When can a will be challenged?

Never say you know a person unless you shared an inheritance with them.

Johann Kaspar Lavater

Each person is free to dispose of his own property as he wishes, including bequeathing it to relatives or third parties, as well as disinheriting relatives and friends without explanation.

The norms of Russian legislation provide for two options for inheriting property: according to the norms of the law and by will. The order of inheritance under the law is valid only in the absence of a testamentary document.

What is a will?

A will is a document expressing the will of a citizen regarding the fate of his property in the event of his death and containing information about the person (s) to whom the testator transfers the rights to this or property. If the will was not executed, all the property of the deceased is distributed among the legal heirs in the order of priority prescribed by law.

Family ties or freedom of choice? The moral side of the issue

The issue of inheritance is very subtle and personal, often giving rise to a moral dilemma. It would seem that a will expresses the will of the testator, and no one has the right to forbid a person to dispose of his property in the way he considers necessary and correct. On the other hand, there are heirs who are guaranteed by law the right to part of the property of a relative.

As life and legal practice shows, when it comes to valuable assets and impressive amounts of money, the moral side of the issue often loses its prevailing significance.

There are frequent cases of moral pressure on elderly relatives, intimidation, "stupefying" and even the use of physical force. In such situations, challenging the will is the only way to restore justice.

There are also “clean” wills, by which the last will of the deceased passes the inheritance into the hands of the most deserving persons, for example, those who provided material assistance and moral support to the elderly testator during the period of illness. But dispossessed heirs often attempt to challenge the will and often obtain their share of the inheritance against the last will of the relative.

Hunters for other people's good

More than 80% of fake wills are real estate...

Paradoxically, in addition to relatives and other legal heirs, "through a will" outsiders can claim property - there are plenty of hunters for other people's property.

A fake will is a rather old way of "inheritance" that is experiencing a rebirth these days. A whole class of swindlers specializes in forging wills. Civil servants, unscrupulous notaries and representatives of the judiciary are woven into the criminal web, who, with their signatures and decisions, endow the “heir” with the right to inherited property, receiving their “cunningly” earned share.

Unfortunately, it is extremely difficult to catch “testamentary” swindlers by the hand, and relatives of the testator will find out about the existence of a fake will too late. Therefore, there are very few criminal cases on the facts of fraud in the field of inheritance and attempts to take possession of other people's property, but district courts are literally loaded with lawsuits to challenge testamentary documents.

Important:“Did a relative leave a will somewhere?” - in conditions of increased risk of fraudulent scams, many citizens are concerned. The new law on notaries provides an opportunity to get an answer to this question using the electronic register of wills. A convenient service is designed to solve the urgent problem of searching for wills by a single visit by a citizen to a notary's office.

Maintaining a database is an effective tool against fraudsters who encroach on other people's property, complicating the production of a fake or backdated will.

Can a will be contested?

A will can be challenged both in full and in part - that is, both "in its entirety", and its individual clauses and conditions, if they violate someone's rights and contradict the law.

Attention: it is possible to challenge a will only after the death of the testator

It is important to know that a will comes into force only after the death of the testator, so it is impossible to challenge the will of the testator during his lifetime.

A will is a unilateral transaction that can be challenged or declared null and void in court. To initiate the procedure for contesting a will, a person whose rights are violated by the terms and content of the document is required to file a claim with the court.

Despite the fact that contesting a will is considered one of the most complex and controversial issues in judicial practice, there are a number of “favorable” grounds for resolving an inheritance dispute in favor of the plaintiff.

Who has the right to contest a will?

A detailed list of persons entitled to initiate judicial contestation of a will is contained in Articles 1142-1149 of the Civil Code. These are the heirs of the first stage - the husband (wife), parents and children of the testator; the second stage - sisters and brothers, grandparents, nephews; third priority - aunts and uncles, cousins ​​and brothers. The right to challenge passes to the heirs of the next stage in the absence of applicants for the inheritance of the previous stages.

How long does it take to contest a will?

The current civil legislation provides for acceptable periods for contesting a will, namely twelve months from the date of the opening of the inheritance or from the moment when the "deprived" applicant for the inheritance found out about the violation of his rights. A void will, that is, one drawn up with violations of the procedure, containing errors and inaccuracies, can be declared invalid within three years.

Grounds for contesting a will

It is impossible to challenge a properly executed will, drawn up in compliance with legislative norms, without sufficient grounds. Even the presence of small inaccuracies, slips that do not change the general meaning of the document, is not a sufficient reason to cancel the will.

So, in what specific cases can a will be challenged?

Inheritance legislation and established judicial practice make it possible to single out the following situations that provide the opportunity for the "deprived" party to update their rights to inheritance in court:

If a person has doubts about the correctness of the preparation, authenticity and validity of the will;

If the unrecorded heir has the opinion that the document was drawn up under pressure from third parties;

If the heir has evidence of "inadequacy", insanity of the testator at the time of signing the will, etc.

Between the lines: a will can be canceled not only as a result of a trial, but also revoked by the testator himself by writing a new will with new conditions, other heirs and / or other property objects, or by drawing up an order to cancel the will.

In addition, the heirs themselves, included in the will, may refuse the inherited property.

So, let's take a closer look at the most common grounds for contesting a will.

Insanity of the testator

The insanity of the testator at the time of signing the document is the most common formal basis for contesting a will. And if a document drawn up by an officially incompetent person initially has no legal force, then the insanity of the testator is a more controversial and ambiguous concept, and in this case the plaintiff relies on the norms of Article 177 of the Civil Code, according to which a transaction made by a legally capable person, but who was at the time of signing wills in a state that does not allow a citizen to adequately realize the significance of his actions or manage them, may be challenged and declared invalid by the court.

But how can you establish the insanity of the testator after his death?

To this end, the court appoints a post-mortem examination, during which the expert "raises" and analyzes the testator's medical records. The court takes into account the testimonies of persons living together with the testator, his acquaintances and neighbors, as well as other evidence of decisive importance.

Violation of the procedure for drawing up and notarial certification

A will must be drawn up by a citizen personally or from his words in the presence of a witness and certified by a notary. If the testator, due to a serious state of health, illiteracy or other reasons, cannot personally sign the will, this is done by the appellant. At the same time, the circumstances due to which independent compilation, reading of the document was impossible, must have documentary evidence.

In case of violation of the procedure for drawing up a document and notarial certification of the transaction, the will may be challenged.

When an heir is unworthy

The most "exotic" basis for inheritance disputes is the norm of the Civil Code on unworthy heirs, which allows excluding from the list of potential owners of the bequeathed property persons convicted of committing intentional unlawful acts aimed at facilitating the recognition of themselves or third parties as preferential heirs - to the detriment of other legitimate applicants , as well as in the "artificial" increase in their share of the inheritance. Threats, pressure, deceit, and so on can be recognized as illegal. In addition, the heir may receive the status of unworthy if he did not fulfill his direct duties for the care and maintenance of the testator.

In order for the court to recognize the heir as unworthy, the plaintiff must provide evidence of his position and the deliberate nature of the actions of the defendant.

When a will is not a hindrance. Indisputable right of succession

An alternative to contesting a will is a claim for recognition of the right to a mandatory share. A significant percentage of judicial inheritance disputes are initiated by persons endowed by law with an indisputable right to inherit, which is not canceled in full by a will drawn up in favor of other persons.

Minor or disabled children of the testator, incapacitated spouse and parents, as well as other dependents in accordance with Art. 1149 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation has the right to claim at least fifty percent of the share assigned to each of them, subject to inheritance by law.

Often lawsuits to recognize the right to a mandatory share are filed by disabled parents living separately from the testator or representatives of minor children from other marriages.

In the event of cancellation and recognition of the will as invalid in court, the document loses its force and inheritance occurs according to the law. However, if there is another will that has legal force, the heirs are determined according to an alternative document.

Inheritance cases from judicial practice. St. Petersburg

Russian legislation, along with most civilized countries, respects the last will of a citizen, a will has priority in court, and judges are reluctant to recognize the invalidity of a will.

Case one: in court against a sister

Citizen A. applied to the Frunzensky District Court of St. Petersburg with a request to invalidate the will drawn up by her mother, according to which the apartment was transferred in favor of the elder sister of the plaintiff. In defense of her claims, the citizen stated that the will was drawn up under pressure and under the influence of drugs that the mother took during the period of illness and before her death. Allegedly, the older sister took advantage of a difficult set of circumstances and fraudulently forced her mother to make a will. The plaintiff asked the court to conduct a post-mortem psychological and psychiatric examination, invalidate the will and distribute the inheritance according to the law.

The citizen did not appear at the hearing.

The court studied the materials in the case, assessed the evidence, interrogated witnesses, initiated a post-mortem medical examination and found that the testator suffered from cancer at the time of signing the will and did not show signs of a mental disorder, which means that she was clearly aware of the significance of her actions. Only in 2014, before her death, but after drawing up the will, as a result of the progression of oncological disease, the plaintiff's mother showed inappropriate behavior and emotional lability.

Thus, the court concluded that there were no grounds for canceling the last will of the testator, and the apartment passed by will to the older sister.

Case two: an attempt to fraudulently take over someone else's apartment

The citizen filed a claim with the Vasileostrovskiy District Court of St. Petersburg with a request to invalidate the will, according to which the apartment and monetary savings of the deceased cousin of the plaintiff are transferred to an unknown heiress.

In the statement, the plaintiff said that she was the cousin of the testator, but did not have any documents confirming the fact of kinship, which the scammers took advantage of by drawing up a will for an outsider.

The court, having examined the materials of the case, established the relationship between the applicant and the testator, as well as the fact that, apart from the plaintiff, there are no applicants for the inheritance of the deceased. The existing will was signed not personally by the testator, but by the appellant and certified by a notary. At the same time, the testator was on sick leave at the date of the will, but he was capable and did not have physical defects that prevented him from personally signing the will.

The “fake” heiress stated that she received the will by mail and she personally did not know either the testator or the citizen who signed the will on behalf of the testator.

The notary informed that the will is authentic, drawn up in a notary's office and executed in accordance with the requirements of the law. However, the court found that the testator was not present when the document was drawn up, as he was at that moment at home.

Based on the results of the consideration of the case, the will was declared invalid.

A criminal case has been initiated on the fact of an attempt to take possession of another's property under a false will.

Important: inheritance disputes containing evaluative circumstances require serious preparation for the trial and professional legal support.

Safety measures for "worthy" heirs: how to prevent a testament from being contested?

The law does not prohibit the contestation of a will by persons entitled to do so, therefore it is impossible to insure against lawsuits to invalidate a will. Nevertheless, it is possible to make a will more reliable and practically “indisputable”.

Below is a list of insurance measures that will help the testator and the proper heirs to avoid the subsequent cancellation of the will.

1. Pay close attention to compliance with the requirements for the form and procedure for drawing up a will.

2. On the day of signing the will, receive medical certificates confirming the “adequacy” of the testator, for example, a certificate stating that the citizen is not registered with the PND and the narcological dispensary.

3. Enlist the help of witnesses - ask them to be present at the drafting of the will.

4. Contact a notary who uses video filming in his work.

The complex of the listed measures will allow minimizing the risk of invalidation of the will.

If you need to contest a will in court or you are a participant in a probate dispute, the best solution would be to seek qualified legal support.

A will can only be contested after the death of the owner of the property and the opening of the inheritance.

Dear readers! The article talks about typical ways to solve legal issues, but each case is individual. If you want to know how solve exactly your problem- contact a consultant:

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The will of the owner of the property may be unknown to close relatives - heirs of the 1st, 2nd stages, due to personal relationships or the specific nature of the testator.

The will is challenged in whole or in part. Usually, notaries try to check the text of the will to see if it contradicts the current legislation.

There are problems in terms of determining the capacity of the testator, the authenticity of his intentions.

Legislation

Inheritance by will must be executed in accordance with the rules of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation - Chapter 62.

The grounds for the removal of unworthy heirs are indicated in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation -.

A mandatory share in the inheritance is provided for in accordance with the rules of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation -.

The consequences of invalid transactions (disputable and void) are indicated in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation -.

Who can do it?

Is it possible to challenge the will after the death of the testator - a question of interest to the heirs under the law.

He has the right to doubt the will of the testator, who has a legitimate interest in such a unilateral transaction.

Conducting an examination

The plaintiff must base his convictions on sound arguments. The examination may concern the authenticity of the signatures in the declaration of intent.

If there is reason to doubt the mental state of the testator, then a post-mortem medical examination is carried out with a study:

• medical documents;
• the list of medicines taken by the deceased owner of the property.

To establish the fact of incapacity or limitation in capacity, an examination is not required, since such a state of a person must be approved in court - in accordance with the provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation - Articles 21.22.

If an incompetent citizen makes a will, then it is void, i.e. initially does not entail legally significant consequences.

The problem is that so far there is no register of persons recognized as legally incompetent.

Witness testimony

Witness testimony will be required to confirm the fact of making a will - especially a closed one, or made under emergency circumstances.

Witnesses testify in court about the state of health of the testator. The summoning of such persons is possible at the request of the plaintiff, defendant, or by decision of the judge.

The testimony of witnesses is considered evidence that can be referred to when arguing a position in court. They influence the final decision in a case.

Medical opinion

A post-mortem medical report on the state of health of the testator is made at the request of the plaintiff, defendant:

• the submitted documentation is studied, on the basis of which the experts draw conclusions;
• is of a complex or commission nature.

At the request of the parties, interrogation of experts in court is possible.

Unworthy heirs

According to the provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation - Article 1117, heirs who committed crimes against the testator, tried to fraudulently increase the share of the inheritance, are recognized as unworthy.

Such a person may be removed from the inheritance at the request of interested persons (other heirs).

Have no right to inherit after children, parents deprived of parental rights, unless it is proved that the testator maintained contact with them.

Other evidence

Audio, video recordings, any written documents that can confirm the invalidity of the will can also be used as evidence.

A court decision on the incapacity of a citizen has a prejudicial character, i.e. this fact does not have to be proven in court again.

The authenticity of the remaining evidence must be confirmed by the party that presented it in court.

Can a will be disputed after the death of the testator?

Finding out whether it is possible to challenge a will is necessary for legal heirs, their guardians and trustees.

Any interested person has the right to appeal to the court.

For inheritance

The will contains the order of the owner of the property with his rights.

It is issued for various objects:

• the property;
• cars;
• intellectual property;
• money;
• securities.

Challenging is carried out taking into account the characteristics of the object of inheritance and the number of applicants for property.

For an apartment

A situation arises when the testator (especially in old age) is in favor of a third party, ignoring the rights of legal heirs.

They will have to try to prove that the will is issued with violations.

The deceased also has the right to challenge the will - if the apartment was bought in marriage, but the testator "unsubscribed" it to an outsider.

On house

A private house can be bequeathed to another person, which does not suit the direct heirs.

In such a situation, it is necessary to prove that the will was drawn up with violations.

A share in real estate may also be bequeathed. This complicates the process of division of the inheritance and causes protracted litigation.

If there is a direct heir

The testator can dispose of the property at his own discretion, despite the presence of direct heirs.

The exception is applicants for:

• minor children;
• adult adults, but not able-bodied children;
• parents and spouse of the decedent.

An applicant for a compulsory share is entitled to inherit 50% of the share in the inheritance that he would have received if he were a legal heir.

Going to court

The will should be challenged in the district court - at the place of opening of the inheritance. The statement of claim is given to the office with all the necessary documents.

A lawsuit should be filed with the court within six months after the death of the owner of the valuables and the opening of the inheritance.

Procedure

The statement of claim is drawn up according to the rules of Articles 131-135 of the Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation.

It stands for:

• the name of the court;
• information about the plaintiff, defendant and other persons (for example, registering authorities or a notary).

The invalidity of the document is confirmed by specific arguments - the right to an obligatory share, drawing up a will in violation of the law (including due to the testator's delusion or intimidation). The claim is signed by the applicant (his representative).

Required documents

Attached to the claim:

• original or notarized copy of the will;
• documents confirming the identity of the plaintiff;
• other judicial acts (if any);
• title documents for property;
• document confirming the payment of state duty.

If the plaintiff acts through an intermediary, then a signed and notarized power of attorney is required.

It should indicate the powers of the representative and the period of their validity.

Claim Form

The claim can be written in free form.

The main thing is to indicate the name of the court, indicate information about the plaintiff, defendant, other parties, sign the document and attach the necessary documents.

Timing

Contestation of a void will (due to its preparation by an incompetent person, or in violation of the law) is possible within 3 years after the heir has learned about the violation of his rights.

It is possible to challenge a will drawn up under the threat of reprisal against the testator or due to his significant error within 1 year after the plaintiff learned about the violation of his rights.

The deadlines can be restored (on a separate petition) if the reason for missing them is recognized by the court as valid.

Arbitrage practice

The provisions of the Decree of the Plenum of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation No. 9 dated May 29, 2012 are taken into account. The most frequent appeals to the court are related to the claims of direct heirs to third parties indicated in the will.

Disputes of this nature may be associated with claims to establish paternity (kinship with the testator), removal from inheritance.

How to avoid dispute?

Every person has the right to sue. There is no legally universal way.

The goal is to analyze the situation and draw up a document that is impeccable in form and content.

This will reduce the possibility of challenging it and reduce the plaintiff's chances of a positive outcome to a minimum.

The will is made in writing and certified by a notary. It is permissible to draw up a document in emergency circumstances and to certify it by the commander of a military unit, the chief physician of an institution, the head of a local government. But such a document in the future must also be legalized by a notary.

On the heirs and the amount of property. If it is not specified, then the shares of the heir are considered the same.

The testator must personally sign the declaration of intent, unless this is not possible due to physical defects. Then the executor acts on his behalf, about which a corresponding note is made in the will.

legal capacity

This condition remains mandatory. Lawyers recommend that the testator draw up a certificate of adequate mental state immediately before making a will.

Any interested person can try to challenge the will for inheritance after the death of the testator. To do this, heirs who have not received anything under the will must resort to litigation. Can the court take the side of the plaintiff, and under what circumstances is this possible? To answer these questions, you need to familiarize yourself with what the law says.

This is the last will of man. With the help of this document, a citizen disposes of the property that will remain after his death. Not everyone makes a will, if the document is not executed, after the death of a person, his property and money will be inherited by his relatives. Inheritance occurs according to the degree of kinship, the closest relatives have the priority.

When drawing up a will, everything is different, the testator himself chooses to whom to leave the inheritance. Moreover, a citizen, bypassing all family ties, can appoint a completely stranger as his successor. As a rule, such situations raise doubts about the authenticity of the document from the direct heirs by law.

A will can be made by an adult capable citizen. It must be certified by a notary, who must make sure that the document meets the requirements of the law, it was written by the testator without coercion and in his right mind.

If it is impossible to contact a notary, for example, a person lives in a remote place where there is no notary office or serves under a contract, the will can be certified by authorized persons. They are:

• local government officials;
• expedition leaders;
• head of places of deprivation of liberty;
• head of a nursing home;
• chief physician;
• the first persons of military units, long-distance ships.

In unforeseen situations (sudden serious illness, hostilities, natural disasters, etc.), when a person's life is in danger, it is allowed to draw up a will without notarization. However, such a document must meet a number of conditions:

1. emergencies that have arisen must be documented (medical and state certificates, testimonies of witnesses). A note on the reasons that prompted to make a will can also be indicated in the text of the document;
2. the will must be written by hand by the testator;
3. the document is drawn up with two witnesses who sign it. Witnesses cannot be testamentary heirs;
4. in the place where the will was made there should not be a notary or a person who can replace him.

Legislation gives a person the right to decide for himself what will happen to his property after death. He can give it to the most worthy person, at his discretion. The testator is not obliged to explain the reasons for his choice and has the right to transfer his property even to organizations. However, there is a category of heirs who, regardless of the text of the will, are entitled to a part of the inheritance, these are:

• children under 18;
• parents, spouses, children or dependents who are considered disabled. The latter can claim property, provided that they have lived on the territory and maintenance of the testator for at least 12 months.

Heirs of the compulsory share can count on 50% of the share of the inheritance that they could receive by law.

The last will of a person can be disputed only after it has been announced and the inheritance has been opened, i.e. after the death of the person who composed it. It makes no sense to challenge the document during the life of the testator, because the will can be changed an infinite number of times.

Only people who could claim property can doubt the document. Moreover, such a right arises according to the principle of succession according to the law.

Initially, only close relatives who fall into the first place of inheritance can file a claim. If the deceased has no close relatives, relatives from the second stage can challenge the will. If they are missing, the rights are received by the heirs of the third stage, and so on.

The heirs of the obligatory share can also challenge the will, in cases where they either left no property at all, or a part of the inheritance that they are entitled to is less than it should be.

If the heir to the compulsory share sues, he will almost unconditionally win the proceedings.

Only in exceptional cases can a court deprive a person of the right to a mandatory share or reduce it. The legislation stipulates only one situation when this is possible. An heir may be completely or partially deprived of a mandatory share if its award makes it impossible to transfer property to a successor under a will. Additionally, two conditions must be present:

• the heir under the will must use the property for residence or as the only source of income;
• the heir to the obligatory share did not use the property during the lifetime of the testator.

All other applicants for the inheritance must prepare strong evidence, on the basis of which it is possible to annul the will or revise certain points on it. After all, the fact that a person did not receive what he expected or what he was promised orally is not a reason to claim property in court.

You can challenge a will for the following reasons:

1. The document is not certified by a notary. In this case, the will is recognized as void, with the exception of force majeure situations when the life of the testator was in danger;
2. The absence of witnesses or their signatures on the document, in cases where this is necessary. This also includes situations where witnesses were persons who could not be;
3. Legal errors in the preparation of the document. Lack of testator's signature, place or date of drawing up the document;
4. The will was written under duress;
5. The testator, at the time of drawing up the document, did not give an account of his actions due to illness, advanced age, taking medications, or if he was under the influence of alcohol or drugs;
6. The will lists unworthy heirs. These are persons who tried to cause or caused damage to the testator in order to receive an inheritance;
7. The authenticity of the document is questionable.

Written documents must be submitted to the court proving violations in the drafting of the will. Witness testimony is also taken into account.

Heirs who do not agree with the last will of the deceased must apply to the court with a statement of claim. The statement reflects:

• plaintiff's details (full name, passport details, residential address, telephone number);
• data of the defendant (the person who received the property under the will);
• data of the testator (name, date of death);
• information about the will: the number where it was drawn up, whether there is a notarization;
• degree of relationship with the testator;
• property information;
• circumstances under which the document may be invalidated;
• references to the testimonies of witnesses (if any), attached documents.

In addition to the application, a package of documents is attached, it includes:

1. papers confirming kinship with the deceased (birth certificates, marriage certificates, extracts from the registry office);
2. testator's death certificate;
3. receipt of payment of state duty, about 300 rubles, depending on the region of residence;
4. documents confirming the ownership of the property, if the property left under the will was in joint ownership;
5. written evidence.

What documents can be accepted by the court as evidence? It depends on why the will is contested. So, if there is doubt about the authenticity of the document, a graphological examination is carried out. Specialists compare the handwriting or signature of the deceased (at least ten documents are taken for examination) with the handwriting and signature on the will.

Medical documents, a list of medicines taken by the testator and testimonies can be presented in court as evidence that the person at the time of the will was inadequate and could not fully understand his actions and their consequences. Also, to confirm the incapacity of the testator, a post-mortem forensic examination is carried out.

Probate litigation is a lengthy process that can take several months.

After considering all the evidence, the court makes a decision. If the decision is in favor of the plaintiff, there are two options:

1. Revision of certain provisions of the will. In this case, the rest of the instructions of the deceased will remain unchanged;
2. Cancellation of a will. The document is considered null and void, and the property is inherited by law.

Relatives who have not received an inheritance may try to challenge such a decision in court. To do this, they must apply to the court with a claim and a package of documents collected. The heirs of the compulsory share in the vast majority of cases will win their cases, as their rights are protected by law. Litigation to challenge a will is a lengthy process for which you need to be well prepared. You need to collect evidence, contact a lawyer who is a specialist in this matter. The likelihood that a well-written will, certified by a notary, will be challenged is small.

Below is a summary of the companies that may be led by Parfenov Alexander Fedorovich.
Data sources: Federal State Statistics Service, Unified State Register of Legal Entities. All data posted on the site are open and publicly available in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 8 of Article 6 of Federal Law 129-FZ of August 8, 2001 and Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia No. 115N of December 5, 2013.

LLC "TEP" "HEAT AND ENERGY ENTERPRISE", LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY

Region: Kemerovo region

Main activities:

• Boiler houses (production of thermal energy)
• Thermal energy (transmission)
• Thermal energy (distribution)
• Boiler rooms (operation)
• Heating networks (operation)
• Restaurants and cafes
• Canteen departmental, supply of products for public catering
• Road freight transport
• Funiculars, aerial cable cars and lifts (carriage of passengers)
• Inventory and equipment for recreation and leisure (rental)
• Sports events (organization, preparation and holding)
• Hotels

FL CJSC "SIMES" "MOSCOW BRANCH OF CJSC "SIMES"

Region: Moscow
Legal address: 125124, MOSCOW, 3rd YAMSKOYO FIELD st., 18, building 1

Main activities:

• Sea transport
• Commercial activities and management (consulting)
• Cargo (transport processing and storage)
• Exchanges (stock, commodity, currency and currency - stock)
• Wholesale trade through agents
• Non-metallic mineral products (production)
• Machinery and equipment (manufacturing)
• General industrial equipment (installation, repair and maintenance)
• Construction

LLC "KRAPIVINSKAYA TSK" "KRAPIVINSKAYA HEAT SUPPLY COMPANY", LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY

Region: Kemerovo region
Legal address: 652449, KEMEROVSK Oblast, KRAPIVINSKY district, rp. Zelenogorsk, st. CENTRAL, 406

LAWYER'S CONSULTATION №32 LAWYER'S CONSULTATION №32 ST. PETERSBURG CITY BAR

Region: St. Petersburg
Legal address: 191011, St. Petersburg, nab. R. FONTANKI, d. 51

Main activities:

• Legal services

GUZ "VOLSK INTERDISTRIENT ONCOLOGICAL DISPENSARY" "VOLSK INTERDISTRIENT ONCOLOGICAL DISPENSARY" OF THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF THE SARATOV REGION, STATE HEALTH INSTITUTION

Region: Saratov region
Legal address: 412900, SARATOV region, VOLSK, st. PIONERSKAYA, 59A

Main activities:

• General and specialized hospitals

LLC "STROYTORG" "STROYTORG", LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY

Region: Oryol region
Legal address: 302522, OREL region, OREL district, s. SABUROVO, SABUROVSKY S / S, st. MACHINE-BUILDING, 15

Main activities:

• Food products, drinks, tobacco products (wholesale trade)
• Buildings and structures (construction)
• Engineering equipment of buildings and structures (installation)
• Finishing work
• Non-food consumer goods (wholesale trade)
• General industrial machinery and equipment, devices and machinery for special purposes (wholesale trade)
• Universal range of products (wholesale)

LLC "ZELENOGORSK HEAT SUPPLY COMPANY" "ZELENOGORSK HEAT SUPPLY COMPANY", LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY

Region: Kemerovo region
Legal address: 652449, KEMEROVSK Oblast, KRAPIVINSKY district, rp. Zelenogorsk, st. CENTRAL, 406

LLC "KINO-ART" "KINO-ART", LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY

Region: Oryol region
Legal address: 302043, OREL, st. KOMSOMOLSKAYA, 242

Main activities:

• Immovable own property (lease)

Do you think you are Russian? Born in the USSR and think that you are Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian? No. This is not true.

You are actually Russian, Ukrainian or Belarusian. But you think you are a Jew.

Game? Wrong word. The correct word is "imprinting".

A newborn associates himself with those facial features that he observes immediately after birth. This natural mechanism is characteristic of most living beings with vision.

Newborns in the USSR for the first few days saw their mother for a minimum of feeding time, and most of the time they saw the faces of the maternity hospital staff. By a strange coincidence, they were (and still are) mostly Jewish. Reception is wild in its essence and effectiveness.

All your childhood you wondered why you live surrounded by non-native people. Rare Jews on your path could do anything with you, because you were drawn to them, while others were repelled. Yes, even now they can.

You cannot fix this - imprinting is one-time and for life. It is difficult to understand, the instinct took shape when you were still very far from being able to formulate. From that moment, no words or details have been preserved. Only facial features remained in the depths of memory. Those traits that you consider your family.

3 comments

System and Observer

Let us define a system as an object whose existence is not in doubt.

An observer of a system is an object that is not a part of the system it observes, that is, it determines its existence, including through factors independent of the system.

From the point of view of the system, the observer is a source of chaos - both control actions and the consequences of observational measurements that do not have a causal relationship with the system.

An internal observer is an object potentially achievable for the system in relation to which the inversion of the observation and control channels is possible.

An external observer is even an object potentially unattainable for the system, located beyond the event horizon of the system (spatial and temporal).

Hypothesis #1. All-seeing eye

Let's assume that our universe is a system and it has an external observer. Then observational measurements can take place, for example, with the help of "gravitational radiation" penetrating the universe from all sides from the outside. The capture cross section of "gravitational radiation" is proportional to the mass of the object, and the projection of the "shadow" from this capture onto another object is perceived as an attractive force. It will be proportional to the product of the masses of objects and inversely proportional to the distance between them, which determines the density of the "shadow".

The capture of "gravitational radiation" by an object increases its randomness and is perceived by us as a passage of time. An object that is opaque to "gravitational radiation", the capture cross section of which is larger than the geometric size, inside the universe looks like a black hole.

Hypothesis #2. Internal Observer

It is possible that our universe is watching itself. For example, using pairs of quantum entangled particles spaced apart in space as standards. Then the space between them is saturated with the probability of the existence of the process that generated these particles, which reaches its maximum density at the intersection of the trajectories of these particles. The existence of these particles also means the absence of a sufficiently large capture cross section on the trajectories of objects capable of absorbing these particles. The remaining assumptions remain the same as for the first hypothesis, except:

Time flow

External observation of an object approaching the event horizon of a black hole, if the “outside observer” is the determining factor of time in the universe, will slow down exactly twice - the shadow from the black hole will block exactly half of the possible trajectories of “gravitational radiation”. If the determining factor is the “internal observer”, then the shadow will block the entire trajectory of interaction and the flow of time for an object falling into a black hole will completely stop for a view from the outside.

Also, the possibility of combining these hypotheses in one proportion or another is not excluded.