the Caribs twice in year.

The place in the sentence depends on the part of speech to which the adverb refers.. For example:

Jane often goes to the swimming pool. Jane often goes to the pool.(before the verb)

He was driving very carefully. - He led car very carefully. (after verb)

Formation of adverbs

The question “how adverbs are formed” is very interesting, because everything is not so simple here. To make it easier for you to remember - I have a table for you, after which the formation of adverbs will no longer be a problem for you.

As I said, the beacon by which you can determine the adverb is the ending –ly. Adverb suffixes are constant in their usage, so catch the detailed rule.

rule	Example
adjective + - ly	careful - careful ly, soft - soft ly
If the adjective ends in consonant+y - change to – ily	cos y- coz ily, heavy y- heavy ily
Adjectives in – ic- added — ally	dramat ic- dramatic ally, trag ic- tragic ally BUT: public - public cly.
adjective ends in – le- change it to – ly	horrib le- horrib ly,probab le-probab ly
Adjectives in – e- add — ly	scarc e- scarce ly BUT: whole - wholly, true - truly

Often they take their roots from adjectives. Yes, it is education from that makes them so simple. We just add a suffix - and voila - the adverb is ready.

Happy - happy -Happily - happily.

Cheap - cheap -Cheaply - cheap

Comfortable - convenient -Comfortably - conveniently

But be very careful, because there are adjectives that, with the addition of an ending – ly can completely change their meaning. Let's look at examples.

Exceptions

Adverb	Example
Easy- slowly and softly Easily- without difficulty	She was dancing *easy* . - She danced slowly. She won the competition *easily* . - She won the competition without difficulty.
Free- for free Freely- willingly	You can enter the Museum *free* if you have a loyalty card. - You can enter the museum for free if you have a loyalty card. She followed him *freely* . - She willingly followed him.
Hard- hard, hard Hardly- hardly	He was working *hard* to get this promotion. - He worked hard to get that promotion. . There is *hardly* any sugar left. - There was hardly any sugar left.
high- high Highly- very much	They were flying too high. - They flew too high. He was a highly* respected project manager.*- He was a deeply respected project manager.
Last- last Lastly- finally	He was the last* to know everything.- He was the last one to know about everything. Lastly* they managed to hand in the project. - Finally, they were able to submit the project.
late- late Lately- recently	He came home late* at night.- He returned home late at night. He called me lately to know if I had his folder with contracts. -* He called recently to see if I had his contracts folder.
near- near Nearly- almost	There is a market near* the house.- There is a market near the house. Nearly* all the employees signed the document.- Almost all employees signed the document .

Remember all exceptions? Remember, because you will meet them in every test and exercise.

And yet, I promised you to divide everything into groups. Adverbs of time, adverbs of degree ... - everything is in this table.

Types of adverbs

Place:	*There* - there Here - here Inside - inside Above - above Somewhere - somewhere	They moved *somewhere* . - They have moved somewhere. She left her pursue *inside* the house. - She left her handbag inside the house.
Time :	*Now* - now Then - then Tomorrow - tomorrow Today - today Recently - recently Never - never Always - always Usually - usually Seldom - rarely	We bought a new refrigerator *recently* . - We recently bought a new refrigerator . She says she *never* tells lies. - She claims to never lie . He usually* leaves the work the last one. -* He is usually the last one to leave.
Measure and degree :	Hardly - hardly Much - lot Little - few Enough - enough Too - too much	The teacher said that there were not enough* arguments in my essay.*- The teacher said that my essay did not have enough arguments.
Modus operandi:	Well - well Fast - fast	He was running fast* to become the first in the competition. -* He ran fast to be first in the competition.

Of course, it is simply impossible to fit everything I know about this part of speech into one lesson. Therefore, I have prepared a whole series of lessons for you. In other articles, you can read about, and even to consolidate your knowledge.

Yes, my good, adverbs are not the most difficult section, but still it is worth paying your attention to it. Using them will make your speech incredibly lively, and sentences with adverbs will make written speech deeper. So don't neglect them.

Well, my dears, it's time to say goodbye. Remember that in order to learn a language quickly and effectively, you just need to subscribe to the newsletter from the blog. I regularly share useful materials and tips from personal experience with blog subscribers. Stay up to date as well.

And that's all for today.

Until we meet again, my dears.

Adverb(Adverb) - a part of speech that denotes a sign or image of an ongoing action. Adverbs in English answer questions:

how? (How?)
Where? (Where?)
why? (Why?)
When? (When?)
In what manner? (How?)
To what degree? (In what degree?)

Simple and derived adverbs

Adverbs in English can be simple and derivative. Examples of simple adverbs are adverbs:

well , hard , much , quite , enough , always , once , very , often .

The usual way to form derivative adverbs in English is to add the suffix -ly to nouns or adjectives. These derived adverbs are divided into two groups:

1) Coinciding in meaning with nouns or adjectives from which they are derived:

2) Not coinciding in meaning with the adjectives from which they are derived:

Adverbs that coincide with other parts of speech

Many adverbs in English are completely identical in form to other parts of speech and can only be defined as adverbs depending on their role in the sentence.

Adverbs similar in form to adjectives

fast- fast; fast
long- long, long; for a long time
loud- loud; loud
late- late; late
early- early; early
wide- wide; wide
hard- solid; hard, hard

They took a fast train.	He rode fast.
That was a long way.	She waited long.
We heard a loud noise.	The teacher always reads loud enough.
We went there by a late train.	We came home late.
An early bird catches best worms.	You have come too early.
It was a wide road.	She opened her eyes wide, but saw nothing in the darkness.
It was a hard nut to crack.	Martin worked hard at his English.

Note. There are some adjectives in English that end in the suffix -ly, which should not be taken as adverbs, for example:

love ly- cute, pleasant
friend ly- friendly
man ly- courageous

Usually they are part of the circumstances of the course of action:

She did it in a love ly manner.
He speaks in a friend ly way.
She held the rifle in a man ly fashion.

Some adverbs that coincide in form with adjectives also have a form with the suffix -ly, For example:

bright - brightly; loud - loud ly; slow - slow ly
(matching in value)

hard - hard ly; late - late ly; near - near ly
(different in meaning)

The sun shines bright (bright ly).
The sun is shining brightly.

She spoke loud (loud ly).
She spoke loudly.

The old man moved slow ly).
The old man moved slowly.

She works hard.
She works hard.

She hardly works.
She barely works.

They came late.
They came late.

The rabbits have late ly become restless.
Recently, rabbits have become restless.

I live quite near.
I live very close.

I have near ly forgotten about it.
I almost forgot about it.

Adverbs that match in form with prepositions and conjunctions:

after , before , since

Adverbs that match in form with conjunctions:

when , where , but

I shall speak to you after dinner. (pretext)
I shall speak to you after you finish your dinner. (union)
I shall tell you about it after (afterwards). (adverb)

He returned before sunset. (pretext)
He returned before I had time to go away. (union)
I have never seen him before. (adverb)

They have not seen anybody since their arrival. (pretext)
They have not seen anybody since they arrived. (union)
They have not seen me since. (adverb)

When did you speak to her? (interrogative adverb)
I asked her when she would return. (connective adverb)
When she returns, I shall go to see her. (union)

Where is your friend? (interrogative adverb)
We don "t know where we shall meet. (connective adverb)
The boy liked to sit where old birches grew. (union)

Nobody saw him but I. (adverb)
The food was plain but wholesome. (union)

In addition, a large number of prepositions can become adverbs when used as part of a compound verb:

The boys slide off the steep hill. (pretext)
But I put it off and put it off. (adverb - part of a compound verb)

He took it out of his pocket. (pretext)
I must find out where she lives. (adverb - part of a compound verb)

She brought a new toy for her child. (pretext)
She was looking for her gloves. (an adverb is part of a compound verb).

Please put it on the table! (pretext)
Don "t put on this red dress! (adverb - part of a compound verb)

Syntactic Functions of Adverbs

An adverb in a sentence is a circumstantial word that determines the time, place or nature of the action, sometimes its cause, purpose or result. Then it defines the verb. An adverb also determines the degree of a quality or action, and then it determines an adjective or another adverb:

He will come soon.
They didn't come back.
The sun is down; therefore it is dark.
The tea is very hot.
She speaks English rather well.

If an adverb is used in an interrogative sentence, then it is interrogative adverb(Interrogative Adverb):

How can this be done?
Where is the source of this river?
When was that battle fought?
Why is she angry with you?

If an adverb introduces a defining clause, it is relative adverb(relative adverb):

It was in the year when the war broke out.
We could not find the house where he lived.

If an adverb introduces a subject, predicate or additional clause, then it is connecting adverb(Conjunctive Adverb):

When I shall do it is not clear yet.
The problem is where we shall find it.
I don't see how you are going to do this work.

We met him yesterday.
or
Yesterday we met him.

She is busy now.
or
Now she is busy.

Adverbs defining place of action(Adverbs of Place), usually stand at the end of a sentence or at the end before an adverb of time:

We shall meet here.
We shall meet there soon.

Adverbs that define how often the action is performed(Adverbs of Indefinite Time), and adverbs with a negative meaning usually come before the verb they define, or in complex verb forms between the auxiliary and the main verb:

She always goes there on Sunday.
I have never seen such a beautiful picture.
We shall often go to the club now.
He never drinks coffee in the evening.

Adverbs defining nature of action(Adverbs of Manner), usually come after the verb they define, or after the object in the sentence. Quite often they are also placed before the verb they define:

She sings beautifully.
I distinctly remember a hot afternoon at school.
He walked slowly.
They did their work very well.

Adverb only is used in a sentence to enhance the meaning of the word it defines and therefore can stand before any word whose meaning it enhances:

Only I went there. I just went there.
I only went there. I just went there.
I went only there. I only went there.
I saw only him. I only saw him.

Note. The words no and yes (Yes and No), which are used in response to questions, show how a given thought is perceived, and therefore they are also classified as adverbs that determine the nature of the action.

Degrees of Comparison of Adverbs

In modern English, adverbs are morphologically invariable words. The change in comparison is the only formal change that has been preserved in a small group of adverbs, mainly in adverbs that define nature of the act(Adverbs of Manner), and partly in adverbs certain and indefinite time(Adverbs of Definite and Indefinite Time).

The word is added to most adverbs in a comparative degree more and in excellent - the word most :

slowly - more slowly - most slowly
seldom - more seldom - most seldom

The horse waited patiently for his master.
The dog waited more patiently than the horse.
We waited most patiently for the train.

Comparison is also made with the help of words less and least(less and least):

bravely - less bravely - least bravely

Monosyllabic adverbs (often coinciding in form with adjectives) have a comparative suffix -er and in the superlative - suffix -est :

fast - faster - fast est
soon - sooner - soo nest

She sings quite loud but they want her to sing louder.
Of all the singers I have heard she sang loud est.

Several adverbs, coinciding in their meaning with the corresponding adjectives, form degrees of comparisons from different bases:

badly(bad) - worse - worst
well(well) - better - best
little(few) - less - least
much(lot) - more - most
far(far) - farther (further ) - farthest (furthest )

They played tennis worse than I had expected and among them he played worst of all.
Now you speak better than you did last year.
I like her best of all.
They went farther and farther.
He did not say anything further.

An adverb is a part of speech that denotes a sign of an action expressed by a verb, or a property expressed by an adjective or other adverb. An adverb can also indicate the circumstances under which an action occurs. Adverbs answer questions where? (where?), when? (when?), as well as how? (as?, how much?) with different words: how long? (how long?), how fast? (how fast?), etc.

An adverb can be formed by adding a suffix to a noun or adjective. -lu, for example: day (day) - dai ly(daily); quick (quick) - quick ly(fast).

having one form, for example: long - long, long; fast - fast, fast; late - late, late; early - early, early;
having two forms with the same meaning, for example: loud - loud, loud and loudly - loud; slow - slow, slowly and slowly - slowly;
having two forms with different meanings, for example: late - late, late and lately - for a long time; near - close, close and nearly - almost.

In English, as in Russian, different groups of adverbs are distinguished - adverbs of time, place, etc.

here - here, here
where - where, where
there - there, there
nowhere - nowhere

Example: My friend lives here (My friend lives here).

when - when
today - today
now - now
yesterday - yesterday
often - often
tomorrow - tomorrow
always - always
usually - usually

Example: Doesn't usually go to bed at ten o'clock (He usually goes to bed at 10 o'clock).

well - well
easily - easily
fast - quickly
loudly - loudly
quickly - quickly
together - together
slowly - slowly
strongly - strongly

Example: My friend speaks English well (My friend speaks English well).

little - little
very - very
a lot - a lot
too - too
many - a lot
quite - quite
much - a lot
enough - quite

Examples: Not reads a lot (He reads a lot); She eats too much (She eats too much).

Adverbs are often used as interrogative words and are placed at the beginning of an interrogative sentence. Questions that begin with interrogative words (adverbs and pronouns) are called special questions.

English dialects, like Russian ones, are invariable, but some of them form degrees of comparison; educational methods are the same. The degrees differ: positive, comparative, excellent, for example: fast (fast) - faster (faster) - fastest (fastest).

The comparative degree is formed in monosyllabic adverbs using the suffix -er more (more, more). The superlative degree is formed in monosyllabic adverbs using the suffix -est, in polysyllabic - with the help of an adverb most (most).

soon - soon er soon est
early-early er— earli est(early - early - early)
far-farth er— farth est(far - far - farthest)
often- more often- most often (often - more often - most often)
rarely- more rarely- most rarely (rarely - less often - least often)
easy- more easy- most easily (easily - easier - easiest)

well-better-best(good - best - best)
badly - worse - worst(bad - worse - worst)
many - more - most(a lot: about the number - more - most of all)
much - more - most(a lot: about mass and volume - more - most of all)
little-less-least(little: about quantity - less - least)

It is important to know! Do not confuse well(okay) and good(good), badly(bad) and bad(bad); they are different parts of speech: well and badly are adverbs, and good and bad are adjectives. However, they have the same degree of comparison.

In order to distinguish adverbs from adjectives in sentences, you need to remember: the adjective acts as a definition (what? - good), and the adverb is a circumstance (how? - good). In English, after the linking verb, there can be an adjective, but not an adverb, for example: The weather is nice (The weather is beautiful). Sometimes in Russian translation an adverb is used instead of an adjective, for example: It is bad (It's bad).

Adverbs can take different places in a sentence.
Adverbs of time(tomorrow, today, yesterday, etc.) are placed at the very end or at the very beginning, before the subject. For example: I saw him yesterday (I saw him yesterday). Tomorrow he will come to us (Tomorrow he will come to us).

Adverbs of frequency

after a linking verb (be) in a compound nominal predicate (Present and Past Simple), for example: Not is never late (He is never late);
right before the verb, if the predicate is a simple verb (Present and Past Simple), for example: Not often plays in the park (He often plays in the park);
between auxiliary and semantic verbs, if the predicate is a compound verb (Present Continuous), for example: She is always making tea (She always prepares tea).

Adverbs of degree(very, quite, too) are usually placed before the word they refer to. For example: I am very glad to see you (I am very glad / glad to see you). This test is too easy (This test is too easy).
It is important to know! Adverb too in the meaning "too, also" is placed at the end of the sentence, for example: She will go to school too (She will also go to school). Adverb also has the same meaning, but it does not have a permanent place in the sentence, and the rule that exists for adverbs of frequency applies to it, for example: She will also go to school.

An adverb is a part of speech that determines when, where and how an action is performed. A feature of this part of speech is also that it is able to convey the signs of an adjective or other adverb. It is also important to remember that adverbs in English play the role of circumstance. Consider the formation of adverbs, give vivid examples and exceptions to the rules where they are placed in the sentence, and also consider the degree of comparison.

It will be easy for beginner students who have just decided to study languages to learn this topic, since the adverb in English performs the same functions as in Russian, and is often placed in an identical position. Therefore, the language barrier will be overcome quickly and easily.

The most commonly used types of adverbs in tables =>

Adverbs of place WHERE (ADVERBS OF PLACE)

Adverbs of Time WHEN (ADVERBS OF TIME)

late	late
soon	soon
early	early
after	then
today	today
now	now

On a note! When, where and why are relative adverbs. Tenses are used in any speech - business, colloquial, artistic and narrow-profile. Relative words can easily and simply explain any situation.

Adverbs of manner HOW (ADVERBS OF MANNER)

Adverbs of measure and degree TO WHAT EXTENT (ADVERBS OF DEGREE)

If you find it difficult to learn the words themselves and understand the adverbs and rules that the table indicates, use them in sentences. By examples it is always easier to learn the rule, of all kinds.

Here are some examples:

The girl faced the difficult situation very bravely=> The girl met a difficult situation very bravely. The adverb answers the question How? How?

My mom came home late because she didn't manage to catch the bus => Mom came home late (when mom came home, time was late) because she couldn't catch the bus. The adverb answers the question When? When?

The Professor explained the theory three times and extreme patiently => The professor explained the theory three times and very patiently. The adverb answers the question To what extent? To what extent?

These yummy mushrooms were everywhere=> These delicious mushrooms were everywhere (everywhere). The adverb answers the question Where? Where?

Rules for the formation of adverbs in English

All the dialects that the English language is rich in are divided into 4 categories =>

Simple (Simple Adverbs)
Composite Phrasal Adverbs
Compound Adverbs
Derived Adverbs .

By Simple Adverbs we mean using simple words => here, well, now, after, soon etc.

Derived Adverbs are formed using the -ly suffix and other suffixes (more on this later).

Compound Adverbs are formed by combining two words, for example, downstairs, sometimes, everywhere, furthermore, anyway, thereafter, otherwise etc.

Composite Phrasal Adverbs are phrasal adverbs. The most striking examples are => now and then, a lot of, far enough, a great deal, a little bit, hell of etc.

On a note! In most cases, the adverb is formed from the adjective by adding -ly => luckily, easily, happily, gaily, loudly etc.

Rules for composing adverbs with particle -ly

Adjectives that end in -y acquire -I during adverb formation =>

Busy+ly => busily

Happy+ly => happy (happily)

Gay+ly => gaily (fun)

Lucky+ly => luckily

Easy+ly => easily (easy).

But! If the adjective has an ending -e, then just put -ly =>

Nice+ly => nicely.

Attention! Remember that there will always be exceptions with the -ly suffix =>

true => truly

Remember about exceptions and do not make mistakes in writing.

Many people ask what to do with words in which the ending -le? In this case, change -le to -ly =>

gentle => gently

simple => simply.

The exception is the whole word, in which -le is changed to -ly + the letter l is put. It looks like this => whole => wholely.

When adjectives end in l, it must be doubled. As a result, we get lly =>

Beautiful+ly => beautifully

Typical+ly => typically

loyal+ly => loyally.

Important! When adjectives end in -ic, adverbs will end in -ally =>

heroic+ly => heroically

Historic+ly => histirically.

Although the process of forming adverbs has its own nuances, there will always be exceptions. In addition to the standard formation with -ly, other adverb suffixes can be used =>

Most => outermost, innermost

Like => warlike, godlike, egglike, snakelike, businesslike

Wise -> crabwise, clockwise, crosswise, lengthwise

Ward(s) => onward(s), eastward(s), backward(s)

Fold => manifold, twofold

Way(s) => sideways, longways.

The examples show that most adverbs are formed from adjectives, but there are also those that are formed from nouns:

Year => yearly (yearly)

Month => monthly (monthly)

Week => weekly (weekly)

Hour => hourly (hourly)

Day => daily (daily).

Remember the following adjectives that end in -ly but do not form adverbs =>ugly, friendly, lonely, silly, lovely, cowardly.

These adjectives, which have the meaning of adverbs, are used in the construction in a ... way / manner / fashion =>

The language is rich in inconsistencies and exceptions to the rules. This includes adverbs that have a similar form with adjectives, they are almost the same type =>

How to distinguish such identical adjectives from adverbs? Only by the function performed in the sentence. Speaking in simple terms, it is only in the context that one can 100% understand what the author wanted to say with one word or another.

Adverbs with two forms

An interesting group of adverbs in English. Such adverbs are characterized by the presence of two unequal forms that differ in meaning. To use them correctly, it is highly recommended to learn the examples from the table:

direct	Endless immediately, directly
close	Close Detailed/thorough
Free	For free Free
Easy	lightly/gently Easily
Hard	Complicated
Wrong	Not right Wrongfully
Wide	Wide Everywhere
short	Suddenly
Sharp	Sharp, straight Evil, sharp (figuratively)
near	Near/near
Sure	Really Of course / of course
late	Late recently/recently
Last	Later than all, last Finally
Pretty	To a large extent
high	high (literally) Extremely => very (well)
Full	Quite / very Fully
Fine	Excellent/excellent delicately
deep	Deep (literally) Deep = very (figuratively).

These words are included in the TOP 100 English dialects that are used almost every day in colloquial speech.

To make it easier to understand the material in the table, here are a few examples (whole sentences) with the above words in a different order:

A bird is flying high in the sky => A bird is flying high in the sky.

People, living here, are highly cultured and polite => The people who live here are highly cultured and polite.

Sharks can be seen deep in the sea => Sharks can be seen deep in the sea.

My friend is deeply in love with my sister => My friend is very much in love with my sister.

He will come the last. Hope he will not forget to take presents => He will come last. I hope he remembers to take gifts.

Lastly we see the light and hope there will be some people =>

I saw a strange man near the house => I saw a strange man near (near) the house.

Your answer is nearly correct => Your answer is almost correct.

I have never seen my son late at night at this place => I have never seen my son late at night at this place.

I have never been so happy lately => I have never been so happy lately.

Adverbs that perform a syntactic function

An adverb can perform different functions:

characterize action =>

It is amazing! – Helen said passionately.=> It's wonderful! Helen said passionately.

Characterize a feature =>

children were too exhausted => The dudes were too exhausted.

Characterize another adverb =>

Maria has done everything very quickly => Maria did everything very quickly.

Characterize the whole offer =>

Fortunately, we were lucky guys to cope with everuthing on our own => Luckily, we were lucky guys to cope with everything on our own.

It is important to note that there is a group of adverbs that are actively used with other adjectives and adverbs, making speech more detailed and understandable. This includes => most, rather, so, awfully, terribly, amazingly, highly, very, unusually, utterly, unbelievably, strikingly, extremely. It is important to adhere to the correct word order. Words in an indefinite order may lose their essence and stylistic coloring.

Using these adverbs, you can briefly and clearly express thoughts and express delight / disgust in all colors =>

It's terribly hot! - Incredibly hot!

It's unbelievably amazing! - Incredibly wonderful!

I highly appreciate your words! - I appreciate your words!

Remember the following expressions and study this table =>

Knowing the exact place of the adverb in an English sentence, you will be able to communicate easily and comfortably, expressing your thoughts correctly.

It must also be remembered that there are adverbs, the additional function of which is to increase the degree of comparison of adjectives. This includes such words as far, still, any, much.

We must not speak any louder => We must not speak louder.

We could get to this place far later => We could get to this place much later.

You could cope with everything much better => We could cope with everything much better.

Very often the adverb serves as an adverbial modifier of time, degree, manner of action or place =>

I quite understood all the details => I quite understood all the details (adverbial modifier of degree)

Tina shouted aloud => Tina shouted aloud (adverbial modifier of manner).

On a note! In the meanings above, you need to use an adjective (not an adverb!) If it comes after the following words => look (look), feel (feel), become (become), be (be), seem (seem), taste ( taste), stay (stay), sound (sound), smell (smell).

Your sister looks amazing! (not amazingly)

It seems they really feel good (not well).

The use of adverbs: exceptional cases

No matter how strange it may sound, but there are a number of adverbs (they can even be divided into a separate group) that have their own rules of use. Let's look at some cases in sentences.

If we are talking about adverbs also , well and too(all three words are translated as ‘’too’’), then you need to remember that they are used exclusively in affirmative sentences. An adverb such as also comes before the word to which it refers, while as well and too are usually placed at the end of sentences.

I didn't want to see him too=> I didn't want to see him either.

We were absent well=> We weren't present either.

Mary also agreed with her mom => Mary also agreed with her mom.

Adverb even in most cases it is used in speech with unions though and if. Thus, combinations even though (although) and even if (even if) are formed.

She came to that place even though she was asked not to do this => She came to this place even though she was asked not to.

I will never tell you the truth even if I knew => I would never tell you the truth even if I knew.

When it comes to the adverb else, it is preferable to put it in interrogative sentences. Remember the following constructions => what else (what else), who else (who else), where else (where else). In English grammar, the adverb what else / who else / where else often begins a sentence.

Who else wanted to leave this place? => Who else wanted to leave this place?

What else do we need to stay there for one more day? => What else do we need to stay here for one more day?

Where else should we go to see the rest of the lakes? => Where else do we need to go to see the rest of the lakes?

simple adverb enough also has its own peculiarities of use =>

If the adverb performs the function of an adjective and defines a noun, then it must be placed before the word being defined =>

Our neighbors won enough money to buy their own island (Our neighbors won enough money to buy their own island).

But! When enough defines an adverb or adjective, then it must be placed after the word that is defined =>

Andry is clever enough to answer correctly (Andrew is smart enough to answer correctly).

Adverbs in a sentence: choose the right place

In a sentence, such words can occupy a different place. This is due to what part of speech the adverb explains.

If we are talking about adverbs of degree and of manner, then such words, in most cases, are next to the word they explain =>

Ann smiles sincerely => Ann smiles sincerely.

Helen cooks good => Helen cooks well.

But! If we want to focus on a word, then the place of the adverb can change. We put it near the word that we want to emphasize =>

Only good does Helen cook! => Helen only cooks well!

Pay attention to the adverbs of frequency in English (seldom, rarely, never, always, sometimes, often, usually). Adverbs of frequency should be placed between the auxiliary and main verbs.

I never wake up at 5 o'clock => I never wake up at 5 o'clock in the morning.

my sister sometimes visits her brothers => My sister sometimes visits her brothers.

Do they usually get up late? => Do they usually get up late?

Adverbs of indefinite tense (usually, never, seldom, often) are widely used in fiction. Words of indefinite tense in English help to make the speech emotionally colored and more "alive".

If we talk about the most mobile adverbs, then they include adverbs of place and time, excluding frequency. It is appropriate to put such words in different parts of the sentence, in its different places =>

My friends will be here tomorrow/ Tomorrow my friends will be here => My friends will be here tomorrow/Tomorrow my friends will be here.

Adverbs of time in English help to focus on a particular word / place, and therefore on the desired event. Therefore, the classical word order may be violated.

Degrees of comparison of adverbs in English

Adverbs form the degree of comparison. The comparative degree is formed using the suffixes -er and -est. For a better understanding, let's explain the rule with examples when you need to compare something =>

Maria reads slow => Maria reads slowly.

Maria reads slower than me => Maria reads slower than me.

Maria reads the slowest in the group => Maria reads the slowest in the group.

The same applies, for example, to the word fast => fast-faster-fastest.

But! If the adverb is polysyllabic or formed with -ly, then it is appropriate to use the words more and most =>

Wisely - more wisely - most wisely.

Important! Remember the comparative exceptions of English! The words loudly, early, slowly and quickly do not apply to the above rule and are exceptions in the comparison table =>

Loudly - louder - loudest

Early - earlier - earliest.

The degrees of comparison of adverbs in English words quickly and slowly can be formed in two ways =>

Quicker/more quickly – quickest/most quickly

Slower/more slowly – slowest/most slowly.

You also need to remember about adverbs that do not form degrees of comparison in the standard way. Such words are exceptions by degrees and need to be memorized =>

Little-less-least

Much - more - most

badly-worse-worst

Far-farther/further-farthest/furthest

Well-better-best.

And further. Do not forget that in English there are adverbs that do not have degrees of comparison => optimally, somehow, thus, somewhere, here, when, sometimes.

Such words need to be memorized and constantly repeated in memory so that your speech is correct and beautiful. And yet - a comparative table should always be mentally kept in mind. It's like two and two.

Summing up

English adverbs are different, as are the ways they are formed and their place in a sentence. Vivid examples are exceptions to rules that need to be learned and repeated regularly. Knowing a lot of words and practicing them daily in colloquial speech, you will quickly learn the features of building an English sentence and choose the right words. And knowing as many adverbs in English as possible, you will make your speech colorful and interesting.

Do exercises on adverbs even when you start studying another topic. And be sure to do each exercise with translation , and if necessary, then with transcription (you can find a list of exercises on our website). This will help you learn all the possible meanings of the word in context and learn how to pronounce them correctly. High-quality English pronunciation is an important element of successful language learning. With good English pronunciation, you will feel much more confident. Fact!

Our advice! Transcription will help you get the right British accent! Be sure to listen to the pronunciation and repeat it every day.

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