Serving for direct communication between people. Its main function is communicative (exchange of information). Conversational style is presented not only in but also in writing - in the form of letters, notes. But mainly this style is used in oral speech - dialogues, polylogues.
It is characterized by ease, unpreparedness of speech (lack of thinking over the sentence before uttering and preliminary selection of the necessary language material), informality, immediacy of communication, the obligatory transfer of the author's attitude to the interlocutor or the subject of speech, saving speech efforts ("Mash", "Sash", "San Sanych" and others). An important role in the conversational style is played by the context of a certain situation and the use of non-verbal means (reaction of the interlocutor, gestures, facial expressions).
Lexical characteristics of conversational style
Language differences include the use of non-lexical means (stress, intonation, speech rate, rhythm, pauses, etc.). The linguistic features of the conversational style also include the frequent use of colloquial, colloquial and slang words (for example, "start" (start), "today" (now), etc.), words in a figurative sense (for example, "window" - in meaning "break"). Spoken language is distinguished by the fact that in it very often words not only name objects, their signs, actions, but also give them an assessment: "dodger", "well done", "careless", "be clever", "sip", "cheerful".
The colloquial style is also characterized by the use of words with magnifying or diminutive suffixes (“spoon”, “book”, “bread”, “seagull”, “pretty”, “big”, “red”), phraseological turns (“it got up a little light "," rushed at full speed"). Often, particles, interjections, and appeals are included in speech ("Masha, go get some bread!", "Oh, my God, who came to us!").
Conversational style: syntax features
The syntax of this style is characterized by the use of simple sentences (most often compound and non-union), (in dialogue), the widespread use of exclamatory and interrogative sentences, the absence of participial and participial phrases in sentences, the use of sentence words (negative, affirmative, incentive, etc.) . This style is characterized by breaks in speech, which can be caused by various reasons (the speaker's excitement, looking for the right word, unexpected jumping from one thought to another).
The use of additional structures that break the main sentence and introduce certain information, clarifications, comments, amendments, and explanations into it also characterizes the conversational style.
In colloquial speech, they can also be found in which parts are interconnected by lexical-syntactic units: the first part contains evaluative words ("clever", "well done", "fool", etc.), and the second part substantiates this assessment, for example : "Well done for helping!" or "Fool Mishka, that you obeyed!"
The concept of "stylistics"
Stylistics is a science that studies the language at its different levels and the expressive means that the language has.
The style is practical. The style is functional
Practical stylistics is a branch of linguistics that studies the functioning of units and categories of all levels of the language in the literary language in typical speech situations, in the contexts of various semantic, expressive content, taking into account the current language norms (phonetic stylistics, morphological stylistics).
Functional stylistics is a branch of linguistics that studies the differentiation of the literary language according to its historically established varieties (functional-style units). It develops general principles of typology, classification and selection of the main functional varieties (functional styles) of the literary language.
3. Basic concepts: synonymy and variance, norm and usage, norm codification
Synonymy is the closeness of the meaning of different language and speech units.
The norm is an example of the correct and obligatory for all variants of the pronunciation of form formation, the construction of sentences.
The variability of the norm is the obligatoriness and admissibility within the limits of the norm.
Usus is the generally accepted use of linguistic units (words, fixed expressions, forms, constructions) by native speakers of a given language.
Codification as a developed set of rules that brings normalized options into the system, creating an integral set (code). Means of codification - dictionaries, language guides, textbooks for high school, scientific linguistic studies that establish the norm. A codifier is someone who is fluent in Russian. Preserves the dignity of the literary language. This is a linguist, writer, journalist, public figure, radio and television announcer, artist, teacher, university teacher, editor, proofreader, etc.
The concept of modern Russian literary language
The literary language is a processed part of the national language, which has, to a greater or lesser extent, written norms; the language of all manifestations of culture, expressed in verbal form.
The Russian language belongs to the eastern group of Slavic languages belonging to the Indo-European family of languages.
The modern Russian literary language is a normalized language that serves the cultural needs of the Russian people; it is the language of state acts, science, press, radio, theater, and fiction.
The system of styles of the Russian literary language. The concept of "style"
Style - as a historically developed and socially conscious variety of the literary language, functioning in a certain area of human activity and communication, created by the peculiarities of the use of language means in this area and their specific organization.
1 style - scientific.
2 style - business, official.
3 style - journalistic.
4 style - colloquial.
The first 3 styles are bookish.
The main features of the conversational style
Conversational style is a style that caters to the realm of oral communication or verbal communication.
Conversational style (colloquial speech) is used in a wide range of personal, i.e. informal, off-duty relationships. This style is often called colloquial-everyday, but it would be more accurate to call it colloquial-everyday, since it is not limited only to the everyday side, but is used as a means of communication in almost all areas of life - family, industrial, socio-political, educational, scientific , cultural, sports.
The function of conversational style is the function of communication in its "original" form. Speech is generated by the needs of direct communication between two or more interlocutors and acts as a means of such communication; it is created in the process of speaking and depends on the response of the interlocutor - speech, facial expressions, etc.
A huge role in sounding speech is played by intonation, logical stress, tempo, pauses. In conditions of easy communication, a person, to a much greater extent than in the presence of official relations, has the opportunity to show his personal qualities - temperament, emotionality, sympathy, which saturates his speech with emotional and stylistically colored (mostly stylistically reduced) words, expressions, morphological forms and syntactic constructions.
In colloquial speech, the function of communication can be supplemented by the function of the message or the function of influence. However, both the message and the impact are manifested in direct communication, and therefore occupy a subordinate position.
The most common factors in the colloquial style are the personal, informal nature of the relationship between the participants in communication; their direct participation in communication; continuation of speech in the process of communication without prior preparation.
Although these factors are closely related to each other, their role in the formation of the actual linguistic features of the conversational style is far from homogeneous: the last two factors - direct participation in communication and unpreparedness of communication - are closely related to the oral form of speech and are generated by it, while the first factor is the personal, informal nature of the relationship also applies to written communication, for example, in personal correspondence. On the contrary, in oral communication, the relationship between its participants can be official, service, "impersonal".
Language means used during personal, everyday, informal relationships between speakers are characterized by additional shades - ease, a sharper evaluative moment, more emotionality compared to neutral or book equivalents, i.e. these language means are colloquial.
Such linguistic means are widely used outside of colloquial speech - in artistic and journalistic, as well as scientific texts.
The norms of colloquial-everyday style in oral form differ significantly from the norms of other functional styles, for which the written form is defining (although not the only one). The norms of colloquial and everyday style are not established and are not officially regulated, that is, they are not subject to codification, which gives rise to the illusion, which is very common among non-specialists, that colloquial speech does not have a norm at all: whatever you say, that's fine. However, the very fact of automatic reproduction in speech of ready-made structures. Phraseological turns, various kinds of stamps, i.e. standardized language means corresponding to certain standard speech situations, indicates an imaginary or, in any case, limited "freedom" of the speaker. Conversational speech is subject to strict laws, has its own rules and norms, as evidenced by the fact that the factors of book and written speech in general are perceived in colloquial speech as alien. Strict (albeit unconsciously following ready-made standards) is the norm of unprepared oral speech.
On the other hand, the unpreparedness of the speech act, its attachment to the situation, along with the lack of a clear idea of the norm, determine a very wide freedom in choosing options. The boundaries of the norm become unsteady, vague, the normativity itself sharply weakens. Casual, everyday, dialogic speech consisting of short replicas allows significant deviations from generally accepted norms due to its inherent impulsive nature.
Under colloquial style Speech is usually understood by the features and color of the spoken language of native speakers of the literary language. The spoken language has developed in the urban environment, it is devoid of dialect features, it has fundamental differences from the literary language.
Conversational style presented both orally and in writing - notes, private letters.
The sphere of colloquial style of speech is the sphere of domestic relations, professional (oral form).
Common features: informality, ease of communication; unprepared speech, its automatism; the predominant oral form of communication (usually dialogic), a monologue is possible.
Emotionality, gestures, facial expressions, the situation, the nature of interlocutor relationships - all this affects the characteristics of speech, allows you to save the actual language means, reduce the language volume of the statement, simplify its form.
The most characteristic linguistic means that create style features are:
| In vocabulary and phraseology | words that have a colloquial coloring, including everyday content; specific vocabulary; a lot of words and phraseological units with expressive and emotional coloring (familiar, affectionate, disapproving, ironic). Limited: abstract, foreign origin, terminological vocabulary; book words. However, the vast majority of words are commonly used, neutral. |
Synonymy | more often (situational). |
Word-building features | colloquial style are associated with its expressiveness and appraisal. Formation of adjectives of estimated value ( big-eyed, thin, healthy), verbs ( play pranks, talk, get healthy, lose weight). To enhance expression, word doubling is used ( big-very big, big-eyed-big-eyed, black-black). |
| In morphology: | there is no predominance of the noun over the verb. Verbs are more common here. More often (than in the artistic style of speech) personal pronouns and particles are used (including colloquial: well, here it is). Very common possessive adjectives ( Petya's sister, Fedorov's wife). Participles are rare, participles are almost never found. Short adjectives are rarely used. Among the case formations, variants of the forms of the genitive and prepositional cases in -y (from home, on vacation, no sugar). Trend: do not decline the first part of your own name (to Ivan Ivanovich), do not decline compound numbers (out of two hundred and thirty-five), decline abbreviations (in RAI). The tense meanings of the verb are varied (past and future in the meaning of the present). Verbal interjections (jump, lope, bang) are widely used. |
Characteristic features of the syntax | incomplete sentences, interrogative and imperative sentences. |
Order of words in a sentence | free |
Simple verbal predicates expressed by the infinitive ( she's crying again); interjection ( and he bangs on the ground); repeating the predicate ( and do not do).
Impersonal sentences are widespread in colloquial speech. In oral speech, pauses, the emphasis of certain words in the voice, the acceleration and deceleration of the tempo of speech, the strengthening and weakening of the power of the voice are of great importance.
In oral colloquial speech, there are many peculiar turns that are not characteristic of book speech.
For example:
People are like people; And the boat swam and swam; The rain keeps pouring; Run and buy some bread; Oh, smart one! So I will listen to you! And he called me a friend! What a man! Found someone to be friends with! Good helper!
Emotional and expressive assessments of a subjective nature are also characteristic of colloquial speech, since the speaker acts as a private person and expresses his personal opinion and attitude. Very often this or that situation is evaluated exaggeratedly: “Wow the price! Go crazy!”, “Flowers in the garden - the sea!” , "I am thirsty! I'll die! The use of words in a figurative sense is typical, for example: "You've got porridge in your head!"
The colloquial style of speech is characterized by rich pictorial and expressive possibilities of the language. Poets, writers, publicists often turn to the means of speech expressiveness.
Word order in spoken language is different from that used in writing. Here the main information is concretized at the beginning of the statement. The speaker begins his speech with the main, essential element of the message. To focus the attention of the listeners on the main information, they use intonational emphasis. In general, word order in colloquial speech is highly variable.
So, the dominant of colloquial style, especially colloquial speech that exists in the oral form of informal personal communication, is the minimization of concern for the form of expression of thoughts, hence the phonetic fuzziness, lexical inaccuracy, syntactic carelessness, the widespread use of pronouns, etc.
Sample Conversational Style Text
- What time is it? Something is hunting. A seagull.
- The people from idleness got into the habit of cracking, as Gogol said. I'll put the kettle on now.
- Well, you and I have earned a lot today, but do you know what idleness is?
- I guess.
- and what would you do then when idleness comes?
- I can not even imagine. After all, it is necessary to study, idleness!
The conversational style of communication is used in an informal setting. It is typical for oral speech, but can be expressed in writing (note text, personal diary, informal correspondence). In the process of communication, common language is used. The conversational style is actively accompanied by gestures and facial expressions, it is also influenced by the emotionality of the interlocutors and circumstances.
The main features of colloquial speech:
- Reduction of sentences to simple ones, and removal of some members of the sentence, if the meaning of the statement is clear even without them. Example: I miss you - I miss you.
- Short phrases abbreviated to one word are used. An example of a similar word: maternity leave - decree.
- The pronunciation of the word in a simplified form. Such a shorthand is used in colloquial, familiar communication. An example of a similar word: "right now" instead of "now."
The linguistic features of the conversational style are expressed in the simplification of statements based on the spontaneity of colloquial speech. Few can speak coherently and beautifully without preparation, and spontaneous speech presupposes a certain development of speech abilities.
In order to avoid the appearance of unrelated parts, pauses, reservations, and profanity, abbreviations are used. Examples of the work of the law of "saving the means of speech": a five-story house - a five-story building, a utility room - a utility room.
- Label cliches. A set of template phrases used in repetitive situations of daily communication. Example: "Get out? Hello".
- Close contact of communicating people. Information is conveyed verbally and non-verbally.
- Expressiveness or specific expressiveness of statements with the use of reduced expressions (example: fuck, go crazy).
- Everyday content.
- Imagery.
The linguistic features of the conversational style are expressed in specific pronunciation (example: stress on the wrong syllable), lexical heterogeneity, morphology and syntax. Everyday style is not used for writing scientific literature, when compiling documents.
Signs of everyday style
The main features of the conversational style:
- unconstrained, familiar form of communication;
- appraisal;
- emotionality;
- inconsistency, from the point of view of logic;
- discontinuity of speech.
Conversational style is most clearly manifested in oral speech in the form of a dialogue.
The features that define the conversational style are situational, informal and natural communication. This includes the lack of preparatory thinking about speech, the gestures and facial expressions used. Particles, sentence words, interjections, introductory words, connecting constructions, repetitions are actively used.
Everyday style implies the use of a polysemantic word, word formation is evaluative: suffixes of diminutiveness or magnification, neglect, flattery are used.
Functions and purpose of everyday style
The main features of the conversational style:
- transfer of information;
- communication;
- impact.
The goal pursued by the everyday style of interaction between people is communication, the exchange of impressions and feelings.
Analysis of conversational genres
The characteristic of conversational style is a narrower concept than colloquial speech. In colloquial speech, non-literary components are used (examples: vernacular, slang words, dialect). Conversational style is expressed by linguistic means.
Genres of colloquial speech characterize the interaction between people. These include:
- Conversation. A popular genre is communication for communication. This is an exchange of impressions, emotions, points of view. The conversation is characterized by a calm manner, it is a pleasant pastime.
- Story. A monologue dedicated to some event. All aspects of the event that occurred are covered in detail, an assessment is expressed.
- Dispute. Here each of the interlocutors defends his own view. In colloquial speech, the dispute is characterized by the informality of relations between the disputants and the ease of communication.
- Letter. The text of the letter has a specific purpose: reporting events, conveying feelings, establishing or maintaining contact, calling for something. The obligatory use of the etiquette formula is assumed - greeting and farewell, the further content of the text is free. This is one of the written genres of colloquial speech, informal epistolary interaction. The topics of such texts change arbitrarily, incomplete sentences, expressive expressions are used.
- A note. A distinctive feature of the genre is brevity. This is a small everyday text, the purpose of which is a message about what needs to be done, a warning, an invitation, gestures of courtesy. Sample text: "I'll be there soon, don't forget to buy milk." Sometimes the text of the note is presented as a hint of something.
- Diary. The genre differs from the rest in that the recipient and the author are the same person. The text of the diary is an analysis of past events or one's own feelings, creativity that contributes to the improvement of the word and the personality itself.
Analysis of conversational genres contributes to understanding the style of speech behavior, the structure of natural communication.
Functional styles of speech help to determine the kind of language used in various areas of communication. The sphere of interaction between people at the everyday level involves the included functions of the conversational style of statements or texts.
Comparison of colloquial style of speech with other styles. Conversational style.
Conversational speech functions only in the private sphere of communication: everyday, everyday, professional, friendly, family, etc. Most often, the subject of conversation is the weather, health, news, any interesting events, purchases, prices ... However, this does not mean that the conversational style is limited to everyday topics. Colloquial speech can also touch on other topics: for example, the conversation of people in informal relationships about art, science, politics, etc. But these topics also obey the rules of conversational style, its syntactic structure, although in such cases the vocabulary of conversations is enriched with book words.
Conversational style performs the main function of the language - the function of communication, its purpose is the direct transmission of information. This style is used not only in everyday life, but also in the professional field. In everyday life, it has an oral form - monologue or dialogic speech, and a written form - private letters, notes, diary entries. In the professional field - only oral. The linguistic features of the colloquial style determine the special conditions for its functioning: informality, ease, expressiveness, lack of preliminary selection of language means, automatism of speech, ordinariness of content. In everyday communication, a concrete, associative way of thinking and a direct, expressive nature of expression are realized. Hence the disorder, fragmentation of speech forms and the emotionality of style.
One of the most important features of colloquial speech is reliance on an extralinguistic situation, i.e. the real, objective environment of speech in which communication takes place. This allows you to reduce the statement to the maximum, in which individual components may be absent, which, however, does not interfere with the correct perception of colloquial phrases.
For example, in a bakery, the phrase does not seem strange to us:
- Please, with bran, one.
At the station at the ticket office:
- Two to Svetlogorsk.
Outside of these situations, these statements lose their meaning.
In the colloquial style, for which the oral form is native, the sound side of speech plays an important role, and above all intonation: it is it (in interaction with a peculiar syntax) that creates the impression of colloquialism. Casual speech is distinguished by sharp rises and falls in tone, lengthening, “stretching” of vowels, scanning of syllables, pauses, and changes in the pace of speech. Less tension of the speech organs leads to changes in the quality of sounds and sometimes even to their complete disappearance: “hello”, and not “hello”, not “says” but “grit”, “buim” instead of “we will”, etc. Such a simplification of orthoepic norms is especially noticeable in non-literary forms of colloquial style, in vernacular.
The vocabulary of the colloquial style is divided into two large groups: 1) commonly used words ( day, year, work, early, can, good, new etc.); 2) colloquial words ( potato, reader, student's book, real, nestle). It is also possible the use of colloquial words, dialectisms, jargon, i.e. non-literary elements. All this vocabulary is predominantly everyday content, specific. However, the thematic diversity of colloquial speech, which is not limited to everyday topics, involves the inclusion of different-style vocabulary groups: terms, abstract vocabulary, foreign borrowings (although their range is rather narrow). The activity of expressive-emotional vocabulary (familiar, affectionate, disapproving, ironic) is indicative. Evaluative vocabulary usually has a reduced color here ( awesome, blond, little house, talkative etc.). It is interesting to use occasional words (neologisms that we come up with on occasion) - "opener" - a can opener, "to enslave" - on the model of "adopt» Widely used metaphors ( vinaigrette, porridge, okroshka, - about confusion ; jelly, slurry - about a sluggish spineless person) against the background of neutral vocabulary. A feature of the texts of the colloquial style are the so-called empty words that can replace any other words. Their meaning is concretized in the situation: “thing”, “thing”, “case”, “bandura”, “clunker”. For example:
- Where are we going to put this bandura?(About the closet).
- I don't have sugar, but with this thing(pie).
In everyday communication, it is possible to name objects in a special way:
- Give me something to hide(blanket).
In a colloquial style, the law of “saving speech means” applies, therefore, instead of names consisting of two or more words, one is used: evening newspaper - “evenings”, condensed milk - “condensed milk”, utility room - “utility room”, five-story building - “ five-story building." In other cases, stable combinations of words are converted: academic council - "council", sick leave - "sick leave". The conversational style is rich in phraseology. Most Russian phraseological units are of a colloquial nature ( at hand, unexpectedly, like water off a duck's back etc.), colloquial expressions are even more expressive ( the law is not written for fools, in the middle of nowhere etc.). Colloquial and colloquial phraseological units give speech vivid imagery. They differ from bookish and neutral phraseological units not in meaning, but in special expressiveness and reducedness. Compare: to die - to play in a box, to mislead - to hang noodles on your ears.
At the word-formation level, the emotionality and evaluativeness of the conversational style are realized with the help of subjective evaluation suffixes with the meaning of petting, disapproval, magnification, etc. ( mommy, sweetheart, sun; vulgarity, vulgarity; home, cold etc.), as well as suffixes with a functional coloring of colloquiality (-k - “locker room”, “overnight stay”, “stove”;- ik "knife", "rain»; - un " talker"; - yaga " hard worker"). Non-suffix formations are used ( snoring, dancing), word formation ( couch potato, idler). You can also indicate the most active ways of word formation of adjectives of evaluative meaning ( eye-fast, tooth-hot, biting, pugnacious; thin, healthy etc.), as well as verbs - prefix-sufficial ( to play pranks, to-talk, to play-to-play), suffixes ( speculative, hello), prefixed ( is-lose weight, add-buy). In order to enhance expression, doubling of words is used - adjectives, sometimes with an additional prefix ( black-black, smart-premium), acting as a superlative function.
The morphological norm of conversational style, on the one hand, corresponds to the general literary norm, on the other hand, it has its own characteristics. So, for example, verbs are used here more often than nouns. Indicative and especially frequent use of personal and demonstrative pronouns. As Professor G.Ya. Solganik, “personal pronouns are widely used because of the constant need to designate the participants in the conversation. Any dialogue (and this is the main form of colloquial speech) involves I - the speaker, YOU - the listener, who alternately takes on the role of the speaker, and HE - the one who is not directly involved in the conversation. Any content can be put into the formula I - YOU - HE. Demonstrative pronouns and others are necessary for colloquial style due to their inherent breadth, generalization of meaning. They are concretized by a gesture, and this creates the conditions for a very concise transmission of this or that information (for example: "It's not here, but there"). Only the colloquial style allows the use of a pronoun accompanied by a gesture without first using a specific word: “ I won't take it. This one doesn't suit me».
Of the adjectives in colloquial speech, possessive ones are used ( mother's dresses, paternal work), but short forms are rarely used. Participles and gerunds are not found at all, and for particles and interjections colloquial speech is a native element. ( What can I say! That's the thing! On you, surprise!)
In colloquial style, preference is given to variant forms of nouns ( on vacation´; locksmith´), numerals ( fifty, five hundred), verbs ( read, not read; raise, not to see, not to hear). In a live conversation, truncated forms of verbs are often found, which have the meaning of instantaneous and unexpected action: grab, jump, jump etc. For example: And this one grab him by the sleeve! Grasshopper lope - and into the grass. Colloquial forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives are used ( better, shorter), adverbs ( faster, better). In colloquial speech, zero endings in the genitive plural of nouns such as gram, orange, tomato etc. ( one hundred grams of butter, five kilograms of orange).
Under the influence of the law of economy of speech means, the colloquial style allows the use of real nouns in combination with numerals ( two milks, two coffees- in the sense of "two servings"). Peculiar forms of address are common here - truncated nouns: Mom! Dad! Linen! Kat!
Colloquial speech is no less original in the distribution of case forms: here the nominative dominates, which in oral replicas replaces book controlled forms. For example: He built a dacha - a station nearby; I bought a fur coat - gray astrakhan fur. Especially consistently, the nominative case replaces all the others when using numerals in speech: The amount does not exceed three hundred rubles (instead of: three hundred); Had three dogs (three dogs).
The syntax of colloquial speech is very peculiar, due to its oral form and vivid expression. Simple sentences dominate here, often incomplete, of the most diverse structure (definitely personal, indefinitely personal, impersonal, and others) and extremely short.
In oral speech, we often do not name an object, but describe it: In Hat did not pass here? They love to watch up to sixteen(meaning movies). As a result of the unpreparedness of speech, connecting constructions appear in it: We must go to Petersburg. To the conference. Such fragmentation of the phrase is explained by the fact that the thought develops associatively, the speaker seems to remember the details and completes the statement. Complex sentences are not typical for colloquial speech, if they are used, then more often than others they are non-union: I'll leave - it will be easier for you; You talk, I listen.
The order of words in live speech is also unusual. In the first place, as a rule, the most important word in the message is put: I saw Oleg yesterday; Buy me a computer; Are we going to study today? At the same time, parts of a complex sentence (main and subordinate clauses) are sometimes intertwined: I don't know where to get water. Typical colloquial complex sentences are characterized by weakening the function of the subordinate clause, merging it with the main one, structural reduction: You will work with whom they will order; Call whoever you want.
In a number of conversational types of sentences, question-answer constructions can be combined and features of dialogue speech can be reflected, for example: What I need is you Whom I respect on the course is Ivanova.
The following features of colloquial syntax should also be noted:
The use of a pronoun that duplicates the subject: Vera, she comes late.
Putting at the beginning of the sentence an important word from the subordinate clause: I love bread, always fresh.
The use of sentence words: Okay; It's clear; Can; Certainly.
Activity of introductory words: May be; So to speak; You know.
Conversational style is opposed to book styles, as they function in a particular area of social activity. However, colloquial speech includes not only specific colloquial means, but also neutral ones, which are the basis of the literary language. Therefore, this style is associated with other styles that also use neutral language means. Within the literary language, colloquial speech is opposed to the codified language as a whole. But the codified literary language and colloquial speech are two subsystems within the literary language. As a rule, each native speaker of the literary language knows both of these varieties of speech.
Summary
Conversational style, to a greater extent than all other styles, has a bright originality of linguistic features that go beyond the normalized literary language. It can serve as convincing evidence that the stylistic norm is fundamentally different from the literary one. Each of the functional styles has developed its own norms to be reckoned with, and has its own characteristics. In colloquial speech, this is:
unpreparedness, spontaneity;
The direct nature of the speech act;
a large influence of extralinguistic factors;
Wide use of everyday and emotionally expressive vocabulary and phraseology;
· implementation of appraisal and expressiveness at the morphological and syntactic level.
But this does not mean that colloquial speech always conflicts with literary language rules. Deviations from the norm can fluctuate depending on the intra-style stratification of the colloquial style. It has varieties of reduced, rude speech, vernacular, which has absorbed the influence of local dialects, etc. But the colloquial speech of intelligent, educated people is quite literary, and at the same time it differs sharply from the bookish one, bound by the strict norms of other functional styles.
Questions for control and self-control
1. In what area of communication does colloquial speech function?
2. What conditions for the functioning of the conversational style determine its linguistic features?
3. What role do extralinguistic factors play in the formation of colloquial speech?
4. In what forms is the main function of conversational style implemented?
What is characteristic of the orthoepy of colloquial speech?
5. How is the expressiveness and evaluativeness of the colloquial style of speech determined in vocabulary and word formation?
6. What is the originality of the morphology of the conversational style?
7. What syntactic constructions are characteristic of colloquial speech?
8. What is the relationship between conversational style and other styles of speech?
9. Is the colloquial style of speech included in the literary language?
LITERATURE
1. Golub I.B. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook, - M.: Logos, 2004.
2. Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G., Kashaeva E.Yu. Russian language and culture of speech for engineers: Textbook, - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2003.
3. Maksimov V.I. and others. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook. - M.: Gardariki, 2001.
4. Zemskaya E.A. Russian colloquial speech: linguistic analysis and learning problems. - M., 1997.
5. Golub I.B., Rozental D.E. Secrets of good speech. - M., 1993.
